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cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Email_address&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> An email address identifies an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Email">email</a> box to which messages are delivered. While early messaging systems used a variety of formats for addressing, today, email addresses follow a set of specific rules originally standardized by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF) in the 1980s, and updated by <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RFC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322">5322</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6854">6854</a>. The term email address in this article refers to just the addr-spec in Section 3.4 of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322">5322</a>. The RFC defines address more broadly as either a mailbox or group. A mailbox value can be either a name-addr, which contains a display-name and addr-spec, or the more common addr-spec alone. An email address, such as john.smith@example.com, is made up from a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Local-part">local-part</a>, the symbol @, and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Domain">domain</a>, which may be a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domain_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domain name">domain name</a> or an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IP_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IP address">IP address</a> enclosed in brackets. Although the standard requires the local-part to be case-sensitive,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a> it also urges that receiving hosts deliver messages in a case-independent manner,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> e.g., that the mail system in the domain example.com treat John.Smith as equivalent to john.smith; some mail systems even treat them as equivalent to johnsmith.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Mail systems often limit the users' choice of name to a subset of the technically permitted characters; with the introduction of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internationalized domain name">internationalized domain names</a>, efforts are progressing to permit non-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ASCII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> characters in email addresses. Due to the ubiquity of email in today's world, email addresses are often used as regular <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Usernames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Usernames">usernames</a> by many websites and services that provide a user profile or account.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a> For example, if a user wants to login to their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xbox_Live?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox Live">Xbox Live</a> video gaming profile, they would use their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microsoft_account?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Microsoft account">Microsoft account</a> in the form of an email address as the username ID, even though the service in this case is not email. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Message_transport">1 Message transport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Syntax">2 Syntax</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Local-part">2.1 Local-part</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sub-addressing">2.1.1 Sub-addressing</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Domain">2.2 Domain</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Examples">2.3 Examples</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Valid_email_addresses">2.3.1 Valid email addresses</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Valid_email_addresses_with_SMTPUTF8">2.3.2 Valid email addresses with SMTPUTF8</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Invalid_email_addresses">2.3.3 Invalid email addresses</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Validation_and_verification">3 Validation and verification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Internationalization">4 Internationalization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">7 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Message_transport">Message transport</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Email_address&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Message transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> An email address consists of two parts, a local-part (sometimes a user name, but not always) and a domain; if the domain is a domain name rather than an IP address then the SMTP client uses the domain name to look up the mail exchange IP address. The general format of an email address is local-part@domain, e.g. jsmith@[192.168.1.2], jsmith@example.com. The SMTP client transmits the message to the mail exchange, which may forward it to another mail exchange until it eventually arrives at the host of the recipient's mail system. The transmission of electronic mail from the author's computer and between mail hosts in the Internet uses the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> (SMTP), defined in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RFC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321">5321</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322">5322</a>, and extensions such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RFC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6531">6531</a>. The mailboxes may be accessed and managed by applications on personal computers, mobile devices or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Webmail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Webmail">webmail</a> sites, using the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SMTP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="SMTP">SMTP</a> protocol and either the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Post Office Protocol">Post Office Protocol</a> (POP) or the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">Internet Message Access Protocol</a> (IMAP). When <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mail_processing_model" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">transmitting email messages</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mail_user_agent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail user agent">mail user agents</a> (MUAs) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mail_transfer_agent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail transfer agent">mail transfer agents</a> (MTAs) use the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domain_name_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain name system">domain name system</a> (DNS) to look up a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domain_Name_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#DNS_resource_records" title="Domain Name System">Resource Record</a> (RR) for the recipient's domain. A mail exchanger resource record (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MX_record?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MX record">MX record</a>) contains the name of the recipient's mailserver. In absence of an MX record, an address record (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A_record?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A record">A</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AAAA_record?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="AAAA record">AAAA</a>) directly specifies the mail host. The local-part of an email address has no significance for intermediate mail relay systems other than the final mailbox host. Email senders and intermediate relay systems must not assume it to be case-insensitive, since the final mailbox host may or may not treat it as such. A single mailbox may receive mail for multiple email addresses, if configured by the administrator. Conversely, a single email address may be the alias to a distribution list to many mailboxes. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_alias?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Email alias">Email aliases</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing list">electronic mailing lists</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sub-addressing">sub-addressing</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_filtering?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Email filtering">catch-all</a> addresses, the latter being mailboxes that receive messages regardless of the local-part, are common patterns for achieving a variety of delivery goals. The addresses found in the header fields of an email message are not directly used by mail exchanges to deliver the message. An email message also contains a message envelope that contains the information for mail routing. While envelope and header addresses may be equal, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_spoofing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Email spoofing">forged email</a> addresses (also called spoofed email addresses) are often seen in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_spam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Email spam">spam</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phishing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phishing">phishing</a>, and many other Internet-based scams. This has led to several initiatives which aim to make such forgeries of fraudulent emails easier to spot. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Email_address&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Syntax" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The format of an email address is local-part@domain, where the local-part may be up to 64 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Octet_(computing)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Octet (computing)">octets</a> long and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domain_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domain name">domain</a> may have a maximum of 255 octets.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The formal definitions are in RFC 5322 (sections 3.2.3 and 3.4.1) and RFC 5321—with a more readable form given in the informational RFC 3696 (written by J. Klensin, the author of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321">5321</a>) and the associated errata. An email address also may have an associated "display-name" (Display Name) for the recipient, which precedes the address specification, now surrounded by angled brackets, for example: John Smith <john.smith@example.org>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Email spammers and phishers will often use "Display Name spoofing" to trick their victims, by using a false Display Name, or by using a different email address as the Display Name.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Earlier forms of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Non-Internet_email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Non-Internet email address">email addresses for other networks than the Internet</a> included other notations, such as that required by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/X.400?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="X.400">X.400</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UUCP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UUCP">UUCP</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bang_path?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bang path">bang path</a> notation, in which the address was given in the form of a sequence of computers through which the message should be relayed. This was widely used for several years, but was superseded by the Internet standards promulgated by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Local-part">Local-part</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Email_address&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Local-part" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The local-part of the email address may be unquoted or may be enclosed in quotation marks. If unquoted, it may use any of these <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ASCII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> characters: <ul> <li>uppercase and lowercase <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basic_Latin_(Unicode_block)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basic Latin (Unicode block)">Latin</a> letters <code>A</code> to <code>Z</code> and <code>a</code> to <code>z</code></li> <li>digits <code>0</code> to <code>9</code></li> <li>printable characters <code>!#$%&'*+-/=?^_`{|}~</code></li> <li>dot <code>.</code>, provided that it is not the first or last character and provided also that it does not appear consecutively (e.g., <code>John..Doe@example.com</code> is not allowed).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rfc3696-8">[8]</a></li> </ul> If quoted, it may contain Space, Horizontal Tab (HT), any ASCII graphic except Backslash and Quote and a quoted-pair consisting of a Backslash followed by HT, Space or any ASCII graphic; it may also be split between lines anywhere that HT or Space appears. In contrast to unquoted local-parts, the addresses <code>".John.Doe"@example.com</code>, <code>"John.Doe."@example.com</code> and <code>"John..Doe"@example.com</code> are allowed. The maximum total length of the local-part of an email address is 64 octets.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rfc5321-9">[9]</a> <ul> <li>Space and special characters <code>"(),:;<>@[\]</code> are allowed with restrictions (they are only allowed inside a quoted string, as described in the paragraph below, and in that quoted string, any backslash or double-quote must be preceded once by a backslash);</li> <li>Comments are allowed with parentheses at either end of the local-part; e.g., <code>john.smith(comment)@example.com</code> and <code>(comment)john.smith@example.com</code> are both equivalent to <code>john.smith@example.com</code>.</li> </ul> In addition to the above ASCII characters, international characters above U+007F, encoded as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTF-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>, are permitted by RFC 6531 when the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Extension_discovery_mechanism" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">EHLO</a> specifies <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#SMTPUTF8" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTPUTF8</a>, though even mail systems that support SMTPUTF8 and 8BITMIME may restrict which characters to use when assigning local-parts. A local-part is either a Dot-string or a Quoted-string; it cannot be a combination. Quoted strings and characters, however, are not commonly used.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="While this intuitively seems true, I'd like to see a reference. In any event, it seems irrelevant when describing the syntax. The sequence xyz123 is also not commonly used, but that's immaterial. (August 2016)">citation needed</a>] RFC 5321 also warns that "a host that expects to receive mail SHOULD avoid defining mailboxes where the Local-part requires (or uses) the Quoted-string form". The local-part <code>postmaster</code> is treated specially—it is case-insensitive, and should be forwarded to the domain email administrator. Technically all other local-parts are case-sensitive, therefore <code>johns@example.com</code> and <code>JohnS@example.com</code> specify different mailboxes; however, many organizations treat uppercase and lowercase letters as equivalent. Indeed, RFC 5321 warns that "a host that expects to receive mail SHOULD avoid defining mailboxes where ... the Local-part is case-sensitive". Despite the wide range of special characters which are technically valid, organisations, mail services, mail servers and mail clients in practice often do not accept all of them. For example, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Windows_Live_Hotmail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Live Hotmail">Windows Live Hotmail</a> only allows creation of email addresses using alphanumerics, dot (<code>.</code>), underscore (<code>_</code>) and hyphen (<code>-</code>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Common advice is to avoid using some special characters to avoid the risk of rejected emails.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a> According to RFC 5321 2.3.11 Mailbox and Address, "the local-part MUST be interpreted and assigned semantics only by the host specified in the domain of the address". This means that no assumptions can be made about the meaning of the local-part of another mail server. It is entirely up to the configuration of the mail server. Interpretation of the local-part is dependent on the conventions and policies implemented in the mail server. For example, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Case_sensitivity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Case sensitivity">case sensitivity</a> may distinguish mailboxes differing only in capitalization of characters of the local-part, although this is not very common.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a> For example, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gmail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gmail">Gmail</a> ignores all dots in the local-part of a @gmail.com address for the purposes of determining account identity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Sub-addressing">Sub-addressing</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Email_address&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sub-addressing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Some mail services support a tag included in the local-part, such that the address is an alias to a prefix of the local-part. Typically the characters following a plus and less often the characters following a minus, so fred+bah@domain and fred+foo@domain might end up in the same inbox as fred+@domain or even as fred@domain. For example, the address joeuser+tag@example.com denotes the same delivery address as joeuser@example.com. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RFC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5233">5233</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> refers to this convention as subaddressing, but it is also known as plus addressing, tagged addressing or mail extensions. This can be useful for tagging emails for sorting, and for spam control.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gmail-15">[15]</a> Addresses of this form, using various separators between the base name and the tag, are supported by several email services, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrew_Project?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrew Project">Andrew Project</a> (plus),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Runbox (plus),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gmail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gmail">Gmail</a> (plus),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gmail-15">[15]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rackspace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rackspace">Rackspace</a> (plus), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yahoo!_Mail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Mail">Yahoo! Mail</a> Plus (hyphen),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Apple's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ICloud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ICloud">iCloud</a> (plus), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Outlook.com?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Outlook.com">Outlook.com</a> (plus),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mailfence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mailfence">Mailfence</a> (plus),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proton_Mail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proton Mail">Proton Mail</a> (plus),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fastmail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fastmail">Fastmail</a> (plus and Subdomain Addressing),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a> postale.io (plus),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Pobox (plus),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a> MeMail (plus),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Message_transfer_agent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Message transfer agent">MTAs</a> like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MMDF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MMDF">MMDF</a> (equals), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qmail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qmail">Qmail</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Courier_Mail_Server?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Courier Mail Server">Courier Mail Server</a> (hyphen).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-control-26">[26]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Postfix_(software)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Postfix (software)">Postfix</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exim">Exim</a> allow configuring an arbitrary separator from the legal character set.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The text of the tag may be used to apply filtering,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-control-26">[26]</a> or to create single-use, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Disposable_email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Disposable email address">disposable email addresses</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Domain">Domain</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Email_address&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Domain" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domain_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domain name">domain name</a> part of an email address has to conform to strict guidelines: it must match the requirements for a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hostname?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hostname">hostname</a>, a list of dot-separated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DNS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS">DNS</a> labels, each label being limited to a length of 63 characters and consisting of:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rfc3696-8">[8]</a>: §2 <ul> <li>Uppercase and lowercase <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basic_Latin_(Unicode_block)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basic Latin (Unicode block)">Latin</a> letters <code>A</code> to <code>Z</code> and <code>a</code> to <code>z</code>;</li> <li>Digits <code>0</code> to <code>9</code>, provided that top-level domain names are not all-numeric;</li> <li>Hyphen <code>-</code>, provided that it is not the first or last character.</li> </ul> This rule is known as the LDH rule (letters, digits, hyphen). In addition, the domain may be an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IP_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IP address">IP address</a> literal, surrounded by square brackets <code>[]</code>, such as <code>jsmith@[192.168.2.1]</code> or <code>jsmith@[IPv6:2001:db8::1]</code>, although this is rarely seen except in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_spam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Email spam">email spam</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internationalized domain name">Internationalized domain names</a> (which are encoded to comply with the requirements for a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hostname?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hostname">hostname</a>) allow for presentation of non-ASCII domains. In mail systems compliant with RFC 6531 and RFC 6532 an email address may be encoded as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTF-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>, both a local-part as well as a domain name. Comments are allowed in the domain as well as in the local-part; for example, <code>john.smith@(comment)example.com</code> and <code>john.smith@example.com(comment)</code> are equivalent to <code>john.smith@example.com</code>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RFC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2606">2606</a> specifies that certain domains, for example those intended for documentation and testing, should not be resolvable and that as a result mail addressed to mailboxes in them and their subdomains should be non-deliverable. Of note for e-mail are example, invalid, example.com, example.net, and example.org. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Email_address&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Examples" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Valid_email_addresses">Valid email addresses</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Email_address&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Valid email addresses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li><code>simple@example.com</code></li> <li><code>very.common@example.com</code></li> <li><code>FirstName.LastName@EasierReading.org</code> (case is always ignored after the @ and usually before)</li> <li><code>x@example.com</code> (one-letter local-part)</li> <li><code>long.email-address-with-hyphens@and.subdomains.example.com</code></li> <li><code>user.name+tag+sorting@example.com</code> (may be routed to <code>user.name@example.com</code> inbox depending on mail server)</li> <li><code>name/surname@example.com</code> (slashes are a printable character, and allowed)</li> <li><code>admin@example</code> (local domain name with no <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Top-level_domain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Top-level domain">TLD</a>, although ICANN highly discourages dotless email addresses<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[31]</a>)</li> <li><code>example@s.example</code> (see the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Internet top-level domains">List of Internet top-level domains</a>)</li> <li><code>" "@example.org</code> (space between the quotes)</li> <li><code>"john..doe"@example.org</code> (quoted double dot)</li> <li><code>mailhost!username@example.org</code> (bangified host route used for uucp mailers)</li> <li><code>"very.(),:;<>[]\".VERY.\"very@\\ \"very\".unusual"@strange.example.com</code> (include non-letters character AND multiple <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/At_sign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="At sign">at sign</a>, the first one being double quoted)</li> <li><code>user%example.com@example.org</code> (% escaped mail route to user@example.com via example.org)</li> <li><code>user-@example.org</code> (local-part ending with non-alphanumeric character from the list of allowed printable characters)</li> <li><code>postmaster@[123.123.123.123]</code> (IP addresses are allowed instead of domains when in square brackets, but strongly discouraged)</li> <li><code>postmaster@[IPv6:2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334]</code> (IPv6 uses a different syntax)</li> <li><code>_test@[IPv6:2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334]</code> (begin with underscore different syntax)</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Valid_email_addresses_with_SMTPUTF8">Valid email addresses with SMTPUTF8</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Email_address&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Valid email addresses with SMTPUTF8" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li><code>I❤️CHOCOLATE@example.com</code> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emoji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emoji">emoji</a> are only allowed with SMTPUTF8)</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Invalid_email_addresses">Invalid email addresses</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Email_address&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Invalid email addresses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li><code>abc.example.com</code> (no @ character)</li> <li><code>a@b@c@example.com</code> (only one @ is allowed outside quotation marks)</li> <li><code>a"b(c)d,e:f;g<h>i[j\k]l@example.com</code> (none of the special characters in this local-part are allowed outside quotation marks)</li> <li><code>just"not"right@example.com</code> (quoted strings must be dot separated or be the only element making up the local-part)</li> <li><code>this is"not\allowed@example.com</code> (spaces, quotes, and backslashes may only exist when within quoted strings and preceded by a backslash)</li> <li><code>this\ still\"not\\allowed@example.com</code> (even if escaped (preceded by a backslash), spaces, quotes, and backslashes must still be contained by quotes)</li> <li><code>1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234+x@example.com</code> (local-part is longer than 64 characters)</li> <li><code>i.like.underscores@but_they_are_not_allowed_in_this_part</code> (underscore is not allowed in domain part)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Validation_and_verification">Validation and verification</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Email_address&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Validation and verification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section needs additional citations for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Email address">improve this article</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2019) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Email addresses are often requested as input to website as validation of user existence. Other validation methods are available, such as cell phone number validation, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Postal_mail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal mail">postal mail</a> validation, and fax validation. An email address is generally recognized as having two parts joined with an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/At-sign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="At-sign">at-sign</a> (@), although technical specification detailed in RFC 822 and subsequent RFCs are more extensive.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Syntactically correct, verified email addresses do not guarantee that an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_box?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Email box">email box</a> exists. Thus many mail servers use other techniques and check the mailbox existence against relevant systems such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domain_Name_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> for the domain or using <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Callback_verification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Callback verification">callback verification</a> to check if the mailbox exists. Callback verification is an imperfect solution, as it may be disabled to avoid a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Directory_harvest_attack?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Directory harvest attack">directory harvest attack</a>, or callbacks may be reported as spam and lead to listing on a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DNSBL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="DNSBL">DNSBL</a>. Several validation techniques may be utilized to validate a user email address. For example,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <ul> <li>Verification links: Email address validation is often accomplished for account creation on websites by sending an email to the user-provided email address with a special temporary hyperlink. On receipt, the user opens the link, immediately activating the account. Email addresses are also useful as means of delivering messages from a website, e.g., user messages, user actions, to the email inbox.</li> <li>Formal and informal standards: RFC 3696 provides specific advice for validating Internet identifiers, including email addresses. Some websites instead attempt to evaluate the validity of email addresses through arbitrary standards, such as by rejecting addresses containing valid characters, such as + and /, or enforcing arbitrary length limitations. Email address internationalization provides for a much larger range of characters than many current validation algorithms allow, such as all Unicode characters above U+0080, encoded as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTF-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>.</li> <li>Algorithmic tools: Large websites, bulk mailers and spammers require efficient tools to validate email addresses. Such tools depend upon <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heuristic_algorithm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Heuristic algorithm">heuristic algorithms</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statistical_model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Statistical model">statistical models</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li>Sender reputation: An email sender's reputation may be used to attempt to verify whether the sender is trustworthy or a potential spammer. Factors that may be incorporated into an assessment of sender reputation include the quality of past contact with or content provided by, and engagement levels of, the sender's IP address or email address.</li> <li>Browser-based verification: HTML5 forms implemented in many browsers allow email address validation to be handled by the browser.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> </ul> Some companies offer services to validate an email address, often using an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Application_programming_interface?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">application programming interface</a>, but there is no guarantee that it will provide accurate results. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Internationalization">Internationalization</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Email_address&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Internationalization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IETF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> conducts a technical and standards working group devoted to internationalization issues of email addresses, entitled Email Address Internationalization (EAI, also known as IMA, Internationalized Mail Address).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> This group produced <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RFC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6530">6530</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6531">6531</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6532">6532</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6533">6533</a>, and continues to work on additional EAI-related RFCs. The IETF's EAI Working group published RFC 6530 "Overview and Framework for Internationalized Email", which enabled non-ASCII characters to be used in both the local-parts and domain of an email address. RFC 6530 provides for email based on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTF-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> encoding, which permits the full repertoire of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unicode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. RFC 6531 provides a mechanism for SMTP servers to negotiate transmission of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SMTPUTF8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="SMTPUTF8">SMTPUTF8</a> content. The basic EAI concepts involve exchanging mail in UTF-8. Though the original proposal included a downgrading mechanism for legacy systems, this has now been dropped.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The local servers are responsible for the local-part of the address, whereas the domain would be restricted by the rules of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internationalized domain name">internationalized domain names</a>, though still transmitted in UTF-8. The mail server is also responsible for any mapping mechanism between the IMA form and any ASCII alias. EAI enables users to have a localized address in a native language script or character set, as well as an ASCII form for communicating with legacy systems or for script-independent use. Applications that recognize internationalized domain names and mail addresses must have facilities to convert these representations. Significant demand for such addresses is expected in China, Japan, Russia, and other markets that have large user bases in a non-Latin-based writing system. For example, in addition to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/.in?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title=".in">.in</a> top-level domain, the government of India in 2011<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a> got approval for ".bharat", (from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Bhārat Gaṇarājya</a>), written in seven <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brahmic_scripts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brahmic scripts">different scripts</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a> for use by Gujrati, Marathi, Bangali, Tamil, Telugu, Punjabi and Urdu speakers. Indian company XgenPlus.com claims to be the world's first EAI mailbox provider,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Rajasthan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Rajasthan">Government of Rajasthan</a> now supplies a free email account on domain राजस्थान.भारत for every citizen of the state.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> A leading media house Rajasthan Patrika launched their IDN domain पत्रिका.भारत with contactable email. The example addresses below would not be handled by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RFC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321">5321</a> based servers without an extension, but are permitted by the UTF8SMTP extension of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RFC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6530">6530</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6531">6531</a>. Servers compliant with this will be able to handle these: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diacritics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritics">diacritics</a>: éléonore@example.com</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>: δοκιμή@παράδειγμα.δοκιμή</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese characters</a>: 我買@屋企.香港</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japanese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese characters">Japanese characters</a>: 二ノ宮@黒川.日本</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyrillic_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic characters">Cyrillic characters</a>: медведь@с-балалайкой.рф</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devanagari?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devanagari">Devanagari characters</a>: संपर्क@डाटामेल.भारत</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Email_address&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Internet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Internet">internet portal</a></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/29px-Noun-technology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="88"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 29px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/29px-Noun-technology.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="29" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/43px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/57px-Noun-technology.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Technology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Technology">technology portal</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-spam_techniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-spam techniques">Anti-spam techniques</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_client?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Email client">Email client</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_box?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Email box">Email box</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_authentication?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Email authentication">Email authentication</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Non-Internet_email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Non-Internet email address">Non-Internet email address</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_email?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International email">International email</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Email_address&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Klensin2008" class="citation cs1">J. Klensin (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321%23section-2.4">"General Syntax Principles and Transaction Model"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a>. p. 15. sec. 2.4. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.17487%252FRFC5321">10.17487/RFC5321</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Request_for_Comments?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321">5321</a>. <q>The local-part of a mailbox MUST BE treated as case sensitive.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+Syntax+Principles+and+Transaction+Model&rft.btitle=Simple+Mail+Transfer+Protocol&rft.pages=p.-15.-sec.-2.4&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC5321&rft.au=J.+Klensin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc5321%26%23035%3Bsection-2.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Klensin2008" class="citation cs1">J. Klensin (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321%23section-2.4">"General Syntax Principles and Transaction Model"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a>. p. 15. sec. 2.4. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.17487%252FRFC5321">10.17487/RFC5321</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Request_for_Comments?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321">5321</a>. <q>However, exploiting the case sensitivity of mailbox local-parts impedes interoperability and is discouraged.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+Syntax+Principles+and+Transaction+Model&rft.btitle=Simple+Mail+Transfer+Protocol&rft.pages=p.-15.-sec.-2.4&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC5321&rft.au=J.+Klensin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc5321%26%23035%3Bsection-2.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://support.google.com/mail/answer/10313?topic%3D14822%23">"...you can add or remove the dots from a mail address without changing the actual destination address; and they'll all go to your inbox..."</a>, Google.com</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2021" class="citation web cs1">Morrison, Sara (2021-09-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.vox.com/recode/22620276/what-to-do-when-you-get-someone-elses-email-security-vulnerabilities-gmail-inbox-invasion">"How a simple email address makes things complicated"</a>. Vox. Retrieved 2024-07-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=How+a+simple+email+address+makes+things+complicated&rft.date=2021-09-06&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Frecode%2F22620276%2Fwhat-to-do-when-you-get-someone-elses-email-security-vulnerabilities-gmail-inbox-invasion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlensin2008" class="citation cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Klensin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Klensin">Klensin, J.</a> (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321%23section-4.5.3.1">"Size Limits and Minimums"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. sec. 4.5.3.1. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.17487%252FRFC5321">10.17487/RFC5321</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Request_for_Comments?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321">5321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Size+Limits+and+Minimums&rft.btitle=Simple+Mail+Transfer+Protocol&rft.pages=sec.-4.5.3.1&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC5321&rft.aulast=Klensin&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc5321%26%23035%3Bsection-4.5.3.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322%23section-3.4">"Address Specification"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322">Internet Message Format</a>. sec. 3.4. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.17487%252FRFC5322">10.17487/RFC5322</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Request_for_Comments?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322">5322</a>. Retrieved March 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Address+Specification&rft.btitle=Internet+Message+Format&rft.pages=sec.-3.4&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC5322&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc5322%26%23035%3Bsection-3.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cyber.nj.gov/informational-report/spotting-a-spoofing">"Spotting a Spoofing"</a>. cyber.nj.gov. November 19, 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cyber.nj.gov&rft.atitle=Spotting+a+Spoofing&rft.date=2020-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cyber.nj.gov%2Finformational-report%2Fspotting-a-spoofing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-rfc3696-8">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rfc3696_8-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rfc3696_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlensin2004" class="citation cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Klensin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Klensin">Klensin, J.</a> (February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3696">RFC 3696</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.17487%252FRFC3696">10.17487/RFC3696</a>. Retrieved 2017-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RFC+3696&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2004-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3696&rft.aulast=Klensin&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc3696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988">: §3 </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc5321-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rfc5321_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlensin2008" class="citation cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Klensin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Klensin">Klensin, J.</a> (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321%23section-4.5.3.1.1">RFC 5321</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. sec. 4.5.3.1.1. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.17487%252FRFC5321">10.17487/RFC5321</a>. Retrieved 2019-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RFC+5321&rft.pages=sec.-4.5.3.1.1&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC5321&rft.aulast=Klensin&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc5321%26%23035%3Bsection-4.5.3.1.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://signup.live.com/newuser.aspx?mkt%3Den-us">"Sign up for Windows Live"</a>. Retrieved 2008-07-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sign+up+for+Windows+Live&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsignup.live.com%2Fnewuser.aspx%3Fmkt%3Den-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988">. However, the phrase is hidden, thus one has to either check the availability of an invalid ID, e.g., me#1, or resort to alternative displaying, e.g., no-style or source view, in order to read it.</li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jochentopf.com/email/chars.html">"Characters in the local part of an email address"</a>. Retrieved 2016-03-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Characters+in+the+local+part+of+an+email+address&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jochentopf.com%2Femail%2Fchars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://email.about.com/od/emailbehindthescenes/f/email_case_sens.htm">Are Email Addresses Case Sensitive?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603181434/http://email.about.com/od/emailbehindthescenes/f/email%255Fcase%255Fsens.htm">Archived</a> 2016-06-03 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Heinz Tschabitscher</li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mail.google.com/support/bin/answer.py?answer%3D10313%26topic%3D14822">"Receiving someone else's mail"</a>. google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=google.com&rft.atitle=Receiving+someone+else%27s+mail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmail.google.com%2Fsupport%2Fbin%2Fanswer.py%3Fanswer%3D10313%26topic%3D14822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurchison2008" class="citation cs1">Murchison, K. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5233">Sieve Email Filtering: Subaddress Extension</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IETF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.17487%252FRFC5233">10.17487/RFC5233</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Request_for_Comments?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5233">5233</a>. Retrieved February 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sieve+Email+Filtering%3A+Subaddress+Extension&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC5233&rft.aulast=Murchison&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc5233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Gmail-15">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gmail_15-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gmail_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://support.google.com/mail/answer/22370?hl%3Den%23alias%26zippy%3D%252Cfilter-using-your-gmail-alias">"Send emails from a different address or alias"</a>. Gmail Help. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gmail+Help&rft.atitle=Send+emails+from+a+different+address+or+alias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.google.com%2Fmail%2Fanswer%2F22370%3Fhl%3Den%23alias%26zippy%3D%252Cfilter-using-your-gmail-alias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/rjs3/ams.pdf">"An Overview of the Andrew Message System"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 17 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Overview+of+the+Andrew+Message+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.andrew.cmu.edu%2Fuser%2Frjs3%2Fams.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://help.runbox.com/subaddressing-plus-addressing/">"Subaddressing/Plus Addressing"</a>. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Subaddressing%2FPlus+Addressing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelp.runbox.com%2Fsubaddressing-plus-addressing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://help.yahoo.com/kb/SLN3523.html">"Disposable addresses in Yahoo Mail"</a>. Yahoo Help.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+Help&rft.atitle=Disposable+addresses+in+Yahoo+Mail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelp.yahoo.com%2Fkb%2FSLN3523.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivera2013" class="citation web cs1">Rivera, Rafael (2013-09-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220025605/http://withinwindows.com/within-windows/outlookcom-supports-simpler-email-aliases-too">"Outlook.com supports simpler "+" email aliases too"</a>. Within Windows. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://withinwindows.com/within-windows/outlookcom-supports-simpler-email-aliases-too">the original</a> on 2014-02-20. Retrieved 2023-12-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Within+Windows&rft.atitle=Outlook.com+supports+simpler+%22%2B%22+email+aliases+too&rft.date=2013-09-17&rft.aulast=Rivera&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwithinwindows.com%2Fwithin-windows%2Foutlookcom-supports-simpler-email-aliases-too&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blog.mailfence.com/plus-addressing-to-track-spammers/">"Plus Addressing: The Best Way to Track Spammers in 2024"</a>. mailfence.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mailfence.com&rft.atitle=Plus+Addressing%3A+The+Best+Way+to+Track+Spammers+in+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.mailfence.com%2Fplus-addressing-to-track-spammers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://proton.me/support/addresses-and-aliases">"Addresses and Aliases"</a>. proton.me.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=proton.me&rft.atitle=Addresses+and+Aliases&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fproton.me%2Fsupport%2Faddresses-and-aliases&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.fastmail.com/help/receive/addressing.html">"Plus addressing and subdomain addressing"</a>. www.fastmail.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006174046/https://www.fastmail.com/help/receive/addressing.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2020-10-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fastmail.com&rft.atitle=Plus+addressing+and+subdomain+addressing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastmail.com%2Fhelp%2Freceive%2Faddressing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://postale.io/faq%23Do%2520you%2520support%2520automatic%2520aliases%2520such%2520as%2520name%2Btag@domain.com%2520(a.k.a%2520sub-addressing)?">"postale.io's FAQ on sub-addressing"</a>. postale.io. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006222841/https://postale.io/faq%23Do%2520you%2520support%2520automatic%2520aliases%2520such%2520as%2520name%2Btag@domain.com%2520(a.k.a%2520sub-addressing)?">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2020-10-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=postale.io&rft.atitle=postale.io%27s+FAQ+on+sub-addressing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpostale.io%2Ffaq%23Do%2520you%2520support%2520automatic%2520aliases%2520such%2520as%2520name%2Btag%40domain.com%2520%28a.k.a%2520sub-addressing%29%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://helpspot.pobox.com/index.php?pg%3Dkb.page%26id%3D58">"Can I use myaddress+extension@pobox.com with my Pobox account?"</a>. helpspot.pobox.com. n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003170157/https://helpspot.pobox.com/index.php?pg%3Dkb.page%26id%3D58">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2020-10-03. <q>Pobox supports the use of "+anystring" (plus extensions) with any address.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=helpspot.pobox.com&rft.atitle=Can+I+use+myaddress%2Bextension%40pobox.com+with+my+Pobox+account%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelpspot.pobox.com%2Findex.php%3Fpg%3Dkb.page%26id%3D58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.memail.com/">"MeMail"</a>. www.memail.com. Retrieved 2020-10-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.memail.com&rft.atitle=MeMail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.memail.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-control-26">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-control_26-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-control_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126124047/http://qmail.org/man/man5/dot-qmail.html">"Dot-Qmail, Control the delivery of mail messages"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://qmail.org/man/man5/dot-qmail.html">the original</a> on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dot-Qmail%2C+Control+the+delivery+of+mail+messages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqmail.org%2Fman%2Fman5%2Fdot-qmail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSill" class="citation web cs1">Sill, Dave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.lifewithqmail.org/lwq.html%23extension-addresses">"4.1.5. extension addresses"</a>. Life with qmail. 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Retrieved 2016-10-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=registry.in&rft.atitle=Internationalized+Domain+Names+%28IDNs%29+%7C+Registry.In&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fregistry.in%2FInternationalized_Domain_Names_IDNs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+address" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Email_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/now-get-your-email-address-in-hindi/articleshow/53830034.cms">"Now, get your email address in Hindi"</a>. The Economic Times. 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class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Email_address&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc821">821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2821">2821</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321">5321</a>)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc822">822</a> Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text Messages (Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2822">2822</a>) (Errata)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1035">1035</a> Domain names, Implementation and specification (Errata)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1123">1123</a> Requirements for Internet Hosts, Application and Support (Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2821">2821</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321">5321</a>) (Errata)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2142">2142</a> Mailbox Names for Common Services, Roles and Functions (Errata)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2821">2821</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc821">821</a>, Updates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1123">1123</a>, Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321">5321</a>) (Errata)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2822">2822</a> Internet Message Format (Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc822">822</a>, Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322">5322</a>) (Errata)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3696">3696</a> Application Techniques for Checking and Transformation of Names (Errata)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4291">4291</a> IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture (Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5952">5952</a>) (Errata)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5321">5321</a> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2821">2821</a>, Updates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1123">1123</a>) (Errata)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322">5322</a> Internet Message Format (Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2822">2822</a>, Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6854">6854</a>) (Errata)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5598">5598</a> Internet Mail Architecture</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5952">5952</a> A Recommendation for IPv6 Address Text Representation (Updates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4291">4291</a>) (Errata)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6530">6530</a> Overview and Framework for Internationalized Email (Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4952">4952</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5504">5504</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5825">5825</a>)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6531">6531</a> SMTP Extension for Internationalized Email (Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5336">5336</a>)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6854">6854</a> Update to Internet Message Format to Allow Group Syntax in the "From:" and "Sender:" Header Fields (Updates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322">5322</a>)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Email_address&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" 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</div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Email_address&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 20 November 2024, at 16:45 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B9%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF_%25D8%25A5%25D9%2584%25D9%2583%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D9%258A" title="عنوان بريد إلكتروني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عنوان بريد إلكتروني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mailov%25C3%25A1_adresa" title="E-mailová adresa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="E-mailová adresa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mailadresse" title="E-mailadresse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="E-mailadresse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Mail-Adresse" title="E-Mail-Adresse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="E-Mail-Adresse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retpo%25C5%259Dtadreso" title="Retpoŝtadreso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Retpoŝtadreso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="رایانشانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رایانشانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adresse_%25C3%25A9lectronique" title="Adresse électronique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Adresse électronique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25A0%2584%25EC%259E%2590_%25EC%259A%25B0%25ED%258E%25B8_%25EC%25A3%25BC%25EC%2586%258C" title="전자 우편 주소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전자 우편 주소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-adresa" title="E-adresa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="E-adresa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamat_surel" title="Alamat surel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alamat surel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfang" title="Netfang – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Netfang" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronisk%25C4%2581_pasta_adrese" title="Elektroniskā pasta adrese – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektroniskā pasta adrese" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%2587-%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B5%2586%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B5%25BD_%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25B2%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B4%2582" title="ഇ-മെയിൽ വിലാസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇ-മെയിൽ വിലാസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamat_e-mel" title="Alamat e-mel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alamat e-mel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%25A1%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2582%25A2%25E3%2583%2589%25E3%2583%25AC%25E3%2582%25B9" title="メールアドレス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メールアドレス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AD%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D1%2587%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE_%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581" title="Электрон почто адрес – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Электрон почто адрес" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link 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