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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century:_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century:_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>19th century: independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century:_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rubber_boom_in_the_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rubber_boom_in_the_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Rubber boom in the 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rubber_boom_in_the_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Natural hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_reserves_and_zoos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_reserves_and_zoos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Natural reserves and zoos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_reserves_and_zoos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metropolitan_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metropolitan_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Metropolitan area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metropolitan_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cityscape subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_contemporary_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_contemporary_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Culture and contemporary life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_contemporary_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and contemporary life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_contemporary_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entertainment_and_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment_and_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Entertainment and arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment_and_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spiritual_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritual_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>Spiritual tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritual_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amazon_commemorative_capital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amazon_commemorative_capital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Amazon commemorative capital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amazon_commemorative_capital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_accent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_accent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Spanish accent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_accent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Twin towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people_from_Iquitos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people_from_Iquitos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notable people from Iquitos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people_from_Iquitos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iquitos</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="إكيتوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إكيتوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Ікітас – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ікітас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos_(kapital_sa_rehiyon)" title="Iquitos (kapital sa rehiyon) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Iquitos (kapital sa rehiyon)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ایکیتوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایکیتوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%82%A4%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="이키토스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이키토스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Իկիտոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իկիտոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Икитос – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Икитос" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1" title="איקיטוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איקיטוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="იკიტოსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იკიტოსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Икитос – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Икитос" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikitosa" title="Ikitosa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ikitosa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikitosas" title="Ikitosas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ikitosas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Икитос – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Икитос" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="اكيتوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اكيتوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AD%E3%83%88%E3%82%B9" title="イキトス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イキトス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikitos" title="Ikitos – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ikitos" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikitus" title="Ikitus – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ikitus" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Икитос – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Икитос" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Икитос – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Икитос" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA" title="อิกิโตส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิกิโตส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Ікітос – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ікітос" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="اکیتوس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اکیتوس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Iquitos" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%9F%BA%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF" title="伊基托斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊基托斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%9F%BA%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF" title="伊基托斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊基托斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193289#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iquitos&params=3.75_S_73.25_W_region:PE_type:city"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">3°45′S</span> <span class="longitude">73°15′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">3.75°S 73.25°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-3.75; -73.25</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Loreto, Peru</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Iquitos" title="Special:EditPage/Iquitos">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Iquitos%22">"Iquitos"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Iquitos%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Iquitos%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Iquitos%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Iquitos%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Iquitos%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Loreto, Peru</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Iquitos</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">San Pablo de Nuevo Napeanos</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Peru" title="List of cities in Peru">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid white;width:260px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iquitos-2012-plaza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Iquitos-2012-plaza.jpg/260px-Iquitos-2012-plaza.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Iquitos-2012-plaza.jpg/390px-Iquitos-2012-plaza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Iquitos-2012-plaza.jpg/520px-Iquitos-2012-plaza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1246" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ex-Hotel_Palace_de_Iquitos_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ex-Hotel_Palace_de_Iquitos_2014.jpg/260px-Ex-Hotel_Palace_de_Iquitos_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ex-Hotel_Palace_de_Iquitos_2014.jpg/390px-Ex-Hotel_Palace_de_Iquitos_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ex-Hotel_Palace_de_Iquitos_2014.jpg/520px-Ex-Hotel_Palace_de_Iquitos_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mall_Aventura_Iquitos_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mall_Aventura_Iquitos_%282%29.jpg/129px-Mall_Aventura_Iquitos_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mall_Aventura_Iquitos_%282%29.jpg/194px-Mall_Aventura_Iquitos_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mall_Aventura_Iquitos_%282%29.jpg/258px-Mall_Aventura_Iquitos_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iquitos_International_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Iquitos_International_Airport.jpg/129px-Iquitos_International_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Iquitos_International_Airport.jpg/194px-Iquitos_International_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Iquitos_International_Airport.jpg/258px-Iquitos_International_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Avenida_Jos%C3%A9_Abelardo_Qui%C3%B1ones_de_Iquitos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Avenida_Jos%C3%A9_Abelardo_Qui%C3%B1ones_de_Iquitos.jpg/129px-Avenida_Jos%C3%A9_Abelardo_Qui%C3%B1ones_de_Iquitos.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Avenida_Jos%C3%A9_Abelardo_Qui%C3%B1ones_de_Iquitos.jpg/194px-Avenida_Jos%C3%A9_Abelardo_Qui%C3%B1ones_de_Iquitos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Avenida_Jos%C3%A9_Abelardo_Qui%C3%B1ones_de_Iquitos.jpg/258px-Avenida_Jos%C3%A9_Abelardo_Qui%C3%B1ones_de_Iquitos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Puente_Nanay,_Iquitos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Puente_Nanay%2C_Iquitos.jpg/129px-Puente_Nanay%2C_Iquitos.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Puente_Nanay%2C_Iquitos.jpg/194px-Puente_Nanay%2C_Iquitos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Puente_Nanay%2C_Iquitos.jpg/258px-Puente_Nanay%2C_Iquitos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_San_Agust%C3%ADn_Iquitos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Iglesia_San_Agust%C3%ADn_Iquitos.jpg/260px-Iglesia_San_Agust%C3%ADn_Iquitos.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Iglesia_San_Agust%C3%ADn_Iquitos.jpg/390px-Iglesia_San_Agust%C3%ADn_Iquitos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Iglesia_San_Agust%C3%ADn_Iquitos.jpg/520px-Iglesia_San_Agust%C3%ADn_Iquitos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">From top to bottom and from left to right: <a href="/wiki/Iquitos_Cathedral" title="Iquitos Cathedral">Iquitos Cathedral</a>; <a href="/wiki/Old_Hotel_Palace" title="Old Hotel Palace">Old Hotel Palace</a>; Belen Market; Boulevard of Iquitos; <a href="/wiki/Coronel_FAP_Francisco_Secada_Vignetta_International_Airport" title="Coronel FAP Francisco Secada Vignetta International Airport">Coronel FAP Francisco Secada Vignetta International Airport</a>; Chapel of Consolation and Saint Augustine Seminary; One of the main ports of Iquitos; Nanay Bridge; Northern Area of <a href="/wiki/Iquitos_metropolitan_area" title="Iquitos metropolitan area">Metropolitan Iquitos</a>; Historical Ship Ayapua Museum; José Abelardo Quiñones Avenue.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandera_de_Iquitos.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Iquitos"><img alt="Flag of Iquitos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bandera_de_Iquitos.svg/110px-Bandera_de_Iquitos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bandera_de_Iquitos.svg/165px-Bandera_de_Iquitos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bandera_de_Iquitos.svg/220px-Bandera_de_Iquitos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Iquitos.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Iquitos"><img alt="Coat of arms of Iquitos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Escudo_de_Iquitos.svg/70px-Escudo_de_Iquitos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Escudo_de_Iquitos.svg/105px-Escudo_de_Iquitos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Escudo_de_Iquitos.svg/140px-Escudo_de_Iquitos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="428" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><span class="nowrap">Capital of the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Amazon" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Amazon">Peruvian Amazon</a></span>, <span class="nowrap">The Amazonian Island</span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><i>Carpent tua poma nepotes</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: Your children will harvest your fruits)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_de_localizaci%C3%B3n_Loreto.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iquitos is located in Department of Loreto"><img alt="Iquitos is located in Department of Loreto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mapa_de_localizaci%C3%B3n_Loreto.svg/250px-Mapa_de_localizaci%C3%B3n_Loreto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mapa_de_localizaci%C3%B3n_Loreto.svg/375px-Mapa_de_localizaci%C3%B3n_Loreto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mapa_de_localizaci%C3%B3n_Loreto.svg/500px-Mapa_de_localizaci%C3%B3n_Loreto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4173" data-file-height="4524" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.813%;left:56.989%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Iquitos"><img alt="Iquitos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Iquitos</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the Loreto Region in Peru</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Department of Loreto</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peru_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iquitos is located in Peru"><img alt="Iquitos is located in Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Peru_location_map.svg/250px-Peru_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Peru_location_map.svg/375px-Peru_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Peru_location_map.svg/500px-Peru_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2679" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.3%;left:60.606%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Iquitos"><img alt="Iquitos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Iquitos</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Iquitos (Peru)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Peru</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_America_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iquitos is located in South America"><img alt="Iquitos is located in South America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/South_America_laea_location_map.svg/250px-South_America_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/South_America_laea_location_map.svg/375px-South_America_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/South_America_laea_location_map.svg/500px-South_America_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1732" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.122%;left:26.965%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Iquitos"><img alt="Iquitos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Iquitos</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Iquitos (South America)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of South America</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iquitos&params=3_45_S_73_15_W_region:PE_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">3°45′S</span> <span class="longitude">73°15′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">3.750°S 73.250°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-3.750; -73.250</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Peru">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Loreto_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Loreto Region">Loreto</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Peru" title="Provinces of Peru">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maynas_Province,_Peru" title="Maynas Province, Peru">Maynas</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Peru" title="Districts of Peru">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iquitos_District" title="Iquitos District">Iquitos</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data">1624</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Incorporated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1866</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local government</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Provincial Municipality of Maynas</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Francisco Sanjurjo Dávila<br />(2019-2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Peru" title="List of cities in Peru">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,213 km<sup>2</sup> (468.5 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">784 km<sup>2</sup> (302.6 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">340 km<sup>2</sup> (132 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">104 m (341 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2023)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">491,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Peru" title="List of cities in Peru">9th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">510,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Iquiteño</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC-5" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-5">UTC-5</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Peru" title="Time in Peru">PET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/UBIGEO" title="UBIGEO">UBIGEO</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">1601</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">65</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">PE-LOR</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">Af</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.munimaynas.gob.pe">www.munimaynas.gob.pe</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 290px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 290px; height: 500px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="290" data-height="500" data-zoom="12" data-lat="-3.7584" data-lon="-73.28" data-overlays="["_4b64ea291e5dbc35b36ca36eed21ea097bc46c47"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/12/-3.7584/-73.28/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,-3.7584,-73.28,290x500.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Iquitos&revid=1250177779&groups=_4b64ea291e5dbc35b36ca36eed21ea097bc46c47" width="290" height="500" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,-3.7584,-73.28,290x500@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Iquitos&revid=1250177779&groups=_4b64ea291e5dbc35b36ca36eed21ea097bc46c47 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"><b>Interactive Map</b></div></div></div> <p><b>Iquitos</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e9\/Iquitos-audio.ogg\/Iquitos-audio.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Iquitos-audio.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e9/Iquitos-audio.ogg/Iquitos-audio.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Iquitos-audio.ogg" title="File:Iquitos-audio.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[iˈkitos]</a></span>) is the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Maynas_Province,_Peru" title="Maynas Province, Peru">Maynas Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loreto_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Loreto Region">Loreto Region</a>. It is the largest <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Amazon" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Amazon">Peruvian Amazon</a>, east of the Andes, as well as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Peru" title="List of cities in Peru">ninth-most populous city in Peru</a>. Iquitos is the largest city in the world that cannot be reached by road that is not on an island; it is only accessible by river and air.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is known as the "capital of the Peruvian Amazon". The city is located in the Great Plains of the Amazon Basin, fed by the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanay_River" title="Nanay River">Nanay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Itaya_River" title="Itaya River">Itaya</a> rivers. Overall, it constitutes the <a href="/wiki/Iquitos_metropolitan_area" title="Iquitos metropolitan area">Iquitos metropolitan area</a>, a conurbation of 471,993 inhabitants consisting of four districts: <a href="/wiki/Iquitos_District" title="Iquitos District">Iquitos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punchana_District" title="Punchana District">Punchana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9n_District,_Maynas" title="Belén District, Maynas">Belén</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Bautista_District,_Maynas" title="San Juan Bautista District, Maynas">San Juan Bautista</a>. </p><p>The area has long been inhabited by indigenous peoples. According to Spanish historical documents, Iquitos was established around 1757 as a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit reduction">Jesuit reduction</a> on the banks of the Nanay River. The Jesuits gathered local Napeano (<a href="/wiki/Yameo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yameo">Yameo</a>) and Iquito natives to live here, and they named it <i>San Pablo de Napeanos</i>. </p><p>In the late 19th century, during the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon rubber boom">Amazon rubber boom</a>, the city became the center of export of rubber production from the Amazon Basin and was the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Amazon_Company" title="Peruvian Amazon Company">Peruvian Amazon Company</a> (PAC). The city's economy was highly dependent on the PAC, controlled in the nation by Peruvian businessman <a href="/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Arana" title="Julio César Arana">Julio César Arana</a>. PAC kept indigenous workers in near slavery conditions through use of force and harsh treatment, until an investigation caused a reaction against the company. In addition, rubber seedlings had been smuggled out of the country and cultivated on plantations in Southeast Asia, undercutting prices of the Peruvian product. With the decline of the rubber industry, many workers and merchants left Iquitos. </p><p>As one of the leading cities, along with <a href="/wiki/Manaus" title="Manaus">Manaus</a>, during the Amazon rubber boom (1880–1914), Iquitos was influenced by the numerous Europeans who flocked to it. Architecture and cultural institutions established during this period expressed their own traditions. An opera house and Jewish cemetery were among the institutions established. </p><p>Later in the 20th century, the city and region diversified its economy. The region exported timber, fish and its by-products, oil, minerals, and agricultural crops. It also derives revenue from tourism and related crafts. In 1999, the city consolidated its four municipalities. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_period">Early period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The area was inhabited for thousands of years by <a href="/wiki/Amerindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindian">Amerindians</a>. At the time of European encounter, the Napeano and <a href="/wiki/Iquito" class="mw-redirect" title="Iquito">Iquito</a> peoples occupied the area. They had small seasonal settlements and were nomadic hunter-gatherers, living in close association with the rivers. The city name of Iquitos is derived from a group of native people called Iquitos by the Spaniards. They had previously inhabited areas along the rivers <a href="/wiki/Pastaza_River" title="Pastaza River">Pastaza</a>, Arabela, <a href="/wiki/Tigre_River" title="Tigre River">Tigre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanay_River" title="Nanay River">Nanay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Curaray_River" title="Curaray River">Curaray</a>. Eventually, the native Iquito migrated to the area around the rivers Nanay, Amazonas, Itaya, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Moronacocha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Moronacocha (page does not exist)">Lake Moronacocha</a>. </p><p>Between 1638 and 1769, the Iquitos and other native tribes of the Marañon rivers were obliged to settle down in various Missions (known as <i>reducciones</i> or reductions) founded and run by <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> missionaries from the Audiencia of Quito. The Jesuits settled in the major cities of the Audiencia of Quito, which was part of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a> at the time. During this period of nearly 130 years, 161 Jesuit missionaries worked to convert and educate the natives of the Amazon region. Among them were 63 <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">criollos</a> (white ethnic Spanish colonists born in the Audencia), 43 <a href="/wiki/Spaniard" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaniard">Spaniards</a>, 32 <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a>, 20 <a href="/wiki/Italian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian people">Italians</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a>, and 1 <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">Frenchman</a>. Their role in South America was to convert the natives of the Amazon Basin to Christianity. The Jesuits successfully gathered the natives living along the Marañon river into various Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Mission_(station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (station)">missions</a>, where they were set to work at farming and other pursuits. </p><p>Commencing in 1730, the Jesuits took 37 years to found the Iquitos missions along the Marañon River, close to the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Napo_River" title="Napo River">Napo</a> and Amazon rivers. These were collectively known as Iquitos Missions, since all these settlements were mainly populated chiefly by the Iquitos natives of the region. The naming and foundation of all the Iquitos Missions were done by Jesuit Father <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Bahamonde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Bahamonde (page does not exist)">José Bahamonde</a>. He was born in <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a> on 1 January 1710, accepted into the Jesuit order, and served as a missionary for decades. After <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a> suppressed and expelled the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> from South America in 1767, Bahamonde was exiled to Italy, where he died in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, Italy on 11 May 1786. </p><p>The following is a chronological list of noted Iquitos Missions founded by Bahamonde and other Jesuits: </p> <ol><li>1730, Santa Maria de la Luz de los Iquitos "town," founded by Father Bahamonde – as recorded in the Archives of the Indies in Spain.</li> <li>1740, Juan Nepomuceno de Iquitos, founded by Father Bahamonde</li> <li>1741, Santa Bárbara de Iquitos, founded by Father Bahamonde</li> <li>1742, San Sebastián de Iquitos, founded by fathers Bahamonde and Bretano</li> <li>1748, Sagrado Corazón de Jesús de Maracanos (de Iquitos), founded by Father Bahamonde</li> <li>1754, Santa María de Iquitos, founded by Father Uriarte</li> <li>1757, San Pablo de los Napeanos, founded by Father Bahamonde</li> <li>1763 San Javier de Iquitos, founded by Father Palme</li> <li>1767 San José de Iquitos, founded by Father Uriarte. Later that year the Jesuits were expelled from South America by order of Charles III.</li></ol> <p>During the Spanish Colonial era, most of the Jesuit missions were under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Quito" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Quito">Royal Audiencia of Quito</a>. Created in 1563, it was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a>, and was transferred briefly to the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a> on 27 May 1717 known as the Cedula Real of 1717 (Royal Decree of 1717). Six and a half years later, on 5 November 1723, <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a> dissolved the Viceroyalty of New Granada and reincorporated the Audiencia of Quito into the Viceroyalty of Peru. Sixteen years later <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a> decided to re-create the Viceroyalty of New Granada and to re incorporate the Audiencia of Quito through the <i>Cedula Real</i> (Royal Decree) dated 20 August 1739. <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a> suppressed the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a>, believing them too powerful, and expelled them from South America by order dated 20 August 1767. Given the distance from Quito and the lack of roads connecting to that city, a political vacuum was developed in the area. The undefended Jesuit missions were attacked by the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Bandeirantes" title="Bandeirantes">Bandeirantes</a>. In response the King of Spain on recommendation of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Raquena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Raquena (page does not exist)">Francisco Raquena</a> created the <a href="/wiki/General_Command_of_Maynas" title="General Command of Maynas">Government and Commandancy General of Maynas</a> in 1802 to halt the invasion into the Spanish Amazon of land-hungry <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Bandeirantes" title="Bandeirantes">Bandeirantes</a>. In general, this amounted to the religious administration and military command of all tributaries of the Amazon river in the Amazon Basin that belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Quito" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Quito">Royal Audiencia of Quito</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a> being transferred again to the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a>. The Portuguese advance was halted at <a href="/wiki/Tabatinga" title="Tabatinga">Tabatinga</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century:_independence">19th century: independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 19th century: independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 19th century, following independence, Peru, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, and Brazil had overlapping claims to the Northwestern <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Basin">Amazon Basin</a>, based on each country's interpretation of their colonial <i>de jure</i> titles. The disputed area was populated mostly by groups of nomadic Amerindian natives living in the Amazon jungle. In addition there were semi-assimilated sedentary Amerindians living with a handful of whites and mestizos, dedicated to trading in sparsely populated trading port villages that were found scattered along the river banks of the Amazon Basin. During the colonial era the disputed area known as Maynas had numerous missions administered by the Jesuits of Quito. After the Jesuits were expelled from South America, only a handful of missions survived in the 19th century as isolated trading villages. The Brazilians, by contrast, had a chain of villages along the Amazon River that stretched to its ports along the Atlantic Ocean. </p><p>Because Peru discovered that Ecuador and Colombia neglected to effectively control their Amazonian territories during their colonial era, Peru decided to back its <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> titles with <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> possession by setting up military posts in the relatively isolated trading villages and then flooding the disputed area with Peruvian colonists. The only problem lay with the expanding ambitions of Brazil, since it had slowly settled its part of the disputed area with colonists throughout its colonial era; it had a trading relationship with the Spanish-speaking trading posts and villages along the Marañon River. To neutralize Brazil from impeding Peru's planned colonization project, on 23 October 1851, Peru peacefully settled its disputes with Brazil and both countries agreed to a bilateral free navigation and friendly trade along the Amazon River.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the Peruvian-Brazilian treaty, the Peruvian President <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Castilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramon Castilla">Ramon Castilla</a> created the Military and Political Department of Loreto on 7 January 1861 from the former Maynas territory. Castilla ordered that a fluvial port be constructed in a strategic spot on the Amazon River. After some debate, his staff chose the trading port Village of Iquitos. On 5 January 1864, three steamships of the Peruvian Navy: <i>Pastaza,</i> <i>Próspero</i> y <i>Morona</i>, arrived in the Village of Iquitos.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This date is marked as the founding of the first fluvial Peruvian port of Iquitos by the government of Peru. A dockyard and navy factorage imported from England was immediately constructed. In time Iquitos grew so much that it was designated as the capital of the Department of Loreto on 9 November 1897. Iquitos also became the seat of a Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">Apostolic vicariate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peru was able to map out and assume <i>de facto</i> control of the majority of the area of the Amazon region under dispute with Ecuador and Colombia. After many skirmishes with Ecuadorian and Colombian outposts, that at times led to war, Peru settled its border with Colombia in 1922 and with Ecuador in 1942. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rubber_boom_in_the_20th_century">Rubber boom in the 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rubber boom in the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in the 1900s, Iquitos became wealthy through its <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> industry throughout the <a href="/wiki/Rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber boom">rubber boom</a>; it attracted thousands of immigrants from around the world, mostly young single men who hoped to make their fortunes in rubber. The rise of the automobile and related industries had dramatically increased the worldwide demand for rubber. Some men became merchants and bankers, and made their fortunes that way. Many of the European men married <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> women and stayed in Iquitos the rest of their lives, founding ethnically mixed families. The immigrants brought European clothing styles, music, architecture and other cultural elements to Iquitos. They established an opera house that featured European classical music. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E2%80%9CThe_Booth_Pier,_Iquitos.%E2%80%9D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%E2%80%9CThe_Booth_Pier%2C_Iquitos.%E2%80%9D.jpg/220px-%E2%80%9CThe_Booth_Pier%2C_Iquitos.%E2%80%9D.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%E2%80%9CThe_Booth_Pier%2C_Iquitos.%E2%80%9D.jpg/330px-%E2%80%9CThe_Booth_Pier%2C_Iquitos.%E2%80%9D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%E2%80%9CThe_Booth_Pier%2C_Iquitos.%E2%80%9D.jpg/440px-%E2%80%9CThe_Booth_Pier%2C_Iquitos.%E2%80%9D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4626" data-file-height="2896" /></a><figcaption>The Booth pier at Iquitos c. 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>There were twenty-five different commercial houses dealing with rubber at Iquitos in the year 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These enterprises were founded by influential citizens of the city, some of the most prominent of these people include <a href="/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Arana" title="Julio César Arana">Julio César Arana</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecilio_Hern%C3%A1ndez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cecilio Hernández (page does not exist)">Cecilio Hernández</a>, as well as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Felipe_Morey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Felipe Morey (page does not exist)">Luis</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolfo_Morey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolfo Morey (page does not exist)">Adolfo Morey</a>. The rubber baron <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fitzcarrald" title="Carlos Fitzcarrald">Carlos Fitzcarrald</a> was also active in the city of Iquitos until he drowned in a steamship accident on the Urubamba River in 1897. Rubber entrepreneurs participated in regional politics, and directly as well as indirectly funded the development of the city. A number of successful rubber entrepreneurs held political offices, or had influence over politics in the city during this era. In 1901, Luis F. Morey became a senator for the department of Loreto, which Iquitos was the capital of. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrique_A._Llosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrique A. Llosa (page does not exist)">Enrique A. Llosa</a>, who had a business relationship with Arana and Luis Morey, became the mayor of Iquitos in 1901. The following year, Arana became the city's mayor,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlmanaque200172_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmanaque200172-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1903 he assumed the office of President for Loreto's chamber of commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cecilio Hernández was also elected as the mayor, later in 1906. A census conducted in 1903 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentio_Lores&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bentio Lores (page does not exist)">Bentio Lores</a>, the subprefect of the Bajo Amazonas at the time, documented that there were 9,438 inhabitants in Iquitos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908158_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908158-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luis_F._Morey_e_Hijos_office_in_Iquitos,_on_Calle_de_Pr%C3%B3spero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Luis_F._Morey_e_Hijos_office_in_Iquitos%2C_on_Calle_de_Pr%C3%B3spero.jpg/220px-Luis_F._Morey_e_Hijos_office_in_Iquitos%2C_on_Calle_de_Pr%C3%B3spero.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Luis_F._Morey_e_Hijos_office_in_Iquitos%2C_on_Calle_de_Pr%C3%B3spero.jpg/330px-Luis_F._Morey_e_Hijos_office_in_Iquitos%2C_on_Calle_de_Pr%C3%B3spero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Luis_F._Morey_e_Hijos_office_in_Iquitos%2C_on_Calle_de_Pr%C3%B3spero.jpg/440px-Luis_F._Morey_e_Hijos_office_in_Iquitos%2C_on_Calle_de_Pr%C3%B3spero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>Luis F. Morey e Hijos office in Iquitos, on Calle de Próspero</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1908, Hildebrando Fuentes, Prefect of Loreto between 1904-1906, published <i>Loreto: Apuntes geográficos, históricos, esdisticos, politicos y sociales</i> which was based on information he collected while in Iquitos. According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B3bal_Cardemil-Krause&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cristóbal Cardemil-Krause (page does not exist)">Cristóbal Cardemil-Krause</a>, Fuentes writings "make clear the existence of significant tensions between national and private interests. Entrepreneurs in Loreto controlled the area and appeared to create a state within the state, limiting the effects of Fuentes's decisions."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fuentes also described the practice of <i><a href="/wiki/Putumayo_genocide#Correrias" title="Putumayo genocide">Correrias</a></i> which were slave raids carried out by rubber tappers that resulted in the killing of many indigenous people. Men and older indigenous women were typically killed by the rubber tappers, while children and young females were brought to rubber camps or nearby cities, including Iquitos. The captive children and young females were typically sold at these cities.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908122_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908122-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fuentes referred to these <i>correrias</i> as "the great crime of the mountain" and in regards to his inability to act against the rubber tappers, he claimed that "[t]hey do all this significantly beyond the reach of authority.".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908122_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908122-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fuentes wrote that the majority of the indigenous servants at Iquitos consisted of indigenous people captured during <i>correrias</i>, and at times these people were sold in Iquitos for a price ranging between £30 and £50.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908122_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908122-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Ernest_Hardenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Ernest Hardenburg (page does not exist)">Walter Ernest Hardenburg</a>, an American engineer that had a prominent role in exposing the <a href="/wiki/Putumayo_genocide" title="Putumayo genocide">Putumayo genocide</a>, also claimed that indigenous people were trafficked in Iquitos and sold in that city for prices ranging between £20 and £40.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an effort to discourage human trafficking from Loreto to the Brazilian Amazon, government commissioner Joaquin Capello issued a decree in 1900 that required employers to provide a bond for any of their workers that were leaving Peru. This bond was initially set at 200 Peruvian soles and had the intention of attracting employers to transport their workers back into the country once their contracts expired. The bond amount was later increased by Capello's successors.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1903, subprefect Benito Lores denounced the continuance of human trafficking in Loreto, he stated that instances of human trafficking were covered up under the pretense of transferring debts from one employer to another. Lores claimed that many of the wealthy residents of Iquitos were transporting indigenous peons and transferring their debts to patrons on rivers in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908226_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908226-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once under the custody of their new Brazilian patrons, these indigenous people were interred deep into the forest, far away from the influence of governmental authorities, "where there is no law other than the whip or the bullet."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908226_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908226-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the local business class denied these allegations of trafficking reported by Lores:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908226_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908226-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1904 several rubber merchants signed a petition addressed to the new Prefect Hildebrando Fuentes which demanded the annulment of Capello's decree from 1900. These merchants argued that the decree was unconstitutional due to it prohibiting the free movement of people. Another argument was that instead of benefitting the affected peons, the decree worsened their situation since patrons charged the bail amount against the peons debt. The petition suggested that local authorities and representatives from the chamber of commerce should establish legislation to regulate the removal of peons from the country.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wealthiest Europeans built great mansions in the late 19th century, some of which survive. <i><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Fierro" title="Casa de Fierro">Casa de Fierro</a></i> (Spanish for the Iron House) is said to have been designed by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Eiffel" title="Gustave Eiffel">Gustave Eiffel</a>, designer of the <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> in Paris, but evidence supporting this claim is scant. After a Briton, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wickham_(explorer)" title="Henry Wickham (explorer)">Henry Wickham</a>, smuggled rubber seeds out of the area to establish competing rubber plantations in British colonies in southeast Asia and Africa, the boom came to an end. In addition, a 1913 investigative report by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement">Roger Casement</a>, the British consul-general to Iquitos who had investigated labor conditions for natives in the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a> when it was under <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">King Leopold</a>'s control, revealed the abuses committed against indigenous workers in the Putumayo River Basin by the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Amazon_Company" title="Peruvian Amazon Company">Peruvian Amazon Company</a> (PAC), owned by businessman Julio César Arana. Its several British board members and numerous stockholders in London were pressured into making changes in the operations of the company. Many of the British shareholders divested themselves of this company in an effort to force changes. While Arana was forced to liquidate the PAC, he retained access to most of its assets as well as territory and he continued to operate in the rubber industry through the rubber enterprise of Cecilio Hernández.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Casement wrote that he was convinced that "[t]he entire Indian population is enslaved in the montaña and whereupon the devil plant, the rubber tree, grows and can be tapped. The wilder the Indian the wickeder the slavery."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasement1997112_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasement1997112-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The army garrison at Iquitos was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Cara_Paran%C3%A1_River" title="Cara Paraná River">Caraparaná tributary</a> of the Putumayo River in 1908 to assist Arana's company in acquiring several Colombian rubber estates through force. This detachment was accompanied by the Peruvian warship <i>Iquitos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasement1997113,356_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasement1997113,356-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Victor Macedo, this garrison force consisted of 120 men, 80 of which had perished by 1910, mostly on the Caraparaná River.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasement1997356_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasement1997356-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barracks_of_the_Loreto_regiment_in_Iquitos,_Peru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Barracks_of_the_Loreto_regiment_in_Iquitos%2C_Peru.jpg/220px-Barracks_of_the_Loreto_regiment_in_Iquitos%2C_Peru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Barracks_of_the_Loreto_regiment_in_Iquitos%2C_Peru.jpg/330px-Barracks_of_the_Loreto_regiment_in_Iquitos%2C_Peru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Barracks_of_the_Loreto_regiment_in_Iquitos%2C_Peru.jpg/440px-Barracks_of_the_Loreto_regiment_in_Iquitos%2C_Peru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption>Barracks of the Loreto regiment in Iquitos, Peru</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1911, more than 237 arrest warrants were issued by judges <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_A._Valc%C3%A1rcel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos A. Valcárcel (page does not exist)">Carlos A. Valcárcel</a> and Rómulo Paredes against employees of the PAC due to their perpetration of the Putumayo Genocide. Pablo Zumaeta, a brother-in-law of Arana and the general manager of PAC, had an arrest warrant issued against him by Valcárcel on July 29, however Zumaeta requested to appeal it and this warrant was annulled by the Superior Court of Iquitos before the end of 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasement2003630,687,721_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasement2003630,687,721-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zumaeta was permitted by local authorities and the Prefect to remain in his residency in Iquitos while his arrest warrant was active. Once the arrest warrant was annulled, Zumaeta was allowed to return to public life,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was out of hiding by November 2 of 1911. Valcárcel left Iquitos in protest of the Superior Courts decision to annul Zumaeta's warrant, Valcárcel was dismissed from his office for abandoning his post without permission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasement2003630_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasement2003630-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rómulo Paredes, Zumaeta and <a class="external text" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genaro%20Herrera">Gennaro Herrera</a>, another prominent citizen of Iquitos, all ran for the mayoral election of Iquitos in 1911, which was held on November 5 and 6.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasement2003630,721_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasement2003630,721-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paredes emerged as the candidate with the most votes from the election, in response to these results the political faction backing Zumaeta filed an appeal with the <i>Junta Escrutadora</i>, which decided to annul the election. The <i>Junta Escrutadora</i> consisted of five members, two of which, Juan Bautista Vega and Victor Israel, were known associates of Julio Cesar Arana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasement2003623,745_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasement2003623,745-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1912, Zumaeta became the mayor of Iquitos, he served another term in this office in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlmanaque200172_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmanaque200172-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valcárcel issued arrest warrants against Julio Arana and Juan Bautista Vega on December 10 of 1912 however these were also annulled by the Superior Court of Iquitos.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of those under the employ of Arana that were issued arrest warrants evaded capture. Two of the most prominent criminals involved in the Putumayo Genocide that were arrested, <a href="/wiki/Armando_Normand" title="Armando Normand">Armando Normand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aurelio_and_Ar%C3%ADstides_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Aurelio and Arístides Rodríguez">Aurelio Rodríguez</a>, escaped from prison at Iquitos in May of 1915 prior to a verdict in their trial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming2008230_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming2008230-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1912, Hardenburg published <i>The Putumayo, the Devil's Paradise</i>, the editor of this book noted that the English consul-general in Iquitos, David Cazes, should have been aware of human trafficking occurring between the Putumayo River and Iquitos. Judge <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B3mulo_Paredes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rómulo Paredes (page does not exist)">Rómulo Paredes</a> implicated Cazes with "aiding the guilty parties in keeping from the Peruvian Government an exact knowledge of what was taking place".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The editor also wrote that the twenty-one constables employed by the Peruvian government on the Putumayo River "had all been bribed by the English traders and shut their eyes to what was happening in the jungle." Hardenburg reported that he had witnessed one Peruvian comisario on the Putumayo River, César Lúrquin, travelling on a steamship with a young indigenous Huitoto girl, Hardenburg concluded that Lúrquin intended to sell this child in Iquitos. Regarding Lúrquin, Hardenburg wrote "instead of stopping on the Putumayo, travelling about there and really making efforts to suppress crime by punishing the criminals, he contented himself with visiting the region four or five times a year—always on the company’s launches—stopping a week or so, collecting some children to sell, and then returning and making his “report.”"<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Taussig" title="Michael Taussig">Michael Taussig</a> claimed that David Cazes enterprise, the Iquitos Trading Company, was dependent on Julio César Arana's business.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Casement's investigation in 1910, he found out that several Barbadian men employed by the PAC had complained to Cazes that they were physically abused by agents of Arana's company: however Cazes did not relay this information to the British Foreign Office. Regarding Cazes, Casement wrote that "[h]e knew a very great deal of the Putumayo and kept it quiet - like everyone else in Iquitos. The Arana influence was too strong - and he was a trader and sold to them."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasement1997109,473_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasement1997109,473-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cazes was also aware of the newspaper publications of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Salda%C3%B1a_Rocca" title="Benjamin Saldaña Rocca">Benjamin Saldaña Rocca</a>, which publicly denounced Arana's company for perpetrating atrocities against indigenous people, he did not forward this information to the British Foreign Office either.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to November of 1911, the <i>Beatriz</i> steamship, owned by Cazes's company, was chartered by the Peruvian government to transport Peruvian soldiers and supplies to the Putumayo River as well as transport rubber from the Peruvian Amazon Company on that river to Iquitos. On November 27 of 1911, Roger Casement wrote that <i>Beatriz</i> arrived at Iquitos with 41 tons of rubber, he noted that no freight was charged by the government for the transportation of this rubber. Casement was informed by Cazes that this was in accordance with an agreement between Arana's company and the Peruvian government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasement2003653-654_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasement2003653-654-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_of_the_rubber_baron_Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Arana,_published_by_La_Felpa_in_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Illustration_of_the_rubber_baron_Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Arana%2C_published_by_La_Felpa_in_1908.jpg/220px-Illustration_of_the_rubber_baron_Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Arana%2C_published_by_La_Felpa_in_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Illustration_of_the_rubber_baron_Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Arana%2C_published_by_La_Felpa_in_1908.jpg/330px-Illustration_of_the_rubber_baron_Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Arana%2C_published_by_La_Felpa_in_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Illustration_of_the_rubber_baron_Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Arana%2C_published_by_La_Felpa_in_1908.jpg/440px-Illustration_of_the_rubber_baron_Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Arana%2C_published_by_La_Felpa_in_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1576" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the rubber baron Julio César Arana, published by the ‘La Felpa’ newspaper in 1908.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Peruvian Amazon Company's perpetration of the Putumayo genocide, the company's steamships occasionally trafficked indigenous people to Iquitos, where they were sold. Walter Ernest Hardenburg wrote that every steamship that left the Putumayo carried "from five to fifteen little Indian boys and girls, who are torn, sobbing, from their mothers’ arms without the slightest compunction"<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasement1997420_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasement1997420-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Casement implicated several other rubber businesses with trafficking indigenous people on their steamships for the slave trade in Iquitos, specifically <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wesche_%26_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wesche & Company (page does not exist)">Wesche & Company</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khan_Polack_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khan Polack Company (page does not exist)">Khan Polack Company</a>, which were both operating on the <a href="/wiki/Ucayali_River" title="Ucayali River">Ucayali River</a>. He emphasized that these companies were just as responsible for the propagation of a slave market in the region as the armed raiders carrying out <a href="/wiki/Putumayo_genocide#Correrias" title="Putumayo genocide">slave raids</a> against the indigenous people. The reason being that these two companies supplied the raiders and transported groups of enslaved indigenous people to Iquitos or towards rubber extraction camps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasement2003124_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasement2003124-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head of Wesche & Company, Emilio Strassberger,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908211_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908211-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was elected as mayor of Iquitos between 1912-1913.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlmanaque200172_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmanaque200172-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rubber from plantations in Asia was soon produced at lower cost, undercutting that of South America, and rubber declined in importance in Peru. Iquitos continued to operate as an important trading port in the Amazon basin. It exploited its timber, oil and mineral resources for export and processing, along with agricultural and other products. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canhoneira_peruana_no_Porto_de_Iquitos_(Peru)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Canhoneira_peruana_no_Porto_de_Iquitos_%28Peru%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-Canhoneira_peruana_no_Porto_de_Iquitos_%28Peru%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Canhoneira_peruana_no_Porto_de_Iquitos_%28Peru%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-Canhoneira_peruana_no_Porto_de_Iquitos_%28Peru%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Canhoneira_peruana_no_Porto_de_Iquitos_%28Peru%29_%282%29.jpg/440px-Canhoneira_peruana_no_Porto_de_Iquitos_%28Peru%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="1501" /></a><figcaption>Port of Iquitos, 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the unique communities formed by the 19th-century immigrants to the rubber boom was one of <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> from <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. Many of the men married native women and made families in Iquitos. They established a <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> and the Jewish cemetery. In the first generation, some of the women or children converted to Judaism, but by the end of the 20th century, four or five generations later, most descendants were no longer practicing Jews. Most were reared as Catholic. </p><p>In the 1990s, a descendant of a Jewish settler undertook serious study of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. He began to revive the practice of Judaism among his family, friends, and other Sephardi descendants. After years of study, with the help of a sympathetic <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> and another from <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, eventually a few hundred people studied, practiced as Jews, and converted to Judaism. (Formal conversion was necessary according to <i><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></i> as their mothers were not Jewish.) Many of the converts have emigrated to Israel under its <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a>. A documentary was made about this community in 2010. Emigration of Peruvians from this Iquitos community has continued; about 150 emigrated in 2013 to 2014, see "<a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Peruvian Jews in Israel">Peruvian Jews in Israel</a>" for more. </p><p>On 13 August 2012, a special <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">plaque</a> was placed in the plaza 28 de Julio of the city in a ceremony to commemorate the Amazon River and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">rainforest</a> as one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Natural Wonders of the World">Seven Natural Wonders of the World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-News7Wonder_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-News7Wonder-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plaque was <a href="/wiki/Forge" title="Forge">forged</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany. <a href="/wiki/Iguazu_Falls" title="Iguazu Falls">Iguazu Falls</a> in Argentina has also been recognized as one of these top natural wonders.<sup id="cite_ref-New7Wonders-plaque_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New7Wonders-plaque-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, it was announced that a large (100 MW/100 MWH) solar and storage power facility would be built at Iquitos by 2026, replacing as much as half the diesel burned to produce electricity in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iquitos_by_NASA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Iquitos_by_NASA.JPG/220px-Iquitos_by_NASA.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Iquitos_by_NASA.JPG/330px-Iquitos_by_NASA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Iquitos_by_NASA.JPG/440px-Iquitos_by_NASA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2007" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> satellite image showing the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon River Basin">Amazon River Basin</a> where <a href="/wiki/Iquitos_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Iquitos Metropolitan Area">Iquitos Metropolitan Area</a> is located. The <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> appears on the lower side of the photograph.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Amazon_meets_Rio_Nanay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Amazon_meets_Rio_Nanay.jpg/220px-The_Amazon_meets_Rio_Nanay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Amazon_meets_Rio_Nanay.jpg/330px-The_Amazon_meets_Rio_Nanay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Amazon_meets_Rio_Nanay.jpg/440px-The_Amazon_meets_Rio_Nanay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1727" data-file-height="1139" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nanay_River" title="Nanay River">Nanay River</a> (black) meeting <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon</a> (light brown), a continuous phenomenon that occurs very close to the northern shores of <a href="/wiki/Punchana_District" title="Punchana District">Punchana, Iquitos</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Iquitos is located in northeastern Peru, northeastern Loreto Region, and in the extreme south of the <a href="/wiki/Maynas_Province,_Peru" title="Maynas Province, Peru">Province of Maynas</a>. Located on the Great Plains, the city has an area of 368.9 square kilometres (142.4 <a href="/wiki/Square_mile" title="Square mile">square miles</a>), comprising the districts <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9n_District,_Maynas" title="Belén District, Maynas">Belén</a>, Punchana and <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Bautista_District,_Maynas" title="San Juan Bautista District, Maynas">San Juan Bautista</a>. It is approximately at coordinates 03 ° 43'46 "S 73 ° 14'18" W to 106 metres (348 feet). It is the most northern Peruvian city. </p><p>It is surrounded by the Port of Iquitos, formed by the Amazon, Nanay and Itaya rivers. The city is situated on the left bank of the Amazon River, which provides a characteristic economic life, including <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> and transport.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAP_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAP-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Itaya and Nanay rivers limit the physical expansion of the city in that direction; new development is growing toward the south and there is a slight population density in Downtown Iquitos. Close to Iquitos are a number of lagoons and lakes; Moronococha Lake is a boundary to the city on the west. These features make the city seem like a huge, faux <a href="/wiki/River_island" title="River island">river island</a>. </p><p>Geologically, the city is settled in a <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a>-<a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> formation <a href="/wiki/Lithologically" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithologically">lithologically</a> composed by little-consolidated <a href="/wiki/Lutite" title="Lutite">lutites</a>, with remains of flora or fauna, and numerous <a href="/w/index.php?title=White_sand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White sand (page does not exist)">white-sand</a> lenses of abundant <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>. The residual soils are sandy, almost clay-like and variably deep.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAP_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAP-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Physiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiography">Physiography</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Hazy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazy">hazy</a> landscape due to the undulations of the <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a> caused by rain.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAP_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAP-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iquitos experiences an equatorial climate that is a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">tropical rainforest climate</a> (<i>Af</i>) under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, more subject to the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a> than the <a href="/wiki/Trade_wind" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade wind">trade winds</a> and with no <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclones</a>. There is constant <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a> throughout the year, without a distinct <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a>, but a wetter summer. Because the seasons are not sensitive in the equatorial zone, Iquitos has only two seasons. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rainy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainy">rainy</a> <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">summer</a> arrives in November and ends in May. March and April have the heaviest rains and humidity, with precipitation between 280 and 300 millimetres (11 and 12 in), respectively. In May, the Amazon River, one of the rivers surrounding the city, reaches its highest levels. It falls around 9 to 12 metres (30 to 39 ft) at its lowest point in October, and then steadily rises again cyclically according to rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-World-Guide_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World-Guide-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">Winter</a> offers a drier, sunnier climate. Although July and August are the driest months, they have some periods of <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">downpours</a>. Sunny days and good weather are common. Rainfall is more abundant here than in <a href="/wiki/Ayacucho" title="Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>. </p><p>Iquitos also has <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimates</a>: rain or <a href="/wiki/Drizzle" title="Drizzle">drizzle</a> may be present in some areas of the districts, while other parts of the city are slightly cloudy or clear. The temperature may vary. The <a href="/wiki/Urban_climate" title="Urban climate">urban climate</a> is slightly warmer than the natural climate, and would be reflected by the thermal sensation. It suffers from a phenomenon called <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a>, when the city's heat has difficulty dissipating during the night hours due to absorption by buildings and pavement. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Iquitos, Peru (1961–1990, extremes 1947–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.2<br />(108.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0<br />(98.6) </td> <td style="background: #F50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.2<br />(108.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2<br />(97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0<br />(102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2<br />(95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8<br />(100.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.1<br />(106.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.4<br />(101.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8<br />(100.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.4<br />(99.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.5<br />(97.7) </td> <td style="background: #F50000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42.2<br />(108.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6<br />(88.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9<br />(89.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4<br />(86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9<br />(87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6<br />(88.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1<br />(89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9<br />(89.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9<br />(89.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.4<br />(88.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7<br />(78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7<br />(78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8<br />(78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.8<br />(78.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0<br />(71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3<br />(70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8<br />(69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8<br />(71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.8<br />(71.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br />(59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #005E00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">279.0<br />(10.98) </td> <td style="background: #008B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">226.7<br />(8.93) </td> <td style="background: #005E00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">279.0<br />(10.98) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">309.8<br />(12.20) </td> <td style="background: #006600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">273.7<br />(10.78) </td> <td style="background: #00D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">190.1<br />(7.48) </td> <td style="background: #00EE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">181.9<br />(7.16) </td> <td style="background: #09FF09; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164.6<br />(6.48) </td> <td style="background: #00DA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.0<br />(7.44) </td> <td style="background: #009500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">241.9<br />(9.52) </td> <td style="background: #006D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">260.2<br />(10.24) </td> <td style="background: #005900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">282.4<br />(11.12) </td> <td style="background: #009100; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,878.3<br />(113.32) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #4E4EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">148 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">80 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167.4 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">149.7 </td> <td style="background: #C4C408; color:#000000;" class="notheme">151.9 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">159.0 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">173.6 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.0 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213.9 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">226.3 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213.0 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198.4 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">180.0 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">158.1 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,180.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 </td> <td style="background: #C5C502; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 </td> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: NOAA,<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<sup id="cite_ref-meteoclimat_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meteoclimat-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (mean temperatures 1949–1956, precipitation days 1970–1990, humidity 1951–1969, and sun)<sup id="cite_ref-DWD_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWD-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_hazards">Natural hazards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Natural hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main natural hazard is <a href="/wiki/Flooding" class="mw-redirect" title="Flooding">flooding</a>. In 2012, <a href="/wiki/2012_Loreto_floods" title="2012 Loreto floods">major flooding occurred in Iquitos</a> who alerted the population and affected coastal areas and several towns in the metropolitan area, which has a floodable, rainy geography. The floods of 2012 were regarded as the most historic natural disaster to Iquitos to date. Wet weather in Loreto took showers and drizzle, causing damage and flooding in the Loreto Region since November 2011. The rainy weather continued until early 2012, and increased the level of water in the Amazon river—wide stream that feeds most of the tributaries in Loreto – up to 117 <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metres</a> (384 feet). Since February and March, several villages are affected (19,209 and 18,400 families affected), 26 000 hectares of farmland are flooded and the water level reached coastal streets of Iquitos. On 24 April 2012, the spate faded, and initiated the first stage of <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">ebb</a>. </p><p>Other natural hazards are <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heat waves</a> where temperatures can reach over 37 °C (99 °F) with a <a href="/wiki/Heat_index" title="Heat index">heat index</a> of 45 °C (113 °F) which is caused by the low humidity on clear days. <a href="/wiki/Cold_wave" title="Cold wave">Cold waves</a> are also curious in Iquitos: cold air from the tip of the continent driven by the dynamics of the atmosphere, comes to town and causes a drop in temperature, moderate rainfall and thunderstorms. The trade winds also come to cause gales reaching 60 km/h (37 <a href="/wiki/Miles_per_hour" title="Miles per hour">mph</a>). In October 2012, Iquitos experienced high temperatures and heavy thunderstorms. </p><p>Earthquakes in the city are very rare and very deep. Iquitos is located in Region 3 of Systematic Regionalization Map of Peru, which means that the city has a low coefficient <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismic_value&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seismic value (page does not exist)">seismic value</a>, although the 2011 Peru earthquake, which occurred southeast of <a href="/wiki/Contamana" title="Contamana">Contamana</a>, was felt in the city as a small and unexpected jolt.<sup id="cite_ref-IIAP_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIAP-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology">Ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to its location in the Peruvian Amazon, Iquitos has a green landscape with a vast variety of life. The flora is varied with great presence of 850 species, including 22 species of palms and orchids, who provide the attractive forest within the urban landscape of the city. Lilies are also present. The extensive forests seated within the metropolitan area host fauna including 130 species of mammals, 330 species of birds, 150 species of reptiles and amphibians, and 250 species of fish. Within the city, inhabiting the <a href="/wiki/Rock_dove" title="Rock dove">rock dove</a> (<i>Columba livia</i>), especially in the Square 28 de Julio. Also recorded is the transient presence of <a href="/wiki/Bull_shark" title="Bull shark">bull sharks</a> (<i>Carcharhinus leucas</i>) who come from the Atlantic Ocean, traveling 3,360 miles to reach Iquitos. </p><p>The floodplain forest of Iquitos is the peculiar ecoregion which surrounds the city, and is characterized by a <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1rzea_forest" title="Várzea forest">várzea forest</a> called <a href="/wiki/Iquitos_varzea" class="mw-redirect" title="Iquitos varzea">Iquitos varzea</a>. Its alluvial detail is the motive why intense rainy seasons easily reach these areas flood. In the natural cycle, the trees drop their leaves and other organic waste to the soil, and become <a href="/wiki/Humus" title="Humus">humus</a>. Rain washes these nutrients into rivers, which gives that blonde color, called <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a>. Immediately, this cycle repeats. </p><p>The great biodiversity that the Iquitos Metropolitan Area houses and protects is paramount, and that is intrinsically related to its urban planning, which puts a limit action in areas where farms should not be built. Because of this, the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Informal_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal settlements">informal settlements</a> is seen as a risk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_reserves_and_zoos">Natural reserves and zoos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Natural reserves and zoos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The importance of the existence of nature reserves is a priority in Iquitos for ecosystem protection. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Allpahuayo-Mishana_National_Reserve" title="Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve">Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve</a> is a protected area with soaring rates of biodiversity. The reserve is located 20 kilometres (12 miles) from Iquitos, being reached by Route LO-103. The ecosystem is part of the Nanay River basin, specifically in an area called "Ecoregion Napo", which contains unique Amazonian biodiversity, including its distinctive white sand forests. The Napo Ecoregion contains 112 species of <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, 17 species of <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>, 1900 plant species and over 600 bird species. Some ecologically important animals valued for their rarity in the reserve are the supay pichico (<i><a href="/wiki/Callimico_goeldii" class="mw-redirect" title="Callimico goeldii">Callimico goeldii</a></i>), black stump (<i><a href="/wiki/Callicebus_torquatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Callicebus torquatus">Callicebus torquatus</a></i>), equatorial saki (<i><a href="/wiki/Pithecia_aequatorialis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pithecia aequatorialis">Pithecia aequatorialis</a></i>) ancient antwren (<i><a href="/wiki/Herpsilochmus_gentryi" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpsilochmus gentryi">Herpsilochmus gentryi</a></i>), Mishana tyrannulet (<i><a href="/wiki/Zimmerius_villarejoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimmerius villarejoi">Zimmerius villarejoi</a></i>), Allpahuayo antbird (<i><a href="/wiki/Percnostola_arenarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Percnostola arenarum">Percnostola arenarum</a></i>), chestnut-tailed ant (<i>Myrmeciza centuculorum castanea</i>), the pompadour cotinga (<i><a href="/wiki/Xipholena_punicea" class="mw-redirect" title="Xipholena punicea">Xipholena punicea</a></i>), saffron-crested tyrant-manakin (<i><a href="/wiki/Neopelma_chrysocephalum" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopelma chrysocephalum">Neopelma chrysocephalum</a></i>), among others. The Iquitos gnatcatcher (<a href="/wiki/Polioptila_clementsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Polioptila clementsi">Polioptila clementsi</a>) is an endemic species of the reserve and is considered a symbol of Iquitos. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quistococha_Tourist_Complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quistococha Tourist Complex (page does not exist)">Quistococha Tourist Complex</a> is characterized by its variety. The place is located 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) from Iquitos via Route AS-103, and with an extension 369 hectares (910 acres) of natural forest, has a small zoo, a <a href="/wiki/Serpentarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpentarium">serpentarium</a>, an aquarium, a nursery and an artificial beach called Tunchi Beach. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_zoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterfly zoo">butterfly zoo</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilpintuwasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pilpintuwasi (page does not exist)">Pilpintuwasi</a> is located in Padre Cocha, Iquitos, and includes more than 40 species of insects, especially butterflies. Along the butterfly zoo, is the Amazon Animal Orphanage, commissioned in <a href="/wiki/Animal_rescue_group" title="Animal rescue group">animal rescue</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1808</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">171</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1842</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1860</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">300</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+50.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1862</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">431</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+43.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1864</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">648</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+50.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1876</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,475</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+127.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1903</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,438</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+539.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1928</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">22,575</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+139.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">57,772</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+155.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1964</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">76,400</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+32.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1972</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">110,402</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+44.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">178,738</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+61.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1993</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">274,759</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+53.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2007</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">370,962</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+35.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 2012</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">457,865</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+23.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2015</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">471,993</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.1%</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1808, Hipolito Sanchez Rangel, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> of Maynas, reported that the village of Iquitos had 171 inhabitants and on 8 June 1842, the date when the town was elevated to a district, it had just over 200 inhabitants. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iquitos_et_l%27Amazonie_835.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Iquitos_et_l%27Amazonie_835.jpg/200px-Iquitos_et_l%27Amazonie_835.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Iquitos_et_l%27Amazonie_835.jpg/300px-Iquitos_et_l%27Amazonie_835.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Iquitos_et_l%27Amazonie_835.jpg/400px-Iquitos_et_l%27Amazonie_835.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6159" data-file-height="4063" /></a><figcaption>The northeast side of Iquitos in 1987, when the population of Iquitos still maintained its rural aspect in developing as a <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1860, according to Paz Soldan, the town had only 300 inhabitants. Two years later, the population increased to about 431 inhabitants and in 1864, there were 648 people, predominantly mestizo due to the presence of families from Borja, Santiago, Santa Teresa, Barranca and others, who fled away from the attack on the Huambisas and Aguaruna native and destroyed the villages. </p><p>According to Genaro Herrera, in 1866, Iquitos had a population of 648 people. For 1876, again the same author reports a population of 1,475 inhabitants. </p><p>In 1903, in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber boom">rubber boom</a>, Iquitos had 9,438 inhabitants (census of Benito Lords), of which 542 were foreigners, most of them from Spain (95) Brazil (80), China (74), Portugal (64) and as many from Italy, England, France, Ecuador, United States, Russia, Switzerland and Morocco. </p><p>Currently, Iquitos has emerged as the largest city in the Peruvian Amazon. Counted by the census of 2007 with 406,340 inhabitants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MPM-Iquitos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MPM-Iquitos.jpg/220px-MPM-Iquitos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MPM-Iquitos.jpg/330px-MPM-Iquitos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MPM-Iquitos.jpg/440px-MPM-Iquitos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of Provincial Municipality of Maynas which is the main political entity that administers the city.</figcaption></figure> <p>Iquitos is a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provincial_municipality_(Peru)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provincial municipality (Peru) (page does not exist)">provincial municipality</a> with a system of government headed by a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provincial_Council_(Peru)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provincial Council (Peru) (page does not exist)">Provincial Council</a>, composed of the Mayor and fifteen <a href="/wiki/Aldermen" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldermen">aldermen</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provincial_Municipality_of_Maynas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provincial Municipality of Maynas (page does not exist)">Provincial Municipality of Maynas</a> (MPM) is the main body that has jurisdiction in the <a href="/wiki/Maynas_Province,_Peru" title="Maynas Province, Peru">Maynas Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iquitos_District" title="Iquitos District">Iquitos District</a>, and authorities are elected by <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">popular vote</a>. The municipal government is responsible for planning development and territorial order within its jurisdiction and promoting strategic coordinace within the district order. It is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public education</a>, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, urban planning, regulation of all types of transportation, municipal tax collection, maintenance of public roads (asphalt, cleaning, etc..) and gardens, promoting culture and preservation of architecture and public places, among others. The Municipal Manager is responsible "to direct, coordinate, monitor and evaluate the technical, financial and administrative of the Municipality". </p><p>The MPM has support bodies formed by the General Secretariat, the Office of Institutional Image, Administrative Management, Revenue Management and the General Office of Information. The line agencies are <a href="/wiki/Bureaucratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureaucratic">bureaucratic</a> managers with a distinct role and have the function of carrying out the institution's mission, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Territorial Conditioning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation and Environmental Health</a>, Works and Infrastructure, <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Traffic and Public Transport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Development">Social Development</a>, Economic Development and Municipal Services. The MPM organizes the Municipal Ombudsman Service of Child and Adolescent. </p><p>The mayor was Adela Jimenez, an architect, chosen by the <a href="/wiki/National_Jury_of_Elections" title="National Jury of Elections">National Jury of Elections</a> to fill temporarily to Charles Zevallos who was suspended for health reasons. Jimenez was the first woman to hold the office of mayor provincial and Iquitos. Current mayor is Francisco Sanjurjo Dávila. </p><p>The political geography of Iquitos consists of four districts or <a href="/wiki/Commune_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commune (administrative division)">communes</a>, each with a district municipality. Except for Iquitos District which does not have a district municipality and as such, the Provincial Municipality of Maynas also functions as its council district. The other districts are with a respective one: District Municipality of Punchna, the District Municipality of San Juan Bautista and the District Municipality of Belén. Each municipality has control in its own district, and each has a policy of <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a> that is created according to the state of its district. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metropolitan_area">Metropolitan area</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Metropolitan area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iquitos_Mapa_de_distritos_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Iquitos_Mapa_de_distritos_03.svg/290px-Iquitos_Mapa_de_distritos_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Iquitos_Mapa_de_distritos_03.svg/435px-Iquitos_Mapa_de_distritos_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Iquitos_Mapa_de_distritos_03.svg/580px-Iquitos_Mapa_de_distritos_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="1843" /></a><figcaption>The four urban districts of Iquitos: <b><a href="/wiki/Iquitos_District" title="Iquitos District"><span style="background-color:#cc95cc;">1: Iquitos</span></a></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9n_District,_Maynas" title="Belén District, Maynas"><span style="background-color:#e5757e;">2: Belén</span></a></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Punchana_District" title="Punchana District"><span style="background-color:#e8ba37;">3: Punchana</span></a></b> <b><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Bautista_District,_Maynas" title="San Juan Bautista District, Maynas"><span style="background-color:#dcdc71;">4: San Juan Bautista</span></a></b>. The suburban and urban production zones are narrowly close to urban areas, especially south of San Juan. The limits are indicative because the city experienced a remarkable expansion.</figcaption></figure> <p>The city is the urban core of Iquitos Metropolitan Area. It is a conurbation consists of four districts that are heavily populated in the city, while rural areas become more so away from the downtown. The Iquitos District is the urban origin of the city and the metropolitan area. Moronacocha, which has 85,000 inhabitants, could become the fifth district of Iquitos. </p><p>Iquitos is composed of four districts. </p> <ul><li><b>Iquitos</b> (Iquitos District: 163,594 inhabitants)<sup id="cite_ref-Maynas_en_Cifras_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maynas_en_Cifras-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the main district of the city, and is the most visited by tourists. The center of Iquitos, located in the heart of the district, is best known, and it has most of the activities of economy, culture, entertainment, art and commerce of the city. The Plaza de Armas is the tourist point of departure for most tourists, along with the <a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Fierro" title="Casa de Fierro">Casa de Fierro</a>, the Iglesia Matriz, the former Palace Hotel, the Boulevard de Iquitos, the Malecon Tarapaca and the Amazon Library.</li> <li><b>Belén</b> (Municipality of Belen District: 74,551 inhabitants) is one of the districts of the city known mainly for its intense commercial activity and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belen_Neighborhood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belen Neighborhood (page does not exist)">Belen Neighborhood</a>, called the "Venice" by <i>iquiteños</i>. It is located on the east side of Iquitos and was created on 5 November 1999.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Punchana_District" title="Punchana District">Punchana</a></b> (Municipality of Punchana District: 85,179 inhabitants)<sup id="cite_ref-Maynas_en_Cifras_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maynas_en_Cifras-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Punchana-muni_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Punchana-muni-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the northern district of Iquitos and was created on 17 December 1987, and is characterized more by its <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> activity and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bellavista-Nanay_market&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bellavista-Nanay market (page does not exist)">Bellavista-Nanay market</a>. Punchana capital has a small district <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">capital</a> called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Punchana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa Punchana (page does not exist)">Villa Punchana</a>. 90% of the district is composed of urban land, while 10% is rural. In the history of Iquitos, Punchana started as a small hamlet and the name of the district is due to a kind of wild <a href="/wiki/Agouti" title="Agouti">agouti</a>, which was cared for in a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Breedingground&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breedingground (page does not exist)">breedingground</a> at the beginning of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Punchana-hist_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Punchana-hist-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Bautista_District,_Maynas" title="San Juan Bautista District, Maynas">San Juan Bautista</a></b> (Municipality of San Juan Bautista District: 124,143 inhabitants), colloquially known as <b>San Juan</b>, is the largest district of Iquitos, and which is constantly expanding to the south of the city due to the arrival of new families to the city —also embraces remote areas beyond the urban Iquitos, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quistococha_Resort_and_Zoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quistococha Resort and Zoo (page does not exist)">Quistococha Resort and Zoo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SanJuan-muni_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SanJuan-muni-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before promoted as a populous district in the presidency of Fernando Belaunde in the 1960s, the district was a sparsely populated road. Currently, several human settlements are in the "expansive" border areas. In this district, there are several tourist spots such as the San Juan Craft Market, the beaches of Santa Clara and St. Thomas, and <a href="/wiki/Allpahuayo-Mishana_National_Reserve" title="Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve">Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve</a> (located in the Iquitos-<a href="/wiki/Nauta" title="Nauta">Nauta</a> Highway).</li></ul> <p>The metropolitan area of Iquitos is also organized by another system subdivisions, less known by the local colloquialism. </p> <ul><li><b>Downtown Iquitos</b> houses the historical extension of Iquitos, and its main shopping and entertainment movement. This includes closely eastern union between Iquitos and Belen districts.</li> <li><b>North Iquitos</b> comprises Punchana and northern Iquitos.</li> <li><b>South Iquitos</b> comprises mostly San Juan Bautista, sectors such as Terminal and much of its length south.</li> <li><b>West Iquitos</b> comprises the western parts of the Iquitos District as Moronacocha.</li> <li><b>East Iquitos</b> would be hosting in all the Belén District, and the eastern part of Belén.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Iquitos" title="Special:EditPage/Iquitos">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gasolinera_en_Iquitos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gasolinera_en_Iquitos.jpg/200px-Gasolinera_en_Iquitos.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gasolinera_en_Iquitos.jpg/300px-Gasolinera_en_Iquitos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gasolinera_en_Iquitos.jpg/400px-Gasolinera_en_Iquitos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Petroper%C3%BA" title="Petroperú">Petroperú</a> <a href="/wiki/Filling_station" title="Filling station">filling station</a> near downtown Iquitos. Most service stations in the city have a <a href="/wiki/Convenience_store" title="Convenience store">convenience store</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jir%C3%B3n_Pr%C3%B3spero_de_Iquitos.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jir%C3%B3n_Pr%C3%B3spero_de_Iquitos.JPG/200px-Jir%C3%B3n_Pr%C3%B3spero_de_Iquitos.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jir%C3%B3n_Pr%C3%B3spero_de_Iquitos.JPG/300px-Jir%C3%B3n_Pr%C3%B3spero_de_Iquitos.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jir%C3%B3n_Pr%C3%B3spero_de_Iquitos.JPG/400px-Jir%C3%B3n_Pr%C3%B3spero_de_Iquitos.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>A block of Jiron Prospero, one of the four major avenues of the city with shops along its length.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belen_Market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Belen_Market.jpg/200px-Belen_Market.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Belen_Market.jpg/300px-Belen_Market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Belen_Market.jpg/400px-Belen_Market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The Belen Market is considered the largest <a href="/wiki/Street_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Street market">street market</a> in the Peruvian Amazon, and an important commercial and economic exchange.</figcaption></figure> <p>Iquitos is the main center of commerce, tourism and industry in the Amazon rainforest with the world. As gateway to the Peruvian Amazon, the economy of many parts of the region come to Iquitos for sustainable control. The Economic Development Management of the Provincial Municipality of Maynas is responsible for regulating and regulate trade, business development and employment, tourism and rural production both Iquitos District as whole Maynas Province. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Commerce">Chamber of Commerce</a> of Iquitos is headed by economist Victor Manuel Valdivia Barberis. </p><p>The city is a major center for <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">finance</a>, sales, transportation, tourism, media, while major industries that work is the <a href="/wiki/Timber_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber industry">timber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">petroleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flour_milling" class="mw-redirect" title="Flour milling">flour milling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camu_camu" class="mw-redirect" title="Camu camu">camu camu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bakery" title="Bakery">bakery</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">fishing industry</a> is another big support for the economy of the city. The Belen Market has a frenetic commercial activity that is part of its economy. Iquitos has great financial backing has been able to help it progress now since its role in the rubber boom, although must be overcome with effort after the <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> was no longer produced in the city. The petroleum industry, despite being outside the urban area of Iquitos, has greatly influenced its evolution. In addition, trade has mainly helped the growth of the city. In San Juan Bautista, economic development is based on agriculture (<a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peach_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Peach palm">pijuayo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_apple" class="mw-redirect" title="Star apple">caimito</a>), fish, <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bubaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubaline">bubaline</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>. The petroleum, one of the most precious resources, extracted mainly from the region northwest of Loreto and part of it is transported to the <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">refinery</a> in Iquitos. The timber transport is another important economic factor, however, due to the <a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Trade Agreement">Free Trade Agreement</a> between Peru and the United States, the gross exploitation of timber has decreased considerably. </p><p>According to Rolando Arellano, president of Arellano Marketing, describes the <i>Iquiteño</i> consumer to have greater preference for a "<a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western model</a> with a more modern orientation than the Peruvian-Andean lifestyle". </p><p>With projects of large <a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">malls</a>, the city still has a trade-in retail stores and minimarkets throughout the metropolitan area, more strongly in main avenues such as Prospero, Arica, Grau and Alfonso Ugarte located in the center of Iquitos and the Belén District. <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">Retail distribution</a> of imported products has created regional and social stratification that goes from the merchant importer to urban <a href="/wiki/Retailer" class="mw-redirect" title="Retailer">retailer</a>, which serves as a strong link between the urban and rural economy. </p><p>Companies located in Iquitos include Amazónica, <a href="/wiki/Backus" title="Backus">Backus</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBVA_Continental" class="mw-redirect" title="BBVA Continental">Banco Continental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Cr%C3%A9dito_del_Per%C3%BA" title="Banco de Crédito del Perú">Banco de Crédito del Perú</a>, Banco de la Nación, Banco Financiero, <a href="/wiki/Bata_Shoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bata Shoes">Bata Shoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claro_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Claro Americas">Claro Americas</a>, CrediVargas, <a href="/wiki/DHL_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="DHL Express">DHL Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a>, Electro Oriente, Galerías Quispe, Supermercado Pacific, <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a>, Husqvarna AB, Inkafarma, <a href="/wiki/Interbank" title="Interbank">Interbank</a>, Los Portales, <a href="/wiki/Mapfre" title="Mapfre">Mapfre</a>, Motocorp, Multicines Star, Orvisa/<a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc." title="Caterpillar Inc.">Caterpillar</a>, Persa, <a href="/wiki/Petroper%C3%BA" title="Petroperú">Petroperú</a>, <a href="/wiki/RadioShack" title="RadioShack">RadioShack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotiabank" title="Scotiabank">Scotiabank</a>, Shambo, <a href="/wiki/Special_Book_Services" title="Special Book Services">Special Book Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica" title="Telefónica">Telefónica</a>/<a href="/wiki/Movistar" title="Movistar">Movistar</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">The Coca-Cola Company</a>, Topitop, <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha Corporation</a>, among others. </p><p>In the coming years, companies like <a href="/wiki/Ripley_S.A." title="Ripley S.A.">Ripley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saga_Falabella" class="mw-redirect" title="Saga Falabella">Saga Falabella</a>, Metro, <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Vea" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaza Vea">Plaza Vea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tottus" title="Tottus">Tottus</a>, among others, will be available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iquitos is home to numerous research projects on ecology related to <a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">ornithology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">herpetology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> owns a field station dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Esbaran_Amazon_Field_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell University Esbaran Amazon Field Laboratory">Cornell University Esbaran Amazon Field Laboratory</a>. Founded in July 2001 under the direction of Dr. <a href="/wiki/Eloy_Rodriguez" title="Eloy Rodriguez">Eloy Rodriguez</a>, the facility is dedicated to education, <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation</a>, and the discovery of novel medicinal compounds from applied field <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemoecology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemoecology (page does not exist)">chemoecology</a>. </p><p>The field lab strives to survey and catalog the biological diversity found along the <a href="/wiki/Yarapa_River" title="Yarapa River">Yarapa River</a> Basin. It provides researchers with field experience in the broad range of disciplines necessary for this task. Another major goal is to explore value-added derivatives of biodiversity. This includes both tangible returns, in the form of new discoveries in the biomedical and related sciences, as well as less tangible goods, such as the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> and an ecological ethic. They work to ensure benefits to the local communities, and to participating students and researchers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities">Universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iquitos has four universities: Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana (UNAP), the local state university; Universidad Particular de Iquitos (UPI), Universidad Científica del Perú (UCP), Universidad Peruana del Oriente (UPO) three private institutions. It is also home to the <i>Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana</i> (IIAP), the Institute of Investigation of the Peruvian Amazon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_clara_drone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Santa_clara_drone.jpg/200px-Santa_clara_drone.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Santa_clara_drone.jpg/300px-Santa_clara_drone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Santa_clara_drone.jpg/400px-Santa_clara_drone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="2992" /></a><figcaption>Santa Clara highway, completed in 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>Iquitos has a personality very different from the rest of Peru and even different from other South-American Amazonian cities. The streets of Iquitos are dominated by more than 25,000 <a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaws" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto rickshaws">auto rickshaws</a> or motokars, known in the rest of Peru under the name of mototaxi, and for foreigners as auto rickshaw or tuk-tuk, providing taxi service. The buses are large vehicles made of wood with direct routes. </p><p>Iquitos is widely regarded as the largest inland city that is inaccessible by road. Air and river transport are the main means for entry or exit of people and goods to the city, since the cost of living in this city is generally higher than the Peruvian standard. It is considered that Iquitos is the second most expensive city in Peru after <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>. A proposed road link to <a href="/wiki/Sarameriza_(Peru)" title="Sarameriza (Peru)">Sarameriza</a>, to be completed by 2021, would connect Iquitos to the country's road network.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city has renewed <a href="/wiki/Crnl._FAP_Francisco_Secada_Vignetta_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Crnl. FAP Francisco Secada Vignetta International Airport">Crnl. FAP Francisco Secada Vignetta International Airport</a> where domestic and international flights operate. In the domestic terminal there are routes from Lima and other <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Peru" title="Provinces of Peru">Peruvian provinces</a>. While in the international terminal there are flights from/to <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a> on Wednesdays and Saturdays with <a href="/wiki/Copa_Airlines" title="Copa Airlines">Copa Airlines</a> also connecting from/to USA, Mexico, Canada, Central America & Caribbean, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and Brazil. There are between 8 and 9 daily flights to Iquitos from Lima, some make intermediate stops in <a href="/wiki/Pucallpa" title="Pucallpa">Pucallpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarapoto" title="Tarapoto">Tarapoto</a>. Air routes are served by four companies: <a href="/wiki/LAN_Per%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="LAN Perú">LAN Perú</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Airlines" title="Peruvian Airlines">Peruvian Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_Per%C3%BA" title="Star Perú">Star Perú</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copa_Airlines" title="Copa Airlines">Copa Airlines</a>. The direct flight between Lima and Iquitos takes 1 hour and 45 minutes. Copa Airlines provides international flights to the city with Panama and the Americas from 14 July 2012. Since June 2011, the Central Government of Peru provided two <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-6_Twin_Otter" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter">de Havilland Canada DHC-6 <i>Twin Otter</i></a> for operations across the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iquitos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Iquitos.jpg/170px-Iquitos.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Iquitos.jpg/255px-Iquitos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Iquitos.jpg/340px-Iquitos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The former <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel Palace">Hotel Palace</a> (built from 1908 to 1912) by Samuel Young Mass, located on the first block of Jiron Putumayo, in an area known as the Malecón Tarapacá.</figcaption></figure> <p>Iquitos has architecturally significant buildings in a particular range of structural remnants were built during the rubber boom of the 1880s. The buildings are mainly <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Europe">European</a>/Amazonian-style with <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_tile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic tile">ceramic tiles</a> imported from Italy and Portugal, and the city's unique French architecture called Casa de Fierro built by Gustave Eiffel, who built the original house in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> for an exhibition of 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-Biopark_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biopark-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sobre_Perú_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobre_Perú-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the structure is not the only European urban appeal: the city is also characterized by the rustic architecture or conventional as the <a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">palafitte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maloca" title="Maloca">malocas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hut_(dwelling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hut (dwelling)">huts</a> that are located primarily in the areas of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Joaquin-arquitectura_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joaquin-arquitectura-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the first native inhabitants of the settlements built their houses of sticks and leaves and other natural resources, which were tailored to protect against the <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, wildlife and other hazards.<sup id="cite_ref-Joaquin-arquitectura_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joaquin-arquitectura-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The styles of housing in those settlements were huts and cocameras, used as large communal houses. Other notable conventional architectures are characterized by their firmness and isothermal conditions; they are categorized into three types of home: <a href="/wiki/Quincha" title="Quincha">quincha</a> —built with posts and <a href="/wiki/Arundo_donax" title="Arundo donax">giant cane</a>—, <a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">rammed earth</a> —resistant and isothermal—, and <a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</a> —irm with the same isothermal condition.<sup id="cite_ref-Joaquin-arquitectura_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joaquin-arquitectura-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Asieslaselva_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asieslaselva-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rubber boom of the 1880s caused a severe change in the architectural style of Iquitos. Foreign and <a href="/wiki/Rubber_baron" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber baron">rubber barons</a> brought with them the influence of countries like Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, and descendants as <a href="/wiki/Sephardim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardim">Sephardim</a>. Jose de Jesus Reategui and a young group built the main features of the urban city during the rubber boom, including the Iglesia Matriz de Iquitos.<sup id="cite_ref-Joaquin-arquitectura_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joaquin-arquitectura-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Iquitos popular belief of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> was considered less humane and aesthetic, but Gustave Eiffel got the Casa de Fierro became an attraction in the city, although historically the prefabricated building was not designed for Iquitos.<sup id="cite_ref-Joaquin-arquitectura_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joaquin-arquitectura-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> style also influenced the architecture of Iquitos, and defense against the rain was another prominent feature added to buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Joaquin-arquitectura_62-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joaquin-arquitectura-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 90 buildings are declared architectural heritage sites of Loreto.<sup id="cite_ref-Joaquin-arquitectura_62-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joaquin-arquitectura-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_contemporary_life">Culture and contemporary life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Culture and contemporary life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iquitos-Plaza_de_Armas-Catedral.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Iquitos-Plaza_de_Armas-Catedral.JPG/220px-Iquitos-Plaza_de_Armas-Catedral.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Iquitos-Plaza_de_Armas-Catedral.JPG/330px-Iquitos-Plaza_de_Armas-Catedral.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Iquitos-Plaza_de_Armas-Catedral.JPG/440px-Iquitos-Plaza_de_Armas-Catedral.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The Plaza de Armas and the Iglesia Matriz (near the middle of the image) in the downtown Iquitos</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_de_Iquitos_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Catedral_de_Iquitos_%283%29.jpg/220px-Catedral_de_Iquitos_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Catedral_de_Iquitos_%283%29.jpg/330px-Catedral_de_Iquitos_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Catedral_de_Iquitos_%283%29.jpg/440px-Catedral_de_Iquitos_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2656" data-file-height="3984" /></a><figcaption>The Iglesia Matriz de Iquitos is characterized by its <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a> style and Swiss clock. It is considered one of the symbols of the city.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iquitos_en_lluvia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Iquitos_en_lluvia.jpg/220px-Iquitos_en_lluvia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Iquitos_en_lluvia.jpg/330px-Iquitos_en_lluvia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Iquitos_en_lluvia.jpg/440px-Iquitos_en_lluvia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The Plaza de Armas at night</figcaption></figure> <p>Iquitos has a vibrant, unique, complex and diverse <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, and is regarded as the cultural hub of the Peruvian Amazon, according to <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>. Many natives visit the city to showcase their dances or sell their <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">crafts</a>. The city also has a wealth of customs and traditions that have remained consistent over the years such as following the Iquitos calendar, celebrating cultural festivities, <a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish accent">Spanish accent</a> and mythology. Currently, its culture is undergoing an impetuous transition to a contemporary level to preserve their traditions with innovative art movements. </p><p>One of the main factors of the traditional cultural energy of Iquitos is Amazonian mythology, which has a range of characters, identified by folklore in imaginary beings. Many of the legendary beings, with appearances motivated by local geography, have powers and influenced much in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">worldview</a> of Iquitos. The dance and music, a mix of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> heritage are closely related to the meanings of mythology, and also with the life of the citizen and Amazonian villager. </p><p>The complex cultural life of Iquitos consists mainly of native iquiteños, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian people">Brazilians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian people">Colombians</a>, Chineses and settled <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriates</a> ethnicities. The term "charapa culture" generally refers to social, cultural and artistic movements of Iquitos. </p><p>Iquitos has a unique culture that is strongly felt, as the following quotes says: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We are in <i>the city of the alteration of the senses</i>. [...] What is striking me is the ease with which <i>iquitenses</i>  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] engage in conversation with tourists, with a warmth and naturalness that is rarely seen in my native place.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Max Palacios, in his blog <i>Amores bizarros</i>.</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Although I'm a veteran of several South American adventures, Iquitos appealed to me as a quirk – a jungle city seems a contradiction and this would be my first Amazon visit to include the <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitan</a> luxuries of a real bed and shops. I'm fascinated at the very audacity by which such a city exists, thousands of kilometres from anywhere and with no roads to get there.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Jade Richardson, in an article titled "In an urban jungle"<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nothing more appropriate to think of a fantastic city as a city of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atonement" class="extiw" title="wikt:atonement">Atonement</a>. Iquitos is an island, surrounded by an immense and immeasurable river, an island that goes wherever you go one to be crossed with fresh water and warm, with boats and small kids, with men and boys in the sun on the beach, with <a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">sirens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buzzard" title="Buzzard">buzzards</a> and myths. A city that faced conflicts and <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">wars</a> against three countries, which suffered considerable infighting and even for some months it has its own <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a>. Island, yes; city, yes.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Edwin Chavez, writing about the <a href="/wiki/Idiosyncratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiosyncratic">idiosyncratic</a> essence of the city.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Contemporary cultural movements began in the city, such as the <a href="/wiki/Amazonian_pop_art" title="Amazonian pop art">Amazonian pop art</a> and Amazonian graffiti—with Pukuna 8990 being the most revolutionary graffiti movement—Iquiteño music subgenres of <a href="/wiki/Electronica_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronica music">electronica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap">rap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_jazz" title="French jazz">French jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psytrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Psytrance">psytrance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Full-on" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-on">full-on</a>, next to traditional Amazonian music. The Children's and Youthful Symphonic Orchestra of Iquitos is the main symphonic group in the city. </p><p>Iquitos has been <a href="/wiki/Benchmarking" title="Benchmarking">benchmarked</a> over the years in <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>. The Peruvian writer <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> wrote his work <i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Pantoja_and_the_Special_Service" title="Captain Pantoja and the Special Service">Captain Pantoja and the Special Service</a></i> inspired by the city. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Lombardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Lombardi">Francisco Lombardi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Captain_Pantoja_and_the_Special_Services_(2000_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Pantoja and the Special Services (2000 film)">2000 film</a>, based on the novel by Vargas Llosa was filmed in this city. In <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos_Prize" title="Rómulo Gallegos Prize">Rómulo Gallegos-winning</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Green_House" title="The Green House">The Green House</a></i> (1965) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_the_Celt" title="The Dream of the Celt">The Dream of the Celt</a></i> (2010), other novels of Mario Vargas Llosa, also part of the plot occurs in Iquitos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment_and_arts">Entertainment and arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Entertainment and arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iquitos has an intense tourist movement in the <a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">entertainment</a>, which is based on specific points located throughout the city. With a growing organization of entertainment today, the city has always had groups concerned to project the Iquitos <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">arts</a> such as dance, music, film, painting, literature and theater. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual arts</a>, the city is the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Amazonian_pop_art" title="Amazonian pop art">Amazonian pop art</a> (also known wild <a href="/wiki/Naive" class="mw-redirect" title="Naive">naive</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-SobrePerú_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SobrePerú-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a unique, <a href="/wiki/Self-taught" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-taught">self-taught</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pop-art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop-art">pop-art</a> style of the city, and is notable for its "sparkling" <a href="/wiki/Chromaticism" title="Chromaticism">chromaticism</a>, and makes a reference to <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallucinogenic">hallucinogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">ayahuasca</a> experiences. Originally, it is a <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">mural art</a> that blends prominently the colorful amazonian culture, European motifs and commercial characters, which may be influenced by American <a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">pop art</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>. </p><p>In several works of painters <i>iquiteños</i> (such as Christian Bendayan, Roldán Pinedo, Elena Valera, Rember Yahuarcani, Brus Rubio and Victor Churay), Amazonian pop art legacy has been a visual reference to create avant-garde works of contemporary life in the city and Amazonian culture. </p><p>The Dirección Regional de Cultura (formerly known as Instituto Nacional de Cultura del Perú), with headquarters in the city, mainly funded events and arts festivals in the city, although there are also small <a href="/wiki/Indie_art" title="Indie art">indie</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">underground</a> groups that conduct their own cultural events. The city has many small festivals; the highlights are <a href="/wiki/Estamos_en_la_Calle" title="Estamos en la Calle">Estamos en la Calle</a>, Iquitos Outfest, and other small annual events. </p><p>The city is known for having a remarkable celebration, called simply <i>Carnaval</i>. During this festival, mainly pagan, celebrants are dedicated to wetting people with <i><a href="/wiki/Water_balloon" title="Water balloon">cabaciñas</a></i> or other instrument. Many choose to be more extravagant, wetting with various substances such as paint or other object as cause for celebration. The celebration is unique each year in February. The carnival is heavily influenced by myths and rich Amazonian culture. It also celebrates the Day of San Juan, referring to <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> as patron saint in the Peruvian Amazon, whose feast is celebrated on 24 June. The main element is the juane and other own dances as shunto jump. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cinema">Cinema</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iquitos_Casa_de_Hierro01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Iquitos_Casa_de_Hierro01.jpg/220px-Iquitos_Casa_de_Hierro01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Iquitos_Casa_de_Hierro01.jpg/330px-Iquitos_Casa_de_Hierro01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Iquitos_Casa_de_Hierro01.jpg/440px-Iquitos_Casa_de_Hierro01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>The first cinema was presented with an <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Edison</a> machine at <a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Fierro" title="Casa de Fierro">Casa de Fierro</a>, 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-Joaquín_García_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joaquín_García-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iquitos" title="Cinema of Iquitos">Cinema of Iquitos</a></div> <p>Iquitos has a major <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">cinematic</a> history, which originated from the arrival of foreign families during the rubber boom in the early 20th century. A group of people brought <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, including projectors of the <a href="/wiki/Lumiere_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumiere Brothers">Lumiere brothers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Raul_Herrera_Soria_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raul_Herrera_Soria-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Francisco_Bardales_2_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francisco_Bardales_2-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Les_Langues_Néo-Latines_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Les_Langues_Néo-Latines-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important pioneer of cinema in Iquitos and the Loreto Region is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Wong_Rengifo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Wong Rengifo (page does not exist)">Antonio Wong Rengifo</a>; alongside this, other filmmakers such as <a href="/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armando_Robles_Godoy" title="Armando Robles Godoy">Armando Robles Godoy</a>, Nora Izcue, Federico García, and Dorian Fernández-Moris prolonged the cinematic presence in the city. Iquitos was and is used as a <a href="/wiki/Scene_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scene (film)">cultural scene</a>, reference, and shelter for many filmmakers.<sup id="cite_ref-Joaquín_García_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joaquín_García-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iquitos#List_of_films" title="Cinema of Iquitos">Major films filmed in Iquitos</a> and its surroundings are:<sup id="cite_ref-Joaquín_García_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joaquín_García-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Frente del Putumayo</i> (1932) and <i>Bajo el sol de Loreto</i> (1936) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Wong_Rengifo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Wong Rengifo (page does not exist)">Antonio Wong Rengifo</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/No_Stars_in_the_Jungle" title="No Stars in the Jungle">No Stars in the Jungle</a></i> (1966) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Wall" title="The Green Wall">The Green Wall</a></i> (1969) by <a href="/wiki/Armando_Robles_Godoy" title="Armando Robles Godoy">Armando Robles Godoy</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Aguirre,_the_Wrath_of_God" title="Aguirre, the Wrath of God">Aguirre, the Wrath of God</a></i> (1972) and <i><a href="/wiki/Fitzcarraldo" title="Fitzcarraldo">Fitzcarraldo</a></i> (1982) by Werner Herzog; <i>Informe sobre los shipibos</i> (1974), <i>Los hombres del Ucayali</i> and <a href="/wiki/Captain_Pantoja_and_the_Special_Services_(2000_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Pantoja and the Special Services (2000 film)">Captain Pantoja and the Special Services</a> (2000) by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Lombardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Lombardi">Francisco Lombardi</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/General_Cemetery" title="General Cemetery">General Cemetery</a></i> (2012) by Dorián Fernández-Moris.<sup id="cite_ref-Cinencuentro1878_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cinencuentro1878-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite having a long filmography, the film industry promoted the city is not too hard in his only commercial <a href="/wiki/Film_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Film theater">film theater</a>. However, there is cultural and <i><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">underground</a></i> groups concerned with projecting films at <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">festivals</a> or private <a href="/wiki/Cinematheque" title="Cinematheque">cinematheque</a> as a way of cultural development. There is also small groups of self-taught filmmakers who record their own stories. The <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">film genres</a> with more presence are <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">nature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Drama film">drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">art house</a> and, recently, <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror</a> and <a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(appropriation)" title="Found footage (appropriation)">found footage</a> in <i>General Cemetery</i>. At first, with Wong Rengifo, was shot <a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">slice-of-life</a>/documentary films<sup id="cite_ref-Joaquín_García_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joaquín_García-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Francisco_Bardales_2_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francisco_Bardales_2-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cinencuentro1878_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cinencuentro1878-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vi%C3%B1eta_gemela_de_Iquitos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Vi%C3%B1eta_gemela_de_Iquitos.jpg/200px-Vi%C3%B1eta_gemela_de_Iquitos.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Vi%C3%B1eta_gemela_de_Iquitos.jpg/300px-Vi%C3%B1eta_gemela_de_Iquitos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Vi%C3%B1eta_gemela_de_Iquitos.jpg/400px-Vi%C3%B1eta_gemela_de_Iquitos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="2106" /></a><figcaption>Top: Lower area of <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9n_District,_Maynas" title="Belén District, Maynas">Belen District</a>, Iquitos. Bottom: Signature Amazonian horizon surrounding the city</figcaption></figure> <p>Tourism is one of the most vital industries in Iquitos, which has a growing reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Honeypot_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeypot (geography)">honeypot</a> due to its location on the banks of the Amazon River, one of the <a href="/wiki/New_Seven_Wonders_of_Nature" class="mw-redirect" title="New Seven Wonders of Nature">seven natural wonders of the world</a>. Through the years, Iquitos receives a considerable number of foreigners; the tourist index grew by international flights offered by the city's airport. Tourism in the city formed into European-style architecture, cuisine, drinks, art, culture, worldview, Spanish accent and historical references of Loreto. Iquitos has adequate infrastructure to accommodate tourists from all levels. It has a 5-star hotel, many of 3-, 2-, and 1-star rating. </p><p>The major tourist attractions include Barrio de Belén, Plaza de Armas, Casa de Fierro, Ex Hotel Palace, Iglesia Matriz de Iquitos, Allpahuayo Mishana; Embarcadero Bellavista-Nanay, ethnic communities located around the city, Quistococha Resort and Zoo; Mercado Artesanal of San Juan. <a href="/wiki/Iperu,_tourist_information_and_assistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Iperu, tourist information and assistance">iperú</a> is the leading tourist guide service that is offered to tourists at the airport and the city center of the city. </p><p>The city is also home to unique tourist companies as Amazonia Expeditions, Maniti Camp Expeditions, Otorongo Expeditions,<sup id="cite_ref-Somos_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Somos-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amazon Golf Course,<sup id="cite_ref-Time_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Project Amazonas (dedicated to research and conservation). Special experiences outside the key tourist areas of the city include the Camiri —a floating hotel—, the Isla de los Monos, the Pilpintuwasi <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_zoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterfly zoo">butterfly zoo</a>, Iquitos-<a href="/wiki/Sunkaruqucha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunkaruqucha">Sunkaruqucha</a> Corrientillos-King Kong-Nina Rumi circuit, and adjoining districts such as Mazán, Indiana and Bellavista </p><p>In 2010, Iquitos received about 150 thousand tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, in 2011, the index fell to 46,000 tourist foreigners, which expects 10% rise rapidly in 2013 with international flights opened in July 2012 and the Amazon River as a natural wonder.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spiritual_tourism">Spiritual tourism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Spiritual tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual tourism">Spiritual tourism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a> is known as a major cultural landmark, and <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a> tourism has increased in Iquitos in recent years. The drink, made from the vine <i><a href="/wiki/Banisteriopsis_caapi" title="Banisteriopsis caapi">Banisteriopsis caapi</a></i>, is investigated by the Western people with a medicinal purpose and study, and was named the nation's cultural heritage. </p><p>Dangers, however, still exist when coming into contact with the drug. Shamans are not regulated and none have proof of credentials. While deaths in Iquitos are rare, they have been reported, including Frenchman Fabrice Champion and American Kyle Nolan.<sup id="cite_ref-Hearn14_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hearn14-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iquitos is home to the annual Amazonian Shamanism Conference.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, like-minded individuals meet in Iquitos yearly to discuss Ayahuasca. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amazon_commemorative_capital">Amazon commemorative capital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Amazon commemorative capital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iquitos is home to the 120 kilograms (260 lb), <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">commemorative plaque</a> of the Amazon River <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Basin">basin</a> as one of the <a href="/wiki/New_Seven_Wonders_of_Nature" class="mw-redirect" title="New Seven Wonders of Nature">seven natural wonders of the world</a>, which was granted on 13 August 2012 by Fernand Weber, founder of <a href="/wiki/New7Wonders_of_Nature" class="mw-redirect" title="New7Wonders of Nature">New7Wonders</a>. The distinction is shared with <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, however, recognition was given to Peru which originally ran for the Amazon through the Regional Government of Loreto based in Iquitos. </p><p>The awards show was held in Iquitos.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_Voices_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_Voices-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It began with a massive parade along Avenida Quiñonez, and eventually culminated in the main day, 13 August, divided into two sessions throughout the day: the first in the confluence of the Itaya and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanay_river&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanay river (page does not exist)">Nanay</a> in the afternoon, and the second on 28 July Square of the city at night. The event received intense international attention. Similar to <a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Wonders of the World">wonder of the world</a>, Iquitos, as the main entrance to the Amazon, expects great tourist revenue. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">President of Peru</a> <a href="/wiki/Ollanta_Humala" title="Ollanta Humala">Ollanta Humala</a>, next to the First Lady Nadine Heredia and Loreto Regional President Ivan Vasquez received the award. Jean Paul de la Fuente, New7Wonders foundation director, said positively on the image of Iquitos: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Clearly there will be economic and tourism impacts. The examples we have of other places are growths of 10, 20 and 30 percent annually</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Jean Paul de la Fuente</cite></div></blockquote> <p>However, despite the great satisfaction, the award caused polarized reactions indicating that the Regional Government of Loreto would be on duty to plan better <a href="/wiki/Urban_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban development">urban development</a> in Iquitos for the forecasted intense tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_Voices_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_Voices-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The negative scrutiny aimed at disorganized and massive <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">sewer</a> construction was damaging the city streets, causing discomfort and accidents in traffic and littering the aesthetic image of Iquitos. Several <i>iquiteños</i> citizens criticized it via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_Voices_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_Voices-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_accent">Spanish accent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Spanish accent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iquitos is also attractive for its <a href="/wiki/Amazonic_Spanish" title="Amazonic Spanish">Amazonic Spanish</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> of Spanish spoken in the Amazon. The dialect is more noticeable in speech than it is in writing, such as [f] and [x] are <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a>, (e.g., Juana is pronounced /fana/), especially when it is next to one or semivowel. (<i>Los fríos de San Juan</i>; <i>Los fríos de San Fän</i>), the double preposing and possessive genitive (De Antonio sus amigos; From Antonio his friends), and the preemption of <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a> against the names (<i>Juana</i>, <i>Lä Fuana</i>). There are also other languages spoken as <a href="/wiki/Iquito_language" title="Iquito language">Iquito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yagua_language" title="Yagua language">Yagua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ese_Ejja_language" title="Ese Ejja language">Ese Ejja</a>, or other native languages in Loreto, and foreign languages like English and French because of increasing globalization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Juane" title="Juane">Juane</a> is one of the main dishes of cuisine of the Peruvian jungle. It is widely consumed during the Catholic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feast_of_San_Juan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feast of San Juan (page does not exist)">Feast of San Juan</a> (St. John), held on 24 June each year. The dish was named in honor of San Juan Bautista. The dish could have a <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> origin. With the arrival of the Spanish, missionaries popularized the Biblical story of <a href="/wiki/Salome" title="Salome">Salome</a>, John, and <a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a>. Some believe the dish's name comes from the reference to the head of San Juan. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tacacho_con_cecina_y_chorizo_(Lima).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tacacho_con_cecina_y_chorizo_%28Lima%29.JPG/150px-Tacacho_con_cecina_y_chorizo_%28Lima%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tacacho_con_cecina_y_chorizo_%28Lima%29.JPG/225px-Tacacho_con_cecina_y_chorizo_%28Lima%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tacacho_con_cecina_y_chorizo_%28Lima%29.JPG/300px-Tacacho_con_cecina_y_chorizo_%28Lima%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tacacho" title="Tacacho">Tacacho</a> with <a href="/wiki/Chorizo" title="Chorizo">chorizo</a></figcaption></figure><p> Another popular dish is <a href="/wiki/Tacacho" title="Tacacho">Tacacho</a>, made from fried slices of plaintain mashed with <a href="/wiki/Chicharron" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicharron">chicharrones</a> (fried pork fat). It is usually accompanied with <a href="/wiki/Chorizo" title="Chorizo">chorizo</a> (fried sausage) making it a savory combination. The dish is typical of Iquitos as well as the Peruvian Amazon. It is widespread in the rest of the country. The term <i>tacacho</i> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a> term, <i>taka chu</i>, which means beaten. Tacacho consumption varies depending on the region where it is made. In Madre de Dios and San Martín, many people eat tacachos for breakfast, while in other regions, it is a dish served at lunch or dinner. In the San Martín region, tacacho is included in the Christmas dinner. In the Amazon region of Ecuador, the dish is known as <i>bolon</i>. It has a counterpart in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean islands">Caribbean islands</a>, where it is called <i>mofongo</i>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estadio_Max_August%C3%ADn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Estadio_Max_August%C3%ADn.jpg/220px-Estadio_Max_August%C3%ADn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Estadio_Max_August%C3%ADn.jpg/330px-Estadio_Max_August%C3%ADn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Estadio_Max_August%C3%ADn.jpg/440px-Estadio_Max_August%C3%ADn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Max Agustin Stadium</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Colegio_Nacional_de_Iquitos" class="mw-redirect" title="Colegio Nacional de Iquitos">Colegio Nacional de Iquitos</a> is a football team based in Iquitos. In 2005 the city's football community received the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Fair_Play_Award" title="FIFA Fair Play Award">FIFA Fair Play Award</a> as a result of being one of the five host cities for the <a href="/wiki/2005_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship" title="2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship">2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns">Twin towns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Twin towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manaus" title="Manaus">Manaus</a>, Brazil</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Leticia,_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Leticia, Colombia">Leticia, Colombia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>'s 1973 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Pantoja_and_the_Special_Service" title="Captain Pantoja and the Special Service">Captain Pantoja and the Special Service</a></i> is set in Iquitos.</li> <li>The movie <i><a href="/wiki/Fitzcarraldo" title="Fitzcarraldo">Fitzcarraldo</a></i> (1982), directed by <a href="/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a>, was filmed near Iquitos. The film was inspired by the rubber baron Carlos Fitzcarrald.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madventures_(Finnish_TV_program)" title="Madventures (Finnish TV program)"><i>Madventures</i></a> (2002) visited the town of Iquitos during their travels.</li> <li>The documentary <i>The Fire Within: Jews in the Amazonian Rainforest</i> (2008) tells the story of the Moroccan Jews, their Peruvian wives and descendants in Iquitos, and the late-20th century study and conversion by a number of the community to Judaism, followed by their migration to Israel.</li> <li>The documentary <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Rio_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Rio (film) (page does not exist)">El Rio</a></i> by Juan Carlos Galeano and the surrounding indigenous communities.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people_from_Iquitos">Notable people from Iquitos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notable people from Iquitos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clotilde_Arias" title="Clotilde Arias">Clotilde Arias</a>, State Department authorized translation of the "Star Spangled Banner" presently exhibited at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History (1901–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Calvo_de_Araujo" title="César Calvo de Araujo">César Calvo de Araujo</a>, writer and painter, born in <a href="/wiki/Yurimaguas" title="Yurimaguas">Yurimaguas</a> near Iquitos (1910–1970).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fitzcarrald" title="Carlos Fitzcarrald">Carlos Fitzcarrald</a>, entrepreneur and rubber baron active in Iquitos (1862–1897).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Arana" title="Julio César Arana">Julio César Arana</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Rioja,_Peru" title="Rioja, Peru">Rioja</a>, he was an entrepreneur, rubber baron, mayor of Iquitos between 1902-1903, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Amazon_Company" title="Peruvian Amazon Company">Peruvian Amazon Company</a> which operated from Iquitos, and later Senator of Loreto (1864-1952).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofelia_Montesco" title="Ofelia Montesco">Ofelia Montesco</a>, actress renowned for work in <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico" title="Cinema of Mexico">Mexican cinema</a> (1936–1983).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicole_Faveron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicole Faveron (page does not exist)">Nicole Faveron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe_2012" title="Miss Universe 2012">Miss Universe 2012</a> Finalist</li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos" class="extiw" title="pt:Iquitos">Angel Wilbert Paz Grandez</a>, distinguished music teacher.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iperu,_tourist_information_and_assistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Iperu, tourist information and assistance">Iperu, tourist information and assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iquitos_Satellite_Laboratory_(IQTLAB)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iquitos Satellite Laboratory (IQTLAB)">Iquitos Satellite Laboratory (IQTLAB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Peru" title="Tourism in Peru">Tourism in Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punchana" title="Punchana">Punchana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">Rainforest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_of_the_Amazon_Heroes" title="Walk of the Amazon Heroes">Walk of the Amazon Heroes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527210149/http://www.iiap.org.pe/publicaciones/cds/zin/caracterizaci%C3%B3n.htm">"Caracterización del área de influencia de la carretera Iquitos – Nauta"</a>. 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Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Per%C3%BA%3A+Poblaci%C3%B3n+estimada+al+30+de+junio+y+tasa+de+crecimiento+de+las+ciudades+capitales%2C+por+departamento%2C+2011+y+2015&rft.pub=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica+e+Inform%C3%A1tica&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fproyectos.inei.gob.pe%2Fweb%2Fbiblioineipub%2Fbancopub%2FEst%2FLib1020%2Fcuadros%2Fc0206.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220827005440/https://www.dictionary.com/">"Iquitos"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Iquitos">the original</a> on 27 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iquitos&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FIquitos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Iquitos">"Iquitos"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Iquitos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FIquitos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/peru/amazon-basin/iquitos">Lonely Planet: Iquitos</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1925" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, Charles E. (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000063004">"Settlement of Boundary Controversies Between Brazil, Colombia and Peru"</a>. <i>American Journal of International Law</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 579. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0002930000063004">10.1017/s0002930000063004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246006596">246006596</a> – via JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2188892.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Settlement+of+Boundary+Controversies+Between+Brazil%2C+Colombia+and+Peru&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=579&rft.date=1925&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0002930000063004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246006596%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fs0002930000063004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lnfc.edu.pe/quienes_somos.html">"Reseña histórica de la Institución Educativa C. de N. Francisco Carrasco" – Iquitos"</a>. <i>Institución Educativa C. de N. Francisco Carrasco</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instituci%C3%B3n+Educativa+C.+de+N.+Francisco+Carrasco&rft.atitle=Rese%C3%B1a+hist%C3%B3rica+de+la+Instituci%C3%B3n+Educativa+C.+de+N.+Francisco+Carrasco%22+%E2%80%93+Iquitos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flnfc.edu.pe%2Fquienes_somos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.pe/institucion/regionloreto/noticias/574280-gorel-participa-en-actos-conmemorativos-por-el-158-aniversario-de-fundacion-de-iquitos-como-puerto-fluvial-sobre-el-amazonas">"Gorel participa en actos conmemorativos por el 158° aniversario de fundación de Iquitos como puerto fluvial sobre El Amazonas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gob.pe" class="mw-redirect" title="Gob.pe">Gob.pe</a></i>. 5 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gob.pe&rft.atitle=Gorel+participa+en+actos+conmemorativos+por+el+158%C2%B0+aniversario+de+fundaci%C3%B3n+de+Iquitos+como+puerto+fluvial+sobre+El+Amazonas&rft.date=2022-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.pe%2Finstitucion%2Fregionloreto%2Fnoticias%2F574280-gorel-participa-en-actos-conmemorativos-por-el-158-aniversario-de-fundacion-de-iquitos-como-puerto-fluvial-sobre-el-amazonas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/diqut.html">"Vicariate Apostolic of Iquitos"</a>, Catholic Hierarchy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapelo1900" class="citation book cs1">Capelo, Joaquín (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s5BBAAAAYAAJ"><i>Razon general de precios y datos comerciales de la plaza de Iquitos</i></a>. la Escuela de Ingenieros. pp. 29–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Razon+general+de+precios+y+datos+comerciales+de+la+plaza+de+Iquitos&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=la+Escuela+de+Ingenieros&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Capelo&rft.aufirst=Joaqu%C3%ADn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds5BBAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmanaque200172-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlmanaque200172_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlmanaque200172_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlmanaque200172_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlmanaque2001">Almanaque 2001</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUribe_Mosquera" class="citation web cs1">Uribe Mosquera, Tomás. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/memoysociedad/article/view/8303">"Caucho, explotación y guerra: configuración de las fronteras nacionales y expoliación indígena en Amazonía"</a>. <i>revistas.javeriana.edu.co/</i>. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=revistas.javeriana.edu.co%2F&rft.atitle=Caucho%2C+explotaci%C3%B3n+y+guerra%3A+configuraci%C3%B3n+de+las+fronteras+nacionales+y+expoliaci%C3%B3n+ind%C3%ADgena+en+Amazon%C3%ADa&rft.aulast=Uribe+Mosquera&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A1s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistas.javeriana.edu.co%2Findex.php%2Fmemoysociedad%2Farticle%2Fview%2F8303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908158-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908158_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuentes1908">Fuentes 1908</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUriarteMartínez-PinzónCardemil-Krause2019" class="citation book cs1">Uriarte, Javier; Martínez-Pinzón, Felipe; Cardemil-Krause, Cristóbal (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-nJvEAAAQBAJ"><i>Intimate Frontiers: A Literary Geography of the Amazon</i></a>. Liverpool University Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78694-972-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78694-972-1"><bdi>978-1-78694-972-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intimate+Frontiers%3A+A+Literary+Geography+of+the+Amazon&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78694-972-1&rft.aulast=Uriarte&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Pinz%C3%B3n%2C+Felipe&rft.au=Cardemil-Krause%2C+Crist%C3%B3bal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-nJvEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUriarteMartínez-PinzónCardemil-Krause2019" class="citation book cs1">Uriarte, Javier; Martínez-Pinzón, Felipe; Cardemil-Krause, Cristóbal (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-nJvEAAAQBAJ"><i>Intimate Frontiers: A Literary Geography of the Amazon</i></a>. Liverpool University Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78694-972-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78694-972-1"><bdi>978-1-78694-972-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intimate+Frontiers%3A+A+Literary+Geography+of+the+Amazon&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78694-972-1&rft.aulast=Uriarte&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Pinz%C3%B3n%2C+Felipe&rft.au=Cardemil-Krause%2C+Crist%C3%B3bal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-nJvEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908122-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908122_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908122_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908122_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuentes1908">Fuentes 1908</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUriarteMartínez-PinzónCardemil-Krause2019" class="citation book cs1">Uriarte, Javier; Martínez-Pinzón, Felipe; Cardemil-Krause, Cristóbal (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-nJvEAAAQBAJ"><i>Intimate Frontiers: A Literary Geography of the Amazon</i></a>. Liverpool University Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78694-972-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78694-972-1"><bdi>978-1-78694-972-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intimate+Frontiers%3A+A+Literary+Geography+of+the+Amazon&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78694-972-1&rft.aulast=Uriarte&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Pinz%C3%B3n%2C+Felipe&rft.au=Cardemil-Krause%2C+Crist%C3%B3bal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-nJvEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardenburg1912" class="citation book cs1">Hardenburg, Walter (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/45204"><i>The Putumayo, the Devil's Paradise; Travels in the Peruvian Amazon Region and an Account of the Atrocities Committed Upon the Indians Therein</i></a>. T. F. Unwin, 1912. pp. 185, 209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Putumayo%2C+the+Devil%27s+Paradise%3B+Travels+in+the+Peruvian+Amazon+Region+and+an+Account+of+the+Atrocities+Committed+Upon+the+Indians+Therein&rft.pages=185%2C+209&rft.pub=T.+F.+Unwin%2C+1912&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Hardenburg&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F45204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarclaySantos-Granero2002" class="citation book cs1">Barclay, Frederica; Santos-Granero, Fernando (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaDTj-57CIcC&q=vega"><i>La frontera domesticada historia económica y social de Loreto, 1850-2000</i></a>. Fondo Editorial PUCP. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9972-42-404-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9972-42-404-5"><bdi>978-9972-42-404-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+frontera+domesticada+historia+econ%C3%B3mica+y+social+de+Loreto%2C+1850-2000&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Fondo+Editorial+PUCP&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-9972-42-404-5&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=Frederica&rft.au=Santos-Granero%2C+Fernando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJaDTj-57CIcC%26q%3Dvega&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUriarteMartínez-PinzónCardemil-Krause2019" class="citation book cs1">Uriarte, Javier; Martínez-Pinzón, Felipe; Cardemil-Krause, Cristóbal (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-nJvEAAAQBAJ"><i>Intimate Frontiers: A Literary Geography of the Amazon</i></a>. Liverpool University Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78694-972-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78694-972-1"><bdi>978-1-78694-972-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intimate+Frontiers%3A+A+Literary+Geography+of+the+Amazon&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78694-972-1&rft.aulast=Uriarte&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Pinz%C3%B3n%2C+Felipe&rft.au=Cardemil-Krause%2C+Crist%C3%B3bal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-nJvEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908226-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908226_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908226_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908226_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuentes1908">Fuentes 1908</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarclaySantos-Granero2002" class="citation book cs1">Barclay, Frederica; Santos-Granero, Fernando (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaDTj-57CIcC&q=vega"><i>La frontera domesticada historia económica y social de Loreto, 1850-2000</i></a>. Fondo Editorial PUCP. pp. 157–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9972-42-404-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9972-42-404-5"><bdi>978-9972-42-404-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+frontera+domesticada+historia+econ%C3%B3mica+y+social+de+Loreto%2C+1850-2000&rft.pages=157-158&rft.pub=Fondo+Editorial+PUCP&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-9972-42-404-5&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=Frederica&rft.au=Santos-Granero%2C+Fernando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJaDTj-57CIcC%26q%3Dvega&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarclaySantos-Granero2002" class="citation book cs1">Barclay, Frederica; Santos-Granero, Fernando (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaDTj-57CIcC&q=vega"><i>La frontera domesticada historia económica y social de Loreto, 1850-2000</i></a>. Fondo Editorial PUCP. pp. 157–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9972-42-404-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9972-42-404-5"><bdi>978-9972-42-404-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+frontera+domesticada+historia+econ%C3%B3mica+y+social+de+Loreto%2C+1850-2000&rft.pages=157-158&rft.pub=Fondo+Editorial+PUCP&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-9972-42-404-5&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=Frederica&rft.au=Santos-Granero%2C+Fernando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJaDTj-57CIcC%26q%3Dvega&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarclaySantos-Granero2002" class="citation book cs1">Barclay, Frederica; Santos-Granero, Fernando (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaDTj-57CIcC&q=vega"><i>La frontera domesticada historia económica y social de Loreto, 1850-2000</i></a>. Fondo Editorial PUCP. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9972-42-404-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9972-42-404-5"><bdi>978-9972-42-404-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+frontera+domesticada+historia+econ%C3%B3mica+y+social+de+Loreto%2C+1850-2000&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Fondo+Editorial+PUCP&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-9972-42-404-5&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=Frederica&rft.au=Santos-Granero%2C+Fernando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJaDTj-57CIcC%26q%3Dvega&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2009" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, Jordan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fhsXAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Devil and Mr. Casement: One Man's Battle for Human Rights in South America's Heart of Darkness</i></a>. Verso, 2009. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-334-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-334-6"><bdi>978-1-84467-334-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil+and+Mr.+Casement%3A+One+Man%27s+Battle+for+Human+Rights+in+South+America%27s+Heart+of+Darkness&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Verso%2C+2009&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-334-6&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfhsXAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasement1997112-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasement1997112_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasement1997">Casement 1997</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasement1997113,356-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasement1997113,356_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasement1997">Casement 1997</a>, p. 113,356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardenburg1912" class="citation book cs1">Hardenburg, Walter (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/45204"><i>The Putumayo, the Devil's Paradise; Travels in the Peruvian Amazon Region and an Account of the Atrocities Committed Upon the Indians Therein</i></a>. T. F. Unwin, 1912. pp. 145, 169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Putumayo%2C+the+Devil%27s+Paradise%3B+Travels+in+the+Peruvian+Amazon+Region+and+an+Account+of+the+Atrocities+Committed+Upon+the+Indians+Therein&rft.pages=145%2C+169&rft.pub=T.+F.+Unwin%2C+1912&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Hardenburg&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F45204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasement1997356-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasement1997356_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasement1997">Casement 1997</a>, p. 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasement2003630,687,721-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasement2003630,687,721_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasement2003">Casement 2003</a>, p. 630,687,721.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardenburg1912" class="citation book cs1">Hardenburg, Walter (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/45204"><i>The Putumayo, the Devil's Paradise; Travels in the Peruvian Amazon Region and an Account of the Atrocities Committed Upon the Indians Therein</i></a>. T. F. Unwin, 1912. p. 333.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Putumayo%2C+the+Devil%27s+Paradise%3B+Travels+in+the+Peruvian+Amazon+Region+and+an+Account+of+the+Atrocities+Committed+Upon+the+Indians+Therein&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=T.+F.+Unwin%2C+1912&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Hardenburg&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F45204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasement2003630-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasement2003630_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasement2003">Casement 2003</a>, p. 630.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasement2003630,721-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasement2003630,721_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasement2003">Casement 2003</a>, p. 630,721.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasement2003623,745-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasement2003623,745_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasement2003">Casement 2003</a>, p. 623,745.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilar_Garcia2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pilar Garcia, Jordan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/28263870">"A propósito de redes sociales, económicas y políticas en la Iquitos de inicios del siglo XX"</a>. <i>Boletin Americanista</i>: 112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boletin+Americanista&rft.atitle=A+prop%C3%B3sito+de+redes+sociales%2C+econ%C3%B3micas+y+pol%C3%ADticas+en+la+Iquitos+de+inicios+del+siglo+XX&rft.pages=112&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pilar+Garcia&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F28263870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming2008230-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming2008230_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming2008">Hemming 2008</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardenburg1912" class="citation book cs1">Hardenburg, Walter (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/45204"><i>The Putumayo, the Devil's Paradise; Travels in the Peruvian Amazon Region and an Account of the Atrocities Committed Upon the Indians Therein</i></a>. T. F. Unwin, 1912. pp. 41–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Putumayo%2C+the+Devil%27s+Paradise%3B+Travels+in+the+Peruvian+Amazon+Region+and+an+Account+of+the+Atrocities+Committed+Upon+the+Indians+Therein&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=T.+F.+Unwin%2C+1912&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Hardenburg&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F45204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardenburg1912" class="citation book cs1">Hardenburg, Walter (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/45204"><i>The Putumayo, the Devil's Paradise; Travels in the Peruvian Amazon Region and an Account of the Atrocities Committed Upon the Indians Therein</i></a>. T. F. Unwin, 1912. p. 191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Putumayo%2C+the+Devil%27s+Paradise%3B+Travels+in+the+Peruvian+Amazon+Region+and+an+Account+of+the+Atrocities+Committed+Upon+the+Indians+Therein&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=T.+F.+Unwin%2C+1912&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Hardenburg&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F45204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaussig2008" class="citation book cs1">Taussig, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HpRfEAAAQBAJ"><i>Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-79011-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-79011-4"><bdi>978-0-226-79011-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shamanism%2C+Colonialism%2C+and+the+Wild+Man&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-226-79011-4&rft.aulast=Taussig&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHpRfEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasement1997109,473-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasement1997109,473_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasement1997">Casement 1997</a>, p. 109,473.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaussig2008" class="citation book cs1">Taussig, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HpRfEAAAQBAJ"><i>Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-79011-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-79011-4"><bdi>978-0-226-79011-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shamanism%2C+Colonialism%2C+and+the+Wild+Man&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-226-79011-4&rft.aulast=Taussig&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHpRfEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasement2003653-654-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasement2003653-654_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasement2003">Casement 2003</a>, p. 653-654.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardenburg1912" class="citation book cs1">Hardenburg, Walter (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/45204"><i>The Putumayo, the Devil's Paradise; Travels in the Peruvian Amazon Region and an Account of the Atrocities Committed Upon the Indians Therein</i></a>. T. F. Unwin, 1912. pp. 185, 191, 209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Putumayo%2C+the+Devil%27s+Paradise%3B+Travels+in+the+Peruvian+Amazon+Region+and+an+Account+of+the+Atrocities+Committed+Upon+the+Indians+Therein&rft.pages=185%2C+191%2C+209&rft.pub=T.+F.+Unwin%2C+1912&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Hardenburg&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F45204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasement1997420-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasement1997420_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasement1997">Casement 1997</a>, p. 420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasement2003124-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasement2003124_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasement2003">Casement 2003</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908211-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuentes1908211_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuentes1908">Fuentes 1908</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-News7Wonder-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-News7Wonder_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2012" class="citation news cs1">Fitzgerald, Eamonn (6 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.n7w.com/2012/08/06/peru-ready-to-celebrate-the-official-inauguration-of-the-amazon-as-one-of-the-new7wonders-of-nature/">"Peru ready to celebrate the Inauguration of the Amazon as a Wonder of Nature"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=News7Wonder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="News7Wonder (page does not exist)">News7Wonder</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News7Wonder&rft.atitle=Peru+ready+to+celebrate+the+Inauguration+of+the+Amazon+as+a+Wonder+of+Nature&rft.date=2012-08-06&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Eamonn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.n7w.com%2F2012%2F08%2F06%2Fperu-ready-to-celebrate-the-official-inauguration-of-the-amazon-as-one-of-the-new7wonders-of-nature%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New7Wonders-plaque-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-New7Wonders-plaque_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2012" class="citation news cs1">Fitzgerald, Eamonn (10 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712022737/http://news.n7w.com/2012/04/10/new7wonders-of-nature-commemorative-plaques-cast-in-bronze-in-munich/">"New7Wonders of Nature commemorative plaques cast in bronze in Munich"</a>. <i>New7Wonders</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.n7w.com/2012/04/10/new7wonders-of-nature-commemorative-plaques-cast-in-bronze-in-munich/">the original</a> on 12 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New7Wonders&rft.atitle=New7Wonders+of+Nature+commemorative+plaques+cast+in+bronze+in+Munich&rft.date=2012-04-10&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Eamonn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.n7w.com%2F2012%2F04%2F10%2Fnew7wonders-of-nature-commemorative-plaques-cast-in-bronze-in-munich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edf-renouvelables.com/en/edf-renewables-wins-a-microgrid-tender-in-peru-combining-solar-power-generation-and-storage-to-supply-the-biggest-remote-city-in-the-world/">"EDF Renewables wins a microgrid tender in Peru combining solar power generation and storage, to supply the biggest remote city in the world" 16 December 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IIAP-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IIAP_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAP_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAP_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIAP_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez_Achung" class="citation web cs1">Rodriguez Achung, Martha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iiap.org.pe/Upload/Publicacion/ST008.pdf">"Crecimiento Urbano de Iquitos: Condicionamientos Estructurales en la década del '70 y sus Perspectivas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IIAP</i>. July 1994<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IIAP&rft.atitle=Crecimiento+Urbano+de+Iquitos%3A+Condicionamientos+Estructurales+en+la+d%C3%A9cada+del+%2770+y+sus+Perspectivas&rft.aulast=Rodriguez+Achung&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iiap.org.pe%2FUpload%2FPublicacion%2FST008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World-Guide-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-World-Guide_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iquitos.world-guides.com/iquitos_weather.html">"Iquitos Weather and Climate: Iquitos, Loreto, Peru"</a>. <i>World-Guide</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World-Guide&rft.atitle=Iquitos+Weather+and+Climate%3A+Iquitos%2C+Loreto%2C+Peru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iquitos.world-guides.com%2Fiquitos_weather.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REGIII/PR/84377.TXT">"Iquitos Climate Normals 1961–1990"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iquitos+Climate+Normals+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FTABLES%2FREGIII%2FPR%2F84377.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meteoclimat-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meteoclimat_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1859">"Station Iquitos"</a> (in French). Météo Climat<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Deutscher Wetterdienst<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Municipalidad+Distrital+de+San+Juan+Bautista%3A+Historia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmunisanjuan.gob.pe%2Fhistoria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/05/connecting-largest-city-unreachable-road-170508081433163.html">"Connecting the largest city unreachable by road"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Connecting+the+largest+city+unreachable+by+road&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Ffeatures%2F2017%2F05%2Fconnecting-largest-city-unreachable-road-170508081433163.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biopark-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biopark_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110425224125/http://www.biopark.org/peru/iquitos2.html">"Gateway to the Peruvian Amazon"</a>. <i>Biopark</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biopark&rft.atitle=Gateway+to+the+Peruvian+Amazon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biopark.org%2Fperu%2Fiquitos2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sobre_Perú-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sobre_Perú_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaritza2009" class="citation web cs1">Maritza, Cárdenas (15 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sobre-peru.com/2009/07/15/una-mirada-a-la-arquitectura-de-iquitos/">"Una mirada a la arquitectura de Iquitos"</a>. <i>Sobre Perú</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sobre+Per%C3%BA&rft.atitle=Una+mirada+a+la+arquitectura+de+Iquitos&rft.date=2009-07-15&rft.aulast=Maritza&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A1rdenas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsobre-peru.com%2F2009%2F07%2F15%2Funa-mirada-a-la-arquitectura-de-iquitos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joaquin-arquitectura-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joaquin-arquitectura_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joaquin-arquitectura_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joaquin-arquitectura_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joaquin-arquitectura_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joaquin-arquitectura_62-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joaquin-arquitectura_62-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joaquin-arquitectura_62-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoaquin" class="citation web cs1">Joaquin, García Sánchez. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buenastareas.com/ensayos/Desarrollo-Hist%C3%B3rico-De-La-Arquitectura-Regional/165518.html">"Desarrollo histórico de la arquitectura regional en Iquitos"</a></span>. <i>Buenas Tareas</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cronol%C3%B3gica+historia+del+cine+en+Iquitos&rft.date=2007-02-09&rft.aulast=Bardales&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpakobardales.blogspot.com%2F2007%2F02%2Fcronologa-histrica-del-cine-en-iquitos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Les_Langues_Néo-Latines-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Les_Langues_Néo-Latines_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía_Sánchez2006" class="citation book cs1">García Sánchez, Joaquín (2006). <i>Les Langues Néo-Latines</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cinencuentro&rft.atitle=%22Cementerio+general%22%3A+filman+pel%C3%ADcula+en+Iquitos%2C+con+Marisol+Aguirre%2C+Nikko+Ponce+y+Leslie+Shaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinencuentro.com%2F2012%2F01%2F13%2Fcementerio-general-filme-pelicula-peru-iquitos-marisol-aguirre-nikko-ponce-leslie-shaw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Somos-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Somos_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"l otro lado de la selva". <i>Somos</i> (1201): 41–44. 12 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Somos&rft.atitle=l+otro+lado+de+la+selva&rft.issue=1201&rft.pages=41-44&rft.date=2009-12-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChauvin2010" class="citation news cs1">Chauvin, Lucien (15 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100817174320/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2009417,00.html">"Amazon Golf: Where Water Hazard Means Piranhas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2009417,00.html">the original</a> on 17 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Amazon+Golf%3A+Where+Water+Hazard+Means+Piranhas&rft.date=2010-08-15&rft.aulast=Chauvin&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C2009417%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130102123218/http://diariolaregion.com/web/2010/11/04/iquitos-en-la-red-cifras/">"Iquitos en la red (cifras)"</a>. <i>La Región</i>. 4 November 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diariolaregion.com/web/2010/11/04/iquitos-en-la-red-cifras/">the original</a> on 2 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Regi%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Iquitos+en+la+red+%28cifras%29&rft.date=2010-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiariolaregion.com%2Fweb%2F2010%2F11%2F04%2Fiquitos-en-la-red-cifras%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elcomercio.pe/turismo/1439375/noticia-iquitos-recibira-10-mas-turistas-extranjeros-gracias-conexion-aerea-panama">"Iquitos recibirá 10% más de turistas gracias a conexión aérea con Panamá"</a>. <i>El Comercio</i>. 12 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Comercio&rft.atitle=Iquitos+recibir%C3%A1+10%25+m%C3%A1s+de+turistas+gracias+a+conexi%C3%B3n+a%C3%A9rea+con+Panam%C3%A1&rft.date=2012-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felcomercio.pe%2Fturismo%2F1439375%2Fnoticia-iquitos-recibira-10-mas-turistas-extranjeros-gracias-conexion-aerea-panama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hearn14-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hearn14_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearn2014" class="citation web cs1">Hearn, Kelly (12 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mensjournal.com/features/the-dark-side-of-ayahuasca-20130215/">"The Dark Side of Ayahuasca"</a>. <i>Men's Journal</i>. Wenner Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Men%27s+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Dark+Side+of+Ayahuasca&rft.date=2014-03-12&rft.aulast=Hearn&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mensjournal.com%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-dark-side-of-ayahuasca-20130215%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vineofthesoul.org">"Vines of the Soul"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vines+of+the+Soul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vineofthesoul.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Global_Voices-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Voices_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Voices_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Voices_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía_Calderón2012" class="citation news cs1">García Calderón, Gabriela (16 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalvoicesonline.org/2012/08/16/peru-amazon-officially-inaugurated-as-natures-wonder/">"Peru: Amazon Officially Inaugurated as Nature's Wonder"</a>. <i>Global Voices</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Voices&rft.atitle=Peru%3A+Amazon+Officially+Inaugurated+as+Nature%27s+Wonder&rft.date=2012-08-16&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa+Calder%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Gabriela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalvoicesonline.org%2F2012%2F08%2F16%2Fperu-amazon-officially-inaugurated-as-natures-wonder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmanaque2001" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S17rAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Germ%C3%A1n+Alarco%22&pg=PA72"><i>Almanaque de Loreto 2001-2002</i></a>. Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Oficina Departamental de Estadística e Informática Loreto. 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almanaque+de+Loreto+2001-2002&rft.pub=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica+e+Inform%C3%A1tica%2C+Oficina+Departamental+de+Estad%C3%ADstica+e+Inform%C3%A1tica+Loreto&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS17rAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Germ%25C3%25A1n%2BAlarco%2522%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuentes1908" class="citation book cs1">Fuentes, Hildebrando (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EY05AQAAMAAJ&q=arana+&pg=PA90-IA1"><i>Loreto; apuntes geográficos, históricos, estadísticos, políticos y sociales</i></a>. La Revista, 1908.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loreto%3B+apuntes+geogr%C3%A1ficos%2C+hist%C3%B3ricos%2C+estad%C3%ADsticos%2C+pol%C3%ADticos+y+sociales&rft.pub=La+Revista%2C+1908&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Fuentes&rft.aufirst=Hildebrando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEY05AQAAMAAJ%26q%3Darana%2B%26pg%3DPA90-IA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemming2008" class="citation book cs1">Hemming, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treeofriversstor0000hemm/page/230/mode/2up?q=rodriguez"><i>Tree of rivers : the story of the Amazon</i></a>. London : Thames & Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tree+of+rivers+%3A+the+story+of+the+Amazon&rft.pub=London+%3A+Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Hemming&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftreeofriversstor0000hemm%2Fpage%2F230%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Drodriguez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasement1997" class="citation book cs1">Casement, Roger (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yjwM99dulz4C"><i>The Amazon Journal of Roger Casement</i></a>. Anaconda Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901990-05-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901990-05-8"><bdi>978-1-901990-05-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Amazon+Journal+of+Roger+Casement&rft.pub=Anaconda+Editions&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-901990-05-8&rft.aulast=Casement&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyjwM99dulz4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasement2003" class="citation book cs1">Casement, Roger (2003). Mitchell, Angus (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k4wiAQAAIAAJ&q=asturiana%27"><i>Sir Roger Casement's Heart of Darkness: The 1911 Documents</i></a>. Irish Manuscripts Commission. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781874280989" title="Special:BookSources/9781874280989"><bdi>9781874280989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Roger+Casement%27s+Heart+of+Darkness%3A+The+1911+Documents&rft.pub=Irish+Manuscripts+Commission&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781874280989&rft.aulast=Casement&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk4wiAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dasturiana%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIquitos" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iquitos" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iquitos">Iquitos</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peru.travel/en-uk/where-to-go/loreto.aspx">www.peru.travel</a> Peruvian Tourism Board with information about Iquitos and Loreto (English).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amazonperutravel.blogspot.com/2012/02/iquitos-travel-guide-first-part_14.html">Peruvian Amazon Travel Advisor</a> Information about Iquitos and the Peruvian Amazon.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051102051327/http://www.iiap.org.pe/principal.htm">Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP)</a> (Spanish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060914120142/http://www.unapiquitos.edu.pe/index.htm">Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana-UNAP</a> (Spanish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/22/world/americas/22peru.html">NY Times article: Jews of Iquitos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.munimaynas.gob.pe">Municipalidad Provincial de Maynas</a> – Maynas Town Hall's official website (Spanish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130104005603/http://www.iquitostimes.com/">– The Iquitos Times</a> English language monthly newspaper and website for Ex-pats living in Iquitos, Peru]</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Large_cities_of_Peru" title="Template:Large cities of Peru"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Large_cities_of_Peru" title="Template talk:Large cities of Peru"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Large_cities_of_Peru" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Large cities of Peru"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;border&#124;State_flag_of_Peru_Peruvian_cities_with_a_population_of_over_100,000" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Peru_(state).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State flag of Peru"><img alt="State flag of Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peruvian</a> cities with a population of over 100,000</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayacucho" title="Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajamarca" title="Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiclayo" title="Chiclayo">Chiclayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbote" title="Chimbote">Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chincha_Alta" title="Chincha Alta">Chincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huacho" title="Huacho">Huacho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huancayo" title="Huancayo">Huancayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1nuco" title="Huánuco">Huánuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaraz" title="Huaraz">Huaraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ica,_Peru" title="Ica, Peru">Ica</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iquitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliaca" title="Juliaca">Juliaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisco,_Peru" title="Pisco, Peru">Pisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piura" title="Piura">Piura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pucallpa" title="Pucallpa">Pucallpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puno" title="Puno">Puno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullana" title="Sullana">Sullana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacna" title="Tacna">Tacna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talara" title="Talara">Talara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarapoto" title="Tarapoto">Tarapoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru" title="Trujillo, Peru">Trujillo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;border&#124;State_flag_of_Peru_Department_capitals_of_Peru" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regional_capitals_of_Peru" title="Template:Regional capitals of Peru"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regional_capitals_of_Peru" title="Template talk:Regional capitals of Peru"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regional_capitals_of_Peru" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regional capitals of Peru"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;border&#124;State_flag_of_Peru_Department_capitals_of_Peru" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Peru_(state).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State flag of Peru"><img alt="State flag of Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Peru" title="Regions of Peru">Department</a> capitals of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chachapoyas,_Peru" title="Chachapoyas, Peru">Chachapoyas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Amazonas,_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Amazonas, Peru">Amazonas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaraz" title="Huaraz">Huaraz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Ancash" title="Department of Ancash">Ancash</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abancay" title="Abancay">Abancay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Apur%C3%ADmac" title="Department of Apurímac">Apurímac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Arequipa" title="Department of Arequipa">Arequipa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayacucho" title="Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Ayacucho" title="Department of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajamarca" title="Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Cajamarca" title="Department of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Province_of_Callao" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Province of Callao">Callao</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Cuzco" title="Department of Cuzco">Cuzco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huancavelica" title="Huancavelica">Huancavelica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Huancavelica" title="Department of Huancavelica">Huancavelica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1nuco" title="Huánuco">Huánuco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Hu%C3%A1nuco" title="Department of Huánuco">Huánuco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ica,_Peru" title="Ica, Peru">Ica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Ica" title="Department of Ica">Ica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huancayo" title="Huancayo">Huancayo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Jun%C3%ADn" title="Department of Junín">Junín</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru" title="Trujillo, Peru">Trujillo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_La_Libertad" title="Department of La Libertad">La Libertad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiclayo" title="Chiclayo">Chiclayo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Lambayeque" title="Department of Lambayeque">Lambayeque</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huacho" title="Huacho">Huacho</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Lima" title="Department of Lima">Department of Lima</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iquitos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Loreto" title="Department of Loreto">Loreto</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Maldonado" title="Puerto Maldonado">Puerto Maldonado</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Madre_de_Dios" title="Department of Madre de Dios">Madre de Dios</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moquegua" title="Moquegua">Moquegua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Moquegua" title="Department of Moquegua">Moquegua</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_Pasco" title="Cerro de Pasco">Cerro de Pasco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Pasco" title="Department of Pasco">Pasco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piura" title="Piura">Piura</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Piura" title="Department of Piura">Piura</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puno" title="Puno">Puno</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Puno" title="Department of Puno">Puno</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyobamba" title="Moyobamba">Moyobamba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="Department of San Martín">San Martín</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacna" title="Tacna">Tacna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tacna" title="Department of Tacna">Tacna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbes,_Peru" title="Tumbes, Peru">Tumbes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tumbes" title="Department of Tumbes">Tumbes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pucallpa" title="Pucallpa">Pucallpa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Ucayali" title="Department of Ucayali">Ucayali</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193289#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193289#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193289#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/147765330">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4253747-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82037388">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137445704">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137445704">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007559735305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/167315684">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10038029">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iquitos&params=3.75_S_73.25_W_region:PE_type:city"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">3°45′S</span> <span class="longitude">73°15′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">3.75°S 73.25°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-3.75; -73.25</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&oldid=1250177779">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iquitos&oldid=1250177779</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iquitos" title="Category:Iquitos">Iquitos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Peru" title="Category:Cities in Peru">Cities in Peru</a></li><li><a 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