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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Colman_Smith" title="Pamela Colman Smith – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pamela Colman Smith" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB" title="باميلا كولمان سميث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باميلا كولمان سميث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="پاملا کولمن اسمیت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاملا کولمن اسمیت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Colman_Smith" title="Pamela Colman Smith – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pamela Colman Smith" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Colman_Smith" title="Pamela Colman Smith – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pamela Colman Smith" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Colman_Smith" title="Pamela Colman Smith – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pamela Colman Smith" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Colman_Smith" title="Pamela Colman Smith – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pamela Colman Smith" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Colman_Smith" title="Pamela Colman Smith – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pamela Colman Smith" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="پاملا کولمن اسمیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاملا کولمن اسمیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Colman-Smith" title="Pamela Colman-Smith – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pamela Colman-Smith" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Colman_Smith" title="Pamela Colman Smith – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pamela Colman Smith" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB" title="باميلا كولمان سميث – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باميلا كولمان سميث" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B9" title="パメラ・コールマン・スミス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パメラ・コールマン・スミス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Colman_Smith" title="Pamela Colman Smith – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pamela Colman Smith" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Colman_Smith" title="Pamela Colman Smith – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pamela Colman Smith" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Colman_Smith" title="Pamela Colman Smith – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pamela Colman Smith" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82,_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Колман Смит, Памела – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колман Смит, Памела" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Памела Колман Смит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Памела Колман Смит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Colman_Smith" title="Pamela Colman Smith – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pamela Colman Smith" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Colman_Smith" title="Pamela Colman Smith – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pamela Colman Smith" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Colman_Smith" title="Pamela Colman Smith – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pamela Colman Smith" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q515745#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Pamela Colman Smith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pamela_Colman_Smith_-_The_Craftsman_-_Vol_XXIII_Number_1_October_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pamela_Colman_Smith_-_The_Craftsman_-_Vol_XXIII_Number_1_October_1912.jpg/220px-Pamela_Colman_Smith_-_The_Craftsman_-_Vol_XXIII_Number_1_October_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pamela_Colman_Smith_-_The_Craftsman_-_Vol_XXIII_Number_1_October_1912.jpg/330px-Pamela_Colman_Smith_-_The_Craftsman_-_Vol_XXIII_Number_1_October_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pamela_Colman_Smith_-_The_Craftsman_-_Vol_XXIII_Number_1_October_1912.jpg/440px-Pamela_Colman_Smith_-_The_Craftsman_-_Vol_XXIII_Number_1_October_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="1644" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Smith in the October 1912 issue of <i>The Craftsman</i> magazine</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1878-02-16</span>)</span>16 February 1878<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Pimlico" title="Pimlico">Pimlico</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 September 1951<span style="display:none">(1951-09-16)</span> (aged 73)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Bude" title="Bude">Bude</a>, Cornwall, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">British</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Pixie</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pratt_Institute" title="Pratt Institute">Pratt Institute</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Artist, illustrator, and writer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rider%E2%80%93Waite_Tarot" title="Rider–Waite Tarot">Waite–Smith Tarot</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pamela_Colman_Smith_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pamela_Colman_Smith_signature.svg/150px-Pamela_Colman_Smith_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pamela_Colman_Smith_signature.svg/225px-Pamela_Colman_Smith_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pamela_Colman_Smith_signature.svg/300px-Pamela_Colman_Smith_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="103" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pamela Colman Smith</b> (16 February 1878 – 16 September 1951), nicknamed "Pixie", was a British artist, illustrator, writer, publisher, and <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occultist</a>. She is best-known for illustrating the <a href="/wiki/Rider%E2%80%93Waite_Tarot" title="Rider–Waite Tarot">Rider–Waite Tarot</a> (also known as the Rider–Waite–Smith or Waite–Smith Tarot) for <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Edward_Waite" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Edward Waite">Arthur Edward Waite</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Tarot" title="Tarot">tarot deck</a> became the standard among <a href="/wiki/Tarot_card_reading" title="Tarot card reading">tarot card readers</a>, and remains the most widely used today.<sup id="cite_ref-Decker291_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decker291-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giles1994_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giles1994-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith also illustrated over 20 books, wrote two collections of <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_folklore" title="Caribbean folklore">Jamaican folklore</a>, edited two magazines, and ran the Green Sheaf Press, a <a href="/wiki/Small_press" title="Small press">small press</a> focused on women writers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplan11_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamela_Colman_Smith&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smith was born at 28 Belgrave Road in <a href="/wiki/Pimlico" title="Pimlico">Pimlico</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Central_London" title="Central London">central London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the only child of a merchant from <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> (before it was part of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>), Charles Edward Smith (son of Brooklyn mayor <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_P._Smith" title="Cyrus P. Smith">Cyrus Porter Smith</a>), and his wife Corinne Colman (sister of the painter <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Colman" title="Samuel Colman">Samuel Colman</a>). The family was based in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> for the first decade of Smith's life. In 1889, they moved to Jamaica when Charles Smith took a job with the West India Improvement Company, a financial syndicate involved in extending <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Jamaica" title="Rail transport in Jamaica">the Jamaican railroad system</a>. The Smiths lived in the capital, <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a>, for several years, traveling to London and New York.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By 1893, Smith had moved to Brooklyn, where, at the age of 15, she enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/Pratt_Institute" title="Pratt Institute">Pratt Institute</a>, which had been founded six years earlier. There she studied art under <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wesley_Dow" title="Arthur Wesley Dow">Arthur Wesley Dow</a>, painter, print maker, photographer, and influential arts educator.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her mature drawing style shows clear traces of the visionary qualities of <a href="/wiki/Fin-de-si%C3%A8cle" class="mw-redirect" title="Fin-de-siècle">fin-de-siècle</a> <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(movement)" title="Symbolism (movement)">Symbolism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> of the preceding <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts movement</a>. </p><p>In 1896, while Smith was in art school, her mother died in Jamaica. Smith herself was ill on and off during these years and in the end left Pratt in 1897 without a degree. She became an illustrator; some of her first projects included <i>The Illustrated Verses of <a href="/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="William Butler Yeats">William Butler Yeats</a></i>, a book on actress Dame <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Terry" title="Ellen Terry">Ellen Terry</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a>, and two of her own books, <i>Widdicombe Fair</i> and <i>Fair Vanity</i> (a reference to <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(novel)" title="Vanity Fair (novel)">Vanity Fair</a></i>). </p><p>In 1899 her father died, leaving Smith orphaned at the age of 21. She returned to England that year, continuing to work as an illustrator, and branching out into theatrical design for a miniature theatre. In London, she was taken under the wing of the <a href="/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre,_London#Irving_years" title="Lyceum Theatre, London">Lyceum Theatre group</a> led by Terry (who is said to have given her the nickname 'Pixie'), <a href="/wiki/Henry_Irving" title="Henry Irving">Henry Irving</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a> and traveled with them around the country, working on costumes and stage design. </p><p>In 1901, she established a studio in London and held a weekly open house for artists, authors, actors, and others involved with the arts. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ransome" title="Arthur Ransome">Arthur Ransome</a>, then in his early 20s, describes one of these "at home" evenings, and the curious artistic circle around Smith, in his 1907 <i><a href="/wiki/Bohemia_in_London" title="Bohemia in London">Bohemia in London</a></i>. </p><p>Smith wrote and illustrated two books about <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_folklore" title="Caribbean folklore">Jamaican folklore</a>: <i>Annancy Stories</i> (1899) and <i>Chim-Chim, Folk Stories from Jamaica</i> (1905). These books included <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jamaica" title="Culture of Jamaica">Jamaican versions of tales</a> involving the traditional African folk figure <a href="/wiki/Anansi" title="Anansi">Anansi</a> the Spider.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also continued her illustration work, taking on projects for <a href="/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="William Butler Yeats">William Butler Yeats</a> and his brother, the painter <a href="/wiki/Jack_Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Yeats">Jack Yeats</a>. She illustrated Bram Stoker's last novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lair_of_the_White_Worm" title="The Lair of the White Worm">The Lair of the White Worm</a></i> in 1911, and Ellen Terry's book on <a href="/wiki/Diaghilev" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaghilev">Diaghilev</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a>, <i>The Russian Ballet</i> in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith supported the struggle for the right to vote, and through the <a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Atelier" title="Suffrage Atelier">Suffrage Atelier</a>, a collective of professional illustrators, she contributed artwork to further the cause of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">women's suffrage in Great Britain</a>. Smith also donated her services for poster designs and toys to the Red Cross during World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1903, Smith launched her own magazine under the title <i>The Green Sheaf</i>, with contributions by Yeats, Christopher St John (<a href="/wiki/Christabel_Marshall" title="Christabel Marshall">Christabel Marshall</a>), Cecil French, A. E. (<a href="/wiki/George_William_Russell" title="George William Russell">George William Russell</a>), <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gordon_Craig" title="Edward Gordon Craig">Gordon Craig</a> (Ellen Terry's son), <a href="/wiki/John_Todhunter" title="John Todhunter">John Todhunter</a>, and others. <i>The Green Sheaf</i> survived for a little over a year, a total of 13 issues.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discouraged by <i>The Green Sheaf's</i> lack of financial success, Smith shifted her efforts towards setting up a <a href="/wiki/Small_press" title="Small press">small press</a> in London. In 1904, she established The Green Sheaf Press which published a variety of novels, poems, fairy tales, and folktales until at least 1906, mostly by women writers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplan56_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan56-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1907, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Alfred Stieglitz</a> gave an exhibition of Smith's paintings in New York at his Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession (also known as <a href="/wiki/291_(Art_Gallery)" class="mw-redirect" title="291 (Art Gallery)">gallery 291</a>), making Smith the first painter to have a show at what had been until then a gallery devoted exclusively to the photographic <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a>. Stieglitz was intrigued by Smith's <a href="/wiki/Synesthesia" title="Synesthesia">synaesthetic</a> sensibility; in this period, Smith would paint visions that came to her while listening to music. The show was successful enough that Stieglitz issued a <a href="/wiki/Platinum_print" title="Platinum print">platinum print</a> portfolio of 22 of her paintings and showed her work twice more, in 1908 and 1909. Some Smith works that did not sell remained with Stieglitz and ended up in the Stieglitz/<a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a> Archive at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pamela_Colman_Smith,_%E2%80%9CThe_Blue_Cat%E2%80%9D_(1907),_watercolor_on_paper_board.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mythical blue cat painted by Pamela Colman Smith" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pamela_Colman_Smith%2C_%E2%80%9CThe_Blue_Cat%E2%80%9D_%281907%29%2C_watercolor_on_paper_board.jpg/220px-Pamela_Colman_Smith%2C_%E2%80%9CThe_Blue_Cat%E2%80%9D_%281907%29%2C_watercolor_on_paper_board.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pamela_Colman_Smith%2C_%E2%80%9CThe_Blue_Cat%E2%80%9D_%281907%29%2C_watercolor_on_paper_board.jpg/330px-Pamela_Colman_Smith%2C_%E2%80%9CThe_Blue_Cat%E2%80%9D_%281907%29%2C_watercolor_on_paper_board.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pamela_Colman_Smith%2C_%E2%80%9CThe_Blue_Cat%E2%80%9D_%281907%29%2C_watercolor_on_paper_board.jpg/440px-Pamela_Colman_Smith%2C_%E2%80%9CThe_Blue_Cat%E2%80%9D_%281907%29%2C_watercolor_on_paper_board.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5977" data-file-height="4654" /></a><figcaption>Pamela Colman Smith, <i>The Blue Cat</i> (1907), watercolor on paper board</figcaption></figure> <p>Yeats introduced Smith to the <a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn</a>, which she joined in 1901 and in the process met Arthur Edward Waite. When the Golden Dawn splintered due to personality conflicts, Smith moved with Waite to the Independent and Rectified Rite of the Golden Dawn (or Holy Order of the Golden Dawn). In 1909, Waite commissioned Smith to produce a <a href="/wiki/Tarot" title="Tarot">tarot deck</a> with appeal to the world of art, and the result was the unique Waite–Smith tarot deck. Published by <a href="/wiki/Rider_(imprint)" title="Rider (imprint)">William Rider & Son</a> of London, it has endured as the world's most popular 78-card tarot deck. The innovative cards depict full scenes with figures and symbols on all of the cards including the pips, and Smith's distinctive drawings have become the basis for the design of many subsequent packs.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from book illustration projects and the tarot deck, her art found little in the way of commercial outlets after her early success with Stieglitz in New York. Several examples of her works done in <a href="/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">gouache</a> were collected by her cousin, the American <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> actor <a href="/wiki/William_Gillette" title="William Gillette">William Gillette</a>, and may be found today prominently displayed in <a href="/wiki/Gillette_Castle_State_Park" title="Gillette Castle State Park">his castle</a> in Connecticut.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1911, Smith converted to Roman Catholicism. After the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Smith received an inheritance from an uncle that enabled her to lease a house on the <a href="/wiki/Lizard_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lizard Peninsula">Lizard Peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, an area popular with artists. For income, she established a holiday home for Catholic priests in a neighbouring house. Her longtime friend, Nora Lake, joined her in Cornwall and helped to run the vacation home.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplan86_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan86-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After several years of financial difficulty, Smith left the Lizard and relocated first to <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a> in 1939, and then to <a href="/wiki/Bude" title="Bude">Bude</a> in the early 1940s. Although she continued writing and illustrating, she was unable to find publishers for her work, probably due to changes in public taste following the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplan89_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan89-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith died in her apartment at the Bencoolen House in Bude on 18 September 1951. Her possessions were auctioned off to pay her debts. The location of her gravesite is unknown, but it is likely that she was buried in an unmarked grave in St. Michael's Cemetery in Bude.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplan89_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan89-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buy_a_Bulldog_on_June_16th_and_make_our_brave_boys_more_comfortable.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A World War I-era poster by Smith, encouraging people to buy a bulldog, with proceeds going to benefit soldiers"><img alt="A World War I-era poster by Smith, encouraging people to buy a bulldog, with proceeds going to benefit soldiers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Buy_a_Bulldog_on_June_16th_and_make_our_brave_boys_more_comfortable.jpg/79px-Buy_a_Bulldog_on_June_16th_and_make_our_brave_boys_more_comfortable.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Buy_a_Bulldog_on_June_16th_and_make_our_brave_boys_more_comfortable.jpg/119px-Buy_a_Bulldog_on_June_16th_and_make_our_brave_boys_more_comfortable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Buy_a_Bulldog_on_June_16th_and_make_our_brave_boys_more_comfortable.jpg/158px-Buy_a_Bulldog_on_June_16th_and_make_our_brave_boys_more_comfortable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3270" data-file-height="4952" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>-era poster by Smith, encouraging people to buy a <a href="/wiki/Bulldog" title="Bulldog">bulldog</a>, with proceeds going to benefit soldiers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheaf-7.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cover of The Green Sheaf, issue 1, a literary magazine edited and published by Smith"><img alt="Cover of The Green Sheaf, issue 1, a literary magazine edited and published by Smith" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sheaf-7.png/95px-Sheaf-7.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sheaf-7.png/143px-Sheaf-7.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sheaf-7.png/190px-Sheaf-7.png 2x" data-file-width="2438" data-file-height="3075" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cover of <i>The Green Sheaf</i>, issue 1, a <a href="/wiki/Literary_magazine" title="Literary magazine">literary magazine</a> edited and published by Smith</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Waite–Smith_Tarot"><span id="Waite.E2.80.93Smith_Tarot"></span>Waite–Smith Tarot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamela_Colman_Smith&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Waite–Smith Tarot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rider%E2%80%93Waite_Tarot" title="Rider–Waite Tarot">Rider–Waite Tarot</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RWS_Tarot_00_Fool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/RWS_Tarot_00_Fool.jpg/220px-RWS_Tarot_00_Fool.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/RWS_Tarot_00_Fool.jpg/330px-RWS_Tarot_00_Fool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/RWS_Tarot_00_Fool.jpg/440px-RWS_Tarot_00_Fool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="1919" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Fool_(Tarot_card)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fool (Tarot card)">"The Fool"</a> card from the <a href="/wiki/Rider%E2%80%93Waite_Tarot" title="Rider–Waite Tarot">Waite–Smith Tarot</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The 78 illustrations that make up the <a href="/wiki/Rider%E2%80%93Waite_Tarot" title="Rider–Waite Tarot">Waite–Smith Tarot</a> "represent archetypal subjects that each become a portal to an invisible realm of signs and symbols, believed to be channeled through processes of divination." They are original works of art and unique in terms of the cards' stylization, draftsmanship, and composition, which is a significant aesthetic achievement. They are one of the best examples of Smith's imagination for fantasy, folly, ecstasy, death, and the macabre.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The deck bearing Smith's illustrations, first published in England by Rider in December 1909, were simply labeled <i>Tarot Cards</i> and accompanied by <i>The Key to the Tarot</i> guide by Arthur Edward Waite. His guide was updated the following year with Smith's black-and-white drawings, and republished as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pictorial_Key_to_the_Tarot" title="The Pictorial Key to the Tarot">The Pictorial Key to the Tarot</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/U.S._Games" title="U.S. Games">U.S. Games</a> acquired the rights to publish the deck in 1971, released variously as <i>The Rider Tarot Deck</i>, simply <i>Rider Tarot</i>, and <i>Rider Waite Tarot</i>. Based on differences in U.S. and U.K. copyright law, the extent of their copyright in the Waite–Smith deck is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent scholars, recognizing the central importance of Smith's contribution, often refer to the deck as the <i>Waite–Smith Tarot</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others prefer the abbreviation RWS, for Rider–Waite–Smith. </p><p>In the century since the deck's first printing, there have been dozens of editions put out by various publishers; for some of these the Smith drawings were redrawn by other artists, and for others the cards were rephotographed to create new printing plates. Many versions have been recolored as the coloration is rather harsh in the original deck, due to the limitations of color printing at the time. One example is the 1968 Albano–Waite Tarot, which has brighter colors overlaid on the same pen-and-ink drawings. Some recent U.S. Games editions have removed Smith's hand-drawn titles for each card, substituting text in a standard typeface. Altogether, these decks encompass the full range from editions very closely based on the original printings to decks that can at most be termed 'inspired' by the Waite–Smith deck. </p><p>Waite is often cited as the designer of the Waite–Smith Tarot, but it would be more accurate to consider him as half of a design team, with responsibility for the major concepts, the structure of individual cards, and the overall symbolic system. Because Waite was not an artist himself, he commissioned Smith to create the actual deck.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is likely that Smith worked from Waite's written and verbal instructions rather than from sketches; that is, from detailed descriptions of the desired designs. This is how illustrators often work, and as a commercial illustrator, Smith would probably have been comfortable with such a working process. It appears that Waite provided detailed instructions mainly or exclusively for the <a href="/wiki/Major_Arcana" title="Major Arcana">Major Arcana</a>, and simple lists of meanings for the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Arcana" title="Minor Arcana">Minor Arcana</a> or 'pip' cards. Thus the memorable scenes of the Minor Arcana owe largely to Smith's own invention. The Minor Arcana are one of the notable achievements of this deck, as most earlier tarot decks, especially those of the Marseilles type, have extremely simple pip cards. Smith's innovative illustrations for the Minor Arcana, with their rich symbolism, made the Waite–Smith deck a widely imitated model for other tarot decks.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith and Waite drew on a number of sources as inspirations for the deck's designs. In particular, it appears that Waite took his inspiration for the trumps mainly from the French <a href="/wiki/Tarot_of_Marseilles" title="Tarot of Marseilles">Tarot of Marseilles</a>. The oldest date from the 16th century, with his model possibly being a Marseilles deck from the 18th century. It is not unlikely that other Marseilles-type Italian tarot decks from the 18th or 19th century were used as additional models. For the pips, it appears that Smith drew mainly on the 15th century Italian <a href="/wiki/Sola_Busca_tarot" title="Sola Busca tarot">Sola Busca tarot</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated177_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated177-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 3 of Swords, for example, clearly shows the congruity between the two decks. In addition, there is evidence that some figures in the deck are portraits of Smith's friends, notably actresses <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Terry" title="Ellen Terry">Ellen Terry</a> (the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Wands_(tarot_card)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Queen of Wands (tarot card) (page does not exist)">Queen of Wands</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Florence_Farr" title="Florence Farr">Florence Farr</a> (the <a href="/wiki/The_World_(tarot_card)" title="The World (tarot card)">World</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith completed the art for the deck in the six months between April and October 1909. This is a short period of time for an artist to complete some 80 pictures,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated177_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated177-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the number claimed by Smith in a letter to Stieglitz in 1909 and closely corresponding to the standard 78-card tarot deck.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The illustrations were most likely done in pen and ink, possibly over a pencil underdrawing; the original drawings are lost so this cannot be determined with certainty at present. They were either colored with watercolor by Smith or colored by someone else after the fact. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posthumous_exhibitions">Posthumous exhibitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamela_Colman_Smith&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Posthumous exhibitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exhibition <i>To All Believers—The Art of Pamela Colman Smith</i> was held in the United States in 1975, sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Delaware" title="University of Delaware">University of Delaware</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Art_Museum" title="Delaware Art Museum">Delaware Art Museum</a> in association with the Delaware chapter of <a href="/wiki/The_Victorian_Society#Victorian_Society_in_America" title="The Victorian Society">The Victorian Society in America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplan410_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan410-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exhibition was held at the Delaware Art Museum from 11 September to 19 October, and at the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Art_Museum" title="Princeton University Art Museum">Art Museum, Princeton University</a>, from 4 November to 7 December.<sup id="cite_ref-Parsons1975_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parsons1975-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An exhibition, <i>Georgia O'Keeffe and the Women of the Stieglitz Circle</i>, was held in 2007–2008. It was at three museums: the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe_Museum" title="Georgia O'Keeffe Museum">Georgia O'Keeffe Museum</a> in Santa Fe, New Mexico; the <a href="/wiki/High_Museum_of_Art" title="High Museum of Art">High Museum of Art</a> in Atlanta, Georgia; and the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego Museum of Art">San Diego Museum of Art</a> in San Diego, California. The exhibition included works by Smith and other women artists who were active in the art and photography scene prior to O'Keeffe. Their works help to put O'Keeffe's art in the context of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exhibition was based on the scholarly book <i>Modernism and the Feminine Voice: O'Keeffe and the Women of the Stieglitz Circle</i> by Kathleen Pyne, which contains a chapter on Smith.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Brooklyn Campus of the <a href="/wiki/Pratt_Institute_Libraries" title="Pratt Institute Libraries">Pratt Institute Libraries</a> mounted the exhibition <i>Pamela Colman Smith: Life and Work</i> in 2019, including books, prints, reproductions of paintings and illustrations, tarot decks, and photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ray2019_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray2019-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_study">Academic study</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamela_Colman_Smith&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Academic study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2022, Smith's life and work became the subjects of <i>The Queen of Wands: The Story of Pamela Colman Smith, the Artist Behind the Rider-Waite Tarot Deck</i>, an illustrated biography by Cat Willett.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamela_Colman_Smith&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Decker291-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Decker291_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeckerDummett2019" class="citation book cs1">Decker, Ronald; Dummett, Michael (2019). <i>A History of the Occult Tarot</i>. London: Duckworth. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780715645727" title="Special:BookSources/9780715645727"><bdi>9780715645727</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Occult+Tarot&rft.place=London&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780715645727&rft.aulast=Decker&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Dummett%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamela+Colman+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giles1994-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Giles1994_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles1994" class="citation book cs1">Giles, Cynthia (1994). <i>The Tarot: History, Mystery, and Lore</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671891014" title="Special:BookSources/0671891014"><bdi>0671891014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tarot%3A+History%2C+Mystery%2C+and+Lore&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0671891014&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamela+Colman+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visionsprophecie00time/page/142/mode/2up"><i>Visions and Prophecies</i></a>. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books. 1988. p. 142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+and+Prophecies&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvisionsprophecie00time%2Fpage%2F142%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamela+Colman+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaplan11-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan11_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaplan2018">Kaplan 2018</a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaplan2009">Kaplan 2009</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hyperallergic.com/490918/pamela-colman-smith-pratt-institute-libraries/">"Reviving a Forgotten Artist of the Occult"</a>. <i>Hyperallergic</i>. 23 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hyperallergic&rft.atitle=Reviving+a+Forgotten+Artist+of+the+Occult&rft.date=2019-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhyperallergic.com%2F490918%2Fpamela-colman-smith-pratt-institute-libraries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamela+Colman+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaplan2009">Kaplan 2009</a>, pp. 30–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry" class="citation book cs1">Terry, Ellen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/45299/45299-h/45299-h.htm"><i>THE RUSSIAN BALLET By Ellen Terry Withdrawings By Pamela Colman Smith 1913</i></a> – via www.gutenberg.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+RUSSIAN+BALLET+By+Ellen+Terry+Withdrawings+By+Pamela+Colman+Smith+1913&rft.aulast=Terry&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F45299%2F45299-h%2F45299-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamela+Colman+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPyne2007">Pyne 2007</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernismfeminin0000pyne/page/59">59</a> "She worked for the Red Cross during World War I, again contributing poster designs and toys she made herself for children's aid."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">O'Connor, Elizabeth Foley (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170402082926/https://cup.sites.clemson.edu/scr/articles/scr-48n2-oconnor.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"We disgruntled devils don't please anybody": Pamela Colman Smith, The Green Sheaf, and Female Literary Networks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The South Carolina Review</i>. v. 48, no. 2: <span class="nowrap">73–</span>89. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cup.sites.clemson.edu/scr/articles/scr-48n2-oconnor.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2017</span> – via Clemson University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+South+Carolina+Review&rft.atitle=%22We+disgruntled+devils+don%27t+please+anybody%22%3A+Pamela+Colman+Smith%2C+The+Green+Sheaf%2C+and+Female+Literary+Networks&rft.volume=v.+48%2C+no.+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Foley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcup.sites.clemson.edu%2Fscr%2Farticles%2Fscr-48n2-oconnor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamela+Colman+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaplan56-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan56_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaplan2018">Kaplan 2018</a>, pp. 56–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorfleet" class="citation web cs1">Norfleet, Phil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pcs2051.tripod.com/stieglitz_archive.htm">"Alfred Stieglitz and Pamela Colman Smith: Biography of Pamela Colman Smith"</a>. <i>pcs2051.tripod.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pcs2051.tripod.com&rft.atitle=Alfred+Stieglitz+and+Pamela+Colman+Smith%3A+Biography+of+Pamela+Colman+Smith&rft.aulast=Norfleet&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpcs2051.tripod.com%2Fstieglitz_archive.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamela+Colman+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2006" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, K. Frank (2006). <i>The story of the Waite-Smith Tarot</i>. Melbourne: Association for Tarot Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9757122-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9757122-1-7"><bdi>0-9757122-1-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/224928911">224928911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+story+of+the+Waite-Smith+Tarot&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Association+for+Tarot+Studies&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F224928911&rft.isbn=0-9757122-1-7&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=K.+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamela+Colman+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaplan86-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan86_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaplan2018">Kaplan 2018</a>, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaplan89-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan89_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan89_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaplan2018">Kaplan 2018</a>, pp. 89–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/tarot/faq.htm#usgamesclaim">"The Rider–Waite–Smith Tarot Card Copyright FAQ"</a>. Sacred-texts.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rider%E2%80%93Waite%E2%80%93Smith+Tarot+Card+Copyright+FAQ&rft.pub=Sacred-texts.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Ftarot%2Ffaq.htm%23usgamesclaim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamela+Colman+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJensen2005">Jensen 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaitec._1997" class="citation book cs1">Waite, Arthur Edward (c. 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42647945"><i>Shadows of life and thought : a retrospective review in the form of memoirs</i></a>. Montana: Kessinger Pub. Co. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56459-242-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56459-242-1"><bdi>1-56459-242-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42647945">42647945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadows+of+life+and+thought+%3A+a+retrospective+review+in+the+form+of+memoirs&rft.place=Montana&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Kessinger+Pub.+Co&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42647945&rft.isbn=1-56459-242-1&rft.aulast=Waite&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F42647945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamela+Colman+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaplan2009">Kaplan 2009</a>, pp. 76–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated177-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated177_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated177_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Place,_Robert_M." class="mw-redirect" title="Place, Robert M.">Place, Robert M.</a> (2005) <i>The Tarot: History, Symbolism, and Divination</i>, Tarcher/Penguin, New York, 2005, pages 177-186 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58542-349-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58542-349-1">1-58542-349-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJensen2005">Jensen 2005</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaplan, Stuart R.. <i>The Encyclopedia of Tarot Volume III,</i> U.S. Games Inc., Stanford, CT, 1990, p. 30 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88079-122-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88079-122-5">0-88079-122-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaplan410-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan410_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaplan2018">Kaplan 2018</a>, p. 410</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parsons1975-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parsons1975_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons1975" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Melinda Boyd (1975). <i>To All Believers: The Art of Pamela Colman Smith</i>. University of Delaware.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+All+Believers%3A+The+Art+of+Pamela+Colman+Smith&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Melinda+Boyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamela+Colman+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/8aa/8aa15.htm">"Georgia O'Keeffe and the Women of the Stieglitz Circle"</a>. <i>tfaoi.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tfaoi.com&rft.atitle=Georgia+O%27Keeffe+and+the+Women+of+the+Stieglitz+Circle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tfaoi.com%2Faa%2F8aa%2F8aa15.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamela+Colman+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPyne2007">Pyne 2007</a>, pp. 1–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pratt.edu/events/event/14556/">"Opening Reception and Tarot Reading for <i>Pamela Colman Smith: Life and Work</i>"</a>. Pratt Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opening+Reception+and+Tarot+Reading+for+Pamela+Colman+Smith%3A+Life+and+Work&rft.pub=Pratt+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pratt.edu%2Fevents%2Fevent%2F14556%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamela+Colman+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ray2019-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ray2019_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2019" class="citation web cs1">Ray, Sharmistha (23 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hyperallergic.com/490918/pamela-colman-smith-pratt-institute-libraries/">"Reviving a Forgotten Artist of the Occult"</a>. <i>Hyperallergic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hyperallergic&rft.atitle=Reviving+a+Forgotten+Artist+of+the+Occult&rft.date=2019-03-23&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Sharmistha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhyperallergic.com%2F490918%2Fpamela-colman-smith-pratt-institute-libraries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamela+Colman+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillett2022" class="citation book cs1">Willett, Cat (13 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/cat-willett/the-queen-of-wands/9780762475681/?lens=running-press"><i><span></span></i>The Queen of Wands: The Story of Pamela Colman Smith, the Artist Behind the Rider-Waite Tarot Deck<i><span></span></i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Running_Press" title="Running Press">Running Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-7568-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-7568-1"><bdi>978-0-7624-7568-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Queen+of+Wands%3A+The+Story+of+Pamela+Colman+Smith%2C+the+Artist+Behind+the+Rider-Waite+Tarot+Deck&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=2022-09-13&rft.isbn=978-0-7624-7568-1&rft.aulast=Willett&rft.aufirst=Cat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hachettebookgroup.com%2Ftitles%2Fcat-willett%2Fthe-queen-of-wands%2F9780762475681%2F%3Flens%3Drunning-press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamela+Colman+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamela_Colman_Smith&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, K. Frank (July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060721004631/http://www.manteia-online.dk/wst-ipcs/wst-ipcs.pdf">"The Early Waite–Smith Tarot Editions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Playing Card: Journal of the International Playing Card Society</i>. <b>34</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">26–</span>50. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manteia-online.dk/wst-ipcs/wst-ipcs.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Playing+Card%3A+Journal+of+the+International+Playing+Card+Society&rft.atitle=The+Early+Waite%E2%80%93Smith+Tarot+Editions&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2005-07&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=K.+Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manteia-online.dk%2Fwst-ipcs%2Fwst-ipcs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamela+Colman+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2009" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Stuart R. (2009). <i>The Artwork & Times of Pamela Colman Smith</i>. Stamford, Connecticut: U.S. Game Systems.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Artwork+%26+Times+of+Pamela+Colman+Smith&rft.place=Stamford%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=U.S.+Game+Systems&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Stuart+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamela+Colman+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2018" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Stuart R. (2018). <i>Pamela Colman Smith: The Untold Story</i>. Stamford, Connecticut: U.S. Game Systems. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781572819122" title="Special:BookSources/9781572819122"><bdi>9781572819122</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pamela+Colman+Smith%3A+The+Untold+Story&rft.place=Stamford%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=U.S.+Game+Systems&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781572819122&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Stuart+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamela+Colman+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyne2007" class="citation book cs1">Pyne, Kathleen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernismfeminin0000pyne/page/59"><i>Modernism and the feminine voice: O'Keeffe and the women of the Stieglitz circle</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520241909" title="Special:BookSources/9780520241909"><bdi>9780520241909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernism+and+the+feminine+voice%3A+O%27Keeffe+and+the+women+of+the+Stieglitz+circle&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780520241909&rft.aulast=Pyne&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernismfeminin0000pyne%2Fpage%2F59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamela+Colman+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamela_Colman_Smith&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pamela_Colman_Smith" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pamela Colman Smith">Pamela Colman Smith</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Pamela_Colman_Smith" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Pamela Colman Smith">Pamela Colman Smith</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217005541/http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/awia/gallery/smith.html">American Women in the Arts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140419064847/http://www.brynmawr.edu/Library/speccoll/guides/smith.shtml">Bryn Mawr College Library Special Collections</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121220003006/http://home.comcast.net/~pamela-c-smith/home.html">Biographical information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/43206">Works by Pamela Colman Smith</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Smith%2C%20Pamela%20Colman%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Smith%2C%20Pamela%20C%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Smith%2C%20P%2E%20C%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Pamela%20Colman%20Smith%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Pamela%20C%2E%20Smith%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22P%2E%20C%2E%20Smith%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Smith%2C%20Pamela%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Pamela%20Smith%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pamela%20Colman%20Smith%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pamela%20C%2E%20Smith%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22P%2E%20C%2E%20Smith%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22P%2E%20Colman%20Smith%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Smith%2C%20Pamela%20Colman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Smith%2C%20Pamela%20C%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Smith%2C%20P%2E%20C%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Smith%2C%20P%2E%20Colman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pamela%20Smith%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Smith%2C%20Pamela%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Pamela%20Colman%20Smith%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Pamela%20C%2E%20Smith%22%20OR%20title%3A%22P%2E%20C%2E%20Smith%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Pamela%20Smith%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pamela%20Colman%20Smith%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pamela%20C%2E%20Smith%22%20OR%20description%3A%22P%2E%20C%2E%20Smith%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Smith%2C%20Pamela%20Colman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Smith%2C%20Pamela%20C%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pamela%20Smith%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Smith%2C%20Pamela%22%29%20OR%20%28%221878-1951%22%20AND%20Smith%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Pamela Colman Smith</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/nr90026060">Pamela Colman Smith</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, with 7 library catalogue records</li> <li>Works by Pamela Colman Smith as part of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.tcd.ie/collections/ms35tg81f?locale=en">Cuala Press Collection</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Library of Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin Library</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Woman_(late_19th_century)" title="Template:New Woman (late 19th century)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Woman_(late_19th_century)" title="Template talk:New Woman (late 19th century)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Woman_(late_19th_century)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Woman (late 19th century)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Woman_of_the_late_19th_century_(born_before_1880)274" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Woman" title="New Woman">New Woman of the late 19th century</a> (born before 1880)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism#19th_century" title="History of feminism">19th-century feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Abb%C3%A9ma" title="Louise Abbéma">Louise Abbéma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elenore_Abbott" title="Elenore Abbott">Elenore Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_E._Allender" title="Nina E. Allender">Nina E. Allender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Gengembre_Anderson" title="Sophie Gengembre Anderson">Sophie Gengembre Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Barns" title="Cornelia Barns">Cornelia Barns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Beaux" title="Cecilia Beaux">Cecilia Beaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enella_Benedict" title="Enella Benedict">Enella Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Bonheur" title="Rosa Bonheur">Rosa Bonheur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Augusta_Brownscombe" title="Jennie Augusta Brownscombe">Jennie Augusta Brownscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Margaret_Cameron" title="Julia Margaret Cameron">Julia Margaret Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerva_J._Chapman" title="Minerva J. Chapman">Minerva J. Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_Charmy" title="Émilie Charmy">Émilie Charmy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Brown_Chittenden" title="Alice Brown Chittenden">Alice Brown Chittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Coffin" title="Elizabeth Coffin">Elizabeth Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Lampert_Cooper" title="Emma Lampert Cooper">Emma Lampert Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Stuart_Frackelton" title="Susan Stuart Frackelton">Susan Stuart Frackelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Weber_Furlong" title="Wilhelmina Weber Furlong">Wilhelmina Weber Furlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Shippen_Green" title="Elizabeth Shippen Green">Elizabeth Shippen Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Day_Hale" title="Ellen Day Hale">Ellen Day Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Knight" title="Laura Knight">Laura Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Lea_Merritt" title="Anna Lea Merritt">Anna Lea Merritt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Nourse" title="Elizabeth Nourse">Elizabeth Nourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violet_Oakley" title="Violet Oakley">Violet Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill" title="Rose O'Neill">Rose O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Okie_Paxton" title="Elizabeth Okie Paxton">Elizabeth Okie Paxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Sartain" title="Emily Sartain">Emily Sartain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pamela Colman Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Willcox_Smith" title="Jessie Willcox Smith">Jessie Willcox Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Swynnerton" title="Annie Swynnerton">Annie Swynnerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Wheeler" title="Candace Wheeler">Candace Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Whitney" title="Anne Whitney">Anne Whitney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Barrett_Browning" title="Elizabeth Barrett Browning">Elizabeth Barrett Browning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Caird" title="Mona Caird">Mona Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Chopin" title="Kate Chopin">Kate Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Sophie_Cory" title="Annie Sophie Cory">Annie Sophie Cory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_D%27Arcy" title="Ella D'Arcy">Ella D'Arcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Hepworth_Dixon" title="Ella Hepworth Dixon">Ella Hepworth Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Egerton" title="George Egerton">George Egerton</a> (Mary Chavelita Dunne Bright)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Grand" title="Sarah Grand">Sarah Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Levy" title="Amy Levy">Amy Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Schreiner" title="Olive Schreiner">Olive Schreiner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_education_in_the_United_States" title="Women's education in the United States">Educators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Freeman Palmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature about<br />the New Woman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Isabel Archer in <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Portrait_of_a_Lady" title="The Portrait of a Lady">The Portrait of a Lady</a></i> (serialized 1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Barrett_Browning" title="Elizabeth Barrett Browning">Elizabeth Barrett</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Leigh" title="Aurora Leigh">Aurora Leigh</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Chopin" title="Kate Chopin">Kate Chopin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Awakening_(Chopin_novel)" title="The Awakening (Chopin novel)">The Awakening</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Sophie_Cory" title="Annie Sophie Cory">Victoria Cross</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_Lombard" title="Anna Lombard">Anna Lombard</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Hepworth_Dixon" title="Ella Hepworth Dixon">Ella Hepworth Dixon</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_a_Modern_Woman" title="The Story of a Modern Woman">The Story of a Modern Woman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary" title="Madame Bovary">Madame Bovary</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House" title="A Doll's House">A Doll's House</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Arthur_Jones" title="Henry Arthur Jones">Henry Arthur Jones</a>'s <i>The Case of Rebellious Susan</i> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>' <a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">novella</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Miller" title="Daisy Miller">Daisy Miller</a></i> (serialized 1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Levy" title="Amy Levy">Amy Levy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Romance_of_a_Shop" title="The Romance of a Shop">The Romance of a Shop</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Warren%27s_Profession" title="Mrs. Warren's Profession">Mrs. Warren's Profession</a></i> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Candida_(play)" title="Candida (play)">Candida</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Ann_Veronica" title="Ann Veronica">Ann Veronica</a></i> (1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Occult_tarot625" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Occult_tarot" title="Template:Occult tarot"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Occult_tarot" title="Template talk:Occult tarot"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Occult_tarot" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Occult tarot"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Occult_tarot625" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tarot_card_reading" title="Tarot card reading">Occult tarot</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Occultists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Foster_Case" title="Paul Foster Case">Paul Foster Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Court_de_G%C3%A9belin" title="Antoine Court de Gébelin">Antoine Court de Gébelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Encausse" title="Gérard Encausse">Gérard Encausse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etteilla" title="Etteilla">Etteilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manly_P._Hall" title="Manly P. Hall">Manly P. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Frieda_Harris" title="Lady Frieda Harris">Lady Frieda Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi" title="Éliphas Lévi">Éliphas Lévi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._O._Mebes" title="G. O. Mebes">G. O. Mebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouni_Sadhu" title="Mouni Sadhu">Mouni Sadhu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pamela Colman Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Tomberg" title="Valentin Tomberg">Valentin Tomberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._E._Waite" title="A. E. Waite">Arthur Edward Waite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Wirth" title="Oswald Wirth">Oswald Wirth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Major_Arcana" title="Major Arcana">Major Arcana</a><br />numbered cards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">O</span> <a href="/wiki/The_Fool_(tarot_card)" title="The Fool (tarot card)">The Fool</a></li> <li><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">I</span> <a href="/wiki/The_Magician_(tarot_card)" title="The Magician (tarot card)">The Magician</a></li> <li><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">II</span> <a href="/wiki/The_High_Priestess" title="The High Priestess">The High Priestess</a></li> <li><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">III</span> <a href="/wiki/The_Empress_(tarot_card)" title="The Empress (tarot card)">The Empress</a></li> <li><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">IV</span> <a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_(tarot_card)" title="The Emperor (tarot card)">The Emperor</a></li> <li><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">V</span> <a href="/wiki/The_Hierophant" title="The Hierophant">The Hierophant</a></li> <li><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">VI</span> <a href="/wiki/The_Lovers" title="The Lovers">The Lovers</a></li> <li><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">VII</span> <a href="/wiki/The_Chariot_(tarot_card)" title="The Chariot (tarot card)">The Chariot</a></li> <li><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">VIII (XI)</span> <a href="/wiki/Justice_(tarot_card)" title="Justice (tarot card)">Justice</a></li> <li><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">IX</span> <a href="/wiki/The_Hermit_(tarot_card)" title="The Hermit (tarot card)">The Hermit</a></li> <li><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">X</span> <a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_(tarot_card)" title="Wheel of Fortune (tarot card)">Wheel of Fortune</a></li> <li><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">XI (VIII)</span> <a href="/wiki/Strength_(tarot_card)" title="Strength (tarot card)">Strength</a></li> <li><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">XII</span> <a href="/wiki/The_Hanged_Man_(tarot_card)" title="The Hanged Man (tarot card)">The Hanged Man</a></li> <li><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">XIII</span> <a href="/wiki/Death_(tarot_card)" title="Death (tarot card)">Death</a></li> <li><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">XIV</span> <a href="/wiki/Temperance_(tarot_card)" title="Temperance (tarot card)">Temperance</a></li> <li><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">XV</span> <a href="/wiki/The_Devil_(tarot_card)" title="The Devil (tarot card)">The Devil</a></li> <li><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">XVI</span> <a href="/wiki/The_Tower_(tarot_card)" title="The Tower (tarot card)">The Tower</a></li> <li><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">XVII</span> <a href="/wiki/The_Star_(tarot_card)" title="The Star (tarot card)">The Star</a></li> <li><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">XVIII</span> <a href="/wiki/The_Moon_(tarot_card)" title="The Moon (tarot card)">The Moon</a></li> <li><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">XIX</span> <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(tarot_card)" title="The Sun (tarot card)">The Sun</a></li> <li><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">XX</span> <a href="/wiki/Judgement_(tarot_card)" title="Judgement (tarot card)">Judgement</a></li> <li><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">XXI</span> <a href="/wiki/The_World_(tarot_card)" title="The World (tarot card)">The World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_Arcana" title="Minor Arcana">Minor Arcana</a><br />suit cards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Suit_of_coins" title="Suit of coins">Coins, disks, or pentacles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ace_of_Coins" title="Ace of Coins">Ace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_of_Coins" title="Two of Coins">Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_of_Coins" title="Three of Coins">Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_of_Coins" title="Four of Coins">Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_of_Coins" title="Five of Coins">Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_of_Coins" title="Six of Coins">Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_of_Coins" title="Seven of Coins">Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_of_Coins" title="Eight of Coins">Eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_of_Coins" title="Nine of Coins">Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_of_Coins" title="Ten of Coins">Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_of_Coins" title="Page of Coins">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_Coins" title="Knight of Coins">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Coins" title="Queen of Coins">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Coins" title="King of Coins">King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Suit_of_wands" title="Suit of wands">Wands, rods, staffs, or staves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ace_of_Wands_(tarot_card)" title="Ace of Wands (tarot card)">Ace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_of_Wands" title="Two of Wands">Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_of_Wands" title="Three of Wands">Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_of_Wands" title="Four of Wands">Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_of_Wands" title="Five of Wands">Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_of_Wands" title="Six of Wands">Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_of_Wands" title="Seven of Wands">Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_of_Wands" title="Eight of Wands">Eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_of_Wands" title="Nine of Wands">Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_of_Wands" title="Ten of Wands">Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_of_Wands" title="Page of Wands">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_Wands" title="Knight of Wands">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Wands" title="Queen of Wands">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Wands" title="King of Wands">King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Suit_of_cups" title="Suit of cups">Cups, goblets, or vessels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ace_of_Cups" title="Ace of Cups">Ace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_of_Cups" title="Two of Cups">Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_of_Cups" title="Three of Cups">Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_of_Cups" title="Four of Cups">Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_of_Cups" title="Five of Cups">Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_of_Cups" title="Six of Cups">Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_of_Cups" title="Seven of Cups">Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_of_Cups" title="Eight of Cups">Eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_of_Cups" title="Nine of Cups">Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_of_Cups" title="Ten of Cups">Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_of_Cups" title="Page of Cups">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_Cups" title="Knight of Cups">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Cups" title="Queen of Cups">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Cups" title="King of Cups">King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Suit_of_swords" title="Suit of swords">Swords or blades</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ace_of_Swords" title="Ace of Swords">Ace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_of_Swords" title="Two of Swords">Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_of_Swords" title="Three of Swords">Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_of_Swords" title="Four of Swords">Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_of_Swords" title="Five of Swords">Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_of_Swords" title="Six of Swords">Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_of_Swords" title="Seven of Swords">Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_of_Swords" title="Eight of Swords">Eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_of_Swords" title="Nine of Swords">Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_of_Swords" title="Ten of Swords">Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_of_Swords" title="Page of Swords">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_Swords" title="Knight of Swords">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Swords" title="Queen of Swords">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Swords" title="King of Swords">King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Decks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B.O.T.A._tarot_deck" title="B.O.T.A. tarot deck">B.O.T.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarot_of_Marseilles" title="Tarot of Marseilles">Marseilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherpeace_Tarot" title="Motherpeace Tarot">Motherpeace</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dali%27s_Tarot" title="Salvador Dali's Tarot">Salvador Dali's Tarot</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sola_Busca_tarot" title="Sola Busca tarot">Sola Busca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Tarot" title="Swiss Tarot">Swiss 1JJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rider%E2%80%93Waite_Tarot" title="Rider–Waite Tarot">Rider–Waite</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pictorial_Key_to_the_Tarot" title="The Pictorial Key to the Tarot">The Pictorial Key to the Tarot</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thoth_Tarot" title="Thoth Tarot">Thoth Tarot</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Thoth" title="The Book of Thoth">The Book of Thoth</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartomancy" title="Cartomancy">Cartomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Qabalah" title="Hermetic Qabalah">Hermetic Qabalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarot" title="Tarot">Tarot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarot_Garden" title="Tarot Garden">Tarot Garden</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515745#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1936" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515745#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1936" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515745#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/44549388">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/301517786">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/278659/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw4BdQ7TQxx6Xd46GvvHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1164804278">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr90026060">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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