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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geographical area of ancient Liguria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_area_of_ancient_Liguria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Copper_and_Bronze_ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copper_and_Bronze_ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Copper and Bronze ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copper_and_Bronze_ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canegrate_and_Golasecca_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canegrate_and_Golasecca_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Canegrate and Golasecca cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canegrate_and_Golasecca_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_of_Genoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_Genoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Founding of Genoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_Genoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_contacts_with_Romans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_contacts_with_Romans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>First contacts with Romans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_contacts_with_Romans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Punic_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Punic_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Second Punic War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Punic_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_conquest_of_Ligurians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_conquest_of_Ligurians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Roman conquest of Ligurians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_conquest_of_Ligurians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Roman_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Roman_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Under Roman rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Roman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_on_the_origin_of_the_Ligurians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_on_the_origin_of_the_Ligurians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Theories on the origin of the Ligurians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories_on_the_origin_of_the_Ligurians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Dress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Warfare</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Warfare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Warfare subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tactics,_unit_types_and_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics,_unit_types_and_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Tactics, unit types and equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactics,_unit_types_and_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cavalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cavalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Cavalry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cavalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Roman_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Roman_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Under Roman service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Roman_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liguri%C3%ABrs" title="Liguriërs – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Liguriërs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="ليغوريون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليغوريون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligurs" title="Ligurs – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ligurs" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Лігуры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лігуры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Лигури – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лигури" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligured" title="Ligured – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ligured" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADgurs" title="Lígurs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lígurs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Лигурсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лигурсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligurov%C3%A9" title="Ligurové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ligurové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligwriaid" title="Ligwriaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ligwriaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligurer" title="Ligurer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ligurer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligurer" title="Ligurer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ligurer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Λίγυρες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λίγυρες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ligures" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liguroj" title="Liguroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Liguroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligur" title="Ligur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ligur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="لیگوری‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیگوری‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ligures" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EA%B5%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8" title="리구리아인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리구리아인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Լիգուրներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիգուրներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liguri" title="Liguri – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Liguri" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Liguria" title="Suku Liguria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Liguria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liguri" title="Liguri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Liguri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ליגורים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליגורים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ლიგურიელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიგურიელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ligures" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lig%C5%ABrai" title="Ligūrai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ligūrai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liguri_Antighi" title="Liguri Antighi – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Liguri Antighi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtich_lig%C3%BCr" title="Celtich ligür – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Celtich ligür" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligurok" title="Ligurok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ligurok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liguri%C3%ABrs" title="Liguriërs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Liguriërs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="リグリア人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リグリア人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Лигураш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лигураш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligurere" title="Ligurere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ligurere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligurar" title="Ligurar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ligurar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligurs" title="Ligurs – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ligurs" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligurin" title="Ligurin – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ligurin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligurowie" title="Ligurowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ligurowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADgures" title="Lígures – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lígures" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Лигуры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лигуры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liguri" title="Liguri – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Liguri" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Лигури – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лигури" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligurci" title="Ligurci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ligurci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liguurit" title="Liguurit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liguurit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligurer" title="Ligurer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ligurer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Лігури – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лігури" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%8F%A4%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%BA" title="利古里亚人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="利古里亚人" 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Celto-Ligurian&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Celto-Ligurian">Celto-Ligurian</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient ethnic group in Northern Italy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Liguri" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ligure_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ligure (disambiguation)">Ligure (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Age_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Iron_Age_Italy.svg/220px-Iron_Age_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Iron_Age_Italy.svg/330px-Iron_Age_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Iron_Age_Italy.svg/440px-Iron_Age_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Ethnolinguistic map of Italy in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Italy">Roman expansion and conquest of Italy</a>. Ligures are located in the upper left corner of the map (green).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Ligures</b> or <b>Ligurians</b> were an ancient people after whom <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, a region of present-day <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">north-western Italy</a>, is named.<sup id="cite_ref-Maggiani_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maggiani-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In pre-Roman times, the Ligurians occupied the present-day <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Italian region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, reaching also <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They inhabited also the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">French region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Malden_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malden-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Strabo_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabo-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Livy_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is generally believed that around <a href="/wiki/20th_century_BC" title="20th century BC">2000 BC</a>, the Ligurians occupied a much larger area, extending as far as what is today <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> (in the north-eastern corner of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origins of the ancient Ligurians are unclear, and an autochthonous origin is increasingly probable. What little is known today about the <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">ancient Ligurian language</a> is based on placenames and inscriptions on <a href="/wiki/Steles" class="mw-redirect" title="Steles">steles</a> representing warriors.<sup id="cite_ref-gazzettadireggio.gelocal.it_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazzettadireggio.gelocal.it-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of evidence does not allow a certain linguistic classification; it may be <a href="/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Indo-European language">Pre-Indo-European</a><sup id="cite_ref-Treccanionline_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treccanionline-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ligurian_language_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ligurian_language-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the strong <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> influences on their language and culture, they were also known in antiquity as <b>Celto-Ligurians</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-baldi_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baldi-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ligures are referred to as <i>Ligyes</i> (Λιγυες) by the Greeks and <i>Ligures</i> (earlier <i>Liguses</i>) by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, the Ligurians called themselves <i>Ambrones</i>, which could indicate a relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a> of northern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-boardman_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boardman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_area_of_ancient_Liguria">Geographical area of ancient Liguria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographical area of ancient Liguria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regio_IX_Liguria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Regio_IX_Liguria.jpg/220px-Regio_IX_Liguria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Regio_IX_Liguria.jpg/330px-Regio_IX_Liguria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Regio_IX_Liguria.jpg/440px-Regio_IX_Liguria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Map of ancient Liguria, between the rivers <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a>, <a href="/wiki/Var_(river)" title="Var (river)">Varus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magra" title="Magra">Magra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The geography of <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, from book 2, chapter 5, section 28 : </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>The <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> are inhabited by numerous nations, but all <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Keltic</a> with the exception of the Ligurians, and these, though of a different race, closely resemble them in their manner of life. They inhabit that portion of the Alps which is next the <a href="/wiki/Apennines" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennines">Apennines</a>, and also a part of the Apennines themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (<a href="/wiki/1st_century_BC" title="1st century BC">1st century BC</a>).</cite></div></blockquote> <p>This zone corresponds to the current region of <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> as well as to the former <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">county of Nice</a> which could be compared today to the <a href="/wiki/Alpes_Maritimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpes Maritimes">Alpes Maritimes</a>. </p><p>The writer, naturalist and Roman philosopher <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> writes in his book "The Natural History" book III chapter 7 on the Ligurians and Liguria: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>The more celebrated of the Ligurian tribes beyond the Alps are the <a href="/wiki/Salluvii" class="mw-redirect" title="Salluvii">Salluvii</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Deciates" title="Deciates">Deciates</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxubii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxubii (page does not exist)">Oxubii</a> (...) The coast of Liguria extends 211 miles, between the rivers <a href="/wiki/Var_(river)" title="Var (river)">Varus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magra" title="Magra">Macra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (<a href="/wiki/1st_century" title="1st century">1st century</a>).</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Just like Strabo, Pliny the Elder situates Liguria between the rivers <a href="/wiki/Var_(river)" title="Var (river)">Varus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magra" title="Magra">Magra</a>. He also quotes the Ligurian peoples living on the other side of the banks of the Var and the Alps. He writes in his book "The Natural History" book III chapter 6 : </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Gaul is divided from Italy by the river <a href="/wiki/Var_(river)" title="Var (river)">Varus</a>, and by the range of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> (...) Forum Julii Octavanorum, a colony, which is also called Pacensis and Classica, the river <a href="/wiki/Argens" title="Argens">Argenteus</a>, which flows through it, the district of the Oxubii and that of the Ligauni above whom are the Suetri, the Quariates and the Adunicates. On the coast we have Antipolis, a town with Latian rights, the district of the Deciates, and the river <a href="/wiki/Var_(river)" title="Var (river)">Varus</a>, which proceeds from Mount Cema, one of the Alps.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (<a href="/wiki/1st_century" title="1st century">1st century</a>).</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Transalpine Ligures are said to have inhabited the South Eastern portion of modern France, between the Alps and the <a href="/wiki/Rhone_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhone river">Rhone river</a>, from where they constantly battled against the Greek colony of Massalia.<sup id="cite_ref-Malden_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malden-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The consul, Quintus Opimius, defeats the Transalpine Ligurians, who had plundered Antipolis and Nicaea, two towns belonging to the Massilians.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> (<a href="/wiki/1st_century_BC" title="1st century BC">1st century BC</a>).</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But though the early writers of the Greeks call the Sallyes "Ligures", and the country which the Massiliotes hold, "Ligustica," later writers name them "Celtoligures," and attach to their territory all the level country as far as <a href="/wiki/Luberon" title="Luberon">Luerio</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhodanus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Strabo_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabo-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (<a href="/wiki/1st_century_BC" title="1st century BC">1st century BC</a>).</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copper_and_Bronze_ages">Copper and Bronze ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Copper and Bronze ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_Civico_Archeologico_di_Castelleone_-_St_60440,_60436,_60439,_62361_-_punte_di_freccia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Museo_Civico_Archeologico_di_Castelleone_-_St_60440%2C_60436%2C_60439%2C_62361_-_punte_di_freccia.jpg/220px-Museo_Civico_Archeologico_di_Castelleone_-_St_60440%2C_60436%2C_60439%2C_62361_-_punte_di_freccia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Museo_Civico_Archeologico_di_Castelleone_-_St_60440%2C_60436%2C_60439%2C_62361_-_punte_di_freccia.jpg/330px-Museo_Civico_Archeologico_di_Castelleone_-_St_60440%2C_60436%2C_60439%2C_62361_-_punte_di_freccia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Museo_Civico_Archeologico_di_Castelleone_-_St_60440%2C_60436%2C_60439%2C_62361_-_punte_di_freccia.jpg/440px-Museo_Civico_Archeologico_di_Castelleone_-_St_60440%2C_60436%2C_60439%2C_62361_-_punte_di_freccia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Flint arrowheads from the <a href="/wiki/Polada_culture" title="Polada culture">Polada culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castelleone" title="Castelleone">Castelleone</a> Civic Archaeological Museum.</figcaption></figure> <p>Copper begins to be mined from the middle of the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium BC</a> in <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a> with the Libiola and Monte Loreto mines dated to <a href="/wiki/37th_century_BC" title="37th century BC">3700 BC.</a> These are the oldest copper mines in the western Mediterranean basin.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during this period of the Copper Age in Italy that we find throughout Liguria a large number of anthropomorphic stelae in addition to rock engravings.<sup id="cite_ref-gazzettadireggio.gelocal.it_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazzettadireggio.gelocal.it-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polada_culture" title="Polada culture">The Polada Culture</a> (a location near <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, Italy) was a cultural horizon extended in the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po valley</a> from eastern Lombardy and <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> to <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia and Romagna</a>, formed in the first half of <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd millennium BC</a> perhaps for the arrival of new people from the transalpine regions of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and Southern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBietti_Sestieri201021_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBietti_Sestieri201021-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its influences are also found in the cultures of the Early Bronze Age of <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romagna" title="Romagna">Romagna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bonnanaro_culture" title="Bonnanaro culture">Bonnanaro culture</a>) and Rhone Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EDA_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bietti_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bietti-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are some commonalities with the previous <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Beaker Culture">Bell Beaker Culture</a> including the usage of the <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bow</a> and a certain mastery in metallurgy.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from that, the Polada culture does not correspond to the Beaker culture nor to the previous <a href="/wiki/Remedello_culture" title="Remedello culture">Remedello culture</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a> tools and weapons show similarities with those of the <a href="/wiki/Unetice_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Unetice Culture">Unetice Culture</a> and other groups in north of <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Sergent" title="Bernard Sergent">Bernard Sergent</a>, the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a> linguistic family (in his opinion distantly related to the Celtic and Italic ones) would have to be found in the Polada culture and <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France#The_Bronze_Age" title="Prehistory of France">Rhone culture</a>, southern branches of the <a href="/wiki/Unetice_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Unetice culture">Unetice culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is said that the ligurians inhabited the Po valley around the 2,000 B.C., they not only appear in the legends of the Po valley, but would have left traces (linguistic and craft) found in the archaeological also in the area near the northern Adriatic coast.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ligurians are credited with forming the first villages in the Po Valley of the <a href="/wiki/Facies_of_the_pile_dwellings_and_of_the_dammed_settlements" title="Facies of the pile dwellings and of the dammed settlements">facies of the pile dwellings and of the dammed settlements</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a society that followed the <a href="/wiki/Polada_culture" title="Polada culture">Polada culture</a>, and is well suited in middle and late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. </p><p>The ancient name of the Po river (Padus in Latin) derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language_(ancient)" title="Ligurian language (ancient)">Ligurian</a> name of the river:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Bod-encus</i> or <i>Bod-incus.</i> This word appears in the placename <a href="/wiki/Bodincomagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodincomagus">Bodincomagus</a>, a Ligurian town on the right bank of the Po downstream near today's Turin.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a legend, Brescia and Barra (<a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a>) were founded by Cydno, forefather of the Ligurians.<sup id="cite_ref-ducato2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ducato2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This myth seems to have a grain of truth, because recent archaeological excavations have unearthed remains of a settlement dating back to 1200 BC that scholars presume to have been built and inhabited by Ligures.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others scholars attribute the founding of Bergamo and Brescia to the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ducato_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ducato-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-origini_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origini-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canegrate_and_Golasecca_cultures">Canegrate and Golasecca cultures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canegrate and Golasecca cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cultura_di_Canegrate_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cultura_di_Canegrate_map.svg/220px-Cultura_di_Canegrate_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cultura_di_Canegrate_map.svg/330px-Cultura_di_Canegrate_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cultura_di_Canegrate_map.svg/440px-Cultura_di_Canegrate_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Area of the <a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate culture</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate culture</a> (13th century BC) may represent the first migratory wave of the proto-Celtic<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> population from the northwest part of the Alps that, through the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_passes" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine passes">Alpine passes</a>, penetrated and settled in the western <a href="/wiki/Po_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Po River">Po</a> valley between <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Lake Maggiore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Como" title="Lake Como">Lake Como</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scamozzina_culture" title="Scamozzina culture">Scamozzina culture</a>). They brought a new <a href="/wiki/Funerary" class="mw-redirect" title="Funerary">funerary</a> practice—<a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a>—which supplanted <a href="/wiki/Inhumation" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhumation">inhumation</a>. It has also been proposed that a more ancient proto-Celtic presence can be traced back to the beginning of the Middle <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> (16th-15th century BC), when north-western Italy appears closely linked regarding the production of bronze artifacts, including ornaments, to the western groups of the <a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, 1600 BC - 1200 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bearers of the Canegrate culture maintained its homogeneity for only a century, after which it melded with the Ligurian populations and with this union gave rise to a new phase called the <a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca culture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is nowadays identified with the <a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other Celto-Ligurian tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the Golasecca culture territory roughly corresponds with the territories occupied by those tribal groups whose names are reported by Latin and Greek historians and geographers:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insubres" title="Insubres">Insubri</a>: in the area south of Lake Maggiore, in Varese and part of Novara with Golasecca, Sesto Calende, Castelletto sopra Ticino; from the fifth century BC this area remains suddenly depopulated, while the first settlement of Mediolanum (Milan) rises.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Leponti</a>: in the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Ticino" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Ticino">Canton of Ticino</a>, with Bellinzona and Sopra Ceneri; in the Ossola.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orobii" title="Orobii">Orobi</a>: in the area of Como and Bergamo.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laevi" title="Laevi">Laevi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marici_(Ligures)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marici (Ligures)">Marici</a>: in Lomellina (Pavia/Ticinum).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_of_Genoa">Founding of Genoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Founding of Genoa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Genoa" title="History of Genoa">History of Genoa</a></div> <p>The Genoa area has been inhabited since the fifth or fourth millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to excavations carried out in the city between 1898 and 1910, the Ligurian population that lived in Genoa maintained trade relations with the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a> and the Greeks, since several objects from these populations were found.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 5th century BC the first town, or <a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">oppidum</a>, was founded at the top of the hill today called Castello (Castle), which is now inside the medieval old town.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> (5th century BC) speaks of the Ligures having expelled the <a href="/wiki/Sicanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicanians">Sicanians</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberian</a> tribe, from the banks of the river <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAcar" title="Júcar">Sicanus</a>, in Iberia.<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_contacts_with_Romans">First contacts with Romans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First contacts with Romans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filicaia_(camporgiano),_tomba_ligure,_III_sec._ac._03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Filicaia_%28camporgiano%29%2C_tomba_ligure%2C_III_sec._ac._03.JPG/220px-Filicaia_%28camporgiano%29%2C_tomba_ligure%2C_III_sec._ac._03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Filicaia_%28camporgiano%29%2C_tomba_ligure%2C_III_sec._ac._03.JPG/330px-Filicaia_%28camporgiano%29%2C_tomba_ligure%2C_III_sec._ac._03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Filicaia_%28camporgiano%29%2C_tomba_ligure%2C_III_sec._ac._03.JPG/440px-Filicaia_%28camporgiano%29%2C_tomba_ligure%2C_III_sec._ac._03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2540" /></a><figcaption>Discovery of a Ligurian tomb from the 3rd century BC in <a href="/wiki/Camporgiano" title="Camporgiano">Filicaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Villa_Guinigi" title="National Museum of Villa Guinigi">National Museum of Villa Guinigi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ligurian sepulchres of the Italian Riviera and of Provence, holding cremations, exhibit Etruscan and Celtic influences.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the third century BC, the Romans were in direct contact with the Ligurians. However, Roman expansionism was directed towards the rich territories of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and the Iberian Peninsula (then under <a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_Iberia" title="Carthaginian Iberia">Carthaginian control</a>), and the territory of the Ligurians was on the road (they controlled the Ligurian coasts and the south-western Alps).<sup id="cite_ref-romanoimpero_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanoimpero-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Roman efforts, only a few Ligurian tribes made alliance agreements with the Romans, notably the Genuates. The rest soon proved hostile. The hostilities were opened in 238 BC by a coalition of Ligurians and <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a> Gauls, but the two peoples soon found themselves in disagreement and the military campaign came to a halt with the dissolution of the alliance. Meanwhile, a Roman fleet commanded by Quintus Fabius Maximus routed Ligurian ships on the coast (234-233 BC), allowing the Romans to control the coastal route to and from Gaul and to counter the Carthaginian expansion in <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a>, given that the <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>-<a href="/wiki/Luni,_Italy" title="Luni, Italy">Luni</a>-<a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> sea route was now safe.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 222 BC the <a href="/wiki/Insubres" title="Insubres">Insubres</a>, during a war with Romans occupied the <a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">oppidum</a> of Clastidium, that at that time, it was an important locality of the Anamari (or <a href="/wiki/Marici_(Ligures)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marici (Ligures)">Marici</a>), a Ligurian tribe that, probably for fear of the nearby warlike Insubres, had already accepted the alliance with Rome the year before.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the first time, the Roman army marched beyond the Po, expanding into Gallia Transpadana. In 222 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clastidium" title="Battle of Clastidium">battle of Clastidium</a> was fought and allowed Rome to take the capital of the Insubres, <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>). To consolidate its dominion, Rome created the colonies of Placentia in the territory of the Boii and <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a> in that of the Insubres.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Punic_War">Second Punic War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second Punic War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the outbreak of the second Punic war (218 BC) the Ligurian tribes had different attitudes. Some, like the tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Riviera" title="Italian Riviera">west Riviera</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Apuani" title="Apuani">Apuani</a>, allied with the Carthaginians, providing soldiers to Hannibal's troops when he arrived in Northern Italy, hoping that the Carthaginian general would free them from the neighbouring Romans. Others, like the Taurini, took sides in support of the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pro-Carthaginian Ligurians took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trebia" title="Battle of the Trebia">Battle of the Trebia</a>, which the Carthaginians won. Other Ligurians enlisted in the army of <a href="/wiki/Hasdrubal_Barca" title="Hasdrubal Barca">Hasdrubal Barca</a>, when he arrived in Cisalpine Gaul (207 BC), in an attempt to rejoin the troops of his brother Hannibal. In the port of Savo (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Savona" title="Savona">Savona</a>), then capital of the Ligures Sabazi, <a href="/wiki/Triremes" class="mw-redirect" title="Triremes">triremes</a> of the Carthaginian fleet of <a href="/wiki/Mago_Barca" title="Mago Barca">Mago Barca</a>, brother of Hannibal, which were intended to cut the Roman trade routes in the Tyrrhenian Sea, found shelter.<sup id="cite_ref-sanremostoria_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanremostoria-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early stages of the war, the pro-Roman Ligurians suffered. The Taurini were on the path of <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>'s march into Italy, and in 218 BC, they were attacked by him, as he had allied with their long-standing enemies, the <a href="/wiki/Insubres" title="Insubres">Insubres</a>. The Taurini chief town of Taurasia (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>) was captured by Hannibal's forces after a three-day siege.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 205 BC, Genua (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>) was attacked and razed to the ground by Mago.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Near the end of the Second Punic War, Mago was among the <a href="/wiki/Ingauni" title="Ingauni">Ingauni</a>, trying to block the Roman advance. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Insubria" title="Battle of Insubria">Battle of Insubria</a>, he suffered a defeat, and later, died of wounds sustained in the battle. Genua was rebuilt in the same year. </p><p>Ligurian troops were present at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zama" title="Battle of Zama">Battle of Zama</a> in 202 BC, which marked the final end of Carthage as a great power.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_conquest_of_Ligurians">Roman conquest of Ligurians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Roman conquest of Ligurians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elmo_guerriero_pulica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Elmo_guerriero_pulica.jpg/220px-Elmo_guerriero_pulica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Elmo_guerriero_pulica.jpg/330px-Elmo_guerriero_pulica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Elmo_guerriero_pulica.jpg/440px-Elmo_guerriero_pulica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Reproduction of the Pulica helmet, revovered into an Apuani grave</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tereglio_(coreglia_antelminelli),_tomba_ligure,_III_sec._ac._02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tereglio_%28coreglia_antelminelli%29%2C_tomba_ligure%2C_III_sec._ac._02.JPG/220px-Tereglio_%28coreglia_antelminelli%29%2C_tomba_ligure%2C_III_sec._ac._02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tereglio_%28coreglia_antelminelli%29%2C_tomba_ligure%2C_III_sec._ac._02.JPG/330px-Tereglio_%28coreglia_antelminelli%29%2C_tomba_ligure%2C_III_sec._ac._02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tereglio_%28coreglia_antelminelli%29%2C_tomba_ligure%2C_III_sec._ac._02.JPG/440px-Tereglio_%28coreglia_antelminelli%29%2C_tomba_ligure%2C_III_sec._ac._02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2464" /></a><figcaption>Ligurian tomb, 3rd century BC, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Villa_Guinigi" title="National Museum of Villa Guinigi">National Museum of Villa Guinigi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 200 BC, the Ligures and <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a> sacked and destroyed the Roman colony of <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Placentia</a>, effectively controlling the most important ford of the Po Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the same period, the Romans were at war with the Apuani. Serious Roman efforts began in 182 BC, when both consular armies and a proconsular army were sent against the Ligurians. The wars continued into the 150s BC, when victorious generals celebrated two triumphs over the Ligurians. Here too, the Romans drove many natives off their land and settled colonies in their stead (<i>e.g.</i>, Luna and Luca in the 170s BC).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the same period, the Romans were at war with the Ligurian tribes of the northern Apennines. </p><p>By the end of the Second Punic War, however, hostilities were not over yet. Ligurian tribes and Carthaginian holdouts operating from the mountain territories continued to fight with guerrilla tactics. Thus, the Romans were forced into continuous military operations in northern Italy. In 201 BC, the Ingauni signed a peace treaty with Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was only in 197 BC that the Romans, under the leadership of Minucius Rufus, succeeded in regaining control of the Placentia area by subduing the Celelates, Cerdicates, <a href="/wiki/Ilvati" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilvati">Ilvati</a> and the Boii Gauls and occupying the <a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">oppidum</a> of Clastidium.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genua was rebuilt by the proconsul <a href="/wiki/Spurius_Lucretius_Tricipitinus" title="Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus">Spurius Lucretius</a> in the same year. Having defeated Carthage, Rome sought to expand northwards, and used Genua as a support base for raids, between 191 and 154 BC, against the Ligurian tribes of the hinterland, allied for decades with Carthage.<sup id="cite_ref-romanoimpero_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanoimpero-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second phase of the conflict followed (197-155 BC), characterized by the fact that the Apuani Ligurians entrenched themselves on the Apennines, from where they periodically descended to plunder the surrounding territories. The Romans, for their part, organized continuous expeditions to the mountains, hoping to surround and defeat the Ligurians (taking care not to be destroyed by ambushes). In the course of these wars, the Romans celebrated fifteen triumphs and suffered at least one serious defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-sanremostoria_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanremostoria-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the beginning of the campaign dates back to 193 BC on the initiative of the Ligurian conciliabula (federations), who organized a major raid going as far as the right bank of the river Arno. Roman campaigns followed (191, 188 and 187 BC); these were victorious, but not decisive. </p><p>In the campaign of 186 BC, the Romans were beaten by the Ligurians in the Magra valley. In this battle, which took place in a narrow and precipitous place, the Romans lost about 4000 soldiers, three eagle insignia of the second legion and eleven banners of the Latin allies. In addition, the consul Quintus Martius was also killed in the battle. It is thought that the place of the battle and the death of the consul gave rise to the place-name of Marciaso, or that of the Canal of March on Mount Caprione in the town of Lerici (near the ruins of the city of <a href="/wiki/Luni,_Italy" title="Luni, Italy">Luni</a>), which was later founded by the Romans. This mountain had a strategic importance because it controlled the valley of Magra and the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 185 BC, the Ingauni and the <a href="/wiki/Intimilii" title="Intimilii">Intimilii</a> also rebelled and managed to resist the Roman legions for the next five years, before capitulating in 180 BC. The Apuani, and those of hinterland side still resisted.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the Romans wanted to permanently pacify Liguria to facilitate further conquests in Gaul. To that end, they prepared a large army of almost 36,000 soldiers, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsuls</a> <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Cethegus_(consul_181_BC)" title="Publius Cornelius Cethegus (consul 181 BC)">Publius Cornelius Cethegus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Baebius_Tamphilus" title="Marcus Baebius Tamphilus">Marcus Baebius Tamphilus</a>, with the aim of putting an end to Ligurian independence. </p><p>In 180 BC, the Romans inflicted a serious defeat on the Apuani Ligures, and deported 40,000 of them to the regions of <a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a>. This deportation was followed by another one of 7,000 Ligurians in the following year. These were one of the few cases in which the Romans <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deported</a> defeated populations in such a high number. In 177 BC other groups of Apuani Ligures surrendered to the Roman forces, and were eventually assimilated into Roman culture during the 2nd century BC, while the military campaign continued further north.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Frinatiates surrendered in 175 BC, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Statielli" title="Statielli">Statielli</a> (172 BC) and the Velleiates (158 BC). The last Apuani resistance was subdued in 155 BC by consul <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus_(consul_166_BC)" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 166 BC)">Marcus Claudius Marcellus</a>. </p><p>The subjugation of the coastal Ligures and the annexation of the Alpes Maritimae took place in 14 BC, closely following the occupation of the central Alps in 15 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last Ligurian tribes (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Vocontii" title="Vocontii">Vocontii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salluvii" class="mw-redirect" title="Salluvii">Salluvii</a>) still autonomous, who occupied Provence, were subdued in 124 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Roman_rule">Under Roman rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Under Roman rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regioni_dell%27Italia_Augustea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Regioni_dell%27Italia_Augustea.svg/220px-Regioni_dell%27Italia_Augustea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Regioni_dell%27Italia_Augustea.svg/330px-Regioni_dell%27Italia_Augustea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Regioni_dell%27Italia_Augustea.svg/440px-Regioni_dell%27Italia_Augustea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>Roman Italy, showing Liguria.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a> was the part of modern Italy inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> during the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. Conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in the 220s BC, it was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> from c. 81 BC until 42 BC, when it was merged into <a href="/wiki/Italy_(Roman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy (Roman Empire)">Roman Italy</a> as indicated in Caesar's will (<i>Acta Caesaris</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DRR_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRR-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 49 BC all inhabitants of northern Italy received Roman citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-AGL_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGL-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 7 BC, <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> divided Italy into eleven <i>regiones</i>, as reported by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Pliny%27s_Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliny's Natural History">Naturalis Historia</a>.</i> One of these was <i>Regio IX: Liguria</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-AGR_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGR-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genoa became the centre of this region and the Ligurian populations moved towards the definitive Romanization. </p><p>The official historical name did not have the Liguria apposition, due to the contemporary academic use of naming the Augustan regions according to the populations they understood. Regio IX included only the Ligurian territory. This territory extended from the Maritime and Cottian Alps and the Var river (to the west) to the Trebbia and the Magra bordering Regio VIII Aemilia and Regio VII Etruria (to the east), and the Po to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Pliny describes the region thus:<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "patet ora Liguriae inter amnes Varum et Macram XXXI Milia passuum. Haec regio ex descriptione Augusti nona est". </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alba_Iulia_National_Museum_of_the_Union_2011_-_Possible_Statue_of_Roman_Emperor_Pertinax_Close_Up,_Apulum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Alba_Iulia_National_Museum_of_the_Union_2011_-_Possible_Statue_of_Roman_Emperor_Pertinax_Close_Up%2C_Apulum.JPG/220px-Alba_Iulia_National_Museum_of_the_Union_2011_-_Possible_Statue_of_Roman_Emperor_Pertinax_Close_Up%2C_Apulum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Alba_Iulia_National_Museum_of_the_Union_2011_-_Possible_Statue_of_Roman_Emperor_Pertinax_Close_Up%2C_Apulum.JPG/330px-Alba_Iulia_National_Museum_of_the_Union_2011_-_Possible_Statue_of_Roman_Emperor_Pertinax_Close_Up%2C_Apulum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Alba_Iulia_National_Museum_of_the_Union_2011_-_Possible_Statue_of_Roman_Emperor_Pertinax_Close_Up%2C_Apulum.JPG/440px-Alba_Iulia_National_Museum_of_the_Union_2011_-_Possible_Statue_of_Roman_Emperor_Pertinax_Close_Up%2C_Apulum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Pertinax, Roman emperor in 193 A.D. from <a href="/wiki/Alba,_Piedmont" title="Alba, Piedmont">Alba Pompeia</a>, Liguria.</figcaption></figure> <p>People with Ligurian names were living south of <a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Placentia, Italy">Placentia</a>, in Italy, as late as 102 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-boardman_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boardman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 126 AD the Liguria region was the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a>, Roman soldier and politician who became <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman Emperor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_on_the_origin_of_the_Ligurians">Theories on the origin of the Ligurians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Theories on the origin of the Ligurians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th century, the origins of the Ligures drew renewed attention from scholars. <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Thierry" title="Amédée Thierry">Amédée Thierry</a>, a French historian and journalist, linked them to the <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian of the <a href="/wiki/Bourgogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgogne">Bourgogne</a> and specialist in its Gallic culture, Dominique-François-Louis Roget, Baron de Belloguet, would later claim a <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> origin of the Ligurians.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Iron Age the spoken language, the main divinities and the workmanship of the artifacts unearthed in the area of Liguria (such as the numerous <a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">torcs</a> found) were similar to those of Celtic culture in both style and type.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karl_M%C3%BCllenhoff" title="Karl Müllenhoff">Karl Müllenhoff</a>, professor of Germanic antiquities at the Universities of Kiel and Berlin, studying the sources of the <i>Ora maritima</i> by <a href="/wiki/Avienius" title="Avienius">Avienius</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> poet who lived in the 4th century AD, but who used as a source for his own work a <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <a href="/wiki/Periplum" title="Periplum">Periplum</a> of the 6th century BC),<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> held that the name 'Ligurians' generically referred to various peoples who lived in western Europe, including the Celts, but thought the "real Ligurians" were a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Pre-Indo-European</a> population.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian geologist and paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Issel" title="Arturo Issel">Arturo Issel</a> considered Ligurians to be direct descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Cro-Magnon" title="Cro-Magnon">Cro-Magnon</a> people that lived throughout Gaul from the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those in favor of an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European">Indo-European</a> origin included <a href="/wiki/Henri_d%27Arbois_de_Jubainville" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville">Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville</a>, a 19th-century French historian, who argued in <i>Les Premiers habitants de l'Europe</i> (1877) that the Ligurians were the earliest Indo-European speakers of western Europe. Jubainville's "Celto-Ligurian hypothesis", as it later became known, was significantly expanded in the second edition of his initial study. It inspired a body of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philological</a> research, as well as some archaeological work. The Celto-Ligurian hypothesis became associated with the <a href="/wiki/Funnelbeaker_culture" title="Funnelbeaker culture">Funnelbeaker culture</a> and "expanded to cover much of Central Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Julius_Pokorny" title="Julius Pokorny">Julius Pokorny</a> adapted the Celto-Ligurian hypothesis into one linking the Ligures to the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a>, citing an array of similar evidence from Eastern Europe. Under this theory the "Ligures-Illyrians" became associated with the prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a> peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1935 work of Frederick Orton even suggests that the Ligurians may have possibly been of <a href="/wiki/Pashtun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun">Pashtun</a> <a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today some accounts suggest that the Ligures represented the northern branch of an ethno-linguistic layer older than and very different from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">proto-Italic</a> peoples. It was believed that a "Ligurian-<a href="/wiki/Sicani" title="Sicani">Sicanian</a>" culture occupied a wide area of southern Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stretching from Liguria to Sicily and Iberia. However, while any such area would be broadly similar to that of the paleo-European "<a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenians" title="Tyrrhenians">Tyrrhenian culture</a>" hypothesized by later modern scholars, there are no known links between the Tyrrenians and Ligurians. </p><p>There are others such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominique_Garcia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominique Garcia (page does not exist)">Dominique Garcia</a>, who question whether the Ligures can be considered a distinct ethnic group or culture from the surrounding cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society">Society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zignago-statua_stele-museo_archeologia_ligure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Zignago-statua_stele-museo_archeologia_ligure.jpg/220px-Zignago-statua_stele-museo_archeologia_ligure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Zignago-statua_stele-museo_archeologia_ligure.jpg/330px-Zignago-statua_stele-museo_archeologia_ligure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Zignago-statua_stele-museo_archeologia_ligure.jpg/440px-Zignago-statua_stele-museo_archeologia_ligure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue-menhir</a> of a warrior recovered in <a href="/wiki/Zignago" title="Zignago">Zignago</a>, Ligurian Archeology Museum of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Ligurians never formed a centralized state, they were in fact divided into independent tribes, in turn organized in small villages or castles. Rare were the <a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">oppidas</a>, to which corresponded the federal capitals of the individual tribes or important commercial emporiums.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the tribes, an egalitarian and communal spirit prevailed. If there was also a noble class, this was tempered by "tribal rallies" in which all the classes participated; there does not seem to have been any pre-organized magistracy. There were no dynastic leaders either: the Ligurian "<a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a>" was elected as leader of a tribe or a federation of tribes; only in late period did a real dynastic aristocratic class begin to emerge. Originally there was no slavery: <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> were massacred or <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">sacrificed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, in the first century B.C., writes that women take part in the work of toil alongside men.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipo_B,_stele_di_taponecco_(licciana)_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tipo_B%2C_stele_di_taponecco_%28licciana%29_01.JPG/220px-Tipo_B%2C_stele_di_taponecco_%28licciana%29_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="445" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tipo_B%2C_stele_di_taponecco_%28licciana%29_01.JPG/330px-Tipo_B%2C_stele_di_taponecco_%28licciana%29_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tipo_B%2C_stele_di_taponecco_%28licciana%29_01.JPG/440px-Tipo_B%2C_stele_di_taponecco_%28licciana%29_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="1621" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lunigiana" title="Lunigiana">Lunigiana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Among the most important testimonies, the sacred mountain sites (<a href="/wiki/Mont_B%C3%A9go" title="Mont Bégo">Mont Bègo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monte_Beigua" title="Monte Beigua">Monte Beigua</a>) and the development of <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalithicism</a> (statues-stelae of <a href="/wiki/Lunigiana" title="Lunigiana">Lunigiana</a>) are worth mentioning.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spectacular <a href="/wiki/Mont_B%C3%A9go" title="Mont Bégo">Mont Bégo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e_des_merveilles" title="Vallée des merveilles">Vallée des merveilles</a> is the most representative site of the numerous sacred sites covered with rock carvings, and in particular with cupels, gullies and ritual basins. The latter would indicate that a fundamental part of the rites of the ancient Ligurians, provided for the use of water (or milk, blood?). The site of <a href="/wiki/Mont_B%C3%A9go" title="Mont Bégo">Mont Bégo</a> has an extension and spectacularity comparable to the sites of <a href="/wiki/Val_Camonica" title="Val Camonica">Val Camonica</a>. Another important sacred centre is <a href="/wiki/Monte_Beigua" title="Monte Beigua">Mount Beigua</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the reality is that many promontories in <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Italy" title="Northwest Italy">North-west Italy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> present these types of sacred centres. </p><p>In general, it is believed that the Ligurian religion was rather primitive, addressed to supernatural tutelary gods, representing the great forces of nature,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from which you could get help and protection through their divination. </p><p>Another important deity was <a href="/wiki/Cycnus_of_Liguria" title="Cycnus of Liguria">Cycnus of Liguria</a>, who was a king of <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, a beloved and kin of <a href="/wiki/Phaethon" title="Phaethon">Phaethon</a>, who lamented his death and was subsequently turned into a <a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan">swan</a> and then a <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dress">Dress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> reports the use of a <a href="/wiki/Tunic" title="Tunic">tunic</a> tightened at the waist by a leather belt and closed by a clasp generally bronze; the legs were bare.<sup id="cite_ref-armies-macedonian-punic-wars_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armies-macedonian-punic-wars-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other garments used were cloaks "<a href="/wiki/Sagum" title="Sagum">sagum</a>", and during the winter animal skins to shelter from the cold.<sup id="cite_ref-bibliotheca-historica_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibliotheca-historica-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Lucan in his <i><a href="/wiki/Pharsalia" title="Pharsalia">Pharsalia</a></i> (c. 61 AD) described Ligurian tribes as being long-haired, and their hair a shade of auburn (a reddish-brown):<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ligurian tribes, now shorn, in ancient days </p><p>First of the long-haired nations, on whose necks<br /> </p><p> Once flowed the auburn locks in pride supreme.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Warfare">Warfare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bologna_Museo_Civico_Archeologico_Etruskische_bronzen_helm_-_necropole_benacci_26-04-2012_12-11-14.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bologna_Museo_Civico_Archeologico_Etruskische_bronzen_helm_-_necropole_benacci_26-04-2012_12-11-14.JPG/220px-Bologna_Museo_Civico_Archeologico_Etruskische_bronzen_helm_-_necropole_benacci_26-04-2012_12-11-14.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bologna_Museo_Civico_Archeologico_Etruskische_bronzen_helm_-_necropole_benacci_26-04-2012_12-11-14.JPG/330px-Bologna_Museo_Civico_Archeologico_Etruskische_bronzen_helm_-_necropole_benacci_26-04-2012_12-11-14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bologna_Museo_Civico_Archeologico_Etruskische_bronzen_helm_-_necropole_benacci_26-04-2012_12-11-14.JPG/440px-Bologna_Museo_Civico_Archeologico_Etruskische_bronzen_helm_-_necropole_benacci_26-04-2012_12-11-14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2843" data-file-height="4134" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Montefortino" title="Montefortino">Montefortino</a> type helmet, <a href="/wiki/The_Archaeological_Civic_Museum_(MCA)_of_Bologna" class="mw-redirect" title="The Archaeological Civic Museum (MCA) of Bologna">The Archaeological Civic Museum (MCA) of Bologna</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> describes the Ligurians as very fearsome enemies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tactics,_unit_types_and_equipment"><span id="Tactics.2C_unit_types_and_equipment"></span>Tactics, unit types and equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tactics, unit types and equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The armament varied according to the class and the comfort of the owner, in general however the great mass of the Ligurian warriors was substantially <a href="/wiki/Light_infantry" title="Light infantry">light infantry</a>, armed in a poor way.<sup id="cite_ref-bibliotheca-historica_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibliotheca-historica-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main weapon was the spear, with cusps that could exceed a <a href="/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit">cubit</a> (about 45 cm, or one and half foot ), followed by the sword, of <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_sword" title="Iron Age sword">Gallic shape</a> (sometimes cheap because made with soft metals), very rarely the warriors were equipped with <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bows and arrows</a>. </p><p>The protection was entrusted to an oblong <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">shield</a> of wood,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> always of Celtic typology (but to difference of this last one without metallic boss)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a simple helmet, of <a href="/wiki/Montefortino_helmet" title="Montefortino helmet">Montefortino</a> type. </p><p>The horned helmets, recovered in the Apuani tribe area, were probably used only for ceremonial purpose and they were worn by warchief, to underline their virility and military skills. The use of <a href="/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">armor</a> is not known. Even if it is possible that the richer warriors used <a href="/wiki/Leather_armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Leather armor">armor in organic material</a> like the Gauls<sup id="cite_ref-:0_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the Greek <a href="/wiki/Linothorax" title="Linothorax">linothorax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cavalry">Cavalry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cavalry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilier_aux_cavaliers_d%27Entremont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pilier_aux_cavaliers_d%27Entremont.jpg/210px-Pilier_aux_cavaliers_d%27Entremont.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Pilier_aux_cavaliers_d%27Entremont.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="197" /></a><figcaption>Pillar of <a href="/wiki/Entremont_(oppidum)" title="Entremont (oppidum)">Entremont oppida</a>, representing a horseman with a head carried around the neck of the horse.</figcaption></figure><p>Strabo and Diodorus Siculus say they fought mostly on foot, because of the nature of their territory, but their phrasing implies that cavalry was not entirely unknown, and two recently discovered Ligurian graves have included harness fittings. Strabo says that the Salyes, a tribe located north of Massalia, had a substantial cavalry force, but they were one of the several Celto-Ligurian tribes, and the cavalry probably reflected a Celtic element.<sup id="cite_ref-armies-macedonian-punic-wars_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armies-macedonian-punic-wars-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roquepertuse._Statue_de_guerrier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Roquepertuse._Statue_de_guerrier.jpg/220px-Roquepertuse._Statue_de_guerrier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Roquepertuse._Statue_de_guerrier.jpg/330px-Roquepertuse._Statue_de_guerrier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Roquepertuse._Statue_de_guerrier.jpg/440px-Roquepertuse._Statue_de_guerrier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2190" data-file-height="3135" /></a><figcaption>Seated warrior from <a href="/wiki/Roquepertuse" title="Roquepertuse">Roquepertuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marseille_History_Museum" title="Marseille History Museum">Marseille History Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Ligures seem to have been ready to engage as mercenary troops in the service of others. Ligurian auxiliaries are mentioned in the army of the Carthaginian general <a href="/wiki/Hamilcar_I_of_Carthage" title="Hamilcar I of Carthage">Hamilcar I</a> in 480 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek leaders in Sicily continued to recruit Ligurian mercenary forces as late as the time of <a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Syracuse" title="Agathocles of Syracuse">Agathocles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ingauni" title="Ingauni">Ingauni</a>, a tribe of sailors located around Albingaunum (nowadays <a href="/wiki/Albenga" title="Albenga">Albenga</a>) were famous to engage trade and piracy, hostiles to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Rome</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were subdued by <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_Macedonicus" title="Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus">Lucius Emilius Paullus Macedonicus</a> in 181 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Roman_service">Under Roman service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Under Roman service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Plutarch, Ligurian auxiliaries fought for the Romans in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pydna" title="Battle of Pydna">Battle of Pydna</a>, the decisive battle of <a href="/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War" title="Third Macedonian War">Third Macedonian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-armies-macedonian-punic-wars_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armies-macedonian-punic-wars-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallustius</a> and Plutarch say that during the <a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a> (from 112 to 105 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a> (from 104 to 101 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Ligurians served as auxiliary troops in the Roman army. In the course of this last conflict they played an important role in the Battle of Aquae Sextae. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moneta_dei_Libui_-_Dracma_tipo_leone-lupo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Moneta_dei_Libui_-_Dracma_tipo_leone-lupo.jpg/220px-Moneta_dei_Libui_-_Dracma_tipo_leone-lupo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Moneta_dei_Libui_-_Dracma_tipo_leone-lupo.jpg/330px-Moneta_dei_Libui_-_Dracma_tipo_leone-lupo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Moneta_dei_Libui_-_Dracma_tipo_leone-lupo.jpg/440px-Moneta_dei_Libui_-_Dracma_tipo_leone-lupo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>Coin attributed to the Libui, an ancient Ligurian people settled in the territory of the current <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Vercelli" title="Province of Vercelli">province of Vercelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Ligurian economy was based on primitive agriculture, sheep farming, hunting and the exploitation of forests. Diodorus Siculus writes about the Ligurians: </p> <blockquote><p>Since their country is mountainous and full of trees, some of them use all day to cut wood, using strong and heavy dark; others, who want to cultivate the land, must deal with breaking stones, because it is so dry soil that you can not pick tools remove a sod, that with it do not rise stones. However, even if they have to fight with so many misfortunes, by means of stubborn work they go beyond nature [...] they often give themselves to hunting, and finding quantities of savage, with it they make up for the lack of bladders; and so it comes, that flowing through their snow-covered mountains, and getting used to practicing then more difficult places of the thickets, they harden their bodies, and strengthen their muscles admirably. Some of them, due to the famine of food, drink water, and live of meat of domestic and wild animals.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Thanks to the contact with the bronze "metal seekers", the Ligurians also dedicated themselves to mining.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The commercial activity is important. Already in ancient times the Ligurians were known in the Mediterranean for the trade of the precious Baltic amber. With the development of the Celtic populations, the Ligurians found themselves controlling a crucial access to the sea, becoming (sometimes in spite of themselves) custodians of an important way of communication. </p><p>Although they were not renowned navigators, they came to have a small maritime fleet, and their attitude to navigation is described as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>They sail for reason of shops on the sea of Sardinia and Libya, spontaneously exposing themselves to extreme dangers; they use smaller hulls than vulgar boats for this; nor are they practical of the comfort of other ships; and what is surprising is that they are not afraid to sustain the serious risks of storms.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribes">Tribes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Ligurian_tribes" title="List of ancient Ligurian tribes">List of ancient Ligurian tribes</a></div><p>The Ligures lived divided into numerous tribes, among them were: the Genuati, who lived in what is now the area of the city of Genoa; the Tigulli, who lived in what is now the area of <a href="/wiki/Trigoso" title="Trigoso">Trigoso</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Ingauni" title="Ingauni">Ingauni</a>, who lived in what is now the area of the city of <a href="/wiki/Albenga" title="Albenga">Albenga</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Intimilii" title="Intimilii">Intimilii</a> who lived in what is now the area of <a href="/wiki/Ventimiglia" title="Ventimiglia">Ventimiglia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apuani" title="Apuani">Apuani</a> who lived in what is now the areas of the valleys of <a href="/wiki/Magra" title="Magra">Magra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serchio" title="Serchio">Serchio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian (ancient language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_peoples_of_italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient peoples of italy">Ancient peoples of italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Maggiani-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maggiani_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaggiani2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maggiani, Adriano (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/popoli-e-culture-dell-italia-preromana-i-liguri_(Il-Mondo-dell'Archeologia)">"Popoli e culture dell'Italia preromana. I Liguri"</a>. Il Mondo dell'Archeologia (in Italian). Rome: Treccani editore<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2019</span>. <q>Alla relativa abbondanza delle fonti letterarie circa queste popolazioni, che una parte della critica storiografica di tradizione ottocentesca voleva estese dal Magra all'Ebro, non corrisponde un panorama archeologico altrettanto ricco, che anzi, anche all'interno della Liguria storica, è ben lungi dal presentare caratteri unitari.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popoli+e+culture+dell%27Italia+preromana.+I+Liguri&rft.place=Rome&rft.series=Il+Mondo+dell%27Archeologia&rft.pub=Treccani+editore&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Maggiani&rft.aufirst=Adriano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fpopoli-e-culture-dell-italia-preromana-i-liguri_%28Il-Mondo-dell%27Archeologia%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard Robert Palmer, The Latin Language, London: Faber and Faber, 1954, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSciarretta2010" class="citation book cs1">Sciarretta, Antonio (2010). <i>Toponomastica d'Italia. Nomi di luoghi, storie di popoli antichi</i>. Milano: Mursia. pp. 174–194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-425-4017-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-425-4017-5"><bdi>978-88-425-4017-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toponomastica+d%27Italia.+Nomi+di+luoghi%2C+storie+di+popoli+antichi&rft.place=Milano&rft.pages=174-194&rft.pub=Mursia&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-88-425-4017-5&rft.aulast=Sciarretta&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malden-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malden_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malden_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalden2010" class="citation book cs1">Malden, Henry (14 August 2010). <i>History of Rome</i>. Nabu Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1177213950" title="Special:BookSources/978-1177213950"><bdi>978-1177213950</bdi></a>. <q>Pliny held the Sallyi, Deceates, and Oxybii, tribes upon the coast, to be Ligurians. Strabo is more cautious; and informs us that later writers called the Salyes, who extended along the coast a little further than Massalia (Marseilles), Celto-Ligyes (that is, Gallo-Ligurians), from the intermixture of the Gaulish population; but that the earlier Greeks called them Ligyes, and the country which the Massaliots occupied, Ligystic or Ligurian........This agrees with the account of <a href="/wiki/Scylax_of_Caryanda" title="Scylax of Caryanda">Scylax</a>, who makes the Rhone the limit of the pure Ligurians. <a href="/wiki/Avienius" title="Avienius">Avienius</a> fixes the same limit and the same must have been supposed by Aeschylus. <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> also speaks of the Ligyes who dwell above Massalia and here we may observe that from this Grecian colony the Greeks might derive a correct knowledge of the neighbouring people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Rome&rft.pub=Nabu+Press&rft.date=2010-08-14&rft.isbn=978-1177213950&rft.aulast=Malden&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strabo-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strabo_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strabo_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <i>Geography</i>, book 4, chapter 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livy-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livy_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livy_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i>History of Rome</i>, book XLVII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1872" class="citation book cs1">Smith, William (1872). <i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography</i>. London: J. Murray. pp. 689–692.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Geography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=689-692&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span> Downloadable Google Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ligurian">"Ligurian | people"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ligurian+%26%23124%3B+people&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FLigurian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francisco Villar, <i>Los Indoeuropeos y los origines de Europa: lenguaje e historia</i>, Madrid, Gredos, 1991,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>"Ligures en España" <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Almagro_Basch" title="Martín Almagro Basch">Martín Almagro Basch</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gazzettadireggio.gelocal.it-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gazzettadireggio.gelocal.it_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazzettadireggio.gelocal.it_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazzettadireggio.gelocal.it/reggio/cronaca/2019/06/19/news/sulle-pietre-dell-appennino-l-antica-cultura-dei-liguri-1.34174232">"Sulle pietre dell'Appennino l'antica cultura dei Liguri"</a>. 18 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sulle+pietre+dell%27Appennino+l%27antica+cultura+dei+Liguri&rft.date=2019-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazzettadireggio.gelocal.it%2Freggio%2Fcronaca%2F2019%2F06%2F19%2Fnews%2Fsulle-pietre-dell-appennino-l-antica-cultura-dei-liguri-1.34174232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-academia.edu-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTintorriAdolfo" class="citation web cs1">Tintorri, Ivan; Adolfo, Zavaroni. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/27643799">"Pietre Con Scritte e Figure dei Liguri Friniati Alle Caselle di Ospitale (Appennino Modenese)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pietre+Con+Scritte+e+Figure+dei+Liguri+Friniati+Alle+Caselle+di+Ospitale+%28Appennino+Modenese%29&rft.aulast=Tintorri&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft.au=Adolfo%2C+Zavaroni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F27643799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treccanionline-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Treccanionline_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/liguri">"Liguri"</a>. Enciclopedie on line. <i>Treccani.it</i> (in Italian). Rome: <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Treccani -Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>. 2011. <q>Le documentazioni sulla lingua dei Liguri non ne permettono una classificazione linguistica certa (preindoeuropeo di tipo mediterraneo? Indoeuropeo di tipo celtico?).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Treccani.it&rft.atitle=Liguri&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fliguri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ligurian_language-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ligurian_language_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/340884/Ligurian-language">"Ligurian language"</a>. Britannica.com. 2014-12-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ligurian+language&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft.date=2014-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F340884%2FLigurian-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baldi-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-baldi_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldi2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Baldi" title="Philip Baldi">Baldi, Philip</a> (2002). <i>The Foundations of Latin</i>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foundations+of+Latin&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Baldi&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boardman-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boardman_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boardman_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardman1988" class="citation book cs1">Boardman, John (1988). <i>The Cambridge ancient history: Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean c. 525–479 BC</i>. p. 716.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+ancient+history%3A+Persia%2C+Greece+and+the+Western+Mediterranean+c.+525%E2%80%93479+BC&rft.pages=716&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0239:book=2:chapter=5:section=28">"Strabo, Geography, BOOK II., CHAPTER V., section 28"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Strabo%2C+Geography%2C+BOOK+II.%2C+CHAPTER+V.%2C+section+28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D7">"Pliny the Elder, the Natural History, BOOK III. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED., CHAP. 7.—OF THE NINTH1 REGION OF ITALY. 1 Italy was divided by Augustus into eleven districts; the ninth of which nearly corresponded to the former republic of Genoa"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pliny+the+Elder%2C+the+Natural+History%2C+BOOK+III.+AN+ACCOUNT+OF+COUNTRIES%2C+NATIONS%2C+SEAS%2C+TOWNS%2C+HAVENS%2C+MOUNTAINS%2C+RIVERS%2C+DISTANCES%2C+AND+PEOPLES+WHO+NOW+EXIST+OR+FORMERLY+EXISTED.%2C+CHAP.+7.%E2%80%94OF+THE+NINTH1+REGION+OF+ITALY.+1+Italy+was+divided+by+Augustus+into+eleven+districts%3B+the+ninth+of+which+nearly+corresponded+to+the+former+republic+of+Genoa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.02.0137%253Abook%253D3%253Achapter%253D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D5">"Pliny the Elder, the Natural History, BOOK III. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED., CHAP. 5. (4.)—OF THE PROVINCE OF GALLIA NARBONENSIS"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pliny+the+Elder%2C+the+Natural+History%2C+BOOK+III.+AN+ACCOUNT+OF+COUNTRIES%2C+NATIONS%2C+SEAS%2C+TOWNS%2C+HAVENS%2C+MOUNTAINS%2C+RIVERS%2C+DISTANCES%2C+AND+PEOPLES+WHO+NOW+EXIST+OR+FORMERLY+EXISTED.%2C+CHAP.+5.+%284.%29%E2%80%94OF+THE+PROVINCE+OF+GALLIA+NARBONENSIS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.02.0137%253Abook%253D3%253Achapter%253D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Monte-Loreto-Fourth-millennium-cal-BC-mineshaft-ML6_fig1_265409510">Mid fourth-millennium copper mining in Liguria, north-west Italy: The earliest known copper mines in Western Europe</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBietti_Sestieri201021-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBietti_Sestieri201021_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBietti_Sestieri2010">Bietti Sestieri 2010</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLilliu2004" class="citation book cs1">Lilliu, Giovanni (2004). <i>La civiltà dei Sardi. Dal Paleolitico all'età dei nuraghi</i>. Edizioni il Maestrale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-86109-73-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-86109-73-4"><bdi>978-88-86109-73-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+civilt%C3%A0+dei+Sardi.+Dal+Paleolitico+all%27et%C3%A0+dei+nuraghi&rft.pub=Edizioni+il+Maestrale&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-88-86109-73-4&rft.aulast=Lilliu&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EDA-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EDA_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Françoise Lorenzi, <i>Les influences italiques dans la céramique de l'Age du Bronze de la Corse</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bietti-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bietti_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/protostoria_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/">Anna Maria Bietti Sestieri, Protostoria</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An Early History of Horsemanship pg.129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergent1995" class="citation book cs1">Sergent, Bernard (1995). <i>Les Indo-Européens. Histoire, langues, mythes</i>. Payot. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-228-88956-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-228-88956-3"><bdi>2-228-88956-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Indo-Europ%C3%A9ens.+Histoire%2C+langues%2C+mythes.&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Payot&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=2-228-88956-3&rft.aulast=Sergent&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>^</b>Cfr. <i>Rivista archeologica della provincia e antica diocesi di Como</i>, 1908, p. 135; <i>Emilia preromana</i> vol. 8-10, 1980, p. 69; Istituto internazionale di studi liguri, <i>Studi genuensi</i>, vol. 9-15, 1991, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fausto Cantarelli, <i>I tempi alimentari del Mediterraneo: cultura ed economia nella storia alimentare dell'uomo</i>, vol. 1, 2005, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daiches, David; Anthony Thorlby (1972). <i>Literature and western civilization</i> (illustrated ed.). Aldus. p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cfr. la voce <i>fossa</i> in Alberto Nocentini, <i>l'Etimologico. Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana</i>, Firenze, Le Monnier, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-0020-781-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-0020-781-2">978-88-0020-781-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ducato2-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ducato2_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ducatodipiazzapontida.it/index.php?lng=it&mod=articoli&pg=pagina&c=fc&articolo=1203712435">"Ducato di Piazza Pontida"</a>. <i>www.ducatodipiazzapontida.it</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ducatodipiazzapontida.it&rft.atitle=Ducato+di+Piazza+Pontida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ducatodipiazzapontida.it%2Findex.php%3Flng%3Dit%26mod%3Darticoli%26pg%3Dpagina%26c%3Dfc%26articolo%3D1203712435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209034028/http://www.turismobrescia.it/en/percorso/origins-and-roman-brescia">"History of Brescia: the origins and the Roman Brescia"</a>. <i>turismobrescia.it</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turismobrescia.it/en/percorso/origins-and-roman-brescia">the original</a> on 2014-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=turismobrescia.it&rft.atitle=History+of+Brescia%3A+the+origins+and+the+Roman+Brescia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turismobrescia.it%2Fen%2Fpercorso%2Forigins-and-roman-brescia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082902/http://www.bresciamusei.com/ncastello.asp?nm=15&t=Storia+del+Colle+Cidneo">"Storia del Colle Cidneo"</a> [History of the Cidneo Hill]. <i>bresciamusei.com</i> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bresciamusei.com/ncastello.asp?nm=15&t=Storia+del+Colle+Cidneo">the original</a> on 2014-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bresciamusei.com&rft.atitle=Storia+del+Colle+Cidneo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bresciamusei.com%2Fncastello.asp%3Fnm%3D15%26t%3DStoria%2Bdel%2BColle%2BCidneo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ducato-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ducato_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ducatodipiazzapontida.it/index.php?lng=it&mod=articoli&pg=pagina&c=fc&articolo=1203712435">"Ducato di Piazza Pontida"</a>. <i>www.ducatodipiazzapontida.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ducatodipiazzapontida.it&rft.atitle=Ducato+di+Piazza+Pontida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ducatodipiazzapontida.it%2Findex.php%3Flng%3Dit%26mod%3Darticoli%26pg%3Dpagina%26c%3Dfc%26articolo%3D1203712435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-origini-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-origini_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307024029/https://www.bresciastory.it/storiabs1.htm">"Le origini"</a>. <i>www.bresciastory.it</i>. Brescia Story. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bresciastory.it/storiabs1.htm">the original</a> on 7 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bresciastory.it&rft.atitle=Le+origini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bresciastory.it%2Fstoriabs1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Venceslas Kruta: <i>La grande storia dei celti. La nascita, l'affermazione e la decadenza</i>, Newton & Compton, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8289-851-2" title="Special:BookSources/88-8289-851-2">88-8289-851-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8289-851-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8289-851-9">978-88-8289-851-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Golasecca civilization is therefore the expression of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> of Italy and included several groups that had the name of Insubres, Laevi, Lepontii, Oromobii (o Orumbovii)". (Raffaele C. De Marinis)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722033628/http://members.fortunecity.it/zichin/gola5.jpg">">Maps of the Golasecca culture"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.fortunecity.it/zichin/gola5.jpg">the original</a> on 2011-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3EMaps+of+the+Golasecca+culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.fortunecity.it%2Fzichin%2Fgola5.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Frigerio, <i>Il territorio comasco dall'età della pietra alla fine dell'età del bronzo</i>, in <i>Como nell'antichità</i>, Società Archeologica Comense, Como 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruta1991" class="citation book cs1">Kruta, Venceslas (1991). <i>The Celts</i>. Thames and Hudson. pp. 52–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celts&rft.pages=52-56&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Kruta&rft.aufirst=Venceslas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStifter2008" class="citation book cs1">Stifter, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univie.ac.at/indogermanistik/download/Stifter/oldcelt2008_2_lepontic.pdf"><i>Old Celtic Languages</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 24–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Celtic+Languages&rft.pages=24-37&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Stifter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.univie.ac.at%2Findogermanistik%2Fdownload%2FStifter%2Foldcelt2008_2_lepontic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/ancient-Italic-people/Other-Italic-peoples#ref63581">"Other Italic peoples: The Ligurians"</a>. 21 August 2024. <q>Ligurian and Celto-Ligurian tombs of the Lombard lakes region, often holding cremations, reveal a special iron culture called the culture of Golasecca.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Other+Italic+peoples%3A+The+Ligurians&rft.date=2024-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fancient-Italic-people%2FOther-Italic-peoples%23ref63581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The objects found during the works for the underground had been exposed in the exhibition <i>Archeologia Metropolitana. Piazza Brignole e Acquasola</i>, held at the Ligurian Archeology Museum (30 November 2009 - 14 February 2010) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.museidigenova.it/spip.php?article479">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235040/http://www.museidigenova.it/spip.php?article479">Archived</a> December 30, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelli2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Melli, Piera (2007). <i>Genova preromana. Città portuale del Mediterraneo tra il VII e il III secolo a.C.</i> (in Italian). Frilli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8875633363" title="Special:BookSources/978-8875633363"><bdi>978-8875633363</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genova+preromana.+Citt%C3%A0+portuale+del+Mediterraneo+tra+il+VII+e+il+III+secolo+a.C.&rft.pub=Frilli&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8875633363&rft.aulast=Melli&rft.aufirst=Piera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marco Milanese, <i>Scavi nell'oppidum preromano di Genova</i>, L'Erma di Bretschneider, Roma 1987 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ge0mrXTQVIUC&pg=PA11">on-line</a> in GoogleBooks; Piera Melli, <i>Una città portuale del Mediterraneo tra il VII e il III secolo a.C.</i>, Genova, Fratelli Frilli ed., 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marco Milanese, <i>Scavi nell'oppidum preromano di Genova</i>, L'Erma di Bretschneider, Roma 1987 testo on-line su GoogleBooks; Piera Melli, <i>Una città portuale del Mediterraneo tra il VII e il III secolo a.C.", Genova, Fratelli Frilli ed., 2007.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dictionary-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Smith1854" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">William Smith, ed. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IX+REGIO+AUGUSTEA+-+LIGURIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.romanoimpero.com%2F2020%2F05%2Fregio-ix-augustea-liguria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arsmilitaris.org/pubblicazioni/GUERRE%20ROMANO%20liguri.pdf">"GUERRE ROMANO- LIGURI"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Italian). p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GUERRE+ROMANO-+LIGURI&rft.pages=1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arsmilitaris.org%2Fpubblicazioni%2FGUERRE%2520ROMANO%2520liguri.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.romanoimpero.com/2020/02/battaglia-di-clastidium-222-ac.html">"BATTAGLIA DI CLASTIDIUM (222 a.c.)"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BATTAGLIA+DI+CLASTIDIUM+%28222+a.c.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.romanoimpero.com%2F2020%2F02%2Fbattaglia-di-clastidium-222-ac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Demandt, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.piemonteautonomie.it/il-piemonte-in-epoca-romana/?pdf=46">"Il Piemonte in epoca romana"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+Piemonte+in+epoca+romana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.piemonteautonomie.it%2Fil-piemonte-in-epoca-romana%2F%3Fpdf%3D46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sanremostoria-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sanremostoria_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanremostoria_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanremostoria.it/it/la-citta/la-storia/238-storia-di-sanremo-2-parte.html">"Sanremo Romana e Villa Matuzia"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sanremo+Romana+e+Villa+Matuzia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanremostoria.it%2Fit%2Fla-citta%2Fla-storia%2F238-storia-di-sanremo-2-parte.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> iii. 60, 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Titus Livius, <i>Ab Urbe Condita libri CXLII</i> 21, 32,1 and 28, 46,7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polibius, <i>Stories</i>, XV, 11.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Rome/Roman-expansion-in-the-western-Mediterranean#ref298396">"Ancient Rome - Roman expansion in the western Mediterranean"</a>. 27 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Rome+-+Roman+expansion+in+the+western+Mediterranean&rft.date=2024-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2Fancient-Rome%2FRoman-expansion-in-the-western-Mediterranean%23ref298396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.beniculturali.it/detail/ArchaeologicalProperty/0700309688">"LUNI (insediamento)"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LUNI+%28insediamento%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogo.beniculturali.it%2Fdetail%2FArchaeologicalProperty%2F0700309688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ingauni_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/">"INGAUNI"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INGAUNI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fingauni_%2528Enciclopedia-Italiana%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstarts.units.it/bitstream/10077/9871/1/MIGLIARIO.pdf">"A proposito di penetrazione romana e controllo territoriale nel Piemonte orientale"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Italian). p. 345<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+proposito+di+penetrazione+romana+e+controllo+territoriale+nel+Piemonte+orientale&rft.pages=345&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openstarts.units.it%2Fbitstream%2F10077%2F9871%2F1%2FMIGLIARIO.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cittadellaspezia.com/2014/12/01/storia-di-roma-e-medioevo-sintrecciano-sul-caprione-171330/">"Storia di Roma e Medioevo s'intrecciano sul Caprione"</a> (in Italian). December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Storia+di+Roma+e+Medioevo+s%27intrecciano+sul+Caprione&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cittadellaspezia.com%2F2014%2F12%2F01%2Fstoria-di-roma-e-medioevo-sintrecciano-sul-caprione-171330%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arsmilitaris.org/pubblicazioni/GUERRE%20ROMANO%20liguri.pdf">"GUERRE ROMANO- LIGURI"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GUERRE+ROMANO-+LIGURI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arsmilitaris.org%2Fpubblicazioni%2FGUERRE%2520ROMANO%2520liguri.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroadhead2002" class="citation thesis cs1">Broadhead, William (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317574/1/251994.pdf"><i>Internal migration and the transformation of Republican Italy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Ph.D.). University College London. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Internal+migration+and+the+transformation+of+Republican+Italy&rft.inst=University+College+London&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Broadhead&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2F1317574%2F1%2F251994.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dio LIV.22.3-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plinius the elder, <i>Naturalis Historia</i>, III, 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2001" class="citation book cs1">Williams, J. H. C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522000630/https://books.google.it/books?id=RPj_FkEeVO4C&dq=beyond+the+Rubicon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI5YrC6rbkAhUvDmMBHXZOCMAQ6AEIKTAA"><i>Beyond the Rubicon: Romans and Gauls in Republican Italy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198153009" title="Special:BookSources/9780198153009"><bdi>9780198153009</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RPj_FkEeVO4C&q=beyond+the+Rubicon">the original</a> on 2020-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Rubicon%3A+Romans+and+Gauls+in+Republican+Italy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780198153009&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=J.+H.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRPj_FkEeVO4C%26q%3Dbeyond%2Bthe%2BRubicon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DRR-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DRR_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1866" class="citation book cs1">Long, George (1866). <i>Decline of the Roman republic: Volume 2</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decline+of+the+Roman+republic%3A+Volume+2&rft.place=London&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AGL-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AGL_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio XLI, 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AGR-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AGR_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrouwer1989" class="citation book cs1">Brouwer, Hendrik H. J. (1989). <i>Hiera Kala: Images of animal sacrifice in archaic and classical Greece</i>. Utrecht.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hiera+Kala%3A+Images+of+animal+sacrifice+in+archaic+and+classical+Greece&rft.place=Utrecht&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Brouwer&rft.aufirst=Hendrik+H.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo, <i>Geography</i>, V, 1,1 and 2.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plinius the Elder, <i>Naturalis Historia</i>, III, 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amédée Thierry, <i>Histoire des Gaulois depuis les temps les plus reculés</i>, 3 vols., 1828, 1834, 1845.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dominique François Louis Roget de Belloguet, <i>Ethnogénie gauloise, ou Mémoires critiques sur l'origine et la parenté des Cimmériens, des Cimbres, des Ombres, des Belges, des Ligures et des anciens Celtes.</i> Troisiéme partie: <i>Preuves intellectuelles. Le génie gaulois</i>, Paris 1868.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilberto Oneto <i>Paesaggio e architettura delle regioni padano-alpine dalle origini alla fine del primo millennio</i>, Priuli e Verlucc, editori 2002, pp. 34–36, 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postumius_Rufius_Festus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postumius Rufius Festus (page does not exist)">Postumius Rufius Festus</a> (qui est) <a href="/wiki/Avienius" title="Avienius">Avienius</a>, <i>Ora maritima</i>, 129–133 (indicating in an obscure way that the Ligures were living north of the <a href="/wiki/Oestriminis" title="Oestriminis">"oestrymnic islands"</a>, equivalent to modern Portugal and Galicia); 205 (Ligures north of the city of Ophiussa [= again Portugal] in the Iberian peninsula); 284–285 (the stream <a href="/wiki/Tartessus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartessus">Tartessus</a> in southern Spain would be born in the "ligustine swamps").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Viktor Müllenhoff, <i>Deutsche Alterthumskunde</i>, Vol. I: <i>Die Phoenizier. Pytheas von Massalia</i>, 1870.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arturo Issel, <i>Liguria geologica e preistorica</i>, Vol. II, Genoa 1892, pp. 356–357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, in particular <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEvedy1967" class="citation book cs1">McEvedy, Colin (1967). <i>The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History by Colin McEvedy</i>. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Atlas+of+Ancient+History+by+Colin+McEvedy&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=McEvedy&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenning2003" class="citation book cs1">Henning, Andersen (2003). <i>Language Contacts in Prehistory: Studies in Stratigraphy</i>. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 16–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Contacts+in+Prehistory%3A+Studies+in+Stratigraphy&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Henning&rft.aufirst=Andersen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrton1935" class="citation book cs1">Orton, Sir Ernest Frederick (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DFyHGQAACAAJ"><i>Links with Past Ages</i></a>. W. Heffer & Sons, Limited. p. 182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Links+with+Past+Ages&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=W.+Heffer+%26+Sons%2C+Limited&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Orton&rft.aufirst=Sir+Ernest+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDFyHGQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSciarretta2010" class="citation book cs1">Sciarretta, Antonio (2010). <i>Toponomastica d'Italia. Nomi di luoghi, storie di popoli antichi</i>. Milano: Mursia. pp. 174–194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-425-4017-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-425-4017-5"><bdi>978-88-425-4017-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toponomastica+d%27Italia.+Nomi+di+luoghi%2C+storie+di+popoli+antichi&rft.place=Milano&rft.pages=174-194&rft.pub=Mursia&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-88-425-4017-5&rft.aulast=Sciarretta&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia2012" class="citation book cs1">Garcia, Dominique (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1931957"><i>From the Pillars of Hercules to the Footsteps of the Argonauts (Colloquia Antiqua)</i></a>. Peeters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Pillars+of+Hercules+to+the+Footsteps+of+the+Argonauts+%28Colloquia+Antiqua%29&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1931957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaeussler2013" class="citation book cs1">Haeussler, Ralph (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aNxmDAAAQBAJ&q=ligurian&pg=PA336"><i>Becoming Roman?: Diverging Identities and Experiences in Ancient Northwest Italy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315433202" title="Special:BookSources/9781315433202"><bdi>9781315433202</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Roman%3F%3A+Diverging+Identities+and+Experiences+in+Ancient+Northwest+Italy&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781315433202&rft.aulast=Haeussler&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaNxmDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dligurian%26pg%3DPA336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consorzioilcigno.it/gli-antichi-liguri/dove-e-come-vivevano/">"Dove e come vivevano gli antichi liguri"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dove+e+come+vivevano+gli+antichi+liguri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.consorzioilcigno.it%2Fgli-antichi-liguri%2Fdove-e-come-vivevano%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livius mentions the fate of the population of Mutina, once it fell into the hands of the Ligures.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica" title="Bibliotheca historica">Bibliotheca historica</a></i>, V, 39, 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedialunigianese.it/storia/megalitismo/">"Megalitismo"</a> (in Italian). 15 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Megalitismo&rft.date=2018-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enciclopedialunigianese.it%2Fstoria%2Fmegalitismo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeoastronomy.it/un_percorso_rituale.htm">"UN PERCORSO RITUALE SULLE PENDICI MERIDIONALI DEL MONTE BEIGUA"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+PERCORSO+RITUALE+SULLE+PENDICI+MERIDIONALI+DEL+MONTE+BEIGUA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeoastronomy.it%2Fun_percorso_rituale.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tuttostoria.net/storia-antica.aspx?code=1388">"La religiosità degli antichi liguri"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+religiosit%C3%A0+degli+antichi+liguri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuttostoria.net%2Fstoria-antica.aspx%3Fcode%3D1388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Smith, <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DC%3Aentry+group%3D40%3Aentry%3Dcycnus-bio-5">Cycnus</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-armies-macedonian-punic-wars-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-armies-macedonian-punic-wars_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-armies-macedonian-punic-wars_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-armies-macedonian-punic-wars_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7n8CwAAQBAJ&dq=ligures+warrior&pg=PA294"><i>Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars</i>, page 294-96</a>, Duncan Head, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bibliotheca-historica-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bibliotheca-historica_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibliotheca-historica_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica" title="Bibliotheca historica">Bibliotheca historica</a></i>, V, 39, 1-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucan, Pharsalia, I. 496, translated by Edward Ridley (1896).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livius XXXIX I, 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polibius XXIX 14, 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adpvgnamparati.eu/">"AD PUGNAM PARATI: Rievocazione Storica, Spettacolo, Sperimentazione"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AD+PUGNAM+PARATI%3A+Rievocazione+Storica%2C+Spettacolo%2C+Sperimentazione&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adpvgnamparati.eu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The commercial contacts with the Greeks and the militancy of Ligurian mercenaries in the ranks of the Greek and Carthaginian armies of the western Mediterranean, who effectively used this type of protection, may have led to their adoption by the Ligurians.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus 7.165; Diodorus Siculus 11.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diodorus Siculus 21.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">They were on Carthaginian side during the Second Punic War also.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ingauni">"Ingauni"</a>, Enciclopedia Treccani</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, The Lives of Emilius Paul and Timoleon XVIII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salustio, Giugurtine War (In French)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Marius</i>, 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Diodorus Siculus, in Luca Ponte, Le genovesi)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples of mining activities are witnessed in the Labiola mine.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amegliainforma.it/2022/02/27/tutto-sui-liguri-chi-sono-da-dove-provengono/">"Tutto sui Liguri: chi sono, da dove provengono"</a> (in Italian). 26 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tutto+sui+Liguri%3A+chi+sono%2C+da+dove+provengono&rft.date=2022-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amegliainforma.it%2F2022%2F02%2F27%2Ftutto-sui-liguri-chi-sono-da-dove-provengono%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitgenoa.it/en/polcevera-valley-palio-bronze-table">"The Polcevera Valley Palio of the Bronze Table | Visitgenoa.it The Polcevera Valley Palio of the Bronze Table"</a>. <i>www.visitgenoa.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.visitgenoa.it&rft.atitle=The+Polcevera+Valley+Palio+of+the+Bronze+Table+%7C+Visitgenoa.it+The+Polcevera+Valley+Palio+of+the+Bronze+Table&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitgenoa.it%2Fen%2Fpolcevera-valley-palio-bronze-table&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>ARSLAN E. A. 2004b, LVI.14 Garlasco, in <i>I Liguri. Un antico popolo europeo tra Alpi e Mediterraneo</i>, Catalogo della Mostra (Genova, 23.10.2004-23.1.2005), Milano-Ginevra, pp. 429–431.</li> <li>ARSLAN E. A. 2004 c.s., <i>Liguri e Galli in Lomellina</i>, in <i>I Liguri. Un antico popolo europeo tra Alpi e Mediterraneo</i>, Saggi Mostra (Genova, 23.10.2004–23.1.2005).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBietti_Sestieri2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bietti Sestieri, Anna Maria (2010). <i>L'Italia nell'età del bronzo e del ferro: dalle palafitte a Romolo (2200-700 a.C.)</i> (in Italian). Carocci. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-430-5207-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-430-5207-3"><bdi>978-88-430-5207-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Italia+nell%27et%C3%A0+del+bronzo+e+del+ferro%3A+dalle+palafitte+a+Romolo+%282200-700+a.C.%29&rft.pub=Carocci&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-88-430-5207-3&rft.aulast=Bietti+Sestieri&rft.aufirst=Anna+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigures" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raffaele_De_Marinis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raffaele De Marinis (page does not exist)">Raffaele De Marinis</a>, Giuseppina Spadea (a cura di), <i>Ancora sui Liguri. Un antico popolo europeo tra Alpi e Mediterraneo</i>, De Ferrari editore, Genova 2007 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marketpress.info/notiziario_det.php?art=54094">scheda sul volume</a>).</li> <li>John Patterson, <i>Sanniti, Liguri e Romani</i>, Comune di Circello;Benevento</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppina_Spadea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppina Spadea (page does not exist)">Giuseppina Spadea</a> (a cura di), <i>I Liguri. Un antico popolo europeo tra Alpi e Mediterraneo</i> (catalogo mostra, Genova 2004–2005), Skira editore, Genova 2004</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ligures" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ligures">Ligures</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Berthelot, André. "LES LIGURES." Revue Archéologique 2 (1933): 245–303. www.jstor.org/stable/41750896.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apuani" title="Apuani">Apuani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagienni" title="Bagienni">Bagienni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binbelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Binbelli (page does not exist)">Binbelli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bivelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bivelli (page does not exist)">Bivelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briniates" title="Briniates">Briniates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catuci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catuci (page does not exist)">Catuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deciates" title="Deciates">Deciates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eguiturii" title="Eguiturii">Eguiturii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epanterii" title="Epanterii">Epanterii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euburiates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euburiates (page does not exist)">Euburiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friniates" title="Friniates">Friniates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuli" title="Garuli">Garuli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genuates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genuates (page does not exist)">Genuates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercates" title="Hercates">Hercates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iadatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iadatini (page does not exist)">Iadatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iemerii" title="Iemerii">Iemerii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilvates" title="Ilvates">Ilvates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingauni" title="Ingauni">Ingauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimilii" title="Intimilii">Intimilii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laevi" title="Laevi">Laevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapicini" title="Lapicini">Lapicini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libici (page does not exist)">Libici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligauni" title="Ligauni">Ligauni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ligues (page does not exist)">Ligues</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maielli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maielli (page does not exist)">Maielli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marici_(tribe)" title="Marici (tribe)">Marici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matici (page does not exist)">Matici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearchi" title="Nearchi">Nearchi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerusii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nerusii (page does not exist)">Nerusii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orobii" title="Orobii">Orobii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxybii" title="Oxybii">Oxybii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reii" title="Reii">Reii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roudelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roudelli (page does not exist)">Roudelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyes" title="Salyes">Salyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segobrigii" title="Segobrigii">Segobrigii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statielli" title="Statielli">Statielli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurini" title="Taurini">Taurini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigulli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tigulli (page does not exist)">Tigulli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veaminii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veaminii (page does not exist)">Veaminii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vediantii" title="Vediantii">Vediantii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viturii_Langenses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viturii Langenses (page does not exist)">Viturii Langenses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of 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