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class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="مران بنسلفاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مران بنسلفاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvaniya_g%C3%B6yr%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Pensilvaniya göyrüşü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pensilvaniya göyrüşü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Ясень пенсільванскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ясень пенсільванскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraxinus_pennsylvanica" title="Fraxinus pennsylvanica – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Fraxinus pennsylvanica" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasan_pensylv%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD" title="Jasan pensylvánský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jasan pensylvánský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rot-Esche" title="Rot-Esche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rot-Esche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvaania_saar" title="Pensilvaania saar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pensilvaania saar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraxinus_pennsylvanica" title="Fraxinus pennsylvanica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fraxinus pennsylvanica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraxinus_pennsylvanica" title="Fraxinus pennsylvanica – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fraxinus pennsylvanica" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B4%DA%A9_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2" title="زبان‌گنجشک قرمز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌گنجشک قرمز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraxinus_pennsylvanica" title="Fraxinus pennsylvanica – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fraxinus pennsylvanica" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%89%EC%9D%80%EB%AC%BC%ED%91%B8%EB%A0%88%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4" title="붉은물푸레나무 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="붉은물푸레나무" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հացենի պենսիլվանյան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հացենի պենսիլվանյան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerwjena_jase%C5%84" title="Čerwjena jaseń – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čerwjena jaseń" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvanijski_jasen" title="Pensilvanijski jasen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pensilvanijski jasen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvekaraaskur" title="Kvekaraaskur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kvekaraaskur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikai_k%C5%91ris" title="Amerikai kőris – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amerikai kőris" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="مران بنسلفانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مران بنسلفانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8dask" title="Rødask – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rødask" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesion_pensylwa%C5%84ski" title="Jesion pensylwański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jesion pensylwański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ясень пенсильванский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ясень пенсильванский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punasaarni" title="Punasaarni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Punasaarni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6dask" title="Rödask – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rödask" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3t%C3%B3%27e" title="Mótó'e – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Mótó'e" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Fil_di%C5%9Fbudak" title="Yeşil dişbudak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yeşil dişbudak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ясен пенсильванський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ясен пенсильванський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraxinus_pennsylvanica" title="Fraxinus pennsylvanica – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fraxinus pennsylvanica" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%BA%A2%E6%A2%A3" title="美国红梣 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国红梣" data-language-autonym="中文" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Red ash" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Red_Ash_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Red Ash (disambiguation)">Red Ash (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fraxinus_pensylvanica_a1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fraxinus_pensylvanica_a1.jpg/220px-Fraxinus_pensylvanica_a1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fraxinus_pensylvanica_a1.jpg/330px-Fraxinus_pensylvanica_a1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fraxinus_pensylvanica_a1.jpg/440px-Fraxinus_pensylvanica_a1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Leaves and fruit </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Status_iucn3.1_CR.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_CR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Status_iucn3.1_CR.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_CR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Status_iucn3.1_CR.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_CR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered species">Critically Endangered</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Status_TNC_G4.svg/220px-Status_TNC_G4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Status_TNC_G4.svg/330px-Status_TNC_G4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Status_TNC_G4.svg/440px-Status_TNC_G4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64" /></span></span><br />Apparently Secure <small> (<a href="/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Fraxinus_sect._Melioides" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lamiales" title="Lamiales">Lamiales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oleaceae" title="Oleaceae">Oleaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fraxinus" title="Fraxinus"><i>Fraxinus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Section: </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraxinus_sect._Melioides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fraxinus sect. Melioides (page does not exist)"><i>Fraxinus <span style="font-style:normal;">sect.</span> Melioides</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>F. pennsylvanica</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Marshall" title="Humphry Marshall">Marshall</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_range_map_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_range_map_3.png/220px-Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_range_map_3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_range_map_3.png/330px-Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_range_map_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_range_map_3.png/440px-Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_range_map_3.png 2x" data-file-width="5257" data-file-height="5257" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Natural range of <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fraxinus_pennsylvanica" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fraxinus pennsylvanica">Fraxinus pennsylvanica</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p><i><b>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</b></i>, the <b>green ash</b> or <b>red ash</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-usfs_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usfs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a species of <a href="/wiki/Ash_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash tree">ash</a> native to eastern and central <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> west to southeastern <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, south to northern <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, and southwest to <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. It has spread and become naturalized in much of the western United States and also in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and Europe, from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> to <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other names more rarely used include downy ash, swamp ash, and water ash. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraxinus_pennsylvanica&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Ash_Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_Bark_2000px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Green_Ash_Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_Bark_2000px.jpg/220px-Green_Ash_Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_Bark_2000px.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Green_Ash_Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_Bark_2000px.jpg/330px-Green_Ash_Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_Bark_2000px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Green_Ash_Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_Bark_2000px.jpg/440px-Green_Ash_Fraxinus_pennsylvanica_Bark_2000px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>Bark</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> is a medium-sized <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> tree reaching 12–25 metres (39–82 feet) (rarely to 45 m or 148 ft) tall with a trunk up to 60 centimetres (24 inches) in diameter. The <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a> is smooth and gray on young trees, becoming thick and fissured with age. The winter buds are reddish-brown, with a velvety texture. The <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a> are 15–30 cm (6–12 in) long, oppositely arranged, pinnately compound with seven to nine (occasionally five or eleven) leaflets, these 5–15 cm (2–6 in) (rarely 18 cm or 7 in) long and <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1.2–9 cm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>–<span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">9</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in) broad, with serrated margins and short but distinct, downy <a href="/wiki/Petiolule" class="mw-redirect" title="Petiolule">petiolules</a> a few millimeters long. They are green both above and below. The autumn color is golden-yellow and depending on the climate, green ash's leaves may begin changing color the first week of September.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2016)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> are produced in spring at the same time as the new leaves, in compact <a href="/wiki/Panicle" title="Panicle">panicles</a>; they are inconspicuous with no petals, and are wind-pollinated. The <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Samara_(fruit)" title="Samara (fruit)">samara</a> 2.5–7.5 cm (1–3 in) long comprising a single <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1.5–3 cm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>–<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) long with an elongated apical wing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2–4 cm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) long and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3–7 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>–<span class="frac"><span class="num">9</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in) broad.<sup id="cite_ref-ncp_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncp-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nopd_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nopd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vplants_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vplants-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-obs_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obs-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is sometimes divided into two <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a>, <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> var. <i>pennsylvanica</i> (red ash) and <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> var. <i>lanceolata</i> (Borkh.) Sarg. (syn. var. <i>subintegerrima</i> (Vahl) Fern.; green ash) on the basis of the hairless leaves with narrower leaflets of the latter, but the two <a href="/wiki/Intergrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergrade">intergrade</a> completely, and the distinction is no longer upheld by most botanists.<sup id="cite_ref-grin_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other species in the section <i>Melioides</i>, <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> is <a href="/wiki/Dioecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioecious">dioecious</a>, with male and female flowers produced on separate individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraxinus_pennsylvanica&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fraxinus_pennsylvanica" title="Special:EditPage/Fraxinus pennsylvanica">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fraxinus+pennsylvanica%22">"Fraxinus pennsylvanica"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fraxinus+pennsylvanica%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fraxinus+pennsylvanica%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fraxinus+pennsylvanica%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fraxinus+pennsylvanica%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fraxinus+pennsylvanica%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fraxinus_pennsylvanica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Fraxinus_pennsylvanica.jpg/220px-Fraxinus_pennsylvanica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Fraxinus_pennsylvanica.jpg/330px-Fraxinus_pennsylvanica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Fraxinus_pennsylvanica.jpg/440px-Fraxinus_pennsylvanica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Bark and leaf</figcaption></figure> <p>It is the most widely distributed of all the American ashes; its range centers on the midwestern U.S. and Great Plains. Seedlings of the tree have a high tolerance to water logging<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may explain why the natural habitat of green ash is almost exclusively stream sides and bottomlands. The large seed crops provide food to many kinds of wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-usfs_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usfs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Green ash is threatened by the <a href="/wiki/Emerald_ash_borer" title="Emerald ash borer">emerald ash borer</a>, a beetle introduced from <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. This introduced pest kills most ash trees that it infests, accounting for mass die-offs of ashes in North America and in Moscow, Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asian ashes have a high <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a> content in their leaves which makes them unpalatable to the beetle, while most American species (with the notable exception of <a href="/wiki/Blue_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue ash">blue ash</a>) do not.<sup id="cite_ref-eab_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eab-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common garden experiment showed that green ash is killed readily when exposed to emerald ash borer, while the Asian species <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_mandschurica" title="Fraxinus mandschurica"><i>F. mandschurica</i></a> shows resistance against emerald ash borer.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</a> has discovered small numbers of "lingering ash" trees in the wild that have remained healthy after emerald ash borer swept through the population.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possibility of these trees possessing <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> resistance to the beetle is currently being investigated with the hope that green ash could be restored using the surviving trees.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although larval infestation by the invasive emerald ash borer kills more 99% of green ash trees, it has been found that emerald ash borer infestation induces production of <a href="/wiki/Iridoid" title="Iridoid">secoiridoids</a> in infested trees and that <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> that are progeny of "lingering ash" produce higher levels of these secoiridoids than progeny of susceptible trees.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_-_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_-_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_-_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_-_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_-_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_-_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_-_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="2345" /></a><figcaption>Winter twig of <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>. Green ash can usually be distinguished from white ash (<a href="/wiki/White-ash" class="mw-redirect" title="White-ash"><i>F. americana</i></a>) by its D-shaped <a href="/wiki/Leaf_scar" title="Leaf scar">leaf scars</a>. In <i>F. americana</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_buds" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral buds">lateral buds</a> are more deeply recessed within their corresponding leaf scars, giving the latter a more C-shaped appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The spread of emerald ash borer was facilitated by the extensive use of green ash as an ornamental tree in the central U.S. following the loss of <a href="/wiki/American_elm" class="mw-redirect" title="American elm">American elms</a> in the 1950s–60s due to <a href="/wiki/Dutch_elm_disease" title="Dutch elm disease">Dutch elm disease</a>. That epidemic was the result of a similar overuse of elms in urban environments, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a> that lacked any disease or pest resistance. Scientifically for green ash this is because modern cultivars utilized regionally were parented from sometimes only four individual trees selected for unique traits and male seedless flowering. Proclaiming a harsh lesson learned, cities like Chicago did not replace dead elms with a 1:1 ash:elm ratio. Instead, Norway, silver, red and sugar maples, honey locust, linden/basswood, redbud, crabapples, and hackberry, among others, were also utilized during this recovery period and in new urban and suburban areas. Fortunately, with these additional species, many cities were able to reduce the percent of ash and other species to much lower levels (20% average) than during the Dutch elm disease era where from 56% to 100% of the trees were elm. </p><p>Injections and spraying of ashes with pesticides has been used in city parks to protect valued trees from emerald ash borer.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Record cold temperatures during the winter of 2018–19 are estimated to have killed as much as 80% of ash borer larvae in the Upper Midwest.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both American elm and green ash were extremely popular due to rapid growth and tolerance of urban pollution and road salt, so many housing developments in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> were lined from end to end with ashes, a result of which the beetles had an enormous food supply to boost their population well above Infestation thresholds. The tree was also extensively propagated and sold by local nurseries. According to the American Nursery Industry, "Back in the late 1980s, Dr. Frank Santamour Jr., then a research geneticist with the U.S. National Arboretum, proposed the 10-20-30 formula for diversity in the urban forest, limiting the plantings in a community to no more than 10 percent within a single species, 20 percent within a genus and 30 percent within a family." Many communities are using a more strict 5-10-20 rule today, because of the threat posed by emerald ash borer. </p><p>The emerald ash borer proved to be a far worse and potentially more serious threat than epidemics of the past such as chestnut blight and Dutch elm disease because those diseases spread at a slower rate, only affected one species, and did not kill the trees before they could attain reproductive maturity. Many areas have banned the sale of ash seedlings in nurseries, although seeds may be sold as they are not a vector for the insect. </p><p>Green ash is also vulnerable to many other diseases including <a href="/wiki/Ash_yellows" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash yellows">ash yellows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hymenoscyphus_fraxineus" title="Hymenoscyphus fraxineus">ash dieback</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_savastanoi" title="Pseudomonas savastanoi">ash bacterial canker</a> that can cause gradual loss of vigor and exhibit similar symptoms to emerald ash borer infestation such as crown dieback, bark cracking, and epicormal sprouts. These conditions are most common on stressed trees in areas of poor soil, urban pollution, and lack of moisture. A wave of ash dieback struck the northeastern United States in the 1950s–60s that killed an estimated 70% of ashes in the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraxinus_pennsylvanica&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fraxinus_pennsylvanica" title="Special:EditPage/Fraxinus pennsylvanica">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_ornamental_trees">Urban ornamental trees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraxinus_pennsylvanica&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Urban ornamental trees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-10-29_13_12_58_Green_Ash_foliage_during_autumn_coloration_in_Ewing,_New_Jersey.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/2014-10-29_13_12_58_Green_Ash_foliage_during_autumn_coloration_in_Ewing%2C_New_Jersey.JPG/220px-2014-10-29_13_12_58_Green_Ash_foliage_during_autumn_coloration_in_Ewing%2C_New_Jersey.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/2014-10-29_13_12_58_Green_Ash_foliage_during_autumn_coloration_in_Ewing%2C_New_Jersey.JPG/330px-2014-10-29_13_12_58_Green_Ash_foliage_during_autumn_coloration_in_Ewing%2C_New_Jersey.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/2014-10-29_13_12_58_Green_Ash_foliage_during_autumn_coloration_in_Ewing%2C_New_Jersey.JPG/440px-2014-10-29_13_12_58_Green_Ash_foliage_during_autumn_coloration_in_Ewing%2C_New_Jersey.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Autumn leaf color</figcaption></figure> <p>Green ash is one of the most widely planted <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental trees</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and much of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> but mostly <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, including in western areas where it is not native. It is also widely planted in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. It is very popular due to its good form and resistance to disease. About 40% of boulevard trees in <a href="/wiki/Edmonton,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton, Alberta">Edmonton, Alberta</a>, are green ash.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often planted for shade or as a <a href="/wiki/Windbreak" title="Windbreak">windbreak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-arno_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arno-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the last two centuries <a href="/wiki/American_elm" class="mw-redirect" title="American elm">American elm</a> and ash, which both belong to the ancient Elm-Ash-Cottonwood Bottomland ecosystem,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> achieved distinction as North America's two most popularly planted urban species, used primarily for their superior survival traits and slowly maturing 180–300 year majestic natural beauty. Today used as living national monuments, the National Park Service is protecting <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>'s 200-year-old planted example, and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s 250-year-old <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_americana" title="Fraxinus americana">white ash</a> which has a 600-year possible lifespan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Green ash had been widely used as a primary ornamental and long lived monument tree until the elm fad of the 1880s, and regained top position once again after <a href="/wiki/Dutch_elm_disease" title="Dutch elm disease">Dutch elm disease</a> arrived.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other continents learned of American ash species' urban survivability and unique beauty through the worldwide popularity of Midwestern Prairie style ecology and architectural movement. Modernizing cities in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> then began using imported green ash a century ago to line streets and landscape new public parks.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advantages of green ash include its tolerance of harsh urban environmental conditions, ease of propagation, and (in eastern North America) its value for wildlife as a native <a href="/wiki/Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">keystone species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utility_to_wildlife">Utility to wildlife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraxinus_pennsylvanica&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Utility to wildlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>North American native ash tree species are used by North American frogs as a critical food source, as the leaves that fall from the trees are particularly suitable for tadpoles to feed upon in ponds (both temporary and permanent), large puddles, and other water sources.<sup id="cite_ref-frogs_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frogs-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species such as red maple, which are taking the place of ash due to the ash borer, are much less suitable for the frogs as a food source — resulting in poor frog survival rates and small frog sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-frogs_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frogs-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the lack of tannins in the American ash varieties that makes them good for the frogs as a food source and also not resistant to the ash borer. Varieties of ash from outside North America typically have much higher tannin levels and resist the borer. Maples and various non-native invasive trees, trees that are taking the place of American ash species in the North American ecosystem, typically have much higher leaf tannin levels.<sup id="cite_ref-frogs_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frogs-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraxinus_pennsylvanica&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Green ash <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> is similar in properties to white ash wood, and is marketed together as "white ash". The commercial supply is mostly in the South. It is very popular, used in making <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitars</a> because it can be somewhat lighter than white ash without sacrificing too much in tone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (August 2018)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Fraxinus_pennsylvanica#Dubious" title="Talk:Fraxinus pennsylvanica">discuss</a></i>]</sup> It has a bright sound with long sustain, plus the wood grain is aesthetically desirable to many guitar players.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (August 2018)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Fraxinus_pennsylvanica#Dubious" title="Talk:Fraxinus pennsylvanica">discuss</a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Gibson_(guitar_company)" title="Gibson (guitar company)">Gibson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender Musical Instruments Corporation">Fender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibanez" title="Ibanez">Ibanez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warwick_(company)" title="Warwick (company)">Warwick</a>, and many other <a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">luthiers</a> use ash in the construction of their guitars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraxinus_pennsylvanica&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWestwood,_M.Oldfield,_S.Jerome,_D.Romero-Severson,_J.2017" class="citation journal cs1">Westwood, M.; Oldfield, S.; Jerome, D.; Romero-Severson, J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/61918934/61919002">"<i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2017</b>: e.T61918934A61919002. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T61918934A61919002.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T61918934A61919002.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Fraxinus+pennsylvanica&rft.volume=2017&rft.pages=e.T61918934A61919002&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T61918934A61919002.en&rft.au=Westwood%2C+M.&rft.au=Oldfield%2C+S.&rft.au=Jerome%2C+D.&rft.au=Romero-Severson%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F61918934%2F61919002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFraxinus+pennsylvanica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatureServe2024" class="citation web cs1">NatureServe (2 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.144657/Fraxinus_pennsylvanica">"<i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>"</a>. <i>NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer</i>. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NatureServe+Network+Biodiversity+Location+Data+accessed+through+NatureServe+Explorer&rft.atitle=Fraxinus+pennsylvanica&rft.date=2024-02-02&rft.au=NatureServe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexplorer.natureserve.org%2FTaxon%2FELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.144657%2FFraxinus_pennsylvanica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFraxinus+pennsylvanica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usfs-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usfs_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usfs_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy_Jr.1990" class="citation cs1">Kennedy Jr., Harvey E. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_2/fraxinus/pennsylvanica.htm">"<i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>"</a>. In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_2/vol2_table_of_contents.htm"><i>Hardwoods</i></a>. <i>Silvics of North America</i>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</a> (USFS), <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA) – via Southern Research Station.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hardwoods&rft.btitle=Silvics+of+North+America&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Forest+Service+%28USFS%29%2C+United+States+Department+of+Agriculture+%28USDA%29&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Kennedy+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Harvey+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.srs.fs.usda.gov%2Fpubs%2Fmisc%2Fag_654%2Fvolume_2%2Ffraxinus%2Fpennsylvanica.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFraxinus+pennsylvanica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grin_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grin_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=306">"Fraxinus pennsylvanica"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">Germplasm Resources Information Network</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Germplasm+Resources+Information+Network&rft.atitle=Fraxinus+pennsylvanica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgsweb.ars-grin.gov%2Fgringlobal%2Ftaxonomydetail.aspx%3Fid%3D306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFraxinus+pennsylvanica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wcsp.science.kew.org/namedetail.do?name_id=370006">"<i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families" title="World Checklist of Selected Plant Families">World Checklist of Selected Plant Families</a> (WCSP)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Checklist+of+Selected+Plant+Families+%28WCSP%29&rft.atitle=Fraxinus+pennsylvanica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwcsp.science.kew.org%2Fnamedetail.do%3Fname_id%3D370006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFraxinus+pennsylvanica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Fraxinus%20pennsylvanica.png">"<i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>"</a>. <i>County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA)</i>. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=County-level+distribution+map+from+the+North+American+Plant+Atlas+%28NAPA%29&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EFraxinus+pennsylvanica%3C%2Fi%3E&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbonap.net%2FMapGallery%2FCounty%2FFraxinus%2520pennsylvanica.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFraxinus+pennsylvanica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ncp-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ncp_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Common Trees of the North Carolina Piedmont: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/openkey/intkey/web/FRPE.htm"><i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nopd-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nopd_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Northern Ontario Plant Database: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1000494"><i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vplants-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vplants_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Virtual Herbarium of the Chicago Region: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vplants.org/plants/species/species.jsp?gid=17021"><i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813161743/http://www.vplants.org/plants/species/species.jsp?gid=17021">Archived</a> 2007-08-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obs-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-obs_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oklahoma Biological Survey: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/shrub/fram2.htm"><i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallander2008" class="citation journal cs1">Wallander, Eva (2008). 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161164" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q161164">Q161164</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fraxinus_pennsylvanica" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Fraxinus pennsylvanica">Fraxinus pennsylvanica</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">AoFP: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=3032">3032</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=2722">2722</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/197977">197977</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id40413">40413</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Calflora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=9338">9338</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6JMHT">6JMHT</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/579248">579248</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/FRXPE">FRXPE</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/176402">176402</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">FEIS: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/frapen/all.html">frapen</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242416560">242416560</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3172348">3172348</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=306">306</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/54808">54808</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/105864-2">105864-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10202413">10202413</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/24544">24544</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=32929">32929</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/61918934">61918934</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">MichiganFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1734">1734</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=282938">282938</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.144657/">2.144657</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000042114">NBNSYS0000042114</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=56036">56036</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NSWFlora" class="mw-redirect" title="NSWFlora">NSWFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Fraxinus~pennsylvanica">Fraxinus~pennsylvanica</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/6285b622-71e9-4dbe-8840-2f747bc90a5c">6285b622-71e9-4dbe-8840-2f747bc90a5c</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/138134/">138134</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=846451">846451</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fraxinus+pennsylvanica">Fraxinus pennsylvanica</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-370006">kew-370006</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/FRPE">FRPE</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A105864-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:105864-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/23000144">23000144</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/6730">6730</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WisFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=3648">3648</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000832813">wfo-0000832813</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161164#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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