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</div> <div class="control"> <button class="button is-small is-link">Go</button> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <ol class="breathe-horizontal" start="1"> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.01271">arXiv:2008.01271</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.01271">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2008.01271">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Plasma Physics">physics.plasm-ph</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Other Condensed Matter">cond-mat.other</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Chemical Physics">physics.chem-ph</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Computational Physics">physics.comp-ph</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.102.053203">10.1103/PhysRevE.102.053203 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Benchmarking boron carbide equation of state using computation and experiment </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Zhang%2C+S">Shuai Zhang</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Marshall%2C+M+C">Michelle C. Marshall</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Yang%2C+L+H">Lin H. Yang</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Sterne%2C+P+A">Philip A. Sterne</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Militzer%2C+B">Burkhard Militzer</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Daene%2C+M">Markus Daene</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Gaffney%2C+J+A">James A. Gaffney</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Shamp%2C+A">Andrew Shamp</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ogitsu%2C+T">Tadashi Ogitsu</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Caspersen%2C+K">Kyle Caspersen</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Lazicki%2C+A+E">Amy E. Lazicki</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Erskine%2C+D">David Erskine</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=London%2C+R+A">Richard A. London</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Celliers%2C+P+M">Peter M. Celliers</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Nilsen%2C+J">Joseph Nilsen</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Whitley%2C+H+D">Heather D. Whitley</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2008.01271v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Boron carbide (B$_4$C) is of both fundamental scientific and practical interest in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and high energy density physics experiments. We report the results of a comprehensive computational study of the equation of state (EOS) of B$_4$C in the liquid, warm dense matter, and plasma phases. Our calculations are cross-validated by comparisons with Hugoniot measurements up t… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2008.01271v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2008.01271v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2008.01271v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Boron carbide (B$_4$C) is of both fundamental scientific and practical interest in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and high energy density physics experiments. We report the results of a comprehensive computational study of the equation of state (EOS) of B$_4$C in the liquid, warm dense matter, and plasma phases. Our calculations are cross-validated by comparisons with Hugoniot measurements up to 61 megabar from planar shock experiments performed at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Our computational methods include path integral Monte Carlo, activity expansion, as well as all-electron Green's function Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker and molecular dynamics that are both based on density functional theory. We calculate the pressure-internal energy EOS of B$_4$C over a broad range of temperatures ($\sim$6$\times$10$^3$--5$\times$10$^8$ K) and densities (0.025--50 g/cm$^{3}$). We assess that the largest discrepancies between theoretical predictions are $\lesssim$5% near the compression maximum at 1--2$\times10^6$ K. This is the warm-dense state in which the K shell significantly ionizes and has posed grand challenges to theory and experiment. By comparing with different EOS models, we find a Purgatorio model (LEOS 2122) that agrees with our calculations. The maximum discrepancies in pressure between our first-principles predictions and LEOS 2122 are $\sim$18% and occur at temperatures between 6$\times$10$^3$--2$\times$10$^5$ K, which we believe originate from differences in the ion thermal term and the cold curve that are modeled in LEOS 2122 in comparison with our first-principles calculations. In addition, we have developed three new equation of state models and applied them to 1D hydrodynamic simulations of a polar direct-drive NIF implosion, demonstrating that these new models are now available for future ICF design studies. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2008.01271v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2008.01271v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 3 August, 2020; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> August 2020. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">20 pages, 12 figures, 2 tables</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Report number:</span> LLNL-JRNL-812984 </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> Phys. Rev. E 102, 053203 (2020) </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.10410">arXiv:2007.10410</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.10410">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2007.10410">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Plasma Physics">physics.plasm-ph</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Volumetric heating of nanowire arrays to keV temperatures using kilojoule-scale petawatt laser interactions </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hill%2C+M+P">M. P. Hill</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Humphries%2C+O">O. Humphries</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Royle%2C+R">R. Royle</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Williams%2C+B">B. Williams</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ramsay%2C+M+G">M. G. Ramsay</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Miscampbell%2C+A">A. Miscampbell</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Allan%2C+P">P. Allan</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Brown%2C+C+R+D">C. R. D. Brown</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hobbs%2C+L+M+R">L. M. R. Hobbs</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=James%2C+S+F">S. F. James</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hoarty%2C+D+J">D. J. Hoarty</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Marjoribanks%2C+R+S">R. S. Marjoribanks</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Park%2C+J">J. Park</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=London%2C+R+A">R. A. London</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Tommasini%2C+R">R. Tommasini</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Pukhov%2C+A">A. Pukhov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bargsten%2C+C">C. Bargsten</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hollinger%2C+R">R. Hollinger</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Shlyaptsev%2C+V+N">V. N. Shlyaptsev</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Capeluto%2C+M+G">M. G. Capeluto</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Rocca%2C+J+J">J. J. Rocca</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Vinko%2C+S+M">S. M. Vinko</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2007.10410v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> We present picosecond-resolution streaked K-shell spectra from 400 nm-diameter nickel nanowire arrays, demonstrating the ability to generate large volumes of high energy density plasma when combined with the longer pulses typical of the largest short pulse lasers. After irradiating the wire array with 100 J, 600 fs ultra-high-contrast laser pulses focussed to $>10^{20}$ W/cm$^{2}$ at the Orion las… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2007.10410v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2007.10410v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2007.10410v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> We present picosecond-resolution streaked K-shell spectra from 400 nm-diameter nickel nanowire arrays, demonstrating the ability to generate large volumes of high energy density plasma when combined with the longer pulses typical of the largest short pulse lasers. After irradiating the wire array with 100 J, 600 fs ultra-high-contrast laser pulses focussed to $>10^{20}$ W/cm$^{2}$ at the Orion laser facility, we combine atomic kinetics modeling of the streaked spectra with 2D collisional particle-in-cell simulations to describe the evolution of material conditions within these samples for the first time. We observe a three-fold enhancement of helium-like emission compared to a flat foil in a near-solid-density plasma sustaining keV temperatures for tens of picoseconds, the result of strong electric return currents heating the wires and causing them to explode and collide. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2007.10410v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2007.10410v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 20 July, 2020; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> July 2020. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">5 pages, 5 figures</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.15635">arXiv:2006.15635</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.15635">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2006.15635">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Computational Physics">physics.comp-ph</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Plasma Physics">physics.plasm-ph</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hedp.2021.100928">10.1016/j.hedp.2021.100928 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Comparison of ablators for the polar direct drive exploding pusher platform </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Whitley%2C+H+D">Heather D. Whitley</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kemp%2C+G+E">G. Elijah Kemp</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Yeamans%2C+C">Charles Yeamans</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Walters%2C+Z">Zachary Walters</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Blue%2C+B+E">Brent E. Blue</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Garbett%2C+W">Warren Garbett</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Schneider%2C+M">Marilyn Schneider</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Craxton%2C+R+S">R. Stephen Craxton</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Garcia%2C+E+M">Emma M. Garcia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=McKenty%2C+P+W">Patrick W. McKenty</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Gatu-Johnson%2C+M">Maria Gatu-Johnson</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Caspersen%2C+K">Kyle Caspersen</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Castor%2C+J+I">John I. Castor</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=D%C3%A4ne%2C+M">Markus D盲ne</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ellison%2C+C+L">C. Leland Ellison</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Gaffney%2C+J">James Gaffney</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Graziani%2C+F+R">Frank R. Graziani</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Klepeis%2C+J">John Klepeis</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kostinski%2C+N">Natalie Kostinski</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kritcher%2C+A">Andrea Kritcher</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Lahmann%2C+B">Brandon Lahmann</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Lazicki%2C+A+E">Amy E. Lazicki</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Le%2C+H+P">Hai P. Le</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=London%2C+R+A">Richard A. London</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Maddox%2C+B">Brian Maddox</a> , et al. (14 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2006.15635v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> We examine the performance of pure boron, boron carbide, high density carbon, and boron nitride ablators in the polar direct drive exploding pusher (PDXP) platform. The platform uses the polar direct drive configuration at the National Ignition Facility to drive high ion temperatures in a room temperature capsule and has potential applications for plasma physics studies and as a neutron source. Th… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2006.15635v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2006.15635v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2006.15635v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> We examine the performance of pure boron, boron carbide, high density carbon, and boron nitride ablators in the polar direct drive exploding pusher (PDXP) platform. The platform uses the polar direct drive configuration at the National Ignition Facility to drive high ion temperatures in a room temperature capsule and has potential applications for plasma physics studies and as a neutron source. The higher tensile strength of these materials compared to plastic enables a thinner ablator to support higher gas pressures, which could help optimize its performance for plasma physics experiments, while ablators containing boron enable the possiblity of collecting addtional data to constrain models of the platform. Applying recently developed and experimentally validated equation of state models for the boron materials, we examine the performance of these materials as ablators in 2D simulations, with particular focus on changes to the ablator and gas areal density, as well as the predicted symmetry of the inherently 2D implosion. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2006.15635v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2006.15635v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 30 December, 2020; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 28 June, 2020; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> June 2020. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Report number:</span> LLNL-JRNL-803851 </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.00667">arXiv:1902.00667</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.00667">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1902.00667">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Chemical Physics">physics.chem-ph</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Other Condensed Matter">cond-mat.other</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Plasma Physics">physics.plasm-ph</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.165103">10.1103/PhysRevB.99.165103 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Equation of state of warm-dense boron nitride combining computation, modeling, and experiment </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Zhang%2C+S">Shuai Zhang</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Lazicki%2C+A">Amy Lazicki</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Militzer%2C+B">Burkhard Militzer</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Yang%2C+L+H">Lin H. Yang</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Caspersen%2C+K">Kyle Caspersen</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Gaffney%2C+J+A">Jim A. Gaffney</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=D%C3%A4ne%2C+M+W">Markus W. D盲ne</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Pask%2C+J+E">John E. Pask</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Johnson%2C+W+R">Walter R. Johnson</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Sharma%2C+A">Abhiraj Sharma</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Suryanarayana%2C+P">Phanish Suryanarayana</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Johnson%2C+D+D">Duane D. Johnson</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Smirnov%2C+A+V">Andrey V. Smirnov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Sterne%2C+P+A">Philip A. Sterne</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Erskine%2C+D">David Erskine</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=London%2C+R+A">Richard A. London</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Coppari%2C+F">Federica Coppari</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Swift%2C+D">Damian Swift</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Nilsen%2C+J">Joseph Nilsen</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Nelson%2C+A+J">Art J. Nelson</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Whitley%2C+H+D">Heather D. Whitley</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1902.00667v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> The equation of state (EOS) of materials at warm dense conditions poses significant challenges to both theory and experiment. We report a combined computational, modeling, and experimental investigation leveraging new theoretical and experimental capabilities to investigate warm-dense boron nitride (BN). The simulation methodologies include path integral Monte Carlo (PIMC), several density functio… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1902.00667v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1902.00667v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1902.00667v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> The equation of state (EOS) of materials at warm dense conditions poses significant challenges to both theory and experiment. We report a combined computational, modeling, and experimental investigation leveraging new theoretical and experimental capabilities to investigate warm-dense boron nitride (BN). The simulation methodologies include path integral Monte Carlo (PIMC), several density functional theory (DFT) molecular dynamics methods [plane-wave pseudopotential, Fermi operator expansion (FOE), and spectral quadrature (SQ)], activity expansion (ACTEX), and all-electron Green's function Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (MECCA), and compute the pressure and internal energy of BN over a broad range of densities ($蟻$) and temperatures ($T$). Our experiments were conducted at the Omega laser facility and measured the Hugoniot of BN to unprecedented pressures (12--30 Mbar). The EOSs computed using different methods cross validate one another, and the experimental Hugoniot are in good agreement with our theoretical predictions. We assess that the largest discrepancies between theoretical predictions are $<$4% in pressure and $<$3% in energy and occur at $10^6$ K. We find remarkable consistency between the EOS from DFT calculations performed on different platforms and using different exchange-correlation functionals and those from PIMC using free-particle nodes. This provides strong evidence for the accuracy of both PIMC and DFT in the warm-dense regime. Moreover, SQ and FOE data have significantly smaller error bars than PIMC, and so represent significant advances for efficient computation at high $T$. We also construct tabular EOS models and clarify the ionic and electronic structure of BN over a broad $T-蟻$ range and quantify their roles in the EOS. The tabular models may be utilized for future simulations of laser-driven experiments that include BN as a candidate ablator material. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1902.00667v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1902.00667v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 2 February, 2019; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> February 2019. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">19 pages, 14 figures, 4 tables</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> Phys. Rev. B 99, 165103 (2019) </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.11322">arXiv:1804.11322</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1804.11322">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1804.11322">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Plasma Physics">physics.plasm-ph</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Solar and Stellar Astrophysics">astro-ph.SR</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Materials Science">cond-mat.mtrl-sci</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Computational Physics">physics.comp-ph</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.98.023205">10.1103/PhysRevE.98.023205 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Theoretical and experimental investigation of the equation of state of boron plasmas </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Zhang%2C+S">Shuai Zhang</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Militzer%2C+B">Burkhard Militzer</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Gregor%2C+M+C">Michelle C. Gregor</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Caspersen%2C+K">Kyle Caspersen</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Yang%2C+L+H">Lin H. Yang</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ogitsu%2C+T">Tadashi Ogitsu</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Swift%2C+D">Damian Swift</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Lazicki%2C+A">Amy Lazicki</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Erskine%2C+D">D. Erskine</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=London%2C+R+A">Richard A. London</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Celliers%2C+P+M">P. M. Celliers</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Nilsen%2C+J">Joseph Nilsen</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Sterne%2C+P+A">Philip A. Sterne</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Whitley%2C+H+D">Heather D. Whitley</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1804.11322v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> We report a theoretical equation of state (EOS) table for boron across a wide range of temperatures (5.1$\times$10$^4$-5.2$\times$10$^8$ K) and densities (0.25-49 g/cm$^3$), and experimental shock Hugoniot data at unprecedented high pressures (5608$\pm$118 GPa). The calculations are performed with full, first-principles methods combining path integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) at high temperatures and de… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1804.11322v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1804.11322v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1804.11322v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> We report a theoretical equation of state (EOS) table for boron across a wide range of temperatures (5.1$\times$10$^4$-5.2$\times$10$^8$ K) and densities (0.25-49 g/cm$^3$), and experimental shock Hugoniot data at unprecedented high pressures (5608$\pm$118 GPa). The calculations are performed with full, first-principles methods combining path integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) at high temperatures and density functional theory molecular dynamics (DFT-MD) methods at lower temperatures. PIMC and DFT-MD cross-validate each other by providing coherent EOS (difference $<$1.5 Hartree/boron in energy and $<$5% in pressure) at 5.1$\times$10$^5$ K. The Hugoniot measurement is conducted at the National Ignition Facility using a planar shock platform. The pressure-density relation found in our shock experiment is on top of the shock Hugoniot profile predicted with our first-principles EOS and a semi-empirical EOS table (LEOS 50). We investigate the self diffusivity and the effect of thermal and pressure-driven ionization on the EOS and shock compression behavior in high pressure and temperature conditions We study the performance sensitivity of a polar direct-drive exploding pusher platform to pressure variations based on comparison of the first-principles calculations with LEOS 50 via 1D hydrodynamic simulations. The results are valuable for future theoretical and experimental studies and engineering design in high energy density research. (LLNL-JRNL-748227) <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1804.11322v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1804.11322v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 30 April, 2018; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> April 2018. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">12 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> Phys. Rev. E 98, 023205 (2018) </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0806.0045">arXiv:0806.0045</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/0806.0045">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/0806.0045">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Plasma Physics">physics.plasm-ph</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Optics">physics.optics</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2992522">10.1063/1.2992522 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Ray-based calculations of backscatter in laser fusion targets </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Strozzi%2C+D+J">D. J. Strozzi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Williams%2C+E+A">E. A. Williams</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hinkel%2C+D+E">D. E. Hinkel</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Froula%2C+D+H">D. H. Froula</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=London%2C+R+A">R. A. London</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Callahan%2C+D+A">D. A. Callahan</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="0806.0045v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> A 1D, steady-state model for Brillouin and Raman backscatter from an inhomogeneous plasma is presented. The daughter plasma waves are treated in the strong damping limit, and have amplitudes given by the (linear) kinetic response to the ponderomotive drive. Pump depletion, inverse-bremsstrahlung damping, bremsstrahlung emission, Thomson scattering off density fluctuations, and whole-beam focusin… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('0806.0045v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('0806.0045v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="0806.0045v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> A 1D, steady-state model for Brillouin and Raman backscatter from an inhomogeneous plasma is presented. The daughter plasma waves are treated in the strong damping limit, and have amplitudes given by the (linear) kinetic response to the ponderomotive drive. Pump depletion, inverse-bremsstrahlung damping, bremsstrahlung emission, Thomson scattering off density fluctuations, and whole-beam focusing are included. The numerical code DEPLETE, which implements this model, is described. The model is compared with traditional linear gain calculations, as well as "plane-wave" simulations with the paraxial propagation code pF3D. Comparisons with Brillouin-scattering experiments at the OMEGA Laser Facility [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, p. 495 (1997)] show that laser speckles greatly enhance the reflectivity over the DEPLETE results. An approximate upper bound on this enhancement, motivated by phase conjugation, is given by doubling the DEPLETE coupling coefficient. Analysis with DEPLETE of an ignition design for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [J. A. Paisner, E. M. Campbell, and W. J. Hogan, Fusion Technol. 26, p. 755 (1994)], with a peak radiation temperature of 285 eV, shows encouragingly low reflectivity. Re-absorption of Raman light is seen to be significant in this design. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('0806.0045v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('0806.0045v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 11 November, 2008; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 31 May, 2008; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> June 2008. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">16 pages, 19 figures</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> Physics of Plasmas 15, 102703 (2008) </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0802.4037">arXiv:0802.4037</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/0802.4037">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/0802.4037">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Plasma Physics">physics.plasm-ph</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.78.025401">10.1103/PhysRevE.78.025401 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Temperature Equilibration in Dense Hydrogen </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Glosli%2C+J+N">J. N. Glosli</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Graziani%2C+F+R">F. R. Graziani</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=More%2C+R+M">R. M. More</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Murillo%2C+M+S">M. S. Murillo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Streitz%2C+F+H">F. H. Streitz</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Surh%2C+M+P">M. P. Surh</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Benedict%2C+L+X">L. X. Benedict</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hau-Riege%2C+S">S. Hau-Riege</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Langdon%2C+A+B">A. B. Langdon</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=London%2C+R+A">R. A. London</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="0802.4037v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> The temperature equilibration rate in dense hydrogen (for both T_{i}>T_{e} and T_i<T_e) has been calculated with molecular dynamics simulations for temperatures between 10 and 600 eV and densities between 10^{20}/cc to 10^{24}/cc. Careful attention has been devoted to convergence of the simulations, including the role of semiclassical potentials. We find that for Coulomb logarithms L>1, a model… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('0802.4037v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('0802.4037v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="0802.4037v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> The temperature equilibration rate in dense hydrogen (for both T_{i}>T_{e} and T_i<T_e) has been calculated with molecular dynamics simulations for temperatures between 10 and 600 eV and densities between 10^{20}/cc to 10^{24}/cc. Careful attention has been devoted to convergence of the simulations, including the role of semiclassical potentials. We find that for Coulomb logarithms L>1, a model by Gericke-Murillo-Schlanges (GMS) [Gericke et al., PRE 65, 036418 (2002)] based on a T-matrix method and the approach by Brown-Preston-Singleton [Brown et al., Phys. Rep. 410, 237 (2005)] agrees with the simulation data to within the error bars of the simulation. For smaller Coulomb logarithms, the GMS model is consistent with the simulation results. Landau-Spitzer models are consistent with the simulation data for L>4. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('0802.4037v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('0802.4037v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 27 February, 2008; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> February 2008. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Report number:</span> LLNL-JRNL-401466 </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0610044">arXiv:physics/0610044</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0610044">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/physics/0610044">ps</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/physics/0610044">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Optics">physics.optics</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys461">10.1038/nphys461 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Femtosecond Diffractive Imaging with a Soft-X-ray Free-Electron Laser </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Chapman%2C+H+N">Henry N. Chapman</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Barty%2C+A">Anton Barty</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bogan%2C+M+J">Michael J. Bogan</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Boutet%2C+S">Sebastien Boutet</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Frank%2C+M">Matthias Frank</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hau-Riege%2C+S+P">Stefan P. Hau-Riege</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Marchesini%2C+S">Stefano Marchesini</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Woods%2C+B+W">Bruce W. Woods</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bajt%2C+S">Sasa Bajt</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Benner%2C+W+H">W. Henry Benner</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=London%2C+R+A">Richard A. London</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Plonjes%2C+E">Elke Plonjes</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kuhlmann%2C+M">Marion Kuhlmann</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Treusch%2C+R">Rolf Treusch</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dusterer%2C+S">Stefan Dusterer</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Tschentscher%2C+T">Thomas Tschentscher</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Schneider%2C+J+R">Jochen R. Schneider</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Spiller%2C+E">Eberhard Spiller</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Moller%2C+T">Thomas Moller</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bostedt%2C+C">Christoph Bostedt</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hoener%2C+M">Matthias Hoener</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Shapiro%2C+D+A">David A. Shapiro</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hodgson%2C+K+O">Keith O. Hodgson</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=van+der+Spoel%2C+D">David van der Spoel</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Burmeister%2C+F">Florian Burmeister</a> , et al. (9 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="physics/0610044v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Theory predicts that with an ultrashort and extremely bright coherent X-ray pulse, a single diffraction pattern may be recorded from a large macromolecule, a virus, or a cell before the sample explodes and turns into a plasma. Here we report the first experimental demonstration of this principle using the FLASH soft X-ray free-electron laser. An intense 25 fs, 4 10^13 W/cm^2 pulse, containing 10… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('physics/0610044v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('physics/0610044v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="physics/0610044v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Theory predicts that with an ultrashort and extremely bright coherent X-ray pulse, a single diffraction pattern may be recorded from a large macromolecule, a virus, or a cell before the sample explodes and turns into a plasma. Here we report the first experimental demonstration of this principle using the FLASH soft X-ray free-electron laser. An intense 25 fs, 4 10^13 W/cm^2 pulse, containing 10^12 photons at 32 nm wavelength, produced a coherent diffraction pattern from a nano-structured non-periodic object, before destroying it at 60,000 K. A novel X-ray camera assured single photon detection sensitivity by filtering out parasitic scattering and plasma radiation. The reconstructed image, obtained directly from the coherent pattern by phase retrieval through oversampling, shows no measurable damage, and extends to diffraction-limited resolution. A three-dimensional data set may be assembled from such images when copies of a reproducible sample are exposed to the beam one by one. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('physics/0610044v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('physics/0610044v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 10 October, 2006; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 7 October, 2006; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> October 2006. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">revtex, 6 pages, 4 figures</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Report number:</span> UCRL-JRNL-219848 </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> Nature Physics 2, 839 - 843 (2006) </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0308064">arXiv:physics/0308064</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0308064">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/physics/0308064">ps</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/physics/0308064">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Optics">physics.optics</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.11.002344">10.1364/OE.11.002344 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Coherent X-ray Diffractive Imaging; applications and limitations </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Marchesini%2C+S">S. Marchesini</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Chapman%2C+H+N">H. N. Chapman</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hau-Riege%2C+S+P">S. P. Hau-Riege</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=London%2C+R+A">R. A. London</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Szoke%2C+A">A. Szoke</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=He%2C+H">H. He</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Howells%2C+M+R">M. R. Howells</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Padmore%2C+H">H. Padmore</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Rosen%2C+R">R. Rosen</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Spence%2C+J+C+H">J. C. H. Spence</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Weierstall%2C+U">U. Weierstall</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="physics/0308064v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> The inversion of a diffraction pattern offers aberration-free diffraction-limited 3D images without the resolution and depth-of-field limitations of lens-based tomographic systems, the only limitation being radiation damage. We review our experimental results, discuss the fundamental limits of this technique and future plans. </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="physics/0308064v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> The inversion of a diffraction pattern offers aberration-free diffraction-limited 3D images without the resolution and depth-of-field limitations of lens-based tomographic systems, the only limitation being radiation damage. We review our experimental results, discuss the fundamental limits of this technique and future plans. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('physics/0308064v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('physics/0308064v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 15 August, 2003; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> August 2003. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">7 pages, 8 figures</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Report number:</span> UCRL-JC-155105 </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> Optics Express 11(19), 2344 (2003) </p> </li> </ol> <div class="is-hidden-tablet">  <span class="help" style="display: inline-block;"><a href="https://github.com/arXiv/arxiv-search/releases">Search v0.5.6 released 2020-02-24</a>  </span> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div class="columns is-desktop" role="navigation" aria-label="Secondary">  <div class="column"> <div class="columns"> <div class="column"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/about">About</a></li> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help">Help</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="column"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" class="icon filter-black" role="presentation"><title>contact arXiv</title><desc>Click here to contact arXiv</desc><path d="M502.3 190.8c3.9-3.1 9.7-.2 9.7 4.7V400c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V195.6c0-5 5.7-7.8 9.7-4.7 22.4 17.4 52.1 39.5 154.1 113.6 21.1 15.4 56.7 47.8 92.2 47.6 35.7.3 72-32.8 92.3-47.6 102-74.1 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