CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91368a1d4acbfce3',cH: 'pUD_4.jS6_XGs3h2qm.u9uSivJvg_WL_vOYGgdsWXNI-1739803299-1.2.1.1-jtNPL0_ayKy0vNsp9PKJ6ITzJu.5CZ6OAOv8q_i3jFdvdvj3pJq1pgKuI_7hm5zt',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=remoteness&__cf_chl_tk=91Fd7olr8MULrXE7p7xINAtVu1YcA8lkAyWZVl_re_o-1739803299-1.0.1.1-NT26aeSiriChi0QH4Jil8UatPhuphixns80VC1f6Z.0",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739803299',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=remoteness&__cf_chl_f_tk=91Fd7olr8MULrXE7p7xINAtVu1YcA8lkAyWZVl_re_o-1739803299-1.0.1.1-NT26aeSiriChi0QH4Jil8UatPhuphixns80VC1f6Z.0",md: "kGubE0_oE58UAH3Hyffbq32FtXHXB2PA.BqiDMlvMoI-1739803299-1.2.1.1-UtUsgrgYSARNzkAyFYMVtU8gcF2jQCl6XnSCILX69VvR_UyN_M3CP4AnJWE_8q7t0yjzbzSXqffo52h_nVK1_0mLtPGaRKHFIWO5QBrMS90yoptrbK5fbspJHDm3glFSM04ED3Ia3giEh0PITU1RHE_cHneqB7dCkeHqQ2eX3XfN9VjBWyzQj9SPJptMIUbZNg1143agcJ8Mmc0jk9LV1k8VgCUl5MsMVXa.Iqeo6qaMtc2sdxOG6C00q0aS4LEI8fEryjMrJkksGgjDnPvPRdsBCYn8xbujQum1H9O2bQslO1S6UHWo5g44Lky6mccaoLqBU4Tm0lbPXDOeCsie0bbpc9iOqLeXFu8d2xB4UlYvEu93DNwPeIEmCYsdTsiIh5tGjNbNiY5ks4d5Iye6e2WGuROY15x02srCOdEvZFe89v728RHfgxMaNGnmEaGtmGAKIDTC0snKsvpufXvaP099rdLBwL2b4tQYzQ0YrWf2Kx0whLYNOd1TaPSO._ptaeaWJ0iyBOff.lMA1cXRBLjjSP9xrtZsgFlbUeSqN4uKXP4dalxFoyAlpzGvj3AKpHDGuVT5y8HrJFnrl0CUyHQ.qnMyNX6ven.SGDumaIH24n5x.8mCrXsZMkGq6URHUTWqoX7XNUSSOGsIKklKM_GLZZH5EbRVRLxKkvO.mme4AB_gm0.54qSReKHDKBMuVl3hzjnPOo_QE6fd8ixxA2Z3TqmGTl8yc4KypEZEQaIW0nswrWl_7CZ1lIJ5FFmoK2B6Pt.RBLKUTgb.zjzKSp7KIZ0lEnhkx8CKL_X.G6LsrOev_gtAwNuLpH1c9hy5rGwPSxnfH3odsSY.5B1EJI3BTPUFpNEzHHR9kbY.iPqXKAzcX6WQcvMtglBxn1rNm6dXUrRwAMG_vL4NCj7JziviRNGvSl9W5xoqOlef58TQkraV9P2tKyy3NH0WUhV8N3regkYOIdRCzBEABdXWNYYqnVE7OPPUREPzAFCTHBW_aS97jrp.ZqfqVN.pY.fw7GVIFSsa36dizs1oCDea8fOWNQb8ecRKCtTyZTk3b4.vv2zQafAswsjWr1._1nacUAUmZwvacyVv1Swz0f5FR4EJdV8wqRxuZwqw_Pb6Fl_9APp1wk24t5on4JpSD6podLa_MhIdFf3bcRKLI3UPMkk04JSnNDp6BnKfu3u3_9yV0vzFmHRAdozekqGvXb7FE0aSR4oe935EPhd5VR3xEj.Ws1Wk2Air0Icy2Ye0zf2DxzqnpM1OeBpN8AU62K_6VBm48Gm7d1OtemgPq_uuCBn3UfnzKNiRgv5s6wic6FYyu9thhirUVF8WJU9OFD1VXs6jBhrGfpJY97oI5JplN3HLVCSYQLLBsqOkMdnW30CCVhGVbbbxatK.Zurk6MzY.fI3GlTxEdlU8vLB6eqx0umIE9bMb7HPoYBAiYL5Pf8uW8Jx_Sod5RhiS2Cy6v9.sxm01u0p4CnN5uJsOsFWDPj.ZHToStjB8_fF.tntSM.Plm0aLbuGVWpyJFKqhuxqIJr.YBtf3aX7zwTmpqi0uqsZqnWu9nLeHnu2.tEJ44H7tAZSNhj92Vi1BIEzpnCsDCispxlkbqD_yu.kuWm4jgv_1Q6IWCJq3ENCRgT4.IsyX4qS79YlvMpo6mnA7cJz8OikOi4gRhZHoOD6jvt.QP.d6SgjCdK0gWgykNxnoCavGfvKgB16ZhcWz4d.2zzqjGtB44BYzLDi6PvSiqPVWOYnlFZ6bf1jUDN_h8kYXkngezQwgZk2T0P4bJ3ama2ey0bFv4sH8p1npGpUjyUv3iBovGIPmltPW6xLNVRKtNBo2X5i3w4IdbdKFh3zZtD2JYrsd89MSUSN4sLjBFTQovdgqvE5eBPbquT_LzKOWezeP9thfy.HNBsvlS6FrTrm_H65TPSneyZ3thlzcwXDEA",mdrd: "0dcib6kP9q2i48A3I6BuFmzSxuFwaXbOoVfpikkbN1Q-1739803299-1.2.1.1-qbDbfy7BVitCoXLZKuHGAWoADiisHrgAKe13pziU7jrNKQtPRApgy3Livi7PrblJUsz4Fdis3lm4P_oLZqyCEAnKxLFL243AYIur2AsCEu1rzSuTK0_P9D4u98szjFcSB8yMQbmua.Yw9jyEXXAwBIDfmnKl.LHC9CFhRbjR8RKXCytJRn1kLGmkq3dT6BuxdqK_iX4cEmC8ktPBbInespsD42H4c49_W.U8v_bsYVKyg3KOyMOgObe5yVyFl44tcbsETKsUPz_PFNhffBptE373P0RVd.i8G6GH2XOSWs0p6OVJ_KmwoZMltw52G.tUi0zwsp6GFmQOHvU9gMzZuMPsEB.3g39HRIW5HZds.tUAYOo9JVhI.K3bqR5CTXbKhU8TY04UJnFXFsWk3pt.a5OUNBHaizPDQsfJLL8GwLRaVSIVQvAF2sn_xswIGgJsv.wzCN09Ep8rjfeP.xo1iNymMpL9Dwv6wg6lU5vRwAuttjw4J_LFXsb7YpYXLakc9CZGfJ9sT3p0NG.wVxki8MHdm.XiXo8NVYUkd8qXKiHdUMgnzp8pkV7yHDPktDr4aTMswktN3hI7V101Gs79YV_TTlIxC40J5_j556ZUgaYTvnq6dJSQM2zTFwiIDOeJovTwSThKgxDrgJ8_2wNvRswiCD4SyaGs0IYYrUCUnpW7Oh1enAkQ7yxTDgrEUFGNJipyc269aRBMJ47jZ5jCVtxcEF3Hvfs_7z6gu.rBz_3c6P9zlz05yg4DI1Jdh75y.XWf4IHD3U12I3A_kq1FaS12x7CHJa3n5.kMygEsC1CwPXtAfm_aLRQr8dHNr1uPNsnwxrPdnUf_CyLpMm4NjM6MD9RNd7pbz9Iw1CMQBGX4LBe5DiO.qbTwH4mvLMuI6qsxWR028CikLyZq1jUix_Yug.vjIP0xmspOMAMLQh2K1wd8yif70Dv9bOhIomXK4KKWu00N55vrdIMD3V2hbE1MBLtMSb6EubalNSV.bPhs8jKnurRNkhYJrSEXE74TlyhRmj6hsN1zN38ennYUxtkpDsbIrGZnm686OJRG_fxJtZsaqMhvVYoveIDgh40i5ySOa8NiBpxrT9KMHVNEqlOJy5Z1NLlw90DGjS4OImTlYotZ1sk_om3vyM7ZbWwC5Tah8mm6zGtEe81Aaiqg4s5GDxng6Wizj8XtpATPpln3auuggH99qVvaiKJYMKNkup8vu8s7J0.W24n6TXP.WzsdRRbP0_kGd3Nla7V2Cl4tqNdcfk0eZfyNVCKNCGp.6XIpE7m4abDU.bP1JClIoB9b9Ixx5P3QGCd1LEuy9t79NrNCPoGzyI2WCgcJxR0q5BQRfwH7XvhBvVWPyrMfPUoQd9LLzktVVYilTcSa95SgjCj.pyHYRz9bW_e1lAd22d8XuFrgX8X2jmmGDMRXbK5HHiyQ9vGs7S3_dq7I52dzgemrAClLYnwZKZC5IaBcLvxLWgY5FplEsKbOiikCsgim2kmbdlPcb69uDtvJxzvrvQnRQPHSLUAKAxy1VwqWHYIFs84MTfPa5RmuMb5mmNVcLV5NlhkwxCh8v.dsxAORzrT9mn6uE1FIEnVjw3cjRjfqy2OalQUQc3Q3qp2gsfXDIbGlY265JC2jU1qUcuKNqriFeNdGnoJPgBxyA0xw.6rNbfx5gwt94PlSVX5r0NBgeFXNFuF_ieTcWURn5NJEpgzSO0lACx2XnX0g3OOz6maqGv4TnV2hFfVZpap1xuP2xQmPc2FgomvhFaWzBg_dWk3RuCzqGimxG4B44s3ka1zzg9PrrB1.PJs1EaE.gjeOMzqDiJeihvzFDQqmxbNhVDWiZ6VhcbrfQSpPhmwWvQhBoI7.WKV8myB1W5QouZg9qr1buNPoEKE7HPkHkxLR6vruAvLFbEkttPbGw8Q93Zg3LaHYar6rW0dLbwSSUc4KzgdJexZMWegIjOov43djA7MASIX63NlTJtN_OtppFTUryjMDrouBJap4YzVJEA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91368a1d4acbfce3';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=remoteness&__cf_chl_rt_tk=91Fd7olr8MULrXE7p7xINAtVu1YcA8lkAyWZVl_re_o-1739803299-1.0.1.1-NT26aeSiriChi0QH4Jil8UatPhuphixns80VC1f6Z.0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>