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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B7_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Сацыялізм з чалавечым тварам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сацыялізм з чалавечым тварам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialisme_amb_rostre_hum%C3%A0" title="Socialisme amb rostre humà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Socialisme amb rostre humà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismus_s_lidskou_tv%C3%A1%C5%99%C3%AD" title="Socialismus s lidskou tváří – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Socialismus s lidskou tváří" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismo_con_rostro_humano" title="Socialismo con rostro humano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Socialismo con rostro humano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismo_kun_homa_viza%C4%9Do" title="Socialismo kun homa vizaĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Socialismo kun homa vizaĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialisme_%C3%A0_visage_humain" title="Socialisme à visage humain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Socialisme à visage humain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B0%84%EC%9D%98_%EC%96%BC%EA%B5%B4%EC%9D%84_%ED%95%9C_%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="인간의 얼굴을 한 사회주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인간의 얼굴을 한 사회주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialisme_dengan_wajah_manusia" title="Sosialisme dengan wajah manusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sosialisme dengan wajah manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="סוציאליזם עם פנים אנושיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוציאליזם עם פנים אנושיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_cont_on_volt_uman" title="Socialism cont on volt uman – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Socialism cont on volt uman" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E3%81%AE%E9%A1%94%E3%82%92%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="人間の顔をした社会主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人間の顔をした社会主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismo_com_face_humana" title="Socialismo com face humana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Socialismo com face humana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B7_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Социализм з людсков тварьов – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Социализм з людсков тварьов" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D1%81_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Социализм с человеческим лицом – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социализм с человеческим лицом" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socializmus_s_%C4%BEudskou_tv%C3%A1rou" title="Socializmus s ľudskou tvárou – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Socializmus s ľudskou tvárou" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihmiskasvoinen_sosialismi" title="Ihmiskasvoinen sosialismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ihmiskasvoinen sosialismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="สังคมนิยมแบบใบหน้ามนุษย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สังคมนิยมแบบใบหน้ามนุษย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_insan_y%C3%BCz%C3%BC_ile_sosyalizm" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Slogan for Alexander Dubcek's democratization policies in Communist Czechoslovakia</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RadovanRichta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/RadovanRichta.png/220px-RadovanRichta.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/RadovanRichta.png/330px-RadovanRichta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/RadovanRichta.png/440px-RadovanRichta.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>The first author of the slogan was <a href="/wiki/Radovan_Richta" title="Radovan Richta">Radovan Richta</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Socialism with a human face</b> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">socialismus s lidskou tváří</i>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: <i lang="sk">socializmus s ľudskou tvárou</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">slogan</a> referring to the <a href="/wiki/Reformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist">reformist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic socialist">democratic socialist</a> programme of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a> and his colleagues, agreed at the Presidium of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a> in April 1968,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after he became chairman of the KSČ in January 1968. </p><p>The first author of this slogan was <a href="/wiki/Radovan_Richta" title="Radovan Richta">Radovan Richta</a>, and it was a process of moderate <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratization</a>, economic modernization, and <a href="/wiki/Political_liberalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Political liberalization">political liberalization</a> that sought to build an advanced and modern socialist society that valued <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> Czechoslovak tradition<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while still allowing the <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist Party</a> to continue governing. </p><p>Socialism with a human face was vital in initiating the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>, a period of national democratization and economic decentralization. It was, however, rolled back by the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> on August 21, 1968. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_with_a_human_face&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The programme was an attempt to overcome the disillusionment of the people of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> with the political and economic situation at the time. As the name suggests, the plan was to breathe new life into the ideals of socialism, which had lost popular support due to the government policies of the previous two decades.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While it never intended to bring back market capitalism, Alexander Dubček proposed trade with both Western and Soviet powers and a ten-year transition to a multiparty <a href="/wiki/Democratized_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratized Socialism">democratized Socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dubček_Speech"><span id="Dub.C4.8Dek_Speech"></span>Dubček Speech</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_with_a_human_face&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dubček Speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the 20th <a href="/wiki/Anniversary" title="Anniversary">anniversary</a> of Czechoslovakia's "<a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948">Victorious February</a>", Dubček delivered a speech explaining the need for change following the triumph of socialism. He emphasized the need to "enforce the leading role of the party more effectively"<sup id="cite_ref-Navratil52_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Navratil52-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and acknowledged that, despite <a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a>'s urgings for better relations with society, the Party had too often made heavy-handed rulings on trivial issues. Dubček declared the party's mission was "to build an advanced socialist society on sound economic foundations ... a socialism that corresponds to the historical democratic traditions of Czechoslovakia, in accordance with the experience of other communist parties ..."<sup id="cite_ref-Navratil52_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Navratil52-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most important steps towards the reform was the reduction and later abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> on 4 March 1968. It was for the first time in Czechoslovak history the censorship was abolished and it was also probably the only reform fully implemented, although only for a short period. Changing from an instrument of party propaganda, media quickly became the instrument of criticism of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-bulletin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bulletin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hoppe_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoppe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Action_Programme">Action Programme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_with_a_human_face&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Action Programme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April, Dubček launched an "<b>Action Programme</b>" of liberalizations, which included increasing <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">freedom of movement</a>, with economic emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Consumer_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer goods">consumer goods</a> and the possibility of a <a href="/wiki/Multiparty_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiparty government">multiparty government</a>. The programme was based on the view that "Socialism cannot mean only liberation of the working people from the domination of exploiting class relations, but must make more provisions for a fuller life of the personality than any bourgeois democracy."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would limit the power of the secret police<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and provide for the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Law_of_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Law of Federation">federalization</a> of the ČSSR into two equal nations.<sup id="cite_ref-Auto_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The programme also covered foreign policy, including both the maintenance of good relations with Western countries and cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> nations.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It spoke of a ten-year transition through which democratic elections would be made possible and a new form of social democracy and democratic socialism would replace the status quo.<sup id="cite_ref-Postwar_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Postwar-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those who drafted the Action Programme were careful not to criticize the actions of the post-war Communist administration, only to point out policies that they felt had outlived their usefulness.<sup id="cite_ref-Doc_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the immediate post-war situation had required "centralist and directive-administrative methods"<sup id="cite_ref-Doc_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to fight against the "remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Doc_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the "antagonistic classes"<sup id="cite_ref-Doc_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were said to have been defeated with the achievement of socialism, these methods were no longer necessary. Reform was needed for the Czechoslovak economy to join the "scientific-technical revolution in the world",<sup id="cite_ref-Doc_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than relying on Stalinist-era <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a>, labour power, and raw materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Doc_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, since internal class conflict had been overcome, workers could now be duly rewarded for their qualifications and technical skills without contravening <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxism-Leninism</a>. The Programme suggested it was now necessary to ensure important positions were "filled by capable, educated socialist expert cadres" in order to compete with capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Doc_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_programme_of_"socialism_with_a_human_face""><span id="The_programme_of_.22socialism_with_a_human_face.22"></span>The programme of "socialism with a human face"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_with_a_human_face&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The programme of "socialism with a human face""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although it was stipulated that reform must proceed under KSČ direction, popular pressure mounted to implement reforms immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radical elements became more vocal: anti-Soviet polemics appeared in the press on 26 June 1968,<sup id="cite_ref-Postwar_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Postwar-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Social_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Social Democratic Party">Social Democrats</a> began to form a separate party, and new unaffiliated political clubs were created. Party conservatives urged repressive measures, but Dubček counselled moderation and re-emphasized KSČ leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Presidium of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a> in April, Dubček announced a political programme of "socialism with a human face".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May, he announced that the Fourteenth Party Congress would convene in an early session on 9 September. The congress would incorporate the Action Programme into the party statutes, draft a federalization law, and elect a new Central Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_1997,_p._156_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_1997,_p._156-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dubček's reforms guaranteed freedom of the press, and political commentary was allowed for the first time in mainstream media.<sup id="cite_ref-KieranPress_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KieranPress-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the Prague Spring, Czechoslovak exports were declining in competitiveness, and Dubček's reforms planned to solve these troubles by mixing <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned</a> and <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economies</a>. Within the party, there were varying opinions on how this should proceed; certain economists wished for a more <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> while others wanted the economy to remain mostly planned. Dubček continued to stress the importance of economic reform proceeding under Communist Party rule.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 June <a href="/wiki/Ludv%C3%ADk_Vacul%C3%ADk" title="Ludvík Vaculík">Ludvík Vaculík</a>, a leading author and journalist, published a manifesto titled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Thousand_Words" title="The Two Thousand Words">The Two Thousand Words</a></i>. It expressed concern about conservative elements within the KSČ and so-called "foreign" forces. Vaculík called on the people to take the initiative in implementing the reform programme.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dubček, the party Presidium, the National Front, and the cabinet denounced this manifesto.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications_and_media">Publications and media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_with_a_human_face&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Publications and media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dubček's relaxation of censorship ushered in a brief period of freedom of speech and the press.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first tangible manifestation of this new policy of openness was the production of the previously hard-line communist weekly <i>Literární noviny</i>, renamed <i>Literární listy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_p._68_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_p._68-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bren,_p._23_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bren,_p._23-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Freedom of the press also opened the door for the first honest look at Czechoslovakia's past by Czechoslovakia's people. Many of the investigations centered on the country's history under communism, especially in the instance of the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>-period.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_p._68_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_p._68-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another television appearance, Goldstücker presented both doctored and undoctored photographs of former communist leaders who had been purged, imprisoned, or executed and thus erased from communist history.<sup id="cite_ref-Bren,_p._23_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bren,_p._23-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Writers' Union also formed a committee in April 1968, headed by the poet <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Seifert" title="Jaroslav Seifert">Jaroslav Seifert</a>, to investigate the persecution of writers after the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948">Communist takeover in February 1948</a> and rehabilitate the literary figures into the Union, bookstores and libraries, and the literary world.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holy,_p._119_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holy,_p._119-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discussions on the current state of communism and abstract ideas such as freedom and identity were also becoming more common; soon, non-party publications began appearing, such as the trade union daily <i>Prace</i> (Labour). This was also helped by the Journalists' Union, which by March 1968 had already persuaded the Central Publication Board, the government censor, to allow editors to receive uncensored subscriptions to foreign papers, allowing for a more international dialogue around the news.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The press, the radio, and the television also contributed to these discussions by hosting meetings where students and young workers could ask questions of writers such as Goldstücker, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Kohout" title="Pavel Kohout">Pavel Kohout</a>, and Jan Prochazka and political victims such as <a href="/wiki/Josef_Smrkovsk%C3%BD" title="Josef Smrkovský">Josef Smrkovský</a>, Zdenek Hejzlar, and <a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_p._69_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_p._69-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Television also broadcast meetings between former political prisoners and the communist leaders from the secret police or prisons where they were held.<sup id="cite_ref-Bren,_p._23_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bren,_p._23-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most importantly, this new freedom of the press and the introduction of television into the lives of everyday Czechoslovak citizens moved the political dialogue from the intellectual to the popular sphere. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a>'s visit to Prague in 1987, his spokesman <a href="/wiki/Gennadi_Gerasimov" title="Gennadi Gerasimov">Gennady Gerasimov</a> was asked what was the difference between the Prague Spring and <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>, and he replied: <i>"Nineteen years."</i> <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_with_a_human_face&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Akademick%C3%BD+bulletin&rft.atitle=Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%A9+Jaro+1968&rft.date=2008-06-25&rft.aulast=Vondrov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Jitka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabicko.avcr.cz%2F2008%2F4%2F04%2Fprazske-jaro-1968.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+with+a+human+face" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoppe-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoppe_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoppe2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hoppe, Jiří (6 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iforum.cuni.cz/IFORUM-5993.html">"Co je Pražské jaro 1968?"</a>. <i>iForum</i> (in Czech). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oracle+ThinkQuest&rft.atitle=Excerpts+from+the+CPCz+CC+Action+Program%2C+April+1968&rft.au=Navratil%2C+Jaromir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2FC001155%2Fdocuments%2Fdoc13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+with+a+human+face" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Postwar-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Postwar_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Postwar_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Judt (2005), p. 441</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doc-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doc_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doc_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doc_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doc_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doc_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doc_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doc_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ello (1968), pp. 7–9, 129–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerasadurain" class="citation web cs1">Derasadurain, Beatrice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114005849/http://library.thinkquest.org/C001155/noframes/summary_spring.htm">"Prague Spring"</a>. thinkquest.org. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ludv%C3%ADk+Vacul%C3%ADk%3A+a+Czechoslovak+man+of+letters&rft.pub=Radio+Prague&rft.date=2006-07-25&rft.aulast=Mastalir&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radio.cz%2Fen%2Farticle%2F81466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+with+a+human+face" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Tieren. <i>The Prague Spring and Its Aftermath: Czechoslovak Politics, 1968–1970.</i> Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams,_p._68-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_p._68_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_p._68_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bren,_p._23-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bren,_p._23_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bren,_p._23_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bren,_p._23_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBren2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paulina_Bren" title="Paulina Bren">Bren, Paulina</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o2LT7c_Kw80C&pg=PA23"><i>The Greengrocer and His TV: The Culture of Communism after the 1968 Prague Spring</i></a>. Ithaca, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. pp. 23ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4767-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4767-9"><bdi>978-0-8014-4767-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greengrocer+and+His+TV%3A+The+Culture+of+Communism+after+the+1968+Prague+Spring&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=23ff&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4767-9&rft.aulast=Bren&rft.aufirst=Paulina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do2LT7c_Kw80C%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+with+a+human+face" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golan, Galia. <i>Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies. Reform Rule in Czechoslovakia: The Dubček Era, 1968–1969</i>. Vol. 11. Cambridge, UK: CUP Archive, 1973, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holy,_p._119-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holy,_p._119_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holy, p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golan, p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams,_p._69-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_p._69_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Levesque, The Enigma of 1989: The USSR and the Liberation of Eastern Europe (Berkeley-London: Berkeley, University of California Press, 1997), p. 62.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_with_a_human_face&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1997" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Kieran (1997). <i>The Prague Spring and its Aftermath: Czechoslovak Politics, 1968–1970</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58803-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58803-4"><bdi>978-0-521-58803-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prague+Spring+and+its+Aftermath%3A+Czechoslovak+Politics%2C+1968%E2%80%931970&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58803-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Kieran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialism+with+a+human+face" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_with_a_human_face&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180703163542/https://www.marxists.org/subject/czech/action-programme.htm">English translation</a> (full text) of the Action programme. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sds.cz/view.php?cisloclanku=2008040901">Akční program KSČ</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Czech)</span> (full text).</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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