CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.eu01.nr-data.net"]},distributed_tracing:{enabled:true}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={agentID:"212354677",accountID:"3196970",trustKey:"3196970",xpid:"VwcOV19UCBACVVNRAgUCUlc=",licenseKey:"NRJS-0940f7eaf4cb46e1cfe",applicationID:"212354543"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>h,gD:()=>g,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=h(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},5603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>c,o:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=a[e])}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="^2.0.0-alpha.17"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A4:()=>s,OF:()=>d,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>h,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,lR:()=>f,m:()=>u,mw:()=>c,sb:()=>l});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s="complete"===a?.document?.readyState,c=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),u=""+a?.location,d=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),l=d&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,f=(()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),h=Date.now()-(0,n.t)()},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>a,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>o});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||o(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if("*"===r.hostname)return!1;if(s(r.hostname,e.hostname)&&c(r.pathname,e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function o(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function a(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let o,a;i>0?(o=r.substring(0,i),a=r.substring(i)):(o=r,a="");let[s]=o.split(":");n.push({hostname:s,pathname:a})}}function s(e,t){return!(e.length>t.length)&&t.indexOf(e)===t.length-e.length}function c(e,t){return 0===e.indexOf("/")&&(e=e.substring(1)),0===t.indexOf("/")&&(t=t.substring(1)),""===e||e===t}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),h(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),h(e,t)})))}function h(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=g(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:g,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=g(e).concat(t)}function g(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>a,el:()=>u});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>o});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),o=r(8990),a=r(6154);const s={},c=a.gm.XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(s[t.debugId]++)return t;s[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[u,d],"-",p)}function p(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(a.RI&&h(document,f),h(a.gm,f),h(c.prototype,f)),t.on(u+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,o.I)(n,l,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(d+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,u);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,Zp:()=>i,mq:()=>s,nf:()=>a,qN:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],o=["focus","blur"],a=4,s=1e3},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,TZ:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log",a=n.K7.logging},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>u});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),o=r(860),a=r(3969),s=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=s.p_.INFO){(0,n.p)(a.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,o.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(s.ET,[(0,i.t)(),t,r,c],void 0,o.K7.logging,e)}function u(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(s.p_).some((t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim()))}},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>d,G4:()=>o,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>a,_s:()=>s,bc:()=>u,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},u={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},d=5e3,l={API:"api"}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>c,CT:()=>u,SR:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(9417),o=r(7767),a=r(6154);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,o.V)(e)&&!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function c(e){return!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&s(e)}function u(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,originTime:a.WN,correctedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,originTimeDiff:Math.floor(a.WN-t.correctedOriginTime)}}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>s,Lc:()=>u,Rz:()=>d,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>o,d3:()=>a,jx:()=>l,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState",l=1e3},3962:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{AM:()=>o,O2:()=>s,Qu:()=>c,TZ:()=>a,ih:()=>u,tC:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i=["click","keydown","submit"],o="api",a=n.K7.softNav,s={INITIAL_PAGE_LOAD:"",ROUTE_CHANGE:1,UNSPECIFIED:2},c={INTERACTION:1,AJAX:2,CUSTOM_END:3,CUSTOM_TRACER:4},u={IP:"in progress",FIN:"finished",CAN:"cancelled"}},7378:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$p:()=>x,BR:()=>b,Kp:()=>R,L3:()=>y,Lc:()=>c,NC:()=>o,SG:()=>d,TZ:()=>i,U6:()=>p,UT:()=>m,d3:()=>w,dT:()=>f,e5:()=>A,gx:()=>v,l9:()=>l,oW:()=>h,op:()=>g,rw:()=>u,tH:()=>E,uP:()=>s,wW:()=>T,xq:()=>a});var n=r(384);const i=r(860).K7.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",l="remaining",f="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=(0,n.dV)().o.ST,w="-start",R="-end",x="-body",T="cb"+R,A="jsTime",E="fetch"},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>o});var n=r(9417),i=r(6154);const o=e=>i.RI&&!0===(0,n.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")},425:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>j});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),h=r(384),p=r(6344);const g=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993),w=r(3785),R=r(2646),x=r(3434);function T(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,x.YM)(i),a=new R.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function A(){const e=(0,h.pV)();g.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const E={};var S=r(9417),N=r(5603),O=r(5284);const _=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let I=!1;function j(e,t={},g,R){let{init:x,info:j,loader_config:P,runtime:C={},exposed:k=!0}=t;C.loaderType=g;const L=(0,h.pV)();j||(x=L.init,j=L.info,P=L.loader_config),(0,S.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,x||{}),(0,N.a)(e.agentIdentifier,P||{}),j.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(j.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,j);const H=(0,S.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),D=[j.beacon,j.errorBeacon];I||(H.proxy.assets&&(_(H.proxy.assets),D.push(H.proxy.assets)),H.proxy.beacon&&D.push(H.proxy.beacon),A(),(0,h.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===H.soft_navigations.enabled&&H.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),C.denyList=[...H.ajax.deny_list||[],...H.ajax.block_internal?D:[]],C.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,C),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t,h=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const g={};var R=s.ee.get(e),x=R.get("tracer");E[e]=b.g.OFF,R.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{E[e]=t}));var A="api-",S=A+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),I(A,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function O(){}g.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,w.R)(R,e,t,r)},g.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),T(R,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},m.forEach((e=>{g[e]=I(A,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=I(A,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,I(A,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},g.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),R.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},g[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g.interaction=function(e){return(new O).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const _=O.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),h||(0,a.p)(S+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,R),function(){if(x.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw x.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{x.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function I(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,v.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,R),r?void 0:this}}function j(){r.e(478).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),R.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{_[e]=I(S,e,void 0,h?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),g.setCurrentRouteName=h?I(S,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):I(A,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),g.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!E[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,R)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>j()),!0):j(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,R,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=k),I=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({212:"nr-spa-compressor",249:"nr-spa-recorder",478:"nr-spa"}[e]+"-1.274.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={478:"sha512-1vUqEfJPB8Pihje9mv5CfYgkitO1FWcS+UQb84DbXqP8oYctRv4/lzl/MzNLPlRhcY1WVDBGL20I8vm6s2VV7g==",249:"sha512-Y/BeZAh6VSTmUtUNmS5XdyKxL92s30Fyyj8xVW76HSPxcKItL4+x2+kGMZc8pMJnUpZDz1L4eftZQAJh3D8NnA==",212:"sha512-Gn2tQ3qog5Yhrx/gRutkSTYPp+7nkKFt4/mIXg99LxcNpMDAYJZDBYmAACdoHNM86+iq1F3cBcQotFNzjIX8bw=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={38:0,788:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(425);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),h=i(5289),p=i(6154),g=i(5270),m=i(7767),v=i(6389);class b extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,v.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if((0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6526));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,h.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,g.SR)(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var y=i(6630);class w extends b{static featureName=y.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,y.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(384);var x=i(9908),T=i(2843),A=i(3878),E=i(782),S=i(1863);class N extends b{static featureName=E.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,E.T,t),p.RI&&((0,T.u)((()=>(0,x.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,A.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,x.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var O=i(3969);class _ extends b{static featureName=O.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,O.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var I=i(6774),j=i(3304);class P{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,j.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return H(e)?e:new P(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic)}function k(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection";if(!e?.reason)return;if(H(e.reason))try{return e.reason.message=t+": "+e.reason.message,C(e.reason)}catch(t){return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return r.message=t+": "+r?.message,r}function L(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new P(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return H(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function H(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}class D extends b{static featureName=I.T;#r=!1;constructor(e,r=!0){super(e,I.T,r);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("ierr",[C(e),(0,S.t)(),!0,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#r=e})),p.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[k(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),p.gm.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[L(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var M=i(8990);let K=1;const U="nr@id";function V(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===p.gm?0:(0,M.I)(e,U,(function(){return K++}))}function G(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,j.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(8139),B=i(7836),W=i(3434);const z={},q=["open","send"];function Z(t){var r=t||B.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(z[n.debugId]++)return n;z[n.debugId]=1,(0,F.u)(r);var i=(0,W.YM)(n),o=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest,a=p.gm.MutationObserver,s=p.gm.Promise,c=p.gm.setInterval,u="readystatechange",d=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],f=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){const r=new o(t),a=n.context(r);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],a),r.addEventListener(u,(s=a,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!s.resolved&&(s.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,d,"fn-",y)}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(15,t);try{n.emit("internal-error",[t])}catch(e){}}var s;return r};function h(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",y)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,f),f.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(f.prototype,q,"-xhr-",y),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){h(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(g?g.then(b):c?c(b):(m=-m,v.data=m))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",h),a){var g=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var m=1,v=document.createTextNode(m);new a(b).observe(v,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||b()}));function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)h(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function y(e,t){return t}return n}var Y="fetch-",X=Y+"body-",J=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],Q=p.gm.Request,ee=p.gm.Response,te="prototype";const re={};function ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(Q&&ee&&p.gm.fetch))return t;if(re[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[B.P]&&o[B.P].dt&&(e=o[B.P].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return re[t.debugId]=1,J.forEach((e=>{r(Q[te],e,X),r(ee[te],e,X)})),r(p.gm,"fetch",Y),t.on(Y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Y+"done",[e],n)})),t}var ie=i(7485),oe=i(5603);class ae{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,oe.o)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,r.ZF)(),s=(0,r.el)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof p.gm?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,j.A)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,s.D0)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ie.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var se=i(9300),ce=i(7295),ue=["load","error","abort","timeout"],de=ue.length,le=(0,R.dV)().o.REQ,fe=(0,R.dV)().o.XHR;class he extends b{static featureName=se.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,se.T,t),this.dt=new ae(e.agentIdentifier),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,x.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};p.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};pe(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,a.K7.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}ne(this.ee),Z(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=R,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){T(t,e)}),(0,A.jT)(!1)),p.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}function o(e){this.params={method:e[0]},pe(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function s(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i){var o=!1;i.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",i.newrelicHeader),o=!0),i.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",i.traceContextParentHeader),i.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",i.traceContextStateHeader),o=!0),o&&(this.dt=i)}}function c(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=G(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<de;s++)r.addEventListener(ue[s],this.listener,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function u(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function d(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function f(){this.endTime=(0,S.t)()}function h(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function g(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,t,r){t instanceof fe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,S.t)()))}function v(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,S.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function b(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&p.RI&&(t=""+p.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:p.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ie.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function y(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof le?r=i.url:p.gm?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),pe(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof le&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=G(n.body)||0}function w(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,S.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,ce.iW)(this.params))return;let n;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);const i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,S.t)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,a.K7.ajax)}function R(e){const t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<de;t++)e.removeEventListener(ue[t],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(0,ce.iW)(t)||(n.duration=(0,S.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCazptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):T(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,a.K7.ajax))}}function T(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?G(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?G(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin){var i=r.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");i&&((0,x.p)(O.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,a.K7.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",o),t.on("open-xhr-end",s),t.on("send-xhr-start",c),t.on("xhr-cb-time",u),t.on("xhr-load-added",d),t.on("xhr-load-removed",l),t.on("xhr-resolved",f),t.on("addEventListener-end",h),t.on("removeEventListener-end",g),t.on("fn-end",v),t.on("fetch-before-start",b),t.on("fetch-start",y),t.on("fn-start",m),t.on("fetch-done",w)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e)}}function pe(e,t){var r=(0,ie.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const ge={},me=["pushState","replaceState"];function ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("history")}(e);return!p.RI||ge[t.debugId]++||(ge[t.debugId]=1,(0,W.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,me,"-")),t}var be=i(3738);const{He:ye,bD:we,d3:Re,Kp:xe,TZ:Te,Lc:Ae,uP:Ee,Rz:Se}=be;class Ne extends b{static featureName=Te;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Te,t);if(!(0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier))return void this.deregisterDrain();const r=this.ee;let n;ve(r),this.eventsEE=(0,F.u)(r),this.eventsEE.on(Ee,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,S.t)()})),this.eventsEE.on(Ae,(function(e,t){(0,x.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,S.t)()],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(Se+Re,(function(e){this.time=(0,S.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(Se+xe,(function(e){(0,x.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,x.p)(ye,[t],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:we,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,{resourceObserver:n})}}var Oe=i(2614);class _e extends b{static featureName=t.TZ;#i;#o;constructor(e,r=!0){let n;super(e,t.TZ,r),this.replayRunning=!1,this.#o=e;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(Oe.H3,"_").concat(Oe.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,g.SR)(e.agentIdentifier)&&this.ee.on(t.G4.RECORD,(()=>this.#a())),this.#s(n)?(this.#i=n?.sessionReplayMode,this.#c()):this.importAggregator(e),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,x.p)(t.G4.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.ERROR)||(0,g.Aw)(this.agentIdentifier)}#u=!1;async#c(e){if(!this.#u){this.#u=!0;try{const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(478),i.e(249)]).then(i.bind(i,8589));this.recorder??=new t({mode:this.#i,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,trigger:e,ee:this.ee}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(this.#o,{recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}#a(){this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(Oe.g.FULL,!0):(this.#i=Oe.g.FULL,this.#c(t.Qb.API),this.recorder&&this.recorder.parent.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&(this.recorder.parent.mode=Oe.g.FULL,this.recorder.stopRecording(),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording))}}var Ie=i(3962);class je extends b{static featureName=Ie.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,Ie.TZ,t),!p.RI||!(0,R.dV)().o.MO)return;const r=ve(this.ee);Ie.tC.forEach((e=>{(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>{a(e)}),!0)}));const n=()=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[(0,S.t)(),""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee);r.on("pushState-end",n),r.on("replaceState-end",n);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}(0,A.sp)("popstate",(e=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[e.timeStamp,""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal);let i=!1;const o=new((0,R.dV)().o.MO)(((e,t)=>{i||(i=!0,requestAnimationFrame((()=>{(0,x.p)("newDom",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),i=!1})))})),a=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("newUIEvent",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),o.observe(document.body,{attributes:!0,childList:!0,subtree:!0,characterData:!0})}),100,{leading:!0});this.abortHandler=function(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),o.disconnect(),this.abortHandler=void 0},this.importAggregator(e,{domObserver:o})}}var Pe=i(7378);const Ce={},ke=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function Le(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!p.RI||Ce[t.debugId])return t;Ce[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,i=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,o=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function a(e,t){if(!e)return t;const r=e.match(o),n=r[1];return a(r[3],t[n])}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,ke,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var o=(s=e.src,c=s.match(n),c?c[1]:null);var s,c;if(!o)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(i);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:a(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(o);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function l(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function f(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}const He={};function De(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(He[t.debugId])return t;He[t.debugId]=!0;var r=t.context,n=(0,W.YM)(t),i=p.gm.Promise;return i&&function(){function e(r){var o=t.context(),a=n(r,"executor-",o,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(i,[a],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return o},s}p.gm.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return i.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,i),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=i.prototype;const o=i.prototype.then;i.prototype.then=function(...e){var i=this,a=r(i);a.promise=i,e[0]=n(e[0],"cb-",a,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"cb-",a,null,!1);const s=o.apply(this,e);return a.nextPromise=s,t.emit("propagate",[i,!0],s,!1,!1),s},i.prototype.then[W.Jt]=o,t.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=n(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),t.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),t.on("cb-end",(function(e,r,n){t.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),t.on("propagate",(function(e,r,n){this.getCtx&&!r||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var r=t.context(e);return r&&r.getCtx?r.getCtx():this})}))}(),t}const Me={},Ke="setTimeout",Ue="setInterval",Ve="clearTimeout",Ge="-start",Fe=[Ke,"setImmediate",Ue,Ve,"clearImmediate"];function Be(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(Me[t.debugId]++)return t;Me[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,W.YM)(t);return r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(0,2),Ke+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(2,3),Ue+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(3),Ve+"-"),t.on(Ue+Ge,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(Ke+Ge,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}const We={};function ze(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!p.RI||We[t.debugId])return t;We[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=p.gm.MutationObserver;return n&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof n?new n(r(e,"fn-")):n.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=n.prototype),t}const{TZ:qe,d3:Ze,Kp:Ye,$p:Xe,wW:Je,e5:Qe,tH:$e,uP:et,rw:tt,Lc:rt}=Pe;class nt extends b{static featureName=qe;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,qe,t),!p.RI)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let r,n=0;const i=this.ee.get("tracer"),o=Le(this.ee),a=De(this.ee),s=Be(this.ee),c=Z(this.ee),u=this.ee.get("events"),d=ne(this.ee),l=ve(this.ee),f=ze(this.ee);function h(e,t){l.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function g(){n++,r=window.location.hash,this[et]=(0,S.t)()}function m(){n--,window.location.hash!==r&&h(0,!0);var e=(0,S.t)();this[Qe]=~~this[Qe]+e-this[et],this[rt]=e}function v(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,S.t)()}))}this.ee.on(et,g),a.on(tt,g),o.on(tt,g),this.ee.on(rt,m),a.on(Je,m),o.on(Je,m),this.ee.on("fn-err",((...t)=>{t[2]?.__newrelic?.[e.agentIdentifier]||(0,x.p)("function-err",[...t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.buffer([et,rt,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),u.buffer([et],this.featureName),s.buffer(["setTimeout"+Ye,"clearTimeout"+Ze,et],this.featureName),c.buffer([et,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+Ze],this.featureName),d.buffer([$e+Ze,$e+"-done",$e+Xe+Ze,$e+Xe+Ye],this.featureName),l.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),f.buffer([et],this.featureName),a.buffer(["propagate",tt,Je,"executor-err","resolve"+Ze],this.featureName),i.buffer([et,"no-"+et],this.featureName),o.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),v(d,$e+Ze),v(d,$e+"-done"),v(o,"new-jsonp"),v(o,"jsonp-end"),v(o,"cb-start"),l.on("pushState-end",h),l.on("replaceState-end",h),window.addEventListener("hashchange",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){h(0,n>1)}),(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var it=i(3333);class ot extends b{static featureName=it.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,it.TZ,t);const r=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.user_actions.enabled];p.RI&&e.init.user_actions.enabled&&(it.Zp.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0))),it.qN.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)))))),r.some((e=>e))?this.importAggregator(e):this.deregisterDrain()}}var at=i(993),st=i(3785);class ct extends b{static featureName=at.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,at.TZ,t);const r=this.ee;this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",(function([e]){const{level:t,customAttributes:n}=this;(0,st.R)(r,e,n,t)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,R.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(w),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,R.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[he,w,N,Ne,_e,_,D,ot,ct,je,nt],loaderType:"spa"})})()})();</script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/fonts/ivar/AlfredSerifText-Regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/fonts/alfred/AlfredSans-Regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <script>(function(html){html.className = html.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'js')})(document.documentElement);</script> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <title>The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024 - Popular information - NobelPrize.org</title> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NobelPrize.org" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.nobelprize.org/#website","url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/","name":"NobelPrize.org","description":"The official website of the Nobel Prize","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.nobelprize.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.nobelprize.org' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=6.6.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #2e2a25;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--black-400: #969492;--wp--preset--color--grey-500: #8a8a8d;--wp--preset--color--grey-400: #c8c8c8;--wp--preset--color--grey-100: #f1f1f1;--wp--preset--color--nobel-gold: #cc9b40;--wp--preset--color--nobel-pale: #f2f0ee;--wp--preset--color--nobel-smoke: #f9f5ed;--wp--preset--color--blue-700: #004b87;--wp--preset--color--blue-500: #3880c3;--wp--preset--color--blue-400: #a0c5d8;--wp--preset--color--blue-300: #c2ced9;--wp--preset--color--blue-100: #ebf2f8;--wp--preset--color--red: #bc1836;--wp--preset--color--green-100: #eaefed;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: clamp(14px, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 0.682), 20px);--wp--preset--font-size--large: clamp(22.041px, 1.378rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 1.586), 36px);--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: clamp(25.014px, 1.563rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 1.93), 42px);--wp--preset--font-size--14: 0.875rem;--wp--preset--font-size--15: clamp(0.875rem, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.115), 0.938rem);--wp--preset--font-size--16: clamp(0.875rem, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.227), 1rem);--wp--preset--font-size--18: clamp(0.875rem, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.455), 1.125rem);--wp--preset--font-size--22: clamp(0.915rem, 0.915rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.836), 1.375rem);--wp--preset--font-size--24: clamp(0.984rem, 0.984rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.938), 1.5rem);--wp--preset--font-size--32: clamp(1.5rem, 1.5rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.909), 2rem);--wp--preset--font-size--48: clamp(2rem, 2rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1.818), 3rem);--wp--preset--font-size--100: clamp(4rem, 4rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 4.091), 6.25rem);--wp--preset--font-family--primary: 'Alfred Sans Regular', 'Helvetica Neue', 'Arial', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--secondary: 'Alfred Serif Regular', 'Times', 'Times New Roman', serif;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 2.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 3rem;--wp--preset--spacing--10: 0.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--90: 3.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--100: 4rem;--wp--preset--spacing--110: 4.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--120: 5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--130: 5.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--140: 6rem;--wp--preset--spacing--150: 6.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--160: 7rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--custom--image-ratio--regular: 3/2;--wp--custom--image-ratio--landscape: 16/9;--wp--custom--image-ratio--portrait: 2/3;--wp--custom--line-height--xs: 1;--wp--custom--line-height--s: 1.125;--wp--custom--line-height--sm: 1.25;--wp--custom--line-height--m: 1.3;--wp--custom--line-height--l: 1.4;--wp--custom--line-height--xl: 1.5;--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--1--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--48);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--1--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--xs);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--1--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--2--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--32);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--2--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--s);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--2--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--3--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--24);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--3--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--s);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--3--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--4--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--18);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--4--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--sm);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--4--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--5--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--16);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--5--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--m);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--5--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--6--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--15);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--6--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--xl);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--6--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--xsmall--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--14);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--xsmall--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--l);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--xsmall--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--secondary);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--small--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--16);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--small--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--l);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--small--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--secondary);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--medium--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--18);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--medium--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--m);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--medium--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--secondary);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--large--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--22);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--large--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--m);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--large--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--secondary);--wp--custom--font-variant--button--small--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--14);--wp--custom--font-variant--button--small--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--sm);--wp--custom--font-variant--button--small--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--button--large--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--16);--wp--custom--font-variant--button--large--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--sm);--wp--custom--font-variant--button--large--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--info--counters--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--100);--wp--custom--font-variant--info--counters--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--xs);--wp--custom--font-variant--info--counters--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--info--legal--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--14);--wp--custom--font-variant--info--legal--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--l);--wp--custom--font-variant--info--legal--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content{--wp--preset--color--grey-100: #f1f1f1;--wp--preset--color--nobel-pale: #f2f0ee;--wp--preset--color--nobel-smoke: #f9f5ed;--wp--preset--color--blue-100: #ebf2f8;--wp--preset--color--green-100: #eaefed;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-400-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black-400) !important;}.has-grey-500-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-500) !important;}.has-grey-400-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-400) !important;}.has-grey-100-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-100) !important;}.has-nobel-gold-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-gold) !important;}.has-nobel-pale-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-pale) !important;}.has-nobel-smoke-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-smoke) !important;}.has-blue-700-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-700) !important;}.has-blue-500-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-500) !important;}.has-blue-400-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-400) !important;}.has-blue-300-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-300) !important;}.has-blue-100-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-100) !important;}.has-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.has-green-100-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--green-100) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-400-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black-400) !important;}.has-grey-500-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-500) !important;}.has-grey-400-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-400) !important;}.has-grey-100-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-100) !important;}.has-nobel-gold-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-gold) !important;}.has-nobel-pale-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-pale) !important;}.has-nobel-smoke-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-smoke) !important;}.has-blue-700-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-700) !important;}.has-blue-500-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-500) !important;}.has-blue-400-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-400) !important;}.has-blue-300-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-300) !important;}.has-blue-100-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-100) !important;}.has-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.has-green-100-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--green-100) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-400-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black-400) !important;}.has-grey-500-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-500) !important;}.has-grey-400-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-400) !important;}.has-grey-100-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-100) !important;}.has-nobel-gold-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-gold) !important;}.has-nobel-pale-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-pale) !important;}.has-nobel-smoke-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-smoke) !important;}.has-blue-700-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-700) !important;}.has-blue-500-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-500) !important;}.has-blue-400-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-400) !important;}.has-blue-300-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-300) !important;}.has-blue-100-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-100) !important;}.has-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.has-green-100-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--green-100) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-14-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--14) !important;}.has-15-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--15) !important;}.has-16-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--16) !important;}.has-18-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--18) !important;}.has-22-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--22) !important;}.has-24-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--24) !important;}.has-32-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--32) !important;}.has-48-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--48) !important;}.has-100-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--100) !important;}.has-primary-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary) !important;}.has-secondary-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--secondary) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-grey-100-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-100) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-nobel-pale-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-pale) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-nobel-smoke-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-smoke) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-blue-100-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-100) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-green-100-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--green-100) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-grey-100-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-100) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-nobel-pale-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-pale) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-nobel-smoke-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-smoke) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-blue-100-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-100) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-green-100-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--green-100) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-grey-100-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-100) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-nobel-pale-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-pale) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-nobel-smoke-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-smoke) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-blue-100-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-100) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-green-100-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--green-100) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: clamp(0.984em, 0.984rem + ((1vw - 0.2em) * 0.938), 1.5em);line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='nobelprize_block_library_admin-css' href='https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/plugins/nobelprize-block-library/dist/css/frontend.css?ver=caaa306ca540657ccbf9' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='styles-css' href='https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/dist/css/frontend.css?ver=876a6e0119578e9b1801' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="loadjs-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fallback = {"path":"\/var\/www\/html\/wp-content\/themes\/nobelprize\/\/assets\/js\/frontend\/lib\/respimg\/ls.respimg.min.js"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/js/frontend/lib/loadjs.js?ver=1731929817" id="loadjs-js"></script> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <link type="text/plain" rel="author" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/humans.txt" /> <script> window.VIDEOJS_NO_BASE_THEME = true; window.VIDEOJS_NO_DYNAMIC_STYLE = true; </script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/consent/d75760b8-7732-445e-9a87-2de3e237d0fe/OtAutoBlock.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="d75760b8-7732-445e-9a87-2de3e237d0fe"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() { } </script>   <script type="text/javascript">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WDHZ8W5');</script>   <meta name="twitter:title" content="The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024"> <meta itemprop="name" content="The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024" /> <meta property="og:title" content="The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024" />   <meta name="twitter:description" content="The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024 was divided, one half awarded to David Baker "for computational protein design", the other half jointly to Demis Hassabis and John Jumper "for protein structure prediction""> <meta itemprop="description" content="The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024 was divided, one half awarded to David Baker "for computational protein design", the other half jointly to Demis Hassabis and John Jumper "for protein structure prediction"" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024 was divided, one half awarded to David Baker "for computational protein design", the other half jointly to Demis Hassabis and John Jumper "for protein structure prediction"" />   <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/popular-chemistryprize2024-carrier-1024x567.jpg" /> <meta itemprop="image" content="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/popular-chemistryprize2024-carrier-1024x567.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/popular-chemistryprize2024-carrier-1024x567.jpg" />  <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/popular-information/" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/08/Nobel-favicon-50x50.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/08/Nobel-favicon-232x232.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/08/Nobel-favicon-188x188.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/08/Nobel-favicon.png" /> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> .summit-event-nav .prizes-nav-top-tier li:last-of-type { border-right: 0; } .ot-sdk-show-settings:hover, .ot-sdk-show-settings { background-color: #CEA152 !important; border-color: #CEA152 !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; } </style> </head> <body class="prize-content-type ">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WDHZ8W5" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content"> Skip to content </a> <header class="site-header" role="banner" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader"> <div class="site-header__wrapper container"> <div class="site-banner" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization"> <div class="site-banner-logo" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization"> <h1 class="site-logo" itemprop="logo"> <a itemprop="url" href="https://www.nobelprize.org" name="top" aria-label="The Nobel Prize"> <svg class="site-logo-icon site-logo-icon--big" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="77" height="60" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 77 60"><path d="M25.298 1.997h-4.631v14.66h-2.21V1.997h-4.674V0h11.515v1.997ZM42.126 0v16.657h-2.21V8.711h-9.179v7.946h-2.21V0h2.21v6.714h9.179V0h2.21Zm14.617 16.657V14.66h-7.691V8.711h7.011V6.714h-7.011V1.997h7.564V0h-9.731v16.657h9.858Zm-43.045 5.014V38.33h-1.53L2.225 25.41v12.918H.1V21.67h1.7l9.773 12.578V21.671h2.125Zm12.025-.34c-4.801 0-8.71 3.867-8.71 8.669 0 4.802 3.909 8.669 8.71 8.669 4.802 0 8.711-3.867 8.711-8.669 0-4.802-3.91-8.669-8.71-8.669Zm.043 2.083c3.527 0 6.459 2.932 6.459 6.586 0 3.654-2.932 6.586-6.46 6.586-3.526 0-6.458-2.932-6.458-6.586 0-3.654 2.932-6.586 6.459-6.586Zm23.116 9.943c0 2.932-2.125 4.972-5.227 4.972h-5.779V21.67h5.27c3.059 0 4.971 1.53 4.971 3.995 0 1.614-.85 2.89-2.252 3.527 1.87.68 3.017 2.167 3.017 4.164Zm-8.796-9.73v4.8h3.06c1.53 0 2.846-.934 2.846-2.506 0-1.573-1.232-2.295-2.847-2.295h-3.06Zm6.629 9.772c0-1.87-1.445-3.017-3.145-3.017h-3.484v6.034h3.484c1.7-.042 3.145-1.147 3.145-3.017Zm15.467 4.93V36.33h-7.649v-5.949h7.012v-1.997h-7.012V23.67h7.564V21.67h-9.773V38.33h9.858ZM76.29 36.33v1.998h-9.731V21.67h2.21v14.66h7.52Zm-65.057 15.85c2.89 0 4.93-1.784 4.93-4.419 0-2.592-2.04-4.42-4.972-4.42H5.41V60h2.21v-7.819h3.612Zm0-6.841c1.615 0 2.72.892 2.72 2.422 0 1.53-1.105 2.422-2.72 2.422H7.621V45.34h3.612Zm12.11 6.756h-1.742V60h-2.21V43.343h5.78c2.89 0 4.929 1.742 4.929 4.376 0 2.423-1.742 4.08-4.25 4.335l6.035 7.904H29.25l-5.906-7.862ZM21.602 50.1h3.612c1.657 0 2.72-.85 2.72-2.38 0-1.53-1.105-2.38-2.72-2.38h-3.612v4.76Zm15.17-6.756h-2.21V60h2.21V43.343Zm3.442 14.915L49.86 45.34h-8.71v-1.997h11.557v1.614l-9.73 13.046h9.985V60H40.213v-1.742ZM66.304 60v-1.997h-7.691v-5.95h7.011v-1.996h-7.011V45.34h7.564v-1.997h-9.731V60h9.858Z"/></svg> <svg class="site-logo-icon site-logo-icon--small" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="171" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 171 16"><path d="M10.3 2.222H6.256v12.684H4.344V2.222H.3V.494h9.963v1.728h.037ZM24.822.494v14.412H22.91V8.03h-7.94v6.875h-1.913V.494h1.912v5.809h7.941V.494h1.912Zm12.61 12.684v1.728h-8.53V.494h8.42v1.728h-6.544v4.081h6.066v1.728h-6.066v5.147h6.654ZM57.322.494v14.412h-1.324L47.397 3.729v11.177h-1.839V.494h1.47l8.457 10.883V.494h1.838ZM60.19 7.7c0-4.154 3.382-7.5 7.537-7.5 4.154 0 7.536 3.346 7.536 7.5s-3.382 7.5-7.537 7.5c-4.154 0-7.536-3.346-7.536-7.5Zm13.162 0c0-3.162-2.537-5.699-5.589-5.699-3.051 0-5.588 2.537-5.588 5.699s2.537 5.699 5.588 5.699c3.052 0 5.588-2.537 5.588-5.699Zm14.411 2.904c0 2.537-1.838 4.302-4.522 4.302h-5.037V.494h4.56c2.646 0 4.3 1.324 4.3 3.456 0 1.397-.735 2.5-1.948 3.051 1.655.589 2.647 1.875 2.647 3.603Zm-7.61-8.419V6.34H82.8c1.324 0 2.463-.81 2.463-2.17 0-1.36-1.066-1.985-2.463-1.985h-2.647Zm5.735 8.456c0-1.617-1.25-2.61-2.72-2.61h-3.015v5.22h3.015c1.47-.036 2.72-.992 2.72-2.61Zm13.383 2.537v1.728h-8.53V.494h8.42v1.728h-6.545v4.081h6.103v1.728h-6.066v5.147h6.618Zm12.206 0v1.728h-8.42V.494h1.912v12.684h6.508Zm15.514-8.86c0 2.28-1.765 3.823-4.265 3.823h-3.125v6.765h-1.911V.494h5c2.537 0 4.301 1.581 4.301 3.824Zm-1.912 0c0-1.324-.955-2.096-2.353-2.096h-3.125v4.191h3.125c1.398 0 2.353-.772 2.353-2.095Zm8.089 3.75h-1.508v6.838h-1.911V.494h5c2.5 0 4.264 1.507 4.264 3.787 0 2.095-1.507 3.53-3.676 3.75l5.22 6.838h-2.279l-5.11-6.801Zm-1.471-1.728h3.125c1.434 0 2.353-.736 2.353-2.06 0-1.323-.956-2.058-2.353-2.058h-3.125V6.34ZM142.91.494h1.912v14.412h-1.912V.494ZM147.8 13.4l8.346-11.177h-7.537V.494h10v1.397l-8.419 11.287h8.639v1.728H147.8v-1.508Zm22.537-.221v1.728h-8.53V.494h8.42v1.728h-6.545v4.081h6.067v1.728h-6.067v5.147h6.655Z"/></svg> </a> </h1> </div> <div class="mobile-actions"> <div class="mobile-search"> <button type="button" id="search-mobile-trigger-js"> <svg class="search-open" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" role="img" aria-labelledby="desktop-search-title desktop-search-description"> <title id="desktop-search-title">Close the search form</title> <desc id="desktop-search-description">A button that allows you to close the search form if needed</desc> <path fill="#2E2A25" d="m19.6 21-6.3-6.3A6.096 6.096 0 0 1 9.5 16c-1.817 0-3.354-.63-4.612-1.887C3.629 12.854 3 11.317 3 9.5c0-1.817.63-3.354 1.888-4.612C6.146 3.629 7.683 3 9.5 3c1.817 0 3.354.63 4.613 1.888C15.37 6.146 16 7.683 16 9.5a6.096 6.096 0 0 1-1.3 3.8l6.3 6.3-1.4 1.4ZM9.5 14c1.25 0 2.313-.438 3.188-1.313C13.562 11.813 14 10.75 14 9.5c0-1.25-.438-2.313-1.313-3.188C11.813 5.438 10.75 5 9.5 5c-1.25 0-2.313.438-3.188 1.313S5 8.25 5 9.5c0 1.25.438 2.313 1.313 3.188C7.188 13.562 8.25 14 9.5 14Z"/> </svg> <svg class="search-close" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="#2E2A25" role="img" aria-labelledby="desktop-search-title desktop-search-description"> <title id="desktop-search-title">Close the search form</title> <desc id="desktop-search-description">A button that allows you to close the search form if needed</desc> <path d="M6.4 19 5 17.6l5.6-5.6L5 6.4 6.4 5l5.6 5.6L17.6 5 19 6.4 13.4 12l5.6 5.6-1.4 1.4-5.6-5.6L6.4 19Z"/> </svg> </button>  <noscript> <a id="mobile-close-js" class="toggle-close" href="#"> <span>Close Mobile Menu</span> </a> </noscript> </div> <div class="mobile-nav"> <a id="mobile-nav-js" href="#main-navigation-js" class="toggle"> <span> Toggle Mobile Menu </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <nav id="main-navigation-js" class="site-main-navigation" role="navigation" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" aria-label="Main menu" aria-expanded="false"> <ul id="menu-header_top" class="main-menu" role="menu"><li id="menu-item-28259" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-28259" role="menuitem"><a href="/prizes/">Nobel Prizes & laureates</a> <ul class="sub-menu" role="menu" aria-hidden="true"> <li id="menu-item-175174" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-175174" role="menuitem"><a href="/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes/">All Nobel Prizes</a></li> <li id="menu-item-222451" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-222451" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/all-nobel-prizes-2024/">All Nobel Prizes 2024</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48853" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48853" role="menuitem"><a href="/prizes/physics/">Physics prize</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48854" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48854" role="menuitem"><a href="/prizes/chemistry/">Chemistry prize</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48855" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48855" role="menuitem"><a href="/prizes/medicine/">Medicine prize</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48856" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48856" role="menuitem"><a href="/prizes/literature/">Literature prize</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48857" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48857" role="menuitem"><a href="/prizes/peace/">Peace prize</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48858" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48858" role="menuitem"><a href="/prizes/economic-sciences/">Prize in economic sciences</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-28260" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-28260" role="menuitem"><a href="/about/">About</a> <ul class="sub-menu" role="menu" aria-hidden="true"> <li id="menu-item-43405" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-43405" role="menuitem"><a href="/about-the-nobel-prize/">About the prize</a></li> <li id="menu-item-43408" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-43408" role="menuitem"><a href="/alfred-nobel">Alfred Nobel</a></li> <li id="menu-item-43407" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-43407" role="menuitem"><a href="/about/nobel-prize-award-ceremonies/">Award ceremonies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-43409" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-43409" role="menuitem"><a href="/nomination">Nomination</a></li> <li id="menu-item-43406" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-43406" role="menuitem"><a href="/the-nobel-prize-organisation">Organisation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-28261" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28261" role="menuitem"><a href="/stories/">Stories</a></li> <li id="menu-item-28262" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28262" role="menuitem"><a href="/educational/">Educational</a></li> <li id="menu-item-219562" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-219562" role="menuitem"><a href="/events-museums/">Events & museums</a></li> <li role="menuitem" class="searchform"> <button type="button" id="search-trigger-js"> <svg class="search-open" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" role="img" aria-labelledby="desktop-search-title desktop-search-description"> <title id="desktop-search-title">Close the search form</title> <desc id="desktop-search-description">A button that allows you to close the search form if needed</desc> <path fill="#2E2A25" d="m19.6 21-6.3-6.3A6.096 6.096 0 0 1 9.5 16c-1.817 0-3.354-.63-4.612-1.887C3.629 12.854 3 11.317 3 9.5c0-1.817.63-3.354 1.888-4.612C6.146 3.629 7.683 3 9.5 3c1.817 0 3.354.63 4.613 1.888C15.37 6.146 16 7.683 16 9.5a6.096 6.096 0 0 1-1.3 3.8l6.3 6.3-1.4 1.4ZM9.5 14c1.25 0 2.313-.438 3.188-1.313C13.562 11.813 14 10.75 14 9.5c0-1.25-.438-2.313-1.313-3.188C11.813 5.438 10.75 5 9.5 5c-1.25 0-2.313.438-3.188 1.313S5 8.25 5 9.5c0 1.25.438 2.313 1.313 3.188C7.188 13.562 8.25 14 9.5 14Z"></path> </svg> <svg class="search-close" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="#2E2A25" role="img" aria-labelledby="desktop-search-title desktop-search-description"> <title id="desktop-search-title">Close the search form</title> <desc id="desktop-search-description">A button that allows you to close the search form if needed</desc> <path d="M6.4 19 5 17.6l5.6-5.6L5 6.4 6.4 5l5.6 5.6L17.6 5 19 6.4 13.4 12l5.6 5.6-1.4 1.4-5.6-5.6L6.4 19Z"></path> </svg> </button> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="header-search-form" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="container"> <form class="searchform -header" method="GET" action="/search/" > <label for="search-form-input-header" class="screen-reader-text"> Header Search </label> <input type="search" class="input" name="s" id="search-form-input-header" placeholder="Enter your search here" value="" > <button type="submit"> <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="#2E2A25" role="img" aria-labelledby="submit-search-title-header submit-search-description-header"> <title id="submit-search-title-header">Submit a search term</title> <desc id="submit-search-description-header">Allows users to submit a search term</desc> <path d="m19.6 21-6.3-6.3A6.096 6.096 0 0 1 9.5 16c-1.817 0-3.354-.63-4.612-1.887C3.629 12.854 3 11.317 3 9.5c0-1.817.63-3.354 1.888-4.612C6.146 3.629 7.683 3 9.5 3c1.817 0 3.354.63 4.613 1.888C15.37 6.146 16 7.683 16 9.5a6.096 6.096 0 0 1-1.3 3.8l6.3 6.3-1.4 1.4ZM9.5 14c1.25 0 2.313-.438 3.188-1.313C13.562 11.813 14 10.75 14 9.5c0-1.25-.438-2.313-1.313-3.188C11.813 5.438 10.75 5 9.5 5c-1.25 0-2.313.438-3.188 1.313S5 8.25 5 9.5c0 1.25.438 2.313 1.313 3.188C7.188 13.562 8.25 14 9.5 14Z"/> </svg> </button> </form> </div> </div> </header> <main id="content" role="main" class="nobel-content"> <noscript id="noscript-list"> <h3> Enhanced Page Navigation </h3> <ol> <li> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/popular-information/" title="The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024 - Popular information" data-related="0" > The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024 - Popular information </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/summary/" title="The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024" data-related="0" > The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024 </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/prize-announcement/" title="The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024 - Prize announcement" data-related="0" > The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024 - Prize announcement </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/press-release/" title="Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024" data-related="0" > Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024 </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/advanced-information/" title="The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024 - Scientific background" data-related="1" > The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024 - Scientific background </a> </li> </ol> </noscript> <div id="pjax-well" class="container page-content-area"> <div class="pjax-container"> <section class="page-section biographical"> <aside class="page-aside border-top"> <header class="header"> <h5 class="heading"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/summary/"> The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024 </a> </h5> </header> <nav class="aside-navigation aside-navigation--desktop" aria-label="In Page Navigation"> <ul class="aside-navigation__list"><li class="aside-navigation__list-item"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/summary/" aria-current="false" > Summary </a> </li><li class="aside-navigation__list-item">Laureates<ul class="aside-navigation__list"><li class="aside-navigation__list-item"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/baker/facts/" aria-current="false" > David Baker </a> </li><li class="aside-navigation__list-item"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/hassabis/facts/" aria-current="false" > Demis Hassabis </a> </li><li class="aside-navigation__list-item"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/jumper/facts/" aria-current="false" > John Jumper </a> </li></ul></li><li class="aside-navigation__list-item"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/prize-announcement/" aria-current="false" > Prize announcement </a> </li><li class="aside-navigation__list-item"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/press-release/" aria-current="false" > Press release </a> </li><li class="aside-navigation__list-item"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/popular-information/" aria-current="page" > Popular information </a> </li><li class="aside-navigation__list-item"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/advanced-information/" aria-current="false" > Advanced information </a> </li></ul></nav> <footer class="footer"> <div class="share-this"> <h6 class="heading"> Share this </h6> <ul class="socialicons" aria-label="Social sharing links"> <li class="socialicon" data-social="facebook"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fchemistry%2F2024%2Fpopular-information%2F&t=Popular+information" data-target="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/popular-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path d="M14.526 34h-3.96A4.572 4.572 0 0 1 6 29.43V10.57C6 8.051 8.051 6 10.571 6H29.43A4.577 4.577 0 0 1 34 10.57v18.854c0 2.52-2.051 4.57-4.571 4.57h-3.492a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.571V22.305c0-.314.257-.571.571-.571h2.229l.405-3.228h-2.634a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.571v-3.28c0-.314.257-.57.571-.57h2.709v-3.229h-4.892a1.62 1.62 0 0 0-1.617 1.617v5.462a.573.573 0 0 1-.571.571h-2.709v3.228h2.709c.314 0 .571.257.571.571v11.118a.59.59 0 0 1-.166.406c-.148.148-.171.171-7.44.171h-.005ZM10.57 7.143a3.43 3.43 0 0 0-3.428 3.427v18.854a3.43 3.43 0 0 0 3.423 3.428h10.423V22.87H18.28a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.572v-4.37c0-.314.257-.571.571-.571h2.709v-4.89c0-1.52 1.24-2.76 2.76-2.76h5.462c.315 0 .572.257.572.571v4.37a.573.573 0 0 1-.572.572h-2.708v2.137h2.708a.56.56 0 0 1 .429.194c.109.126.16.286.137.451l-.548 4.37a.573.573 0 0 1-.566.504h-2.16v9.975h2.92a3.43 3.43 0 0 0 3.428-3.428V10.57a3.43 3.43 0 0 0-3.428-3.427H10.57Z"/></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Facebook </span> </a> </li> <li class="socialicon" data-social="twitter"> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Popular+information&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fchemistry%2F2024%2Fpopular-information%2F" data-target="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/popular-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.143 6h17.714A5.148 5.148 0 0 1 34 11.143v17.714A5.148 5.148 0 0 1 28.857 34H11.143A5.148 5.148 0 0 1 6 28.857V11.143A5.148 5.148 0 0 1 11.143 6Zm17.714 26.857c2.205 0 4-1.795 4-4V11.143c0-2.205-1.795-4-4-4H11.143c-2.205 0-4 1.795-4 4v17.714c0 2.205 1.795 4 4 4h17.714Zm-.995-22.384a.572.572 0 0 1 .847.768l-6.933 7.65 6.977 9.923a.572.572 0 0 1-.468.9h-3.714a.571.571 0 0 1-.468-.243l-5.205-7.404-6.76 7.46a.57.57 0 0 1-.808.04.572.572 0 0 1-.04-.808l6.934-7.65-6.977-9.923a.572.572 0 0 1 .468-.9h3.714c.186 0 .36.09.467.243l5.206 7.404 6.76-7.46Zm-15.047.956L24.869 28.57h2.317L15.132 11.43h-2.317Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> X </span> </a> </li> <li class="socialicon" data-social="linkedin"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fchemistry%2F2024%2Fpopular-information%2F&title=Popular+information" data-target="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/popular-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.909 14.251a2.557 2.557 0 0 1-2.555-2.554 2.56 2.56 0 0 1 2.555-2.554 2.56 2.56 0 0 1 2.554 2.554 2.56 2.56 0 0 1-2.554 2.554Zm0-3.965c-.778 0-1.412.634-1.412 1.411s.634 1.412 1.412 1.412c.777 0 1.411-.635 1.411-1.412 0-.777-.634-1.411-1.411-1.411Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/><path d="M28.771 28.211c0 .315.258.572.572.572l-.006-.006a.573.573 0 0 0 .572-.571v-7.292c0-3.605-2.509-4.891-4.852-4.891-1.457 0-2.497.383-3.44 1v-.532a.573.573 0 0 0-.571-.571h-3.612a.573.573 0 0 0-.571.571v11.715c0 .314.257.571.571.571a.573.573 0 0 0 .572-.571V17.063h2.468v1.108a.574.574 0 0 0 .943.44c1.057-.891 2.034-1.44 3.646-1.44 1.114 0 3.708.366 3.708 3.749v7.291ZM14.611 28.783a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.572V17.07h-2.543V28.21a.573.573 0 0 1-.571.572.573.573 0 0 1-.572-.572V16.497c0-.314.257-.571.572-.571h3.685c.315 0 .572.257.572.571v11.714a.573.573 0 0 1-.572.572Z"/><path d="M25.657 28.783a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.572V22.83c0-1.286-.412-1.738-1.577-1.738-1.252 0-1.886.458-1.886 1.355v5.765a.573.573 0 0 1-.572.572.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.572v-5.765c0-1.56 1.131-2.497 3.029-2.497 1.897 0 2.72.971 2.72 2.88v5.382a.573.573 0 0 1-.572.572Z"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.143 34h17.714A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 34 28.857V11.143A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 28.857 6H11.143A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 6 11.143v17.714A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 11.143 34Zm-4-22.857c0-2.206 1.794-4 4-4h17.714c2.206 0 4 1.794 4 4v17.714c0 2.206-1.794 4-4 4H11.143c-2.206 0-4-1.794-4-4V11.143Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> LinkedIn </span> </a> </li> <li class="socialicon" data-social="email"> <a data-target="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/popular-information/" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#bc83cfc9ded6d9dfc881faced3d1998e8cf2d3ded9d0ecced5c6d992d3cedb86998e8cecd3ccc9d0ddce998e8cd5d2dad3ced1ddc8d5d3d29a9f8c8f8487ded3d8c581d4c8c8cccf869393cbcbcb92d2d3ded9d0ccced5c6d992d3cedb93ccced5c6d9cf93dfd4d9d1d5cfc8cec5938e8c8e8893ccd3ccc9d0ddce91d5d2dad3ced1ddc8d5d3d293" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.229 14.02A1.37 1.37 0 0 0 11 15.384v9.84a1.37 1.37 0 0 0 1.37 1.37h15.26a1.37 1.37 0 0 0 1.37-1.37V15.37A1.37 1.37 0 0 0 27.63 14H12.37a.5.5 0 0 0-.141.02Zm.256.98a.504.504 0 0 1-.114.013.37.37 0 0 0-.371.37v9.841a.37.37 0 0 0 .37.37h15.26a.37.37 0 0 0 .37-.37V15.37a.37.37 0 0 0-.37-.37H12.485Zm.288.88a.5.5 0 0 1 .699-.107L20 20.577l6.528-4.804a.5.5 0 0 1 .593.805l-6.825 5.023a.5.5 0 0 1-.592 0l-6.825-5.023a.5.5 0 0 1-.106-.699Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M28.857 6H11.143A5.148 5.148 0 0 0 6 11.143v17.714A5.148 5.148 0 0 0 11.143 34h17.714A5.148 5.148 0 0 0 34 28.857V11.143A5.148 5.148 0 0 0 28.857 6Zm4 22.857c0 2.205-1.795 4-4 4H11.143c-2.205 0-4-1.795-4-4V11.143c0-2.205 1.795-4 4-4h17.714c2.205 0 4 1.795 4 4v17.714Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Email this page </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </footer> </aside> <article class=" page-content border-top entry-content"> <header> <h1> Popular information </h1> </header> <select class="aside-navigation aside-navigation--mobile js-aside-navigation--mobile" name="Go to laureate page"> <option value="" selected disabled>Navigate to:</option> <option value="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/summary/"> Summary</option><optgroup label=" Laureates"><option value="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/baker/facts/">- David Baker</option><option value="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/hassabis/facts/">- Demis Hassabis</option><option value="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/jumper/facts/">- John Jumper</option></optgroup><option value="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/prize-announcement/"> Prize announcement</option><option value="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/press-release/"> Press release</option><option value="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/popular-information/" disabled selected> Popular information</option><option value="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/advanced-information/"> Advanced information</option></select> <h5 class="wp-block-heading has-16-font-size"><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/11/popular-chemistryprize2024.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Popular science background:<br />They have revealed proteins’ secrets through computing and artificial intelligence (pdf)</a></h5> <h5 class="wp-block-heading has-16-font-size"><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/11/popular-chemistryprize2024-swedish.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Populärvetenskaplig information:<br />De har avslöjat proteinernas hemligheter med hjälp av datorer och artificiell intelligens (pdf)</a></h5> <figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" width="190" height="80" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/kva_logo_09-26.gif" alt="Logo" class="wp-image-7303"/></figure> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024</h2> <p class="ingress">Chemists have long dreamed of fully understanding and mastering the chemical tools of life – proteins. This dream is now within reach. <strong>Demis Hassabis</strong> and <strong>John Jumper</strong> have successfully utilised artificial intelligence to predict the structure of almost all known proteins. <strong>David Baker</strong> has learned how to master life’s building blocks and create entirely new proteins. The potential of their discoveries is enormous. </p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">They have revealed proteins’ secrets through computing and artificial intelligence</h2> <p>How is the exuberant chemistry of life possible? The answer to this question is the existence of proteins, which can be described as brilliant chemical tools. They are generally built from 20 amino acids that can be combined in endless ways. Using the information stored in DNA as a blueprint, the amino acids are linked together in our cells to form long strings.</p> <p>Then the magic of proteins happens: the string of amino acids twists and folds into a distinct – sometimes unique – three-dimensional structure (Figure 1). This structure is what gives proteins their function. Some become chemical building blocks that can create muscles, horns or feathers, while others may become hormones or antibodies. Many of them form enzymes, which drive life’s chemical reactions with astounding precision. The proteins that sit on the surfaces of cells are also important, and function as communication channels between the cell and its surroundings.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1024" height="567" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/popular-chemistryprize2024-carrier-1024x567.jpg" alt="Illustration" class="wp-image-222850"/><figcaption><span class="image-credits">© Johan Jarnestad/The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</span></figcaption></figure> <p>It is hardly possible to overstate the potential encompassed by life’s chemical building blocks, these 20 amino acids. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024 is about understanding and mastering them at an entirely new level. One half of the prize goes to Demis Hassabis and John Jumper, who have utilised artificial intelligence to successfully solve a problem that chemists wrestled with for over 50 years: predicting the three-dimensional structure of a protein from a sequence of amino acids. This has allowed them to predict the structure of almost all 200 million known proteins. The other half of the prize is awarded to David Baker. He has developed computerised methods for achieving what many people believed was impossible: creating proteins that did not previously exist and which, in many cases, have entirely new functions.</p> <p>The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024 recognises two different discoveries but, as you will see, they are closely linked. To understand the challenges this year’s laureates have overcome, we must look back to the dawn of modern biochemistry.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">The first grainy pictures of proteins</h3> <p>Chemists have known since the nineteenth century that proteins are important for life’s processes, but it took until the 1950s for chemical tools to be precise enough for researchers to start exploring proteins in more detail. Cambridge researchers <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1962/kendrew/facts/">John Kendrew</a> and <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1962/perutz/facts/">Max Perutz</a> made a groundbreaking discovery when, at the end of the decade, they successfully used a method called X-ray crystallography to present the first three-dimensional models of proteins. In recognition of this discovery, they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1962.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="499" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/popular-chemistryprize2024-figure1-1-1024x499.png" alt="Illustration of a string of amino acids" class="wp-image-224681"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Figure 1. A protein can consist of everything from tens of amino acids to several thousand. The string of amino acids folds into a three-dimensional structure that is decisive for the protein’s function. <span class="image-credits">© Johan Jarnestad/The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Subsequently, researchers have primarily used X-ray crystallography – and often a great deal of effort – to successfully produce images of around 200,000 different proteins, which laid the foundation for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">A riddle: how does a protein find its unique structure?</h3> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1972/anfinsen/facts/">Christian Anfinsen</a>, an American scientist, made another early discovery. Using various chemical tricks, he managed to make an existing protein unfold and then fold itself up again. The interesting observation was that the protein assumed exactly the same shape every time. In 1961, he concluded that a protein’s three-dimensional structure is entirely governed by the sequence of amino acids in the protein. This led to him being awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1972.</p> <p>However, Anfinsen’s logic contains a paradox, which another American, Cyrus Levinthal, pointed out in 1969. He calculated that even if a protein only consists of 100 amino acids, in theory the protein can assume at least 10<sup>47</sup> different three-dimensional structures. If the chain of amino acids were to fold randomly, it would take longer than the age of the universe to find the correct protein structure. In a cell, it just takes a few milliseconds. So how does the string of amino acids actually fold?</p> <p>Anfinsen’s discovery and Levinthal’s paradox implied that folding is a predetermined process. And – importantly – all the information about how the protein folds must be present in the amino acid sequence.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Throwing down the gauntlet for the great challenge of biochemistry</h3> <p>The above insights led to another decisive realisation – if chemists know a protein’s amino acid sequence, they should be able to predict the protein’s three-dimensional structure. This was an exciting idea. If they succeeded, they would no longer have to use fiddly X-ray crystallography and could save masses of time. They would also be able to generate structures for all the proteins where X-ray crystallography was not applicable.</p> <p>These logical conclusions threw down the gauntlet for what has become the great challenge of biochemistry: the prediction problem. To encourage more rapid development in the field, in 1994 researchers started a project called <em>Critical Assessment of Protein Structure Prediction</em> (CASP), which developed into a competition. Every other year, researchers from around the globe were given access to sequences of amino acids in proteins whose structures had just been determined. However, the structures were kept secret from the participants. The challenge was to predict the protein structures based on the known amino acids sequences.</p> <p>CASP attracted many researchers, but solving the prediction problem proved incredibly difficult. The correspondence between the predictions researchers entered in the competition and the actual structures hardly improved at all. The breakthrough only occurred in 2018, when a chess master, neuroscience expert and pioneer in artificial intelligence entered the field.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Boardgame master enters the Protein Olympics</h3> <p>Let’s take a quick look at Demis Hassabis’ background: he started playing chess at the age of four and achieved master level as a 13-year-old. In his teens, he started a career as a programmer and successful games developer. He began exploring artificial intelligence and took on neuroscience, where he made several revolutionary discoveries. He used what he learned about the brain to develop better neural networks for AI. In 2010 he co-founded DeepMind, a company that developed masterful AI models for popular boardgames. The company was sold to Google in 2014 and, two years later, DeepMind came to global attention when the company achieved what many then believed to be the holy grail of AI: beating the champion player of one of the world’s oldest boardgames, Go.</p> <p>However, for Hassabis, Go was not the goal, it was the means for developing better AI models. After this victory, his team were ready to tackle problems of greater importance for humanity, so in 2018 he registered for the thirteenth CASP competition.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">An unexpected win for Demis Hassabis’ AI model</h3> <p>In previous years, the protein structures that researchers predicted for CASP had achieved an accuracy of 40 per cent, at best. With their AI model, AlphaFold, Hassabis’ team reached almost 60 per cent. They won, and the excellent result took many people by surprise – it was unexpected progress, but the solution was still not good enough. For success, the prediction had to have an accuracy of 90 per cent when compared to the target structure.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" width="661" height="1024" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/popular-chemistryprize2024-figure2-1-661x1024.png" alt="Illustration of how AlphaFold2 works" class="wp-image-224682"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Figure 2. How does AlphaFold2 work? <span class="image-credits">© Johan Jarnestad/The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Hassabis and his team continued developing AlphaFold – but, however hard they tried, the algorithm never quite went all the way. The hard truth was that they had come to a dead end. The team was tired, but one relatively new employee had decisive ideas about how the AI model could be improved: John Jumper.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">John Jumper picks up the gauntlet of biochemistry’s big challenge</h3> <p>John Jumper’s fascination with the universe was what made him start studying physics and mathematics. However, in 2008, when he started working at a company that used supercomputers to simulate proteins and their dynamics, he realised that knowledge of physics could help solve medical problems.</p> <p>Jumper took this newly acquired interest in proteins with him when, in 2011, he began his doctorate in theoretical physics. To save computer capacity – something that was in short supply at the university – he started developing simpler and more ingenious methods for simulating protein dynamics. Soon, he too picked up the gauntlet of biochemistry’s big challenge. In 2017, he had recently completed his doctorate when he heard rumours that Google DeepMind had, in great secrecy, started to predict protein structures. He sent them a job application. His experience of protein simulation meant he had creative ideas about how to improve AlphaFold so, after the team had started to tread water, he was promoted. Jumper and Hassabis co-led the work that fundamentally reformed the AI model.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Astounding results with a reformed AI model</h3> <p>The new version – AlphaFold2 – was coloured by Jumper’s knowledge of proteins. The team also started to use the innovation behind the recent enormous breakthrough in AI: neural networks called <em>transformers</em>. These can find patterns in enormous amounts of data in a more flexible manner than previously, and efficiently determine what should be focused on to achieve a particular goal.</p> <p>The team trained AlphaFold2 on the vast information in the databases of all known protein structures and amino acid sequences (Figure 2) and the new AI architecture started delivering good results in time for the fourteenth CASP competition.</p> <p>In 2020, when CASP’s organisers evaluated the results, they understood that biochemistry’s 50-year-old challenge was over. In most cases, AlphaFold2 performed almost as well as X-ray crystallography, which was astounding. When one of CASP’s founders, John Moult, concluded the competition on 4 December 2020, he asked – what now?</p> <p>We will return to that. Now we are going to go back in time and shine a light on another participant in CASP. Let’s present the other half of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024, which deals with the art of creating new proteins from scratch.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">A textbook about the cell makes David Baker change direction</h3> <p>When David Baker started studying at Harvard University, he chose philosophy and social science. However, during a course in evolutionary biology he came across the first edition of the now classic textbook <em>Molecular Biology of the Cell</em>. This led to him changing his direction in life. He began to explore cell biology and eventually he became fascinated by protein structures. When, in 1993, he started as group leader at the University of Washington in Seattle, he took on biochemistry’s great challenge. Using clever experiments, he began to explore how proteins fold. This provided insights he took with him when, at the end of the 1990s, he began to develop computer software that could predict protein structures: Rosetta.</p> <p>Baker made his debut in the CASP competition in 1998 using Rosetta and, in comparison to other participants, it did really well. This success led to a new idea – that David Baker’s team could use the software in reverse. Instead of entering amino acid sequences in Rosetta and getting protein structures out, they should be able to enter a desired protein structure and obtain suggestions for its amino acid sequence, which would allow them to create entirely new proteins.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Baker becomes a protein constructor</h3> <p>The field of protein design – where researchers create bespoke proteins with new functions – began to take off at the end of the 1990s. In many cases, researchers tweaked existing proteins, so they could do things like breaking down hazardous substances or functioning as tools in the chemical manufacturing industry.</p> <p>However, the range of natural proteins is limited. To increase the potential for obtaining proteins with entirely new functions, Baker’s research group wanted to create them from scratch. As Baker said, “If you want to build an airplane, you don’t start by modifying a bird; instead, you understand the first principles of aerodynamics and build flying machines from those principles.”</p> <figure class="wp-block-image alignright size-full"><img decoding="async" width="289" height="372" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/popular-chemistryprize2024-figure3.jpg" alt="Illustration of Top7" class="wp-image-222847"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><strong>Figure 3.</strong> Top7 – the first protein that was entirely different to all known existing proteins. <span class="image-credits">©Terezia Kovalova/The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</span></figcaption></figure> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">A unique protein sees the light of day</h3> <p>The field in which entirely new proteins are constructed is called <em>de novo</em> design. The research group drew a protein with an entirely new structure, and then had Rosetta compute which type of amino acid sequence could result in the desired protein. To do this, Rosetta searched a database of all known protein structures, and looked for short fragments of proteins that had similarities with the desired structure. Using fundamental knowledge of proteins’ energy landscape, Rosetta then optimised these fragments and proposed an amino acid sequence.</p> <p>To investigate how successful the software was, Baker’s research group introduced the gene for the proposed amino acid sequence in bacteria that produced the desired protein. Then they determined the protein structure using X-ray crystallography.</p> <p>It turned out that Rosetta really could construct proteins. The protein that the researchers developed, <em>Top7</em>, had almost exactly the structure they had designed.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Spectacular creations from Baker’s laboratory</h3> <p>Top7 was a bolt from the blue for the researchers working on protein design. Those who had previously created <em>de novo</em> proteins had only been able to imitate existing structures. Top7’s unique structure did not exist in nature. Also, with its 93 amino acids, the protein was larger than anything previously produced using <em>de novo</em> design.</p> <p>Baker published his discovery in 2003. This was the first step in something that can only be described as an extraordinary development; a few of the many spectacular proteins created in Baker’s laboratory can be seen in Figure 4. He also released the code for Rosetta, so a global research community has continued to develop the software, finding new areas of application.</p> <p>It is time to tie up the loose ends of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024. What now?</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="629" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/popular-chemistryprize2024-figure4-1024x629.jpg" alt="Images of proteins developed using Baker’s program Rosetta" class="wp-image-222848"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><strong>Figure 4.</strong> Proteins developed using Baker’s program Rosetta. <span class="image-credits">©Terezia Kovalova/The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</span></figcaption></figure> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Work that once took years now takes just a few minutes</h3> <p>When Demis Hassabis and John Jumper had confirmed that AlphaFold2 really worked, they calculated the structure of all human proteins. Then they predicted the structure of virtually all the 200 million proteins that researchers have so far discovered when mapping Earth’s organisms.</p> <p>Google DeepMind has also made the code for AlphaFold2 publicly available, and anyone can access it. The AI model has become a gold mine for researchers. By October 2024, AlphaFold2 had been used by more than two million people from 190 countries. Previously, it often took years to obtain a protein structure, if at all. Now it can be done in a few minutes. The AI model is not perfect, but it estimates the correctness of the structure it has produced, so researchers know how reliable the prediction is. Figure 5 shows a few of the many examples of how AlphaFold2 helps researchers.</p> <p>After the 2020 CASP competition, when David Baker realised the potential of transformer-based AI models, he added one to Rosetta, which has also facilitated the <em>de novo</em> design of proteins. In recent years, one incredible protein creation after the other has emerged from Baker’s laboratory (Figure 4).</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="493" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/popular-chemistryprize2024-figure5-1024x493.jpg" alt="Images of protein stuctures determined using AlphaFold2." class="wp-image-222849"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><strong>Figure 5.</strong> Protein structures determined using AlphaFold2. <span class="image-credits">©Terezia Kovalova/The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</span></figcaption></figure> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Dizzying development for the benefit of humankind</h3> <p>Proteins’ amazing versatility as chemical tools is reflected in the vast diversity of life. That we can now so easily visualise the structure of these small molecular machines is mind boggling; it allows us to better understand how life functions, including why some diseases develop, how antibiotic resistance occurs or why some microbes can decompose plastic.</p> <p>The ability to create proteins that are loaded with new functions is just as astounding. This can lead to new nanomaterials, targeted pharmaceuticals, more rapid development of vaccines, minimal sensors and a greener chemical industry – to name just a few applications that are for the greatest benefit of humankind.</p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Further reading</h2> <p>Additional information on this year’s prizes, including a scientific background in English, is available on the website of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, www.kva.se, and at www.nobelprize.org, where you can watch video from the press conferences, the Nobel Lectures and more. Information on exhibitions and activities related to the Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences is available at www.nobelprizemuseum.se.</p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024</h3> <p>with one half to</p> <p><strong>DAVID BAKER</strong><br />Born 1962 in Seattle, WA, USA. PhD 1989 from University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Professor at University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA and Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA.</p> <p><em>“for computational protein design”</em></p> <p>and the other half jointly to</p> <p><strong>DEMIS HASSABIS</strong><br />Born 1976 in London, UK. PhD 2009 from University College London, UK. CEO of Google DeepMind, London, UK.</p> <p><strong>JOHN JUMPER</strong><br />Born 1985 in Little Rock, AR, USA. PhD 2017 from University of Chicago, IL, USA. Senior Research Scientist at Google DeepMind, London, UK.</p> <p><em>“for protein structure prediction”</em></p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/> <p class="has-16-font-size"><strong>Science Editors:</strong> Peter Brzezinski, Heiner Linke, Johan Åqvist, the Nobel Committee for Chemistry<strong><br />Text:</strong> Ann Fernholm<br /><strong>Translator:</strong> Clare Barnes<br /><strong>Illustrations</strong>: Johan Jarnestad, Terezia Kovalova<br /><strong>Editor:</strong> Vincent von Sydow<br />© The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</p> <footer class="border-top pagecite" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/citation"> <p> To cite this section <br> MLA style: Popular information. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Sat. 23 Nov 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/popular-information/> </p> </footer> <div class="back-to-top"> <a href="#content" class="back-top-link"> Back to top </a> <svg width="18px" height="15px" viewBox="0 0 20 17" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" role="image" aria-labelledby="back-to-top-title back-to-top-desc"> <title id="back-to-top-title">Back To Top</title> <desc id="back-to-top-desc">Takes users back to the top of the page</desc> <g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g transform="translate(-474.000000, -9998.000000)" fill="#2E2A25"> <g transform="translate(474.000000, 9998.000000)"> <g transform="translate(10.000000, 10.000000) rotate(45.000000) translate(-10.000000, -10.000000) translate(3.000000, 3.000000)"> <rect x="0" y="0" width="2" height="14"></rect> <rect x="0" y="0" width="14" height="2"></rect> </g> <rect x="9" y="3" width="2" height="14"></rect> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </article>  </section> <section class="article-grid featured-content featured-content__color--default var-half-width-a "> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3 class="section-header-h3">Nobel Prizes and laureates</h3> </header> <article class="article -halfwidth-a "> <div class="content-wrapper"> <header class="content"> <div class="title"> <h2 class="headline"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/all-nobel-prizes-2024/"> <p>Nobel Prizes 2024</p> </a> </h2> </div> </header> <div class="text"> <p>Six prizes were awarded for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. The 12 laureates' work and discoveries range from proteins' structures and machine learning to fighting for a world free of nuclear weapons.</p> <p>See them all presented here.</p> </div> </div> <figure class="featuredimage"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/all-nobel-prizes-2024/"><picture><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/nobelprizes_2024-992x656.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/nobelprizes_2024-1520x1008.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/nobelprizes_2024-2048x1352.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/nobelprizes_2024-1024x676.jpg" alt="Illustration" /></noscript></picture></a> </figure> </article> </section> <section class="explore-laureates page-section"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3> Explore prizes and laureates </h3> <div class="info"> Look for popular awards and laureates in different fields, and discover the history of the Nobel Prize. </div> </header> <form class="exploreform" id="67425113e464a" method='GET' action=''> <div class="dropdown"> <label for="mobile-dropdown" class="screen-reader-text"> Select the category or categories you would like to filter by </label> <select id="mobile-dropdown" name="filtermobile"> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="chemistry" selected='selected' > Chemistry </option> <option value="medicine" > Medicine </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="peace" > Peace </option> <option value="economic-sciences" > Economic Sciences </option> </select> </div> <div class="selector"> <label class="screen-reader-text">Select the category or categories you would like to filter by</label> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="physics"> <input id="physics" name="filter" type="radio" value="physics" hidden> <span> Physics </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="chemistry"> <input id="chemistry" name="filter" type="radio" checked='checked' value="chemistry" hidden> <span> Chemistry </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="medicine"> <input id="medicine" name="filter" type="radio" value="medicine" hidden> <span> Medicine </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="literature"> <input id="literature" name="filter" type="radio" value="literature" hidden> <span> Literature </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="peace"> <input id="peace" name="filter" type="radio" value="peace" hidden> <span> Peace </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="economic-sciences"> <input id="economic-sciences" name="filter" type="radio" value="economic-sciences" hidden> <span> Economic Sciences </span> </label> </div> </div> <div class="incrementor"> <label for="increment-down" class="screen-reader-text"> Decrease the year by one </label> <button id="increment-down" class="increment-down" type="button"> - </button> <label for="increment-input" class="screen-reader-text"> Choose a year you would like to search in </label> <input id="increment-input" name="prize_year" type="text" maxlength="4" class="increment-input" placeholder="2023" value="2024"> <label for="increment-up" class="screen-reader-text"> Increase the year by one </label> <button id="increment-up" class="increment-up" type="button"> + </button> </div> <div class="submit"> <button type="submit"> Explore </button> </div> </form> </section> <div class="long-scroll-preloader prize-explorer-preloader" style="text-align: center; display: none" data-target="67425113e464a"> <img style="display: inline-block" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/images/spinner.gif"> </div> <div class="prize-explorer-content container search-results" data-target="67425113e464a"> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="site-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="container"> <section class="footer-information"> <h4 class="heading"> <a href="/the-nobel-prize-organisation/">About the Nobel Prize organisation</a> </h4> <div class="footer-sections"> <div class="footer-section"> <h5> <a href="/the-nobel-prize-organisation/the-nobel-foundation/">The Nobel Foundation</a> </h5> <p>Tasked with a mission to manage Alfred Nobel's fortune and has ultimate responsibility for fulfilling the intentions of Nobel's will.</p> </div> <div class="footer-section"> <h5> <a href="/the-nobel-prize-organisation/prize-awarding-institutions/">The prize-awarding institutions</a> </h5> <p>For more than a century, these academic institutions have worked independently to select Nobel Prize laureates.</p> </div> <div class="footer-section"> <h5> <a href="/the-nobel-prize-organisation/outreach-organisations/">Outreach organisations</a> </h5> <p>Several outreach organisations and activities have been developed to inspire generations and disseminate knowledge about the Nobel Prize.</p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="footer-nav"> <nav class="footer-menu" role="navigation" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"> <ul id="menu-footer_col_1" class="footer-column-items" role="menu"><li id="menu-item-28266" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28266" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/press-room/">Press</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42845" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-42845" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/contact">Contact</a></li> <li id="menu-item-28265" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28265" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/frequently-asked-questions/">FAQ</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="footer-menu" role="navigation" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"> <ul id="menu-footer_col_2" class="footer-column-items" role="menu"><li id="menu-item-28268" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28268" role="menuitem"><a href="/about/privacy-policy/">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-28269" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28269" role="menuitem"><a href="/about/technical-support/">Technical support</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42844" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-42844" role="menuitem"><a href="/about/terms-of-use/">Terms of use</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="footer-menu" role="navigation" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"> <ul id="menu-footer_col_3" class="footer-column-items" role="menu"><li id="menu-item-28272" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28272" role="menuitem"><a href="/about/developer-zone/">For developers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42843" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-42843" role="menuitem"><a href="/mediaplayer/">Media player</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224329" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-224329" role="menuitem"><a href="https://careers.nobelprize.org">Careers</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="footer-menu footer-social" role="navigation" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"> <h6> Join us </h6> <ul id="menu-footer_social" class="socialmenu"><li id="menu-item-28273" class="facebook menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28273" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/nobelprize/"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path d="M14.526 34h-3.96A4.572 4.572 0 0 1 6 29.43V10.57C6 8.051 8.051 6 10.571 6H29.43A4.577 4.577 0 0 1 34 10.57v18.854c0 2.52-2.051 4.57-4.571 4.57h-3.492a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.571V22.305c0-.314.257-.571.571-.571h2.229l.405-3.228h-2.634a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.571v-3.28c0-.314.257-.57.571-.57h2.709v-3.229h-4.892a1.62 1.62 0 0 0-1.617 1.617v5.462a.573.573 0 0 1-.571.571h-2.709v3.228h2.709c.314 0 .571.257.571.571v11.118a.59.59 0 0 1-.166.406c-.148.148-.171.171-7.44.171h-.005ZM10.57 7.143a3.43 3.43 0 0 0-3.428 3.427v18.854a3.43 3.43 0 0 0 3.423 3.428h10.423V22.87H18.28a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.572v-4.37c0-.314.257-.571.571-.571h2.709v-4.89c0-1.52 1.24-2.76 2.76-2.76h5.462c.315 0 .572.257.572.571v4.37a.573.573 0 0 1-.572.572h-2.708v2.137h2.708a.56.56 0 0 1 .429.194c.109.126.16.286.137.451l-.548 4.37a.573.573 0 0 1-.566.504h-2.16v9.975h2.92a3.43 3.43 0 0 0 3.428-3.428V10.57a3.43 3.43 0 0 0-3.428-3.427H10.57Z"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text">Facebook</span> </a></li> <li id="menu-item-28274" class="twitter menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28274" role="menuitem"><a href="https://twitter.com/NobelPrize"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.143 6h17.714A5.148 5.148 0 0 1 34 11.143v17.714A5.148 5.148 0 0 1 28.857 34H11.143A5.148 5.148 0 0 1 6 28.857V11.143A5.148 5.148 0 0 1 11.143 6Zm17.714 26.857c2.205 0 4-1.795 4-4V11.143c0-2.205-1.795-4-4-4H11.143c-2.205 0-4 1.795-4 4v17.714c0 2.205 1.795 4 4 4h17.714Zm-.995-22.384a.572.572 0 0 1 .847.768l-6.933 7.65 6.977 9.923a.572.572 0 0 1-.468.9h-3.714a.571.571 0 0 1-.468-.243l-5.205-7.404-6.76 7.46a.57.57 0 0 1-.808.04.572.572 0 0 1-.04-.808l6.934-7.65-6.977-9.923a.572.572 0 0 1 .468-.9h3.714c.186 0 .36.09.467.243l5.206 7.404 6.76-7.46Zm-15.047.956L24.869 28.57h2.317L15.132 11.43h-2.317Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text">Twitter</span> </a></li> <li id="menu-item-43144" class="instagram menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-43144" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/nobelprize_org/?hl=en"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M28.857 34H11.143A5.15 5.15 0 0 1 6 28.857V11.143A5.15 5.15 0 0 1 11.143 6h17.714A5.15 5.15 0 0 1 34 11.143v17.714A5.15 5.15 0 0 1 28.857 34ZM11.143 7.143c-2.206 0-4 1.794-4 4v17.714c0 2.206 1.794 4 4 4h17.714c2.206 0 4-1.794 4-4V11.143c0-2.206-1.794-4-4-4H11.143Zm8.857 20c-3.937 0-7.143-3.206-7.143-7.143s3.206-7.143 7.143-7.143 7.143 3.206 7.143 7.143-3.206 7.143-7.143 7.143ZM20 14c-3.309 0-6 2.691-6 6s2.691 6 6 6 6-2.691 6-6-2.691-6-6-6Zm6-2.286a2.285 2.285 0 1 0 4.57.001 2.285 2.285 0 0 0-4.57 0Zm1.143 0c0-.628.514-1.143 1.143-1.143.628 0 1.143.515 1.143 1.143 0 .629-.515 1.143-1.143 1.143a1.146 1.146 0 0 1-1.143-1.143Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text">Instagram</span> </a></li> <li id="menu-item-43145" class="youtube menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-43145" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/thenobelprize"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.143 34h17.714A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 34 28.857V11.143A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 28.857 6H11.143A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 6 11.143v17.714A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 11.143 34Zm-4-22.857c0-2.206 1.794-4 4-4h17.714c2.206 0 4 1.794 4 4v17.714c0 2.206-1.794 4-4 4H11.143c-2.206 0-4-1.794-4-4V11.143Zm20.2 15.143H12.65a2.753 2.753 0 0 1-2.748-2.749v-7.074a2.753 2.753 0 0 1 2.748-2.749h14.692a2.753 2.753 0 0 1 2.748 2.749v7.074a2.753 2.753 0 0 1-2.748 2.749ZM12.65 14.857c-.885 0-1.605.72-1.605 1.606v7.074c0 .886.72 1.606 1.605 1.606h14.692c.886 0 1.606-.72 1.606-1.606v-7.074c0-.886-.72-1.606-1.606-1.606H12.65Zm5.643 8.766a.753.753 0 0 1-.746-.749l-.022-5.748c0-.275.148-.526.383-.657a.753.753 0 0 1 .76.017l4.537 2.8a.746.746 0 0 1 .354.628.77.77 0 0 1-.337.64l-4.52 2.949a.766.766 0 0 1-.409.12Zm0 0h.003-.006.003Zm.375-5.794.017 4.32 3.394-2.218-3.411-2.108v.006Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text">Youtube</span> </a></li> <li id="menu-item-164548" class="linkedin menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-164548" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/nobelprize/"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.909 14.251a2.557 2.557 0 0 1-2.555-2.554 2.56 2.56 0 0 1 2.555-2.554 2.56 2.56 0 0 1 2.554 2.554 2.56 2.56 0 0 1-2.554 2.554Zm0-3.965c-.778 0-1.412.634-1.412 1.411s.634 1.412 1.412 1.412c.777 0 1.411-.635 1.411-1.412 0-.777-.634-1.411-1.411-1.411Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path><path d="M28.771 28.211c0 .315.258.572.572.572l-.006-.006a.573.573 0 0 0 .572-.571v-7.292c0-3.605-2.509-4.891-4.852-4.891-1.457 0-2.497.383-3.44 1v-.532a.573.573 0 0 0-.571-.571h-3.612a.573.573 0 0 0-.571.571v11.715c0 .314.257.571.571.571a.573.573 0 0 0 .572-.571V17.063h2.468v1.108a.574.574 0 0 0 .943.44c1.057-.891 2.034-1.44 3.646-1.44 1.114 0 3.708.366 3.708 3.749v7.291ZM14.611 28.783a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.572V17.07h-2.543V28.21a.573.573 0 0 1-.571.572.573.573 0 0 1-.572-.572V16.497c0-.314.257-.571.572-.571h3.685c.315 0 .572.257.572.571v11.714a.573.573 0 0 1-.572.572Z"></path><path d="M25.657 28.783a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.572V22.83c0-1.286-.412-1.738-1.577-1.738-1.252 0-1.886.458-1.886 1.355v5.765a.573.573 0 0 1-.572.572.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.572v-5.765c0-1.56 1.131-2.497 3.029-2.497 1.897 0 2.72.971 2.72 2.88v5.382a.573.573 0 0 1-.572.572Z"></path><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.143 34h17.714A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 34 28.857V11.143A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 28.857 6H11.143A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 6 11.143v17.714A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 11.143 34Zm-4-22.857c0-2.206 1.794-4 4-4h17.714c2.206 0 4 1.794 4 4v17.714c0 2.206-1.794 4-4 4H11.143c-2.206 0-4-1.794-4-4V11.143Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text">LinkedIn</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> </section> <section class="colophon border-top"> <div class="footer-logo" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization"> <p class="site-logo" itemprop="logo"> <a itemprop="url" href="https://www.nobelprize.org"> The Nobel Prize </a> </p> </div> <div class="copyright"> Copyright © Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024 </div> </section> </div> </footer> <button type="button" class="to-top" tabindex="-1"> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Scroll to top </span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="45.999" height="26.001" viewBox="0 0 45.999 26.001"><path xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="#FFF" d="M5.905 24.997a3.484 3.484 0 0 1-4.893 0 3.403 3.403 0 0 1 0-4.845l19.54-19.149a3.486 3.486 0 0 1 4.895 0l19.538 19.15a3.4 3.4 0 0 1 0 4.845 3.485 3.485 0 0 1-4.893.001L22.999 9.294z"/></svg></button> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/plugins/nobelprize-block-library/dist/js/frontend.js?ver=caaa306ca540657ccbf9" id="nobelprize_block_library_frontend-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/dist/js/frontend.js?ver=876a6e0119578e9b1801" id="frontend-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/js/frontend/lib/bgset/ls.bgset.min.js?ver=1731929817" id="lazy-sizes-bg-set-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/js/frontend/lib/lazysizes/lazysizes.min.js?ver=1731929817" id="lazy-sizes-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/js/frontend/lib/objectfit/ls.object-fit.min.js?ver=1731929817" id="lazy-sizes-object-fit-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/plugins/nobelprize/assets/js/admin/lib/flickity/flickity.pkgd.js?ver=1731929817" id="flickity-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/js/frontend/lib/clamp/clamp.min.js?ver=1731929817" id="clamp-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202447.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"197939892\",\"post\":\"0\",\"tz\":\"1\",\"srv\":\"www.nobelprize.org\",\"j\":\"1:13.9.1\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "197939892", "0" ]); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.eu01.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-0940f7eaf4cb46e1cfe","applicationID":"212354543","transactionName":"MhBSZQoZXUZZB0UMCwtac0QLDFxYFyZdCgNFJVFWHQ==","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":410,"atts":"HldFE0IDThkaBRNfHxgI","errorBeacon":"bam.eu01.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>