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height: 1.5625em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="ఒక స్వేచ్ఛా విజ్ఞాన సర్వస్వం" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-te.svg" width="119" height="16" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A3" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="వికీపీడియా లో వెతకండి [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>వెతుకు</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="వికీపీడియా‌లో వెతకండి" aria-label="వికీపీడియా‌లో వెతకండి" autocapitalize="sentences" title="వికీపీడియా లో వెతకండి [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="ప్రత్యేక:అన్వేషణ"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">వెతుకు</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="వ్యక్తిగత పరికరాలు"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=te.wikipedia.org&uselang=te" class=""><span>విరాళాలు</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%81&returnto=%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A1" title="మీరొక ఖాతాను సృష్టించుకొని, లాగినవడాన్ని ప్రోత్సహిస్తాం; అయితే, అది తప్పనిసరేమీ కాదు" class=""><span>ఖాతా సృష్టించుకోండి</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82&returnto=%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A1" title="మిమ్మల్ని లాగినవమని ప్రోత్సహిస్తున్నాం; కానీ అది తప్పనిసరేమీ కాదు. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>లాగినవండి</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="వ్యక్తిగత పరికరాలు" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">వ్యక్తిగత పరికరాలు</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="వాడుకరి మెనూ" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=te.wikipedia.org&uselang=te"><span>విరాళాలు</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%81&returnto=%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A1" title="మీరొక ఖాతాను సృష్టించుకొని, లాగినవడాన్ని ప్రోత్సహిస్తాం; అయితే, అది తప్పనిసరేమీ కాదు"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>ఖాతా సృష్టించుకోండి</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82&returnto=%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A1" title="మిమ్మల్ని లాగినవమని ప్రోత్సహిస్తున్నాం; కానీ అది తప్పనిసరేమీ కాదు. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>లాగినవండి</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81-%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఈ IP అడ్రసు నుండి చేసిన దిద్దుబాట్ల జాబితా [y]" accesskey="y"><span>మార్పుచేర్పులు</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A" title="ఈ ఐపీ చిరునామా నుండి చేసిన మార్పుల గురించి చర్చ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>ఈ IP కి సంబంధించిన చర్చ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eఈ నోటీసును తొలగించు\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"te\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Ctable class=\"wikitable\"\u003E\n\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr style=\"align:center; border: 1px solid #8888aa; background: #f1ff81; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003E\u003Cbig\u003Eవికీ పాఠకులే వికీ రచయితలు!\n\u003C/big\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"align:center; border: 1px solid #8888aa; background: #fff1ff; text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003Eవికీలో వ్యాసాలు రాస్తున్నది ఎక్స్పర్టులూ, సబ్జెక్టు నిపుణులూ కాదు. ఇక్కడ సాధారణ పాఠకులే వ్యాసాలు రాస్తారు. అందరూ కలిసి పరస్పర సహకారంతో, సమన్వయంతో పనిచేస్తూ వ్యాసాలను రాస్తారు. వివిధ వనరుల్లోంచి సమాచారాన్ని సేకరించి, ఆ మూలాలను ఉదహరిస్తూ ఆ సమాచారాన్ని వికీలో చేరుస్తారు. మరింత సమాచారం కోసం \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81\" title=\"వికీపీడియా:పరిచయము\"\u003Eవికీపీడియా:పరిచయము\u003C/a\u003E చూడండి. ఈ పనిలో మీరూ భాగం పంచుకోవచ్చు. వికీలో \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE:%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%3F\" title=\"వికీపీడియా:అకౌంటు ఎందుకు సృష్టించుకోవాలి?\"\u003Eఖాతా సృష్టించుకోండి\u003C/a\u003E. మీకు ఆసక్తి ఉన్న విషయం గురించిన సమాచారాన్ని రాసి, వికీ అభివృద్ధిలో మీరూ తోడ్పడండి. ఈ విషయంలో సందేహమేమైనా ఉంటే \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE:%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82\" title=\"వికీపీడియా:సహాయ కేంద్రం\"\u003Eవికీపీడియా సహాయకేంద్రంలో\u003C/a\u003E అడగండి.\n\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="విషయ సూచిక" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">విషయ సూచిక</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">సైడ్‌బార్‌ లోకి తరలించు</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">దాచు</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">ప్రవేశిక</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-చరిత్ర" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#చరిత్ర"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>చరిత్ర</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-చరిత్ర-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-చికిత్స" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#చికిత్స"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>చికిత్స</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-చికిత్స-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-మూలాలు" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#మూలాలు"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>మూలాలు</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-మూలాలు-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="విషయ సూచిక" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">దవడ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 భాషలు</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw – ఇంగ్లీష్" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Jaw" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ఇంగ్లీష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE" title="जबड़ा – హిందీ" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जबड़ा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="హిందీ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86" title="ದವಡೆ – కన్నడ" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದವಡೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="కన్నడ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%83" title="فك – అరబిక్" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="అరబిక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%85%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Нилъалзул хӀама – అవారిక్" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Нилъалзул хӀама" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="అవారిక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C9%99n%C9%99" title="Çənə – అజర్బైజాని" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çənə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="అజర్బైజాని" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%D9%87" title="چنه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چنه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salang" title="Salang – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Salang" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Сківіцы – బెలారుషియన్" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сківіцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="బెలారుషియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahang" title="Rahang – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Rahang" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82" title="Челюст – బల్గేరియన్" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Челюст" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="బల్గేరియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wihang" title="Wihang – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Wihang" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C3%ADbula" title="Mandíbula – కాటలాన్" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mandíbula" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="కాటలాన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Celist" title="Čelist – చెక్" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čelist" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="చెక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AAn" title="Gên – వెల్ష్" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gên" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="వెల్ష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiefer_(Anatomie)" title="Kiefer (Anatomie) – జర్మన్" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kiefer (Anatomie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="జర్మన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hen%C4%B1k" title="Henık – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Henık" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makzelo" title="Makzelo – ఎస్పెరాంటో" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Makzelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ఎస్పెరాంటో" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C3%ADbulas_(zoolog%C3%ADa)" title="Mandíbulas (zoología) – స్పానిష్" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mandíbulas (zoología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="స్పానిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraila" title="Baraila – బాస్క్యూ" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baraila" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="బాస్క్యూ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuka" title="Leuka – ఫిన్నిష్" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leuka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ఫిన్నిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusuikoya" title="Gusuikoya – ఫిజియన్" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Gusuikoya" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="ఫిజియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2choire" title="Mâchoire – ఫ్రెంచ్" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mâchoire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ఫ్రెంచ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaak" title="Kaak – పశ్చిమ ఫ్రిసియన్" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kaak" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="పశ్చిమ ఫ్రిసియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giall" title="Giall – ఐరిష్" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Giall" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ఐరిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%99%E9%AA%B9" title="牙骹 – గాన్ చైనీస్" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="牙骹" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="గాన్ చైనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%AA" title="לסת – హిబ్రూ" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לסת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="హిబ్రూ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Celjust" title="Čeljust – క్రొయేషియన్" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čeljust" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="క్రొయేషియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machwa" title="Machwa – హైటియన్ క్రియోల్" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Machwa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="హైటియన్ క్రియోల్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81llcsont" title="Állcsont – హంగేరియన్" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Állcsont" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="హంగేరియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BF" title="Ծնոտ – ఆర్మేనియన్" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծնոտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ఆర్మేనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandibula" title="Mandibula – ఇంటర్లింగ్వా" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mandibula" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="ఇంటర్లింగ్వా" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahang" title="Rahang – ఇండోనేషియన్" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rahang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ఇండోనేషియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Царг – ఇంగుష్" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Царг" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ఇంగుష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kj%C3%A1lki_(bein)" title="Kjálki (bein) – ఐస్లాండిక్" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kjálki (bein)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ఐస్లాండిక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%8E" title="顎 – జపనీస్" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="顎" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="జపనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwang" title="Uwang – జావనీస్" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Uwang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="జావనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C9%A3esma%E1%B9%9B" title="Aɣesmaṛ – కాబిల్" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aɣesmaṛ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="కాబిల్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%9B_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Жақ (анатомия) – కజఖ్" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жақ (анатомия)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="కజఖ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%84%B1" title="턱 – కొరియన్" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="턱" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="కొరియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geb%C3%A9ck" title="Gebéck – లక్సెంబర్గిష్" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gebéck" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="లక్సెంబర్గిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%83" title="Ххинчу – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Ххинчу" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDandikaulis" title="Žandikaulis – లిథువేనియన్" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žandikaulis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="లిథువేనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDoklis" title="Žoklis – లాట్వియన్" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žoklis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="లాట్వియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahang" title="Rahang – మలయ్" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rahang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="మలయ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%99%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="बङगारा – నేపాలి" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बङगारा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="నేపాలి" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbi" title="Simbi – నియాస్" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Simbi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="నియాస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaak_(anatomie)" title="Kaak (anatomie) – డచ్" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kaak (anatomie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="డచ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjeve" title="Kjeve – నార్వేజియాన్ న్యోర్స్క్" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kjeve" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="నార్వేజియాన్ న్యోర్స్క్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjeve" title="Kjeve – నార్వేజియన్ బొక్మాల్" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjeve" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="నార్వేజియన్ బొక్మాల్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2chouaile" title="Mâchouaile – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mâchouaile" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%AC" title="ਹੜਬ – పంజాబీ" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੜਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="పంజాబీ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szcz%C4%99ki_(anatomia)" title="Szczęki (anatomia) – పోలిష్" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szczęki (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="పోలిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparatul_dento-maxilar" title="Aparatul dento-maxilar – రోమేనియన్" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aparatul dento-maxilar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="రోమేనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Челюсть – రష్యన్" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Челюсть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="రష్యన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masciddaru" title="Masciddaru – సిసిలియన్" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Masciddaru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="సిసిలియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%84%D8%A7%DA%99%D9%8A" title="ڄاڙي – సింధీ" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڄاڙي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="సింధీ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jaw" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Celjust" title="Čeljust – స్లోవేనియన్" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čeljust" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="స్లోవేనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaya" title="Shaya – షోన" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Shaya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="షోన" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daan" title="Daan – సోమాలి" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Daan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="సోమాలి" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Вилица – సెర్బియన్" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вилица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="సెర్బియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4ke" title="Käke – స్వీడిష్" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Käke" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="స్వీడిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taya" title="Taya – స్వాహిలి" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Taya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="స్వాహిలి" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/tademaw-ngazuy" title="tademaw-ngazuy – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="tademaw-ngazuy" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="ขากรรไกร – థాయ్" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ขากรรไกร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="థాయ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panga" title="Panga – టగలాగ్" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panga" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="టగలాగ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ene" title="Çene – టర్కిష్" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çene" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="టర్కిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Щелепи – ఉక్రెయినియన్" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Щелепи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ఉక్రెయినియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apapang%C3%ADg" title="Apapangíg – వారే" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Apapangíg" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="వారే" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A2%9A" title="颚 – వు చైనీస్" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="颚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="వు చైనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwk_(vunz)" title="Hwk (vunz) – జువాన్" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Hwk (vunz)" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="జువాన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%8E" title="顎 – చైనీస్" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="顎" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="చైనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%99%E9%AA%B9" title="牙骹 – కాంటనీస్" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="牙骹" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="కాంటనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q180284#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="భాషాలింకులను మార్చు" class="wbc-editpage">లంకెలను మార్చు</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="పేరుబరులు"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A1" title="విషయపు పేజీని చూడండి [c]" accesskey="c"><span>వ్యాసం</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A:%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="విషయపు పేజీ గురించి చర్చ (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు) [t]" 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">సైడ్‌బార్‌ లోకి తరలించు</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">దాచు</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">వికీపీడియా నుండి</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="te" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82:Human_jawbone_left.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Human_jawbone_left.jpg/220px-Human_jawbone_left.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Human_jawbone_left.jpg/330px-Human_jawbone_left.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Human_jawbone_left.jpg/440px-Human_jawbone_left.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1043" /></a><figcaption>మానవుని క్రింది దవడ - <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81" title="హనువు">హనువు</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>'<b>దవడ'</b> (jaw bone) <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B2" title="తల">తలలో</a> ఉండే <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95" title="ఎముక">ఎముకలు</a>. ఇవి రెండుంటాయి. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="క్రిందిదవడ (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">క్రిందిదవడ</a> (lower jaw) ను <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81" title="హనువు">హనువు</a> (mandible) అంటారు. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="పైదవడ (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">పైదవడ</a> (upper jaw) ను <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95" title="జంభిక">జంభిక</a> (maxilla) అంటారు. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" class="mw-redirect" title="జీవులు">జీవుల</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3" title="శాస్త్రీయ వర్గీకరణ">శాస్త్రీయ వర్గీకరణలో</a> ముఖ్యంగా <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81" title="జంతువు">జంతు రాజ్యంలో</a> దవడ కీలకమైన పాత్ర పోషిస్తుంది. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="చరిత్ర"><span id=".E0.B0.9A.E0.B0.B0.E0.B0.BF.E0.B0.A4.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.B0"></span>చరిత్ర</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A1&action=edit&section=1" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: చరిత్ర"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>దాదాపు మూడు మిలియన్ సంవత్సరాలుగా ఆఫ్రికన్ దేశములో ఉన్న దవడ ఎముక మనలో ఉన్న చిన్న దవడలు, దంతాల ద్వారా, మెదడు, పొడవాటి కాళ్ళ ద్వారా, మనిషిలో భాషా నైపుణ్యాలు లేదా ఈ లేదా ఇతర లక్షణాల కలయిక ద్వారా వర్గీకరించబడ్డామా అని నిర్వహించడానికి తెలుపుతాయి <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> . </p><p>దవడ పుర్రె యొక్క క్రింది భాగాన్ని ఏర్పరిచే ఎముక హనువు ( క్రింది దవడ) , పై దవడ తో పాటు, నోటి నిర్మాణాన్ని ఏర్పరుస్తుంది. క్రింది దవడ యొక్క కదలిక తో నోరు తెరుస్తుంది , మూసివేస్తుంది , ఆహారాన్ని నమలడం జరుగుతుంది . ఇది గుఱ్ఱము ఆకారము కలిగి ఉంటుంది . దీని కదలికకు సులభం చేయడానికి నాలుగు వేర్వేరు కండరాలు దిగువ దవడకు అనుసంధానిస్తాయి. ఈ కండరాలు మాసెటర్, టెంపోరాలిస్, మెడియల్ పేటరీగోయిడ్ , పార్శ్వ పేటరీగోయిడ్. ఈ కండరాలు ప్రతి రెండుగా (జత) వస్తాయి, ప్రతి కండరాలలో ఒకటి పుర్రెకు ఇరువైపులా కనిపిస్తుంది. క్రింది దవడను పైకికి , క్రిందికి రావడానికి దవడను , ప్రక్కకు తరలించడానికి కండరాలు కలిసి పనిచేస్తాయి. ఎముక పగిలినప్పుడు ( ఫ్రాక్చర్), చిన్నవి , పెద్దవి గా ఉండవచ్చును, పగుళ్లతో వైద్యం చేసేటప్పుడు కదలికను నివారించడానికి దవడను మూసివేయడం అవసరం. దిగువ దవడను ప్రభావితం చేసే అంటువ్యాధులు టెండినిటిస్, దంత క్షయం లేదా ఇతర దంతాల గాయాల నుండి వచ్చే వ్యాధులు, టెంపోరోమాండిబ్యులర్ జాయింట్ డిజార్డర్ (TMJD), ఇవి వాపుకు కారణమవుతాయి, ఇక్కడ చెంప ఎముకను కలుస్తుంది <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="చికిత్స"><span id=".E0.B0.9A.E0.B0.BF.E0.B0.95.E0.B0.BF.E0.B0.A4.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.B8"></span>చికిత్స</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A1&action=edit&section=2" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: చికిత్స"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>దవడ సమస్యలు- పగలడం , పళ్ళు పోవడం ,టెంపోరోమాండిబ్యులర్ ఉమ్మడి పనిచేయకపోవడం,ఆస్టియోనెక్రోసిస్( ఇది ఎముకలు రక్త సరఫరాను) కోల్పోవడం , దంత కాన్సర్ వంటి వ్యాధులు మనుషులలో రావడం, వీటికి పనోరమిక్ డెంటల్ ఎక్స్-రే ఆధారము గా చేసుకొని దంతవైద్యులు నోటి శస్త్రచికిత్సలు చేస్తారు <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="మూలాలు"><span id=".E0.B0.AE.E0.B1.82.E0.B0.B2.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>మూలాలు</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A1&action=edit&section=3" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: మూలాలు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4300226">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStaff2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Staff, Guardian (2015-03-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global/2015/mar/08/first-human-jawbone-discovery-africa">"First human? 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Healthline&rft.atitle=Mandible+Anatomy%2C+Definition+%26+Function+%7C+Body+Maps&rft.date=2018-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthline.com%2Fhuman-body-maps%2Fmandible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/jawinjuriesanddisorders.html">"Jaw Injuries and Disorders"</a>. <i>medlineplus.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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