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id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Início</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-História" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#História"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>História</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-História-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção História</span> </button> <ul id="toc-História-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Era_Colonial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Era_Colonial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Era Colonial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Era_Colonial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Século_XVIII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Século_XVIII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Século XVIII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Século_XVIII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atualidade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atualidade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Atualidade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atualidade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span><i>Campus</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet 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<span>Alternar a subsecção Alunos</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alunos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ex-alunos_notáveis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ex-alunos_notáveis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ex-alunos notáveis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ex-alunos_notáveis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ver_também" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ver_também"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ver também</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ver_também-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referências" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referências"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referências</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligações_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligações_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ligações externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligações_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Universidade Columbia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 90 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جامعة كولومبيا — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامعة كولومبيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لجامعة د كولومبيا — Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لجامعة د كولومبيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جامعة كولومبيا — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جامعة كولومبيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universid%C3%A1_de_Columbia" title="Universidá de Columbia — asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Universidá de Columbia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbiya_Universiteti" title="Kolumbiya Universiteti — azerbaijano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kolumbiya Universiteti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="کولمبیا بیلیم‌یوردو — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کولمبیا بیلیم‌یوردو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univ%C3%A9rsitas_Columbia" title="Univérsitas Columbia — balinês" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Univérsitas Columbia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Калумбійскі ўніверсітэт — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калумбійскі ўніверсітэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Калюмбійскі ўнівэрсытэт — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Калюмбійскі ўнівэрсытэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Колумбийски университет — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Колумбийски университет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="কলাম্বিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় — bengalês" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কলাম্বিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_Columbia" title="Univerzitet Columbia — bósnio" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Univerzitet Columbia" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bósnio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_de_Col%C3%BAmbia" title="Universitat de Colúmbia — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Universitat de Colúmbia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="زانکۆی کۆڵۆمبیا — curdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانکۆی کۆڵۆمبیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbijsk%C3%A1_univerzita" title="Kolumbijská univerzita — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kolumbijská univerzita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prifysgol_Columbia" title="Prifysgol Columbia — galês" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Prifysgol Columbia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University — dinamarquês" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Columbia University" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarquês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Columbia University" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univers%C4%B1tey_Kolumbiya" title="Universıtey Kolumbiya — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Universıtey Kolumbiya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Πανεπιστήμιο Κολούμπια — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πανεπιστήμιο Κολούμπια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Columbia University" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato_Kolumbio" title="Universitato Kolumbio — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Universitato Kolumbio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_Columbia" title="Universidad de Columbia — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universidad de Columbia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_%C3%BClikool" title="Columbia ülikool — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Columbia ülikool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Unibertsitatea" title="Columbia Unibertsitatea — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Columbia Unibertsitatea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="دانشگاه کلمبیا — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه کلمبیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_yliopisto" title="Columbian yliopisto — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Columbian yliopisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Columbia" title="Université Columbia — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Université Columbia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollscoil_Columbia" title="Ollscoil Columbia — irlandês" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ollscoil Columbia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilthigh_Cholumbia" title="Oilthigh Cholumbia — gaélico escocês" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Oilthigh Cholumbia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélico escocês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_Columbia" title="Universidade Columbia — galego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Universidade Columbia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94" title="אוניברסיטת קולומביה — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוניברסיטת קולומביה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="कोलंबिया विश्वविद्यालय — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोलंबिया विश्वविद्यालय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te_Columbia" title="Sveučilište Columbia — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveučilište Columbia" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Egyetem" title="Columbia Egyetem — húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Columbia Egyetem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Կոլումբիայի համալսարան — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոլումբիայի համալսարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University — interlíngua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Columbia University" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlíngua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Columbia" title="Universitas Columbia — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Universitas Columbia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia-h%C3%A1sk%C3%B3li" title="Columbia-háskóli — islandês" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Columbia-háskóli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Columbia University" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="コロンビア大学 — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コロンビア大学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Columbia" title="Universitas Columbia — javanês" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Universitas Columbia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="კოლუმბიის უნივერსიტეტი — georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოლუმბიის უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Колумбия университеті — cazaque" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Колумбия университеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%AC%EB%9F%BC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="컬럼비아 대학교 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="컬럼비아 대학교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Columbiae" title="Universitas Columbiae — latim" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Universitas Columbiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbijos_universitetas" title="Kolumbijos universitetas — lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kolumbijos universitetas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbijas_Universit%C4%81te" title="Kolumbijas Universitāte — letão" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kolumbijas Universitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2" title="കൊളംബിയ സർവ്വകലാശാല — malaiala" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊളംബിയ സർവ്വകലാശാല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A0" title="कोलंबिया विद्यापीठ — marata" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोलंबिया विद्यापीठ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Columbia" title="Universiti Columbia — malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Universiti Columbia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B6%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="ကိုလံဘီယာ တက္ကသိုလ် — birmanês" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကိုလံဘီယာ တက္ကသိုလ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University — baixo-alemão" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Columbia University" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baixo-alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia-universiteit" title="Columbia-universiteit — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Columbia-universiteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Columbia University" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Columbia University" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਕੋਲੰਬੀਆ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ — panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਲੰਬੀਆ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersytet_Columbia" title="Uniwersytet Columbia — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uniwersytet Columbia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Columbia University" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="کولمبیا یونیورسٹی — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کولمبیا یونیورسٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitatea_Columbia" title="Universitatea Columbia — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Universitatea Columbia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Колумбийский университет — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колумбийский университет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Колумбийска универзита — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Колумбийска универзита" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_Columbia" title="Univerzitet Columbia — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Univerzitet Columbia" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Columbia University" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_in_the_City_of_New_York" title="Columbia University in the City of New York — eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Columbia University in the City of New York" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerza_Columbia" title="Univerza Columbia — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Univerza Columbia" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteti_i_Kolumbias" title="Universiteti i Kolumbias — albanês" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Universiteti i Kolumbias" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Универзитет Колумбија — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Универзитет Колумбија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Columbia University" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuo_Kikuu_cha_Columbia" title="Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia — suaíli" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaíli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கொலம்பியா பல்கலைக்கழகம் — tâmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொலம்பியா பல்கலைக்கழகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tâmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B3%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Донишгоҳи Колумбия — tajique" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Донишгоҳи Колумбия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="มหาวิทยาลัยโคลัมเบีย — tailandês" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาวิทยาลัยโคลัมเบีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamantasang_Columbia" title="Pamantasang Columbia — tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pamantasang Columbia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_%C3%9Cniversitesi" title="Columbia Üniversitesi — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Columbia Üniversitesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbi%C3%A4_universitet%C4%B1" title="Kolumbiä universitetı — tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Kolumbiä universitetı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%DB%87%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%87%D9%86%D9%89%DB%8B%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%89" title="كولۇمبىيە ئۇنىۋېرستېتى — uigur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كولۇمبىيە ئۇنىۋېرستېتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Колумбійський університет — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колумбійський університет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="کولمبیا یونیورسٹی — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کولمبیا یونیورسٹی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_universiteti" title="Columbia universiteti — usbeque" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Columbia universiteti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Columbia" title="Đại học Columbia — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại học Columbia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibersidad_Columbia" title="Unibersidad Columbia — waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Unibersidad Columbia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="哥伦比亚大学 — wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哥伦比亚大学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="კოლუმბიაშ უნივერსიტეტი — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კოლუმბიაშ უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%98" title="קאלומביע אוניווערסיטעט — iídiche" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאלומביע אוניווערסיטעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="iídiche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunif%C3%A1s%C3%ADt%C3%AC_K%C3%B2l%C3%BAmb%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Yunifásítì Kòlúmbíà — ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Yunifásítì Kòlúmbíà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="哥伦比亚大学 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哥伦比亚大学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_T%C4%81i-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Columbia Tāi-ha̍k — min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Columbia Tāi-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="哥倫比亞大學 — cantonês" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哥倫比亞大學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49088#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar hiperligações</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaços nominais"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Universidade_Columbia" title="Ver a página de conteúdo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discuss%C3%A3o:Universidade_Columbia" 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background-color:#B0C4DE;"><small>Columbia University in the City of New York<br />Latim:<i>Universitas Columbiae Neo Eboracensis<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></i></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div style="padding-bottom: 5px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Columbia_coat_of_arms_no_crest.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Universidade Columbia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Columbia_coat_of_arms_no_crest.png/200px-Columbia_coat_of_arms_no_crest.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Columbia_coat_of_arms_no_crest.png/300px-Columbia_coat_of_arms_no_crest.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Columbia_coat_of_arms_no_crest.png/400px-Columbia_coat_of_arms_no_crest.png 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>Universidade Columbia</figcaption></figure></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Lema" title="Lema">Lema</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><i>In lumine Tuo videbimus lumen</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>"Graças à tua luz, vemos a luz"</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Fundação </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/1754" title="1754">1754</a> (270 anos) </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Tipo de instituição </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Universidade_privada" title="Universidade privada">Privada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Localiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_geogr%C3%A1fica" class="mw-redirect" title="Localização geográfica">Localização</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Iorque" title="Nova Iorque">Nova Iorque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Iorque_(estado)" title="Nova Iorque (estado)">Nova Iorque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Reitor" title="Reitor">Reitor(a)</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">John Henry Coatsworth </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Presidente </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Lee C. Bollinger<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Docentes</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">3,763 (2013) </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Total de <a href="/wiki/Aluno" title="Aluno">estudantes</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">26 933 (2013) </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; padding-left: 1em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Gradua%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Graduação">Graduação</a></i> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">8 365 (2013) </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; padding-left: 1em;"><i><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3s-gradua%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Pós-graduação">Pós-graduação</a></i> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">18 568 (2013) </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;"><i>Campus</i> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Urbano (1,21 km²) </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Cores </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Azul e Branco <span style="background-color:#9BDDFF; color:{{{cor-texto}}}; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;">    </span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:{{{cor-texto}}}; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;">    </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Mascote" title="Mascote">Mascote</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Columbia Lions </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Or%C3%A7amento" title="Orçamento">Orçamento anual</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3lar_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Dólar dos Estados Unidos">US$</a>9,0 bilhões <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016)</span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Página oficial </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/">www<wbr />.columbia<wbr />.edu</a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>A <b>Universidade Columbia</b> (em <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_inglesa" title="Língua inglesa">inglês</a>: <span lang="en"> <i><b>Columbia University</b></i></span> ou, oficialmente, <i><b>Columbia University in the City of New York</b></i>) é uma <a href="/wiki/Institui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_ensino_superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituição de ensino superior">instituição de ensino superior</a> <a href="/wiki/Universidade_privada" title="Universidade privada">privada</a>, localizada na cidade de <a href="/wiki/Nova_Iorque" title="Nova Iorque">Nova Iorque</a>, nos <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a>. </p><p>Columbia é a mais antiga instituição de ensino superior do estado de Nova Iorque, a quinta mais antiga dos Estados Unidos, e uma das nove Universidades Coloniais fundadas antes da <a href="/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Americana" title="Revolução Americana">Revolução Americana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Uma das oito universidades que compõe a prestigiosa <i><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a></i> (as outras sendo <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Harvard" title="Universidade Harvard">Harvard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Princeton" title="Universidade de Princeton">Princeton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Yale" title="Universidade Yale">Yale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidade_da_Pensilv%C3%A2nia" title="Universidade da Pensilvânia">Pensilvânia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Cornell" title="Universidade Cornell">Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faculdade_de_Dartmouth" title="Faculdade de Dartmouth">Dartmouth</a> e <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Brown" title="Universidade Brown">Brown</a>), foi fundada no ano de <a href="/wiki/1754" title="1754">1754</a> como <i><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College" class="mw-redirect" title="King's College">King's College</a></i> por intermédio de <a href="/wiki/Carta_r%C3%A9gia" title="Carta régia">carta régia</a> de <a href="/wiki/Jorge_II_da_Gr%C3%A3-Bretanha" title="Jorge II da Grã-Bretanha">Jorge II da Grã-Bretanha</a> e rebatizada como Columbia College em <a href="/wiki/1784" title="1784">1784</a>, visto o caráter patriótico do nome, um nome alternativo para América. Desde sua fundação, a instituição têm formado inúmeros cidadãos de destaque na história do país e do mundo. Além disto, figura até aos dias atuais como uma das mais seletivas instituições de ensino superior dos Estados Unidos. Contando com taxa de admissão de 5,8%, a Universidade Columbia mantém-se como a terceira mais seletiva universidade do país e a segunda mais seletiva das universidades integrantes da Ivy League.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inicialmente, a universidade foi fundada quase no fim da ilha de <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, em terreno da igreja <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Church">Trinity Church</a>. No seguinte século, se mudaria para mais ao norte da ilha, onde atualmente ergue-se o <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Center" title="Rockefeller Center">Rockefeller Center</a>. Finalmente, no ano de <a href="/wiki/1896" title="1896">1896</a>, mudou-se pela última vez, desta vez para o bairro <a href="/wiki/Morningside_Heights" title="Morningside Heights">Morningside Heights</a>, onde ocupa uma área de 32 acres (13 hectares) de propriedade.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ex-alunos notáveis de Columbia incluem 5 <a href="/wiki/Pais_Fundadores_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Pais Fundadores dos Estados Unidos">Pais Fundadores dos Estados Unidos</a> – entre os quais, um autor da <a href="/wiki/Declara%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Independ%C3%AAncia_dos_Estados_Unidos" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaração de Independência dos Estados Unidos">Declaração de Independência</a> e um autor da <a href="/wiki/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Constituição dos Estados Unidos">Constituição dos Estados Unidos</a>; 9 juízes da <a href="/wiki/Suprema_Corte_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos">Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> 43 <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9mio_Nobel" class="mw-redirect" title="Prémio Nobel">Prêmios Nobel</a>; 20 bilionários;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> 39 vencedores dos <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Prêmios da Academia</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> e 29 chefes de Estados, incluindo 3 <a href="/wiki/Presidente_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Presidente dos Estados Unidos">Presidentes dos Estados Unidos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="História"><span id="Hist.C3.B3ria"></span>História</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidade_Columbia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: História" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidade_Columbia&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: História"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Era_Colonial">Era Colonial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidade_Columbia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: Era Colonial" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidade_Columbia&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Era Colonial"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Kings_college_1770.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Kings_college_1770.gif/230px-Kings_college_1770.gif" decoding="async" width="230" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Kings_college_1770.gif/345px-Kings_college_1770.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Kings_college_1770.gif 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Sede do <i>King's College</i>, em <a href="/wiki/1770" title="1770">1770</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:John_Trumbull_-_Alexander_Hamilton_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/John_Trumbull_-_Alexander_Hamilton_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-John_Trumbull_-_Alexander_Hamilton_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/John_Trumbull_-_Alexander_Hamilton_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-John_Trumbull_-_Alexander_Hamilton_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/John_Trumbull_-_Alexander_Hamilton_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-John_Trumbull_-_Alexander_Hamilton_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5890" data-file-height="7326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delegado" class="mw-disambig" title="Delegado">Delegado</a> no <a href="/wiki/Congresso_Continental" title="Congresso Continental">Congresso Continental</a> e o primeiro <a href="/wiki/Secret%C3%A1rio_do_Tesouro_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Secretário do Tesouro dos Estados Unidos">Secretário do Tesouro</a>, foi um dos primeiros alunos notáveis do <i>King's College</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-hamilton_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamilton-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Debates e propostas sobre a fundação de uma universidade na <a href="/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_de_Nova_Iorque" title="Província de Nova Iorque">Província de Nova Iorque</a> começaram a ascender em <a href="/wiki/1704" title="1704">1704</a>, quando o então governador Lewis Morris escreveu à Sociedade para Propagação do Evangelho no Exterior - o corpo missionário da <a href="/wiki/Igreja_da_Inglaterra" title="Igreja da Inglaterra">Igreja da Inglaterra</a>, tentando persuadi-los de que <a href="/wiki/Nova_Iorque" title="Nova Iorque">Nova Iorque</a> era o local ideal para a construção de um instituição educacional superior.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Contudo, somente após a fundação da Faculdade de Nova Jérsei (atual <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Princeton" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade Princeton">Universidade Princeton</a>), na margem oposta do <a href="/wiki/Rio_Hudson" title="Rio Hudson">Hudson</a>, as autoridades da cidade de Nova Iorque consideraram seriamente a fundação de uma universidade própria. Em <a href="/wiki/1746" title="1746">1746</a>, a assembleia geral de Nova Iorque aprovou um ato de levantamento de fundos para financiar a nova instituição. Em <a href="/wiki/1751" title="1751">1751</a>, a assembleia elegeu uma comissão de dez moradores da região, sete dos quais eram membros da Igreja da Inglaterra, para dirigir os fundos angariados na fundação da faculdade.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As primeiras aulas ocorreram em julho de <a href="/wiki/1754" title="1754">1754</a>, ministradas pelo primeiro presidente da universidade, Dr. Samuel Johnson. Johnson era o único instrutor da primeira classe da faculdade, que consistia somente em oito docentes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> A primeira sede da instituição funcionou num prédio anexo à <a href="/wiki/Igreja_da_Trindade_(Manhattan)" title="Igreja da Trindade (Manhattan)">Igreja da Trindade</a>, hoje na porção sul da <a href="/wiki/Broadway" title="Broadway">Broadway</a>, em <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Tendo como data oficial de fundação o dia <a href="/wiki/31_de_outubro" title="31 de outubro">31 de outubro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1754" title="1754">1754</a>, a instituição foi batizada como <i><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College" class="mw-redirect" title="King's College">King's College</a></i> por <a href="/wiki/Carta_r%C3%A9gia" title="Carta régia">carta régia</a> de <a href="/wiki/Jorge_II_da_Gr%C3%A3-Bretanha" title="Jorge II da Grã-Bretanha">Jorge II da Grã-Bretanha</a>, tornando-se a primeira instituição de nível superior do <a href="/wiki/Nova_Iorque_(estado)" title="Nova Iorque (estado)">estado de Nova Iorque</a> e a quinta a ser fundada no país.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Em <a href="/wiki/1763" title="1763">1763</a>, Johnson foi sucedido por Myles Cooper, um graduado do <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Oxford" title="Universidade de Oxford">The Queen's College</a> de <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> e um defensor ferrenho do partido <a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tory</a>. No tenso cenário política da <a href="/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Americana" title="Revolução Americana">Revolução Americana</a>, seu principal oponente ideológico foi um docente da classe de <a href="/wiki/1777" title="1777">1777</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hamilton_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamilton-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> Quando da eclosão da <a href="/wiki/Guerra_da_Independ%C3%AAncia_dos_Estados_Unidos" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerra da Independência dos Estados Unidos">Guerra da Independência</a> em <a href="/wiki/1776" title="1776">1776</a>, a faculdade suspendeu suas atividades por oito anos. A suspensão permaneceu durante a ocupação de Nova Iorque pelas tropas britânicas até a sua rendição e partida em <a href="/wiki/1783" title="1783">1783</a>. Durante a campanha militar, a biblioteca da universidade foi loteada e seu prédio utilizado como <a href="/wiki/Hospital_militar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospital militar">hospital militar</a> por tropas americanas e britânicas.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> Após o conflito, a liderança expulsou os <a href="/wiki/Lealista_(Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Americana)" title="Lealista (Revolução Americana)">Lealistas</a> da universidade, que teve seu nome modificado para <i>Columbia College</i>, visando reforçar os ideais nacionalistas americanos. Os Lealistas, por sua vez, liderados pelo Bispo Charles Inglis, fundaram o <i>King's Collegiate School</i>, em <a href="/wiki/Windsor" title="Windsor">Windsor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Século_XVIII"><span id="S.C3.A9culo_XVIII"></span>Século XVIII</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidade_Columbia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar secção: Século XVIII" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidade_Columbia&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Século XVIII"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Columbia_law_madison.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Columbia_law_madison.gif/200px-Columbia_law_madison.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Columbia_law_madison.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Sede da Escola de Direito da Universidade Columbia, no início do <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XIX" title="Século XIX">século XIX</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:ColumbiaStahrArtwork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ColumbiaStahrArtwork.jpg/200px-ColumbiaStahrArtwork.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ColumbiaStahrArtwork.jpg/300px-ColumbiaStahrArtwork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ColumbiaStahrArtwork.jpg/400px-ColumbiaStahrArtwork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Na <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1780" title="Década de 1780">década de 1780</a>, o nome da instituição foi modificado para homenagear <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%BAmbia_(personifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="Colúmbia (personificação)">Colúmbia</a>, personificação do <a href="/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Americana" title="Revolução Americana">ideal revolucionário americano</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Após o período revolucionário, a universidade voltou-se ao estado de Nova Iorque na tentativa de restaurar seus anos de atividade, prometendo modificar o que fosse necessário para suprir as demandas estaduais. A legislatura estadual concordou em assistir financeiramente à faculdade e, em <a href="/wiki/1_de_maio" title="1 de maio">1 de maio</a> de <a href="/wiki/1784" title="1784">1784</a>, aprovou "um ato concedendo certos privilégios à instituição anteriormente conhecida como <i>King's College</i>". O ato estabeleceu uma Comissão de Regentes com finalidade de supervisionar a reestruturação da faculdade e, numa tentativa de demonstrar seu apoio ao governo federal emergente, a legislatura estipulou que "a faculdade na Cidade de Nova Iorque a partir de então seria chamada e conhecida pelo nome <i>Columbia College</i>", uma referência à <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%BAmbia_(personifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="Colúmbia (personificação)">personificação da América</a>. A Comissão de Regentes concluiu a constituição da faculdade em fevereiro de <a href="/wiki/1787" title="1787">1787</a> e, logo em seguida, elegeu um comitê revisor, liderado por <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> e <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>. Em abril do mesmo ano, uma nova carta foi adotada pela instituição, sendo a que se mantém até a atualidade. </p><p>Em <a href="/wiki/21_de_maio" title="21 de maio">21 de maio</a> de 1787, <a href="/wiki/William_Samuel_Johnson" title="William Samuel Johnson">William Samuel Johnson</a>, filho de Samuel Johnson, foi eleito por unanimidade para a presidência do Columbia College. Antes de presidir a universidade, Johnson havia sido membro do <a href="/wiki/Congresso_Continental" title="Congresso Continental">Primeiro Congresso Continental</a> e delegado na <a href="/wiki/Conven%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Filad%C3%A9lfia" title="Convenção de Filadélfia">Convenção de Filadélfia</a>. Durante certo período na <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1790" title="Década de 1790">década de 1790</a>, em que Nova Iorque foi capital federal e estadual, a universidade voltou ao seu auge. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, os primeiros <a href="/wiki/Presidente_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Presidente dos Estados Unidos">presidente</a> e <a href="/wiki/Vice-presidente_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Vice-presidente dos Estados Unidos">vice-presidente</a>, respectivamente, estiveram presentes na cerimônia de inauguração da universidade em <a href="/wiki/6_de_maio" title="6 de maio">6 de maio</a> de <a href="/wiki/1789" title="1789">1789</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atualidade">Atualidade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidade_Columbia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar secção: Atualidade" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidade_Columbia&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Atualidade"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Columbia sempre figurou entre as 20 melhores instituições de ensino superior do mundo e recentemente, 2014, foi considerada a 4º melhor universidade dos Estados Unidos, segundo o <i>US News & World Report</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> e como a 12º melhor universidade do mundo pelo <i>Times Higher Education</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoje a universidade tem mais de 132 000 m² só no seu campus principal. Columbia é dividida em várias escolas de graduação/profissionais como por exemplo: <i>Columbia College</i> (CC), <i>The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Sciences</i> (SEAS), <i>The School of General Studies</i> (GS), <i>The Business School</i> (BS), entre outras.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> Além do campus principal há o campus de <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University Medical Center">Ciências Médicas</a>, localizado no bairro de <a href="/wiki/Washington_Heights_(Manhattan)" title="Washington Heights (Manhattan)">Washington Heights</a>. Várias residências estudantis estão localizadas dentro do próprio campus e o alojamento nestas é garantido a todos os alunos de graduação. </p><p>A universidade atualmente opera postos de pesquisa em 8 localidades ao redor do mundo, com o objetivo de fomentar e facilitar a troca de conhecimento e propor soluções para problemas globais. Os primeiros centros foram inaugurados em Março de 2009 em <a href="/wiki/Pequim" title="Pequim">Pequim</a> e <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A3" title="Amã">Amã</a>, sendo em seguida inaugurados centros em <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> e <a href="/wiki/Bombaim" title="Bombaim">Bombaim</a>, em Março de 2010, e <a href="/wiki/Nair%C3%B3bi" title="Nairóbi">Nairóbi</a>, em Janeiro de 2012. Outros centros foram abertos em <a href="/wiki/Istambul" title="Istambul">Istambul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_(Chile)" title="Santiago (Chile)">Santiago</a> e <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(cidade)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio de Janeiro (cidade)">Rio de Janeiro</a>, Brasil<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> em 2012 e 2013, respectivamente. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campus"><i>Campus</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidade_Columbia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar secção: Campus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidade_Columbia&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Campus"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De acordo com a revista <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Magazine">New York</a></i>, a Universidade Columbia é a maior proprietária de terras na cidade de Nova Iorque, atrás somente da <a href="/wiki/Arquidiocese_de_Nova_Iorque" title="Arquidiocese de Nova Iorque">Arquidiocese de Nova Iorque</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morningside_Heights">Morningside Heights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidade_Columbia&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar secção: Morningside Heights" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidade_Columbia&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Morningside Heights"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Low_Library_Columbia_University_8-11-06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Low_Library_Columbia_University_8-11-06.jpg/236px-Low_Library_Columbia_University_8-11-06.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Low_Library_Columbia_University_8-11-06.jpg/354px-Low_Library_Columbia_University_8-11-06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Low_Library_Columbia_University_8-11-06.jpg/472px-Low_Library_Columbia_University_8-11-06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><i><div style="text-align: center;">Low Memorial Library</div></i></figcaption></figure> <p>A grande maioria das atividades acadêmicas da Universidade Columbia estão sediadas no <i>campus</i> de <a href="/wiki/Morningside_Heights" title="Morningside Heights">Morningside Heights</a>, sendo ainda reminiscente da visão de seu presidente Seth Low de que deveria haver um centro universitário onde todas os cursos pudessem ser ministrados.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> Toda a área do campus foi projetada pela firma "McKim, Mead & White" - dos arquitetos <a href="/wiki/Charles_Follen_McKim" title="Charles Follen McKim">Charles Follen McKim</a>, William Rutherford Mead e Stanford White - dentro dos princípios do movimento <i><a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts" title="Beaux-Arts">Beaux-Arts</a></i> no continente americano.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> O <i>campus</i> principal da universidade expande-se em uma área equivalente a seis quarteirões da cidade de Nova Iorque, ocupando 32 acres (ou 13 hectares) no distrito de Morningside Heights, na região ao norte do <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>, em <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> A universidade detém ainda 7 800 apartamentos na região, destinados a servir como residência para docentes e discentes e abrigar estrutura de pesquisa.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> O complexo educacional abriga ainda cerca de duas dúzias de dormitórios para estudantes, interligados por uma extensa rede de túneis construídos no <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XIX" title="Século XIX">século XIX</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg/235px-Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg/353px-Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg/470px-Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Butler Library, considerada uma das mais belas bibliotecas universitárias dos Estados Unidos.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Almamater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Almamater.jpg/235px-Almamater.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Almamater.jpg/353px-Almamater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Almamater.jpg/470px-Almamater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Alma_Mater_(escultura_de_Nova_Iorque)" title="Alma Mater (escultura de Nova Iorque)">Alma Mater</a></i>, de <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a>, nos degraus da <i>Low Memorial Library</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A Biblioteca Murray Butler, conhecida simplesmente como Biblioteca Butler (<i>Butler Library</i>, em inglês), é a maior biblioteca pertencente à Universidade Columbia, abrigando mais de 2 000 volumes, e está sediada numa das maiores construções do complexo universitário.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> Originalmente proposta pelo antigo presidente <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Murray Butler</a> para ser o "South Hall", uma expansão da Low Memorial Library, sua construção foi financiada por Edward Harkness, filantropo e investidor do sistema de faculdades de <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Yale" title="Universidade Yale">Yale</a>. Projetado pro <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Gamble_Rogers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Gamble Rogers (página não existe)">James Gamble Rogers</a> em <a href="/wiki/Arquitetura_do_neoclassicismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Arquitetura do neoclassicismo">estilo neoclássico</a>, o prédio foi concluído em <a href="/wiki/1934" title="1934">1934</a> e rebatizado em <a href="/wiki/1946" title="1946">1946</a> para homenagear seu idealizador e vencedor do <a href="/wiki/Nobel_da_Paz" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel da Paz">Nobel da Paz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> A fachada do prédio contém uma série de <a href="/wiki/Coluna" title="Coluna">colunas</a> de <a href="/wiki/Ordem_j%C3%B4nica" title="Ordem jônica">ordem jônica</a>, sobre as quais estão gravados nomes de renomados escritores, filósofos e pensadores, em sua grande maioria recorrentes para os docentes do <i>Columbia College</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> Em dados de <a href="/wiki/2012" title="2012">2012</a>, o sistema bibliotecário de Columbia continha mais de 11 milhões de volumes, sendo o oitavo maior sistema de bibliotecas e a quinta maior biblioteca universitária dos Estados Unidos.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diversos prédios do <i>campus</i> de Morningside Heights estão listados no <a href="/wiki/Registro_Nacional_de_Lugares_Hist%C3%B3ricos" title="Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos">Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos</a>. A Low Memorial Library, um <a href="/wiki/Marco_Hist%C3%B3rico_Nacional" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Histórico Nacional">Marco Histórico Nacional</a> e que localiza-se no centro do complexo universitário, é listada por sua "significância arquitetônica".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> O <i>Philosophy Hall</i>, que sedia os departamentos de <a href="/wiki/Idioma" class="mw-redirect" title="Idioma">idiomas</a> e a Escola de Artes e Ciências da universidade, é citado como o local da invenção da <a href="/wiki/Modula%C3%A7%C3%A3o_em_frequ%C3%AAncia" title="Modulação em frequência">modulação em frequência</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> O <i>Pupin Hall</i>, que sedia os departamentos de Física e Astronomia, também está incluída na lista, especial por ter sediado os primeiros experimentos de fissão de <a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%A2nio" title="Urânio">urânio</a> por <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> O átomo de urânio foi dividido dez dias após a primeira divisão de átomos do mundo em <a href="/wiki/Copenhague" class="mw-redirect" title="Copenhague">Copenhague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinamarca" title="Dinamarca">Dinamarca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto; width:100%; max-width:1208px;"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Columbia_pano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Columbia_pano.jpg/1200px-Columbia_pano.jpg" decoding="async" width="1200" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Columbia_pano.jpg/1800px-Columbia_pano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Columbia_pano.jpg/2400px-Columbia_pano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13687" data-file-height="2199" /></a></span></div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alunos">Alunos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidade_Columbia&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editar secção: Alunos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidade_Columbia&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Alunos"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ex-alunos_notáveis"><span id="Ex-alunos_not.C3.A1veis"></span>Ex-alunos notáveis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidade_Columbia&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editar secção: Ex-alunos notáveis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidade_Columbia&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ex-alunos notáveis"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Em dados de <a href="/wiki/2011" title="2011">2011</a>, a Universidade Columbia havia formado três <a href="/wiki/Lista_de_presidentes_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Lista de presidentes dos Estados Unidos">presidentes dos Estados Unidos</a>, 26 <a href="/wiki/Chefe_de_Estado" title="Chefe de Estado">chefes de Estado</a> estrangeiros, dez Juízes da <a href="/wiki/Suprema_Corte_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos">Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos</a> e 39 <a href="/wiki/Laureados_com_o_Nobel" title="Laureados com o Nobel">vencedores do</a> <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9mio_Nobel" class="mw-redirect" title="Prémio Nobel">Prémio Nobel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> No mesmo ano, foi registrado que pessoas formadas na universidade somavam 35 vitórias do <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award" title="National Book Award">Prêmio Nacional do Livro</a> e 123 vitórias do <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9mio_Pulitzer" title="Prémio Pulitzer">Prémio Pulitzer</a>, este último organizado pela própria instituição.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> Atualmente, dois senadores dos Estados Unidos; 16 <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a> listados na <i><a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a></i>; três dos 25 norte-americanos mais ricos e 20 bilionários estudaram na universidade.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> Nos seus primórdios, Columbia abrigou cinco dos <a href="/wiki/Pais_Fundadores_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Pais Fundadores dos Estados Unidos">Pais Fundadores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Os presidentes <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> e <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a> frequentaram a Escola de Direito. Outras figuras políticas, mais recentes, que estiveram relacionadas à universidade incluem o ex-presidente <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> a Juíza Associada <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> a ex-<a href="/wiki/Secret%C3%A1rio_de_Estado_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Secretário de Estado dos Estados Unidos">Secretária de Estado</a> <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> o ex-presidente da <a href="/wiki/Sistema_de_Reserva_Federal_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Sistema de Reserva Federal dos Estados Unidos">Reserva Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Procurador-geral_dos_Estados_Unidos" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurador-geral dos Estados Unidos">Procurador-geral</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup> O presidente <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> foi também presidente da universidade de <a href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</a> a <a href="/wiki/1953" title="1953">1953</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> Columbia foi também local de formação de diversos chefes de Estado, incluindo <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toomas_Hendrik_Ilves" title="Toomas Hendrik Ilves">Toomas Hendrik Ilves</a> e outras figuras históricas como <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Koo" title="Wellington Koo">Wellington Koo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radovan_Karad%C5%BEic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radovan Karadžic (página não existe)">Radovan Karadžic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens">Gaston Eyskens</a> e <a href="/wiki/T._V._Soong" title="T. V. Soong">T. V. Soong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a>, líder <i><a href="/wiki/Dalit" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalit">dalit</a></i> e um dos autores da <a href="/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_da_%C3%8Dndia" class="mw-redirect" title="Política da Índia">Constituição da Índia</a>, foi também aluno de Columbia.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ao longo da história, ex-alunos de Columbia têm ocupado cargos de destaque em <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> e no mundo corporativo em geral. Membros notáveis da <a href="/wiki/Fam%C3%ADlia_Astor" title="Família Astor">família Astor</a> estudaram em Columbia,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> sendo que alguns investidores recentes também foram alunos da universidade, como <a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffet" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Buffet">Warren Buffet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_Grossman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larry Grossman (página não existe)">Larry Grossman</a> e <a href="/wiki/S._Robson_Walton" title="S. Robson Walton">S. Robson Walton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> Outros empresários reconhecidos no mundo corporativo que tiveram sua formação acadêmica em Columbia incluem <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_P._Gorman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James P. Gorman (página não existe)">James P. Gorman</a> (da <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Stanley" title="Morgan Stanley">Morgan Stanley</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_J._Stevens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert J. Stevens (página não existe)">Robert J. Stevens</a> (da <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippe_Dauman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippe Dauman (página não existe)">Philippe Dauman</a> (da <a href="/wiki/Viacom" class="mw-disambig" title="Viacom">Viacom</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Burns" title="Ursula Burns">Ursula Burns</a> (da <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a>) e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vikram_Pandit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vikram Pandit (página não existe)">Vikram Pandit</a> (da <a href="/wiki/Citigroup" title="Citigroup">Citigroup</a>). </p><p> No campo das ciências e tecnologia, Columbia formou os seguintes profissionais: o fundador da <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Hollerith" title="Herman Hollerith">Herman Hollerith</a>; o inventor da <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_FM" title="Rádio FM">rádio FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Armstrong" title="Edwin Armstrong">Edwin Armstrong</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Mechner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Mechner (página não existe)">Francis Mechner</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyman_G._Rickover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyman G. Rickover (página não existe)">Hyman G. Rickover</a>, um dos desenvolvedores do <a href="/wiki/Submarino_nuclear" title="Submarino nuclear">submarino nuclear</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kai-Fu_Lee" title="Kai-Fu Lee">Kai-Fu Lee</a>, o fundador da <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google China</a>; e os cientistas <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Millikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Millikan">Robert Millikan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Javan" title="Ali Javan">Ali Javan</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mihajlo_Pupin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mihajlo Pupin (página não existe)">Mihajlo Pupin</a>; os filósofos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irwin_Edman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irwin Edman (página não existe)">Irwin Edman</a> e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a>; o economista <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>; e a psicóloga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harriet_Babcock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harriet Babcock (página não existe)">Harriet Babcock</a> e o Escritor e Poeta <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Alunos notáveis da Universidade Columbia</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander Hamilton 1.º Secretário do Tesouro"><img alt="Alexander Hamilton 1.º Secretário do Tesouro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg/135px-Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg/202px-Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg/270px-Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2532" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Secret%C3%A1rio_do_Tesouro_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Secretário do Tesouro dos Estados Unidos">1.º Secretário do Tesouro</a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:John_Jay_(Gilbert_Stuart_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Jay 1.º Chefe de Justiça"><img alt="John Jay 1.º Chefe de Justiça" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg/124px-John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg/185px-John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg/247px-John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="3004" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Suprema_Corte_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos">1.º Chefe de Justiça</a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:President_Theodore_Roosevelt,_1904.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Theodore Roosevelt 26.º Presidente dos Estados Unidos"><img alt="Theodore Roosevelt 26.º Presidente dos Estados Unidos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg/121px-President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg/182px-President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg/242px-President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2842" data-file-height="3751" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lista_de_presidentes_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Lista de presidentes dos Estados Unidos">26.º Presidente dos Estados Unidos</a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:FDR_in_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt 32.º Presidente dos Estados Unidos"><img alt="Franklin D. Roosevelt 32.º Presidente dos Estados Unidos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/136px-FDR_in_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/204px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/272px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="2928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lista_de_presidentes_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Lista de presidentes dos Estados Unidos">32.º Presidente dos Estados Unidos</a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:President_Barack_Obama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barack Obama 44.º Presidente dos Estados Unidos"><img alt="Barack Obama 44.º Presidente dos Estados Unidos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/128px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/192px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/256px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2687" data-file-height="3356" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lista_de_presidentes_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Lista de presidentes dos Estados Unidos">44.º Presidente dos Estados Unidos</a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg Juíza da Suprema Corte"><img alt="Ruth Bader Ginsburg Juíza da Suprema Corte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg/106px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg/160px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg/213px-Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Associado_de_Justi%C3%A7a_da_Suprema_Corte_dos_Estados_Unidos" class="mw-redirect" title="Associado de Justiça da Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos">Juíza da Suprema Corte</a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Judge_Gorsuch_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neil Gorsuch Juiz da Suprema Corte"><img alt="Neil Gorsuch Juiz da Suprema Corte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Judge_Gorsuch_official_portrait.jpg/119px-Judge_Gorsuch_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Judge_Gorsuch_official_portrait.jpg/178px-Judge_Gorsuch_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Judge_Gorsuch_official_portrait.jpg/237px-Judge_Gorsuch_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Associado_de_Justi%C3%A7a_da_Suprema_Corte_dos_Estados_Unidos" class="mw-redirect" title="Associado de Justiça da Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos">Juiz da Suprema Corte</a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Secalbright.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madeleine Albright 64.ª Secretária de Estado"><img alt="Madeleine Albright 64.ª Secretária de Estado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Secalbright.jpg/143px-Secalbright.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Secalbright.jpg/215px-Secalbright.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Secalbright.jpg/286px-Secalbright.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1528" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lista_de_secret%C3%A1rios_de_Estado_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Lista de secretários de Estado dos Estados Unidos">64.ª Secretária de Estado</a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Hollerith.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Herman Hollerith Co-fundador da IBM"><img alt="Herman Hollerith Co-fundador da IBM" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hollerith.jpg/120px-Hollerith.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hollerith.jpg/180px-Hollerith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hollerith.jpg/240px-Hollerith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Hollerith" title="Herman Hollerith">Herman Hollerith</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Co-fundador da <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Secretary_Kerry_Greets_Patriots_Coach_Belichick,_Owner_Kraft_Following_White_House_Celebration_of_Super_Bowl_Win_(17061137710)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Kraft CEO do Kraft Group"><img alt="Robert Kraft CEO do Kraft Group" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Secretary_Kerry_Greets_Patriots_Coach_Belichick%2C_Owner_Kraft_Following_White_House_Celebration_of_Super_Bowl_Win_%2817061137710%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/105px-Secretary_Kerry_Greets_Patriots_Coach_Belichick%2C_Owner_Kraft_Following_White_House_Celebration_of_Super_Bowl_Win_%2817061137710%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Secretary_Kerry_Greets_Patriots_Coach_Belichick%2C_Owner_Kraft_Following_White_House_Celebration_of_Super_Bowl_Win_%2817061137710%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/158px-Secretary_Kerry_Greets_Patriots_Coach_Belichick%2C_Owner_Kraft_Following_White_House_Celebration_of_Super_Bowl_Win_%2817061137710%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Secretary_Kerry_Greets_Patriots_Coach_Belichick%2C_Owner_Kraft_Following_White_House_Celebration_of_Super_Bowl_Win_%2817061137710%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/211px-Secretary_Kerry_Greets_Patriots_Coach_Belichick%2C_Owner_Kraft_Following_White_House_Celebration_of_Super_Bowl_Win_%2817061137710%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1062" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kraft" title="Robert Kraft">Robert Kraft</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a> do <a href="/wiki/New_England_Patriots" title="New England Patriots">Kraft Group</a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:S._Robson_Walton_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="S. Robson Walton Presidente do Walmart"><img alt="S. Robson Walton Presidente do Walmart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/S._Robson_Walton_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/115px-S._Robson_Walton_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/S._Robson_Walton_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/173px-S._Robson_Walton_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/S._Robson_Walton_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/230px-S._Robson_Walton_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3520" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/S._Robson_Walton" title="S. Robson Walton">S. 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height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Milton Friedman economista"><img alt="Milton Friedman economista" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg/128px-Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg/192px-Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg/256px-Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2994" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Economista" title="Economista">economista</a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Rodgers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Richard Rodgers compositor multi-premiado"><img alt="Richard Rodgers compositor multi-premiado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rodgers.jpg/122px-Rodgers.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rodgers.jpg/182px-Rodgers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rodgers.jpg/243px-Rodgers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="1426" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Compositor" title="Compositor">compositor</a> <a href="/wiki/Lista_de_pessoas_que_venceram_o_Emmy,_Grammy,_Oscar_e_Tony" title="Lista de pessoas que venceram o Emmy, Grammy, Oscar e Tony">multi-premiado</a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Oscar_Hammerstein_-_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oscar Hammerstein II libretista, produtor teatral e cineasta"><img alt="Oscar Hammerstein II libretista, produtor teatral e cineasta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Oscar_Hammerstein_-_portrait.jpg/121px-Oscar_Hammerstein_-_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Oscar_Hammerstein_-_portrait.jpg/182px-Oscar_Hammerstein_-_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Oscar_Hammerstein_-_portrait.jpg/243px-Oscar_Hammerstein_-_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2242" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II" title="Oscar Hammerstein II">Oscar Hammerstein II</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Libretto" class="mw-redirect" title="Libretto">libretista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teatro" title="Teatro">produtor teatral</a> e <a href="/wiki/Cineasta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cineasta">cineasta</a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Allen_Ginsberg_1979_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Allen Ginsberg Escritor e Poeta"><img alt="Allen Ginsberg Escritor e Poeta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Allen_Ginsberg_1979_-_cropped.jpg/120px-Allen_Ginsberg_1979_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Allen_Ginsberg_1979_-_cropped.jpg/180px-Allen_Ginsberg_1979_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Allen_Ginsberg_1979_-_cropped.jpg/240px-Allen_Ginsberg_1979_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2339" data-file-height="3119" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escritor_e_poeta_Estadunidense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Escritor e poeta Estadunidense (página não existe)">Escritor e Poeta</a></span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ver_também"><span id="Ver_tamb.C3.A9m"></span>Ver também</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidade_Columbia&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Editar secção: Ver também" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidade_Columbia&action=edit&section=9" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ver também"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University Medical Center">Columbia University Medical Center</a></li></ul> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calder.med.miami.edu/papper/images/bio/17%20columbia%20college.jpg">«Universitas Columbiae Neo Eboracensis image»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Miami" title="Universidade de Miami">Universidade de Miami</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Universitas+Columbiae+Neo+Eboracensis+image&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Universidade+de+Miami&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcalder.med.miami.edu%2Fpapper%2Fimages%2Fbio%2F17%2520columbia%2520college.jpg&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/pr/special/cuglance.html">«Columbia University at a Glance»</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Columbia+University+at+a+Glance&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Fpr%2Fspecial%2Fcuglance.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/07/09/ahmadinejad2.html">«President Bollinger's Statement about President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's Scheduled Appearance at Columbia»</a>. <i>Columbia News</i>. 19 de setembro de 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=President+Bollinger%99s+Statement+about+President+Mahmoud+Ahmadinejad%99s+Scheduled+Appearance+at+Columbia&rft.date=2007-09-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27Columbia+News%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Fnews%2F07%2F09%2Fahmadinejad2.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215040947/http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2016%2DEndowment%2DMarket%2DValues.pdf">«U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year (FY) 2016 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2015 to FY 2016»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Association of College and University Business Officers and Commonfund Institute</i>. 30 de junho de 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de agosto de 2017</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2016-Endowment-Market-Values.pdf">original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 15 de fevereiro de 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=U.S.+and+Canadian+Institutions+Listed+by+Fiscal+Year+%28FY%29+2016+Endowment+Market+Value+and+Change+in+Endowment+Market+Value+from+FY+2015+to+FY+2016&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27National+Association+of+College+and+University+Business+Officers+and+Commonfund+Institute%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nacubo.org%2FDocuments%2FEndowmentFiles%2F2016-Endowment-Market-Values.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/shaping_the_world/index.html">«The Course of the History»</a>. Universidade Columbia. 2004</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=The+Course+of+the+History&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Universidade+Columbia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fc250.columbia.edu%2Fc250_celebrates%2Fshaping_the_world%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Stoeckel, Althea (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libx.bsu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/ConspectusH&CISOPTR=345&REC=1">«Presidents, professors, and politics: the colonial colleges and the American revolution»</a>. <i>Conspectus of History</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.au=Stoeckel%2C+Althea&rft.btitle=Presidents%2C+professors%2C+and+politics%3A+the+colonial+colleges+and+the+American+revolution&rft.date=1976&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27Conspectus+of+History%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibx.bsu.edu%2Fcdm4%2Fdocument.php%3FCISOROOT%3D%2FConspectusH%26CISOPTR%3D345%26REC%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://columbiaspectator.com/news/2017/03/30/ccseas-admits-58-percent-of-applicants/">«CC and SEAS admit 5.8 percent of applicants - Columbia Daily Spectator»</a>. <i>columbiaspectator.com</i>. 30 de março de 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=CC+and+SEAS+admit+5.8+percent+of+applicants+-+Columbia+Daily+Spectator&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27columbiaspectator.com%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolumbiaspectator.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F03%2F30%2Fccseas-admits-58-percent-of-applicants%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/content/history.html">«Brief History of Columbia»</a>. Universidade Columbia</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Brief+History+of+Columbia&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Universidade+Columbia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcontent%2Fhistory.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/campus/housing.php">«Residential Life»</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Residential+Life&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studentaffairs.columbia.edu%2Fadmissions%2Funiversity%2Fcampus%2Fhousing.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Dorf C., Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Fall2002/Justices.html">«Two Centuries of "Columbian" Constitutionalism»</a>. Universidade Columbia</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.au=Dorf+C.%2C+Michael&rft.btitle=Two+Centuries+of+%22Columbian%22+Constitutionalism&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Universidade+Columbia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Falumni%2FMagazine%2FFall2002%2FJustices.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Thibault, Marie (11 de agosto de 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2010/08/11/harvard-stanford-columbia-business-billionaires-universities_slide_4.html">«In Pictures: Billionaire University»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.au=Thibault%2C+Marie&rft.btitle=In+Pictures%3A+Billionaire+University&rft.date=2010-08-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27Forbes%27%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2010%2F08%2F11%2Fharvard-stanford-columbia-business-billionaires-universities_slide_4.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110123215722/http://cuarts.com/alumni/basicsearch">«Columbia Arts Alumni»</a>. Universidade Columbia</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Columbia+Arts+Alumni&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Universidade+Columbia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110123215722%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fcuarts.com%2Falumni%2Fbasicsearch&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630010841/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/Presidents/bio.htm">«The Presidents of the United States – Biographical Sketches»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_Nacional_de_Parques" title="Serviço Nacional de Parques">Serviço Nacional de Parques</a>. 30 de junho de 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=The+Presidents+of+the+United+States+%93+Biographical+Sketches&rft.date=2007-06-30&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Servi%C3%A7o+Nacional+de+Parques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070630010841%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhistory%2Fhistory%2Fonline_books%2FPresidents%2Fbio.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hamilton-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-hamilton_14-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-hamilton_14-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Chernow, Ron (2004). <i><span></span></i>Alexander Hamilton<i><span></span></i>. [S.l.]: Penguin Books. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-59420-009-0" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-59420-009-0">978-1-59420-009-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.au=Chernow%2C+Ron&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-009-0&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">McCaughey, Robert (2003). <i><span></span></i>Columbia : A History of Columbia University in the City of New York<i><span></span></i>. [S.l.]: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-231-13008-2" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-231-13008-2">0-231-13008-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.au=McCaughey%2C+Robert&rft.btitle=Columbia+%3A+A+History+of+Columbia+University+in+the+City+of+New+York&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-231-13008-2&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Keppel, Fredrick Paul (1914). <i><span></span></i>Columbia<i><span></span></i>. [S.l.]: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 26</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.au=Keppel%2C+Fredrick+Paul&rft.btitle=Columbia&rft.date=1914&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Matthews, Brander; John Pine; Harry Peck; Munroe Smith (1904). <i><span></span></i>A History of Columbia University: 1754–1904<i><span></span></i>. [S.l.]: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Company</a>. p. 8–10</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.au=Matthews%2C+Brander%3B+John+Pine%3B+Harry+Peck%3B+Munroe+Smith&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Columbia+University%3A+1754%931904&rft.date=1904&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=8-10&rft.pub=Macmillan+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (<a href="/wiki/Categoria:!CS1_manut:_Nomes_m%C3%BAltiplos:_lista_de_autores" title="Categoria:!CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Butler, Nicholas Murray (1912). <i><span></span></i>An Official Guide to Columbia University<i><span></span></i>. [S.l.]: Columbia University Press. p. 3</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.au=Butler%2C+Nicholas+Murray&rft.btitle=An+Official+Guide+to+Columbia+University&rft.date=1912&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountvernon.org/digital-encyclopedia/article/kings-college/">«King's College»</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Vernom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Vernom (página não existe)">George Washington's Mount Vernom</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=King%27s+College&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=George+Washington%27s+Mount+Vernom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountvernon.org%2Fdigital-encyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fkings-college%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">McCullough, David (2005). <i><span></span></i>1776<i><span></span></i>. [S.l.]: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-7432-2671-4" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-7432-2671-4">978-0-7432-2671-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.au=McCullough%2C+David&rft.btitle=1776&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2671-4&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/12910/page/373">«No. 12910»</a>. <i>The London Gazette</i>. 7 de agosto de 1787</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=No.+12910&rft.date=1787-08-07&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27The+London+Gazette%27%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F12910%2Fpage%2F373&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities?int=9ff208">«National University Rankings»</a>. <i>US News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de setembro de 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.atitle=National+University+Rankings&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com%2Fbest-colleges%2Frankings%2Fnational-universities%3Fint%3D9ff208&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2014/reputation-ranking">«THE World Reputation Ranking»</a>. <i>Times Higher Education</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de setembro de 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.atitle=THE+World+Reputation+Ranking&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2014%2Freputation-ranking&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/content/schools.html">«Schools, Columbia University»</a>. <i>Universidade Columbia</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.atitle=Schools%2C+Columbia+University&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universidade+Columbia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcontent%2Fschools.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2013/03/universidade-de-columbia-abre-centro-de-intercambio-e-pesquisa-no-rio.html">«Universidade de Columbia abre centro de intercâmbio e pesquisa no Rio»</a>. <i>Jornal Nacional</i>. 18 de março de 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.atitle=Universidade+de+Columbia+abre+centro+de+interc%C3%A2mbio+e+pesquisa+no+Rio&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jornal+Nacional&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Fjornal-nacional%2Fnoticia%2F2013%2F03%2Funiversidade-de-columbia-abre-centro-de-intercambio-e-pesquisa-no-rio.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kurland, Gerald (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=01Y6kqNdKZQC&lpg=PA48&ots=TP_FNXmcAr&dq=seth%20low%20and%20blaine&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q=seth%20low%20and%20blaine&f=false">«Seth Low: the Reformer in an Urban and Industrial Age»</a>. Ardent Media</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.au=Kurland%2C+Gerald&rft.btitle=Seth+Low%3A+the+Reformer+in+an+Urban+and+Industrial+Age&rft.date=1971&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Ardent+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D01Y6kqNdKZQC%26lpg%3DPA48%26ots%3DTP_FNXmcAr%26dq%3Dseth%2520low%2520and%2520blaine%26pg%3DPA48%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dseth%2520low%2520and%2520blaine%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_27-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_27-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_27-2">c</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hughes, C.J. (5 de julho de 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/05/realestate/living-in-morningside-heights-more-than-a-college-town.html?mcubz=0">«Morningside Heights, more than a 'college town<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.au=Hughes%2C+C.J.&rft.btitle=Morningside+Heights%2C+more+than+a+%27college+town%27&rft.date=2015-07-05&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27The+New+York+Times%27%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F07%2F05%2Frealestate%2Fliving-in-morningside-heights-more-than-a-college-town.html%3Fmcubz%3D0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gopinathan, Nishanth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyctouristguide.com/morningside-heights-manhattan.asp">«Morningside Heights, Manhattan New York City»</a>. <i>NYC Tourist Guide</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.au=Gopinathan%2C+Nishanth&rft.btitle=Morningside+Heights%2C+Manhattan+New+York+City&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27NYC+Tourist+Guide%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyctouristguide.com%2Fmorningside-heights-manhattan.asp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyc.com/visitor_guide/morningside_heights.75861/editorial_review.aspx">«Morningside Heights»</a>. <i>NYC.com</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Morningside+Heights&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27NYC.com%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyc.com%2Fvisitor_guide%2Fmorningside_heights.75861%2Feditorial_review.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Duncan, Steve (20 de julho de 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070217074922/http://www.undercity.org/photos/1Gallery/CU_hoppersfront2.htm">«Old Coal Hoppers, Columbia University»</a>. <i>Undercity.org</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.au=Duncan%2C+Steve&rft.btitle=Old+Coal+Hoppers%2C+Columbia+University&rft.date=2005-07-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27Undercity.org%27%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070217074922%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.undercity.org%2Fphotos%2F1Gallery%2FCU_hoppersfront2.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Duncan, Steve (31 de março de 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070217074427/http://www.undercity.org/photos/CriticalSpaceEquip/index.htm">«Finding History In Radioactive Storage Rooms»</a>. <i>Undercity.org</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.au=Duncan%2C+Steve&rft.btitle=Finding+History+In+Radioactive+Storage+Rooms&rft.date=2006-03-31&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27Undercity.org%27%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070217074427%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.undercity.org%2Fphotos%2FCriticalSpaceEquip%2Findex.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/11/09/the-most-beautiful-colleg_n_778614.html#s174271title=Bapst_Art_Library">«The Most Beautiful College Libraries»</a>. The Huffington Post. 11 de setembro de 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de setembro de 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=The+Most+Beautiful+College+Libraries&rft.date=2010-09-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Huffington+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2010%2F11%2F09%2Fthe-most-beautiful-colleg_n_778614.html%23s174271title%3DBapst_Art_Library&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikicu.com/Butler_Library">«Butler Library»</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Butler+Library&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikicu.com%2FButler_Library&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ala.org/tools/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet22">«Nation's Largest Libraryes By Volumes Held»</a>. <i>ala.org</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Nation%27s+Largest+Libraryes+By+Volumes+Held&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27ala.org%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ala.org%2Ftools%2Flibfactsheets%2Falalibraryfactsheet22&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/about/facts.html">«Fast Facts About Columbia Libraries»</a>. Universidade Columbia</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Fast+Facts+About+Columbia+Libraries&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Universidade+Columbia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Flweb%2Fabout%2Ffacts.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/img/assets/5295/SelfGuided.pdf">«Butler Library: Self-Guided Tour»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Universidade Columbia. 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Butler+Library%3A+Self-Guided+Tour&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Universidade+Columbia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Flweb%2Fimg%2Fassets%2F5295%2FSelfGuided.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.columbia.edu/about/facts.html">«Libraries and Collections: Fast Facts»</a>. Universidade Columbia</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Libraries+and+Collections%3A+Fast+Facts&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Universidade+Columbia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.columbia.edu%2Fabout%2Ffacts.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arl.org/stats/annualsurveys/arlstats/arlstats08.shtml">«Association of Research Libraries Statistics 2007-08»</a>. Association of Research Libraries</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Association+of+Research+Libraries+Statistics+2007-08&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Association+of+Research+Libraries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arl.org%2Fstats%2Fannualsurveys%2Farlstats%2Farlstats08.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jacobs, Peter (10 de abril de 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/coolest-college-libraries-2014-4">«Coolest College Libraries In The Country»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Peter&rft.btitle=Coolest+College+Libraries+In+The+Country&rft.date=2014-04-10&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27Business+Insider%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fcoolest-college-libraries-2014-4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/87002599">«87002599 (Low Memorial Library, Columbia University)»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_Nacional_de_Parques" title="Serviço Nacional de Parques">Serviço Nacional de Parques</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=87002599+%28Low+Memorial+Library%2C+Columbia+University%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Servi%C3%A7o+Nacional+de+Parques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FAssetDetail%2FNRIS%2F87002599&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/nhl/find/statelists/ny/Philosophy.pdf">«Philosophy Hall»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Serviço Nacional de Parques</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Philosophy+Hall&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Servi%C3%A7o+Nacional+de+Parques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnhl%2Ffind%2Fstatelists%2Fny%2FPhilosophy.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">De Bary, William Theodore (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.br/books?id=l1os3mwQkxYC&pg=PA304&lpg=PA304&dq=Philosophy+Hall+fm+radio&source=bl&ots=LOqLR378Z6&sig=_32aNfSixxa2rBiRmTiagk2gNPI&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwii_vbZ4P3VAhXKi5AKHZo0B5kQ6AEIWDAL">«Living Legacies of Columbia»</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 304</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.au=De+Bary%2C+William+Theodore&rft.btitle=Living+Legacies+of+Columbia&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.br%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl1os3mwQkxYC%26pg%3DPA304%26lpg%3DPA304%26dq%3DPhilosophy%2BHall%2Bfm%2Bradio%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DLOqLR378Z6%26sig%3D_32aNfSixxa2rBiRmTiagk2gNPI%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwii_vbZ4P3VAhXKi5AKHZo0B5kQ6AEIWDAL&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121010084435/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=396&ResourceType=Building">«Pupin Physics Laboratory, Columbia University»</a>. <i>National Historic Landmark</i>. 11 de setembro de 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 30 de agosto de 2017</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=396&ResourceType=Building">original</a> em 10 de outubro de 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Pupin+Physics+Laboratory%2C+Columbia+University&rft.date=2007-09-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27National+Historic+Landmark%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftps.cr.nps.gov%2Fnhl%2Fdetail.cfm%3FResourceId%3D396%26ResourceType%3DBuilding&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0929.html?mcubz=0">«Enrico Fermi Dead at 53; Architect of Atomic Bomb»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 29 de novembro de 1954</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Enrico+Fermi+Dead+at+53%3B+Architect+of+Atomic+Bomb&rft.date=1954-11-29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27The+New+York+Times%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbday%2F0929.html%3Fmcubz%3D0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Colburn, Rober D. (Julho de 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://focus.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NHLS/Text/03001046.pdf">«National Historic Landmark Nomination: Philosophy Hall»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Serviço Nacional de Parques</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.au=Colburn%2C+Rober+D.&rft.btitle=National+Historic+Landmark+Nomination%3A+Philosophy+Hall&rft.date=2002-07&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Servi%C3%A7o+Nacional+de+Parques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffocus.nps.gov%2Fpdfhost%2Fdocs%2FNHLS%2FText%2F03001046.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/nobel_laureates/index.html">«Columbia 250 - Nobel Laureates»</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Columbia+250+-+Nobel+Laureates&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fc250.columbia.edu%2Fc250_celebrates%2Fnobel_laureates%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/nobel-year-asc.html">«Columbia History - Columbia Nobel Laureates»</a>. Universidade Columbia</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Columbia+History+-+Columbia+Nobel+Laureates&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Universidade+Columbia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Fnews%2Fnobel-year-asc.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110204225547/http://www.thebestcolleges.org/schools/new-york/columbia-university/">«Columbia University»</a>. <i>The Best Colleges</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 30 de agosto de 2017</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebestcolleges.org/schools/new-york/columbia-university/">original</a> em 4 de fevereiro de 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Columbia+University&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27The+Best+Colleges%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebestcolleges.org%2Fschools%2Fnew-york%2Fcolumbia-university%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/54/biz_06rich400_The-400-Richest-Americans_Rank.html">«The 400 Richest Americans»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>. 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=The+400+Richest+Americans&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27Forbes%27%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Flists%2F2006%2F54%2Fbiz_06rich400_The-400-Richest-Americans_Rank.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/jay/biography.html">«A Brief Biography of John Jay»</a>. <i>The Papers of John Jay</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Biography+of+John+Jay&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27The+Papers+of+John+Jay%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Flweb%2Fdigital%2Fjay%2Fbiography.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000388">«Egbert Benson»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Congresso_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Congresso dos Estados Unidos">Congresso dos Estados Unidos</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Egbert+Benson&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Congresso+dos+Estados+Unidos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DB000388&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Boss-Bicak, Shira (Janeiro de 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905121815/http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php">«Barack Obama '83»</a>. <i>Columbia College Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 30 de agosto de 2017</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php">original</a> em 5 de setembro de 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.au=Boss-Bicak%2C+Shira&rft.btitle=Barack+Obama+%2783&rft.date=2005-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27Columbia+College+Today%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.college.columbia.edu%2Fcct_archive%2Fjan05%2Fcover.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/womens-rights/tribute-legacy-ruth-bader-ginsburg-and-wrp-staff">«Tribute: The Legacy of Ruth Bader Ginsburg and WRP Staff»</a>. American Civil Liberties Union</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Tribute%3A+The+Legacy+of+Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg+and+WRP+Staff&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=American+Civil+Liberties+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclu.org%2Fwomens-rights%2Ftribute-legacy-ruth-bader-ginsburg-and-wrp-staff&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Albright, Madeleine (2003). <i><span></span></i>Madam Secretary: A Memoir<i><span></span></i>. [S.l.]: <a href="/wiki/Miramax" title="Miramax">Miramax</a>. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-7868-6843-0" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-7868-6843-0">0-7868-6843-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.au=Albright%2C+Madeleine&rft.btitle=Madam+Secretary%3A+A+Memoir&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7868-6843-0&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Miramax&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Tucker-Hamilton, Racine; Hickey, Matthew (17 de dezembro de 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221232555/http://www.thehistorymakers.com/programs/dvl/files/Holder_Ericf.html">«Interiew with Eric Holder Jr.»</a>. <i>The History Makers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 30 de agosto de 2017</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehistorymakers.com/programs/dvl/files/Holder_Ericf.html">original</a> em 21 de dezembro de 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.au=Tucker-Hamilton%2C+Racine%3B+Hickey%2C+Matthew&rft.btitle=Interiew+with+Eric+Holder+Jr.&rft.date=2004-12-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27The+History+Makers%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehistorymakers.com%2Fprograms%2Fdvl%2Ffiles%2FHolder_Ericf.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (<a href="/wiki/Categoria:!CS1_manut:_Nomes_m%C3%BAltiplos:_lista_de_autores" title="Categoria:!CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/dwight_d_eisenhower.html">«Columbia 250: Dwight D. Eisenhower»</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Columbia+250%3A+Dwight+D.+Eisenhower&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c250.columbia.edu%2Fc250_celebrates%2Fremarkable_columbians%2Fdwight_d_eisenhower.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.harvard.edu/~wilson/Fadhel.html">«Experiences in Arab Affairs»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Harvard" title="Universidade Harvard">Universidade Harvard</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.au=Muhammad+Fadhel+al-Jamali&rft.btitle=Experiences+in+Arab+Affairs&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Universidade+Harvard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.harvard.edu%2F~wilson%2FFadhel.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theflorentine.net/articles/article-view.asp?issuetocId=2716">«An Interview with Giuliano Amato»</a>. <i>The Florentine</i>. 29 de novembro de 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=An+Interview+with+Giuliano+Amato&rft.date=2007-11-29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27The+Florentine%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theflorentine.net%2Farticles%2Farticle-view.asp%3FissuetocId%3D2716&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,109045.html">«Namibia PM educated in the USA»</a>. <i>Newsday</i>. 13 de outubro de 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Namibia+PM+educated+in+the+USA&rft.date=2009-10-13&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27Newsday%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsday.co.tt%2Fnews%2F0%2C109045.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss9/record2109.21.html">«Author of Indian Constitution Honored»</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Author+of+Indian+Constitution+Honored&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Frecord%2Farchives%2Fvol21%2Fvol21_iss9%2Frecord2109.21.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C0DE3DE103BE533A25757C2A96E9C94619ED7CF">«Letters To The Editor; The Interesting Career Of John Jacob Astor Ii. A Man Of Broad And Generous Sympathies Who Appreciated The Responsibilities Of Wealth»</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 24 de agosto de 1890</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Letters+To+The+Editor%3B+The+Interesting+Career+Of+John+Jacob+Astor+Ii.+A+Man+Of+Broad+And+Generous+Sympathies+Who+Appreciated+The+Responsibilities+Of+Wealth&rft.date=1890-08-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27The+New+York+Times%27%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9C0DE3DE103BE533A25757C2A96E9C94619ED7CF&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/warren-buffett">«World Billionaires: Warren Buffet»</a>. <i>Forbes</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=World+Billionaires%3A+Warren+Buffet&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27Forbes%27%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fprofile%2Fwarren-buffett&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Serwer, Andy (15 de novembro de 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2004/11/15/8191093/index.htm">«The Waltons: Inside America's Richest Family»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fortune_(revista)" title="Fortune (revista)">Fortune</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.au=Serwer%2C+Andy&rft.btitle=The+Waltons%3A+Inside+America%27s+Richest+Family&rft.date=2004-11-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27Fortune%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fmagazines%2Ffortune%2Ffortune_archive%2F2004%2F11%2F15%2F8191093%2Findex.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/business/melbourneraised-gorman-new-chief-of-morgan-stanley-20090911-fkw8.html">«Melbourne-raised Gorman new chief of Morgan Stanley»</a>. <i>The Age</i>. 13 de setembro de 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AUniversidade+Columbia&rft.btitle=Melbourne-raised+Gorman+new+chief+of+Morgan+Stanley&rft.date=2009-09-13&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27The+Age%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fbusiness%2Fmelbourneraised-gorman-new-chief-of-morgan-stanley-20090911-fkw8.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligações_externas"><span id="Liga.C3.A7.C3.B5es_externas"></span>Ligações externas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidade_Columbia&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Editar secção: Ligações externas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidade_Columbia&action=edit&section=10" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ligações externas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/">Página da Universidade de Columbia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cusj.columbia.edu/">Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilas.columbia.edu/newsevents/events/">Página do ILAS</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cidade_de_Nova_Iorque" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Cidade_de_Nova_Iorque" title="Predefinição:Cidade de Nova Iorque"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Cidade_de_Nova_Iorque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Cidade de Nova Iorque (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Cidade_de_Nova_Iorque&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cidade_de_Nova_Iorque" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cidade de <a href="/wiki/Nova_Iorque" title="Nova Iorque">Nova Iorque</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_cidade_de_Nova_Iorque" title="História da cidade de Nova Iorque">História</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Amsterd%C3%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Amsterdã">Nova Amsterdão</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ilha_Ellis" title="Ilha Ellis">Ellis Island</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ataques_de_11_de_setembro_de_2001" title="Ataques de 11 de setembro de 2001">Ataques de 11 de Setembro</a> • <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> • <a href="/wiki/Feira_Mundial_de_Nova_Iorque_de_1939%E2%80%9340" title="Feira Mundial de Nova Iorque de 1939–40">Feira Mundial de Nova Iorque</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apag%C3%A3o_em_Nova_Iorque_de_1977" title="Apagão em Nova Iorque de 1977">Apagão em Nova Iorque de 1977</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> • <a href="/wiki/Grande_Inc%C3%AAndio_de_Nova_Iorque_(1776)" title="Grande Incêndio de Nova Iorque (1776)">Grande Incêndio de Nova Iorque (1776)‎</a></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_New_York_City.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of New York City"><img alt="Flag of New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/100px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/150px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/200px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geografia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bronx" title="Bronx">Bronx</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> • <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a> • <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a> • <a href="/wiki/Porto_de_Nova_Iorque" title="Porto de Nova Iorque">New York Harbor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rio_Hudson" title="Rio Hudson">Rio Hudson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rio_East" title="Rio East">Rio East</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rio_Harlem" title="Rio Harlem">Rio Harlem</a> • <a href="/wiki/Upper_New_York_Bay" title="Upper New York Bay">Baía Superior de Nova Iorque</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ba%C3%ADa_de_Nova_Iorque" title="Baía de Nova Iorque">Baía de Nova Iorque</a> • <a href="/wiki/Estu%C3%A1rio_de_Long_Island" title="Estuário de Long Island">Long Island Sound</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronx_Kill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bronx Kill (página não existe)">Bronx Kill</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Narrows" title="The Narrows">The Narrows</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Valley" title="Hudson Valley">Hudson Valley</a> • <a href="/wiki/Todt_Hill" title="Todt Hill">Todt Hill‎</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Estruturas</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Building" title="Chrysler Building">Chrysler Building</a> • <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(2001%E2%80%93presente)" title="World Trade Center (2001–presente)">World Trade Center</a> • <a href="/wiki/Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Grand_Central" title="Estação Grand Central">Estação Grand Central</a> • <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a> • <a href="/wiki/MetLife_Stadium" title="MetLife Stadium">MetLife Stadium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Stadium" title="Yankee Stadium">Yankee Stadium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Izod_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Izod Center">Continental Airlines Arena</a> • <a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Street_Seaport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Street Seaport (página não existe)">South Street Seaport</a> • <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A1tua_da_Liberdade" title="Estátua da Liberdade">Estátua da Liberdade</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sede_da_Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Unidas" title="Sede da Organização das Nações Unidas">Sede da ONU</a> • <a href="/wiki/Catedral_de_S%C3%A3o_Patr%C3%ADcio_(Nova_Iorque)" title="Catedral de São Patrício (Nova Iorque)">Catedral de São Patrício</a> • <a href="/wiki/Igreja_de_Riverside" title="Igreja de Riverside">Igreja de Riverside</a> • <a href="/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall" title="Radio City Music Hall">Radio City Music Hall</a> • <a href="/wiki/One_World_Trade_Center" title="One World Trade Center">One World Trade Center</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Center" title="Rockefeller Center">Rockefeller Center</a> • <a href="/wiki/Catedral_de_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o,_o_Divino" title="Catedral de São João, o Divino">Catedral de São João, o Divino</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lever_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lever House (página não existe)">Lever House</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gracie_Mansion" title="Gracie Mansion">Gracie Mansion</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Hall" title="New York City Hall">Prefeitura de Nova Iorque</a> • <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Hotel" title="Plaza Hotel">Plaza Hotel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Macy%27s" title="Macy's">Macy's</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(Nova_Iorque)" title="Pennsylvania Station (Nova Iorque)">Pennsylvania Station</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edif%C3%ADcio_James_A._Farley" title="Edifício James A. Farley">Edifício James A. Farley</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Condé Nast Building">Condé Nast Building</a> • <a href="/wiki/Citigroup_Center" title="Citigroup Center">Citigroup Center</a> • <a href="/wiki/MetLife_Building" title="MetLife Building">MetLife Building</a> • <a href="/wiki/Woolworth_Building" title="Woolworth Building">Woolworth Building</a> • <a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower" title="Trump Tower">Trump Tower</a> • <a href="/wiki/Flatiron_Building" title="Flatiron Building">Flatiron Building</a> • <a href="/wiki/One_Chase_Manhattan_Plaza" title="One Chase Manhattan Plaza">One Chase Manhattan Plaza</a> • <a href="/wiki/Igreja_da_Trindade_(Manhattan)" title="Igreja da Trindade (Manhattan)">Igreja da Trindade</a> • <a href="/wiki/Unisphere" title="Unisphere">Unisphere‎</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportes</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitano_de_Nova_Iorque" title="Metropolitano de Nova Iorque">Metrô de Nova Iorque</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interborough_Rapid_Transit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interborough Rapid Transit (página não existe)">IRT</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn-Manhattan_Transit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit (página não existe)">BMT</a> • <a href="/wiki/Balsa_de_Staten_Island" title="Balsa de Staten Island">Balsa de Staten Island</a> • <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1xis_de_Nova_Iorque" title="Táxis de Nova Iorque">Táxis de Nova Iorque</a> • <a href="/wiki/AirTrain_Newark" title="AirTrain Newark">AirTrain Newark</a> • <a href="/wiki/AirTrain_JFK" title="AirTrain JFK">AirTrain JFK</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aeroporto_Internacional_John_F._Kennedy" title="Aeroporto Internacional John F. Kennedy">Aeroporto Internacional John F. Kennedy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aeroporto_LaGuardia" title="Aeroporto LaGuardia">Aeroporto LaGuardia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aeroporto_Internacional_de_Newark" title="Aeroporto Internacional de Newark">Aeroporto Internacional de Newark</a> • <a href="/wiki/Autoridade_Portu%C3%A1ria_de_Nova_York_e_Nova_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoridade Portuária de Nova York e Nova Jersey">Port Authority</a> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">MTA</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Staten_Island_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Staten Island Railway (página não existe)">Staten Island Railway</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Manhattan_Expressway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Manhattan Expressway (página não existe)">Lower Manhattan Expressway</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triborough_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triborough Bridge (página não existe)">Triborough Bridge</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Battery_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brooklyn Battery Tunnel (página não existe)">Brooklyn Battery Tunnel</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Throgs_Neck_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Throgs Neck Bridge (página não existe)">Throgs Neck Bridge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Holland_Tunnel" title="Holland Tunnel">Holland Tunnel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ponte_do_Brooklyn" title="Ponte do Brooklyn">Ponte de Brooklyn</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(Nova_Iorque)" title="Pennsylvania Station (Nova Iorque)">Pennsylvania Station</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moynihan_Train_Hall" title="Moynihan Train Hall">Moynihan Train Hall</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economia_da_cidade_de_Nova_Iorque" title="Economia da cidade de Nova Iorque">Economia</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Newark-Elizabeth_Marine_Terminal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal (página não existe)">Port Newark</a> • <a href="/wiki/NASDAQ" title="NASDAQ">NASDAQ</a> • <a href="/wiki/American_Stock_Exchange" title="American Stock Exchange">American Stock Exchange</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_York_Mercantile_Exchange" title="New York Mercantile Exchange">New York Mercantile Exchange</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_Board_of_Trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York Board of Trade (página não existe)">New York Board of Trade</a> • <a href="/wiki/Madison_Avenue" title="Madison Avenue">Madison Avenue</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Educação</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Universidade_da_Cidade_de_Nova_Iorque" title="Universidade da Cidade de Nova Iorque">Universidade da Cidade de Nova Iorque</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Universidade de Columbia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultura</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Parada_de_A%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Gra%C3%A7as_de_Macy%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Parada de Ação de Graças de Macy's">Parada de Ação de Graças de Macy's</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">Yankees</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_York_Mets" title="New York Mets">Mets</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_York_Knicks" title="New York Knicks">New York Knicks</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Football_Club" title="New York City Football Club">New York City FC</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum_Mile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museum Mile (página não existe)">Museum Mile</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cloisters" title="Cloisters">The Cloisters</a> • <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitney Museum of American Art">Whitney Museum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> • <a href="/wiki/Centro_Internacional_de_Fotografia" title="Centro Internacional de Fotografia">Centro Internacional de Fotografia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_P%C3%BAblica_de_Nova_Iorque" title="Biblioteca Pública de Nova Iorque">New York Public Library</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Center" title="Lincoln Center">Lincoln Center</a> • <a href="/wiki/Broadway" title="Broadway">Broadway</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parques</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zool%C3%B3gico_do_Bronx" title="Zoológico do Bronx">Zoológico do Bronx</a> • <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a> • <a href="/wiki/Flushing_Meadows-Corona_Park" title="Flushing Meadows-Corona Park">Flushing Meadows</a> • <a href="/wiki/Battery_Park" title="Battery Park">Battery Park</a> • <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Park_(Brooklyn)" title="Prospect Park (Brooklyn)">Prospect Park</a> • <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Park" title="Riverside Park">Riverside Park</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelham_Bay_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelham Bay Park (página não existe)">Pelham Bay Park</a> • <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Greenbelt" title="Staten Island Greenbelt">Greenbelt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bowling_Green_(Nova_Iorque)" title="Bowling Green (Nova Iorque)">Bowling Green</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Grande_Ma%C3%A7%C3%A3" title="Grande Maçã">A Grande Maçã</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Marcos_hist%C3%B3ricos_nacionais_em_Nova_Iorque" title="Marcos históricos nacionais em Nova Iorque">NHLs</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Regi%C3%A3o_Metropolitana_de_Nova_Iorque" title="Região Metropolitana de Nova Iorque">Região Metropolitana de Nova Iorque</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Nova_Iorque_(estado)" title="Nova Iorque (estado)">Estado de Nova Iorque</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ivy_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks 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title="Universidade da Pensilvânia">Pensilvânia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Princeton" title="Universidade de Princeton">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universidade_Yale" title="Universidade Yale">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Controle_de_autoridade" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Controle_de_autoridade" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Controle_de_autoridade" title="Ajuda:Controle de autoridade">Controle de autoridade</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span>: <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49088" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q49088">Q49088</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/124804870">WorldCat</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Base_Virtual_Internacional_de_Autoridade" title="Base Virtual Internacional de Autoridade">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/124804870/">124804870</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Apost%C3%B3lica_Vaticana" title="Biblioteca Apostólica Vaticana">BAV</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://viaf.org/processed/BAV%7CADV10207151">ADV10207151</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bibsys" title="Bibsys">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90066067">90066067</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Museu_Brit%C3%A2nico" title="Museu Britânico">BMT</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG205096">205096</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Espanha" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Espanha">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX113061">XX113061</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Biblioteca Nacional da França">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118720478">118720478</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Grande_Enciclop%C3%A9dia_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Grande Enciclopédia Soviética">BRE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/text/2082464">2082464</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00017003">DA00017003</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Dialnet" title="Dialnet">Dialnet</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/autor?codigo=4066661">4066661</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">EBID</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Columbia-University">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Faceted_Application_of_Subject_Terminology" title="Faceted Application of Subject Terminology">FAST</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/554594">554594</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1042285-7">1042285-7</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Research_Identifier_Database" title="Global Research Identifier Database">GRID</a>: <span class="uid">grid.21729.3f</span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000419368729">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_de_controle_da_Biblioteca_do_Congresso" title="Número de controle da Biblioteca do Congresso">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81024714">n81024714</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Identificador_de_Entidade_Jur%C3%ADdica" title="Identificador de Entidade Jurídica">LEI</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.gleif.org/#/record/54930058W39DHS3GTG15">54930058W39DHS3GTG15</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/ad3a9e22-afff-47e2-8c04-fb866f426d4b">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Austrália">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au/search/display?dbid=auth&id=35029993">35029993</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Gr%C3%A9cia" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Grécia">NLG</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koha.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?marc=1&authid=128138">128138</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUKAT" class="extiw" title="pl:NUKAT">NUKAT</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=1207&url_prefix=http://nukat.edu.pl/aut/&id=n99070265">n99070265</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">openMLOL: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medialibrary.it/media/ricercaopen.aspx?selcrea=30674">30674</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Columbia_University">Columbia_University</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Museu_Smithsoniano_de_Arte_Americana" title="Museu Smithsoniano de Arte Americana">SAAM</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artist/?id=31165">31165</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNAC" class="extiw" title="en:SNAC">SNAC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61v93xh">w61v93xh</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sistema_Universit%C3%A1rio_de_Documenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Sistema Universitário de Documentação">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026479532">026479532</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_do_Brasil" title="Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil">BNB</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acervo.bn.gov.br/sophia_web/autoridade/detalhe/000159985">000159985</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Portugal" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal">PTBNP</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/131555">131555</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Union_List_of_Artist_Names" title="Union List of Artist Names">ULAN</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500303588">500303588</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL124757A?mode=all">OL124757A</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Austrália">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/803140">803140</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56557486" class="extiw" title="d:Q56557486">Catálogo SHARE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.share-cat.unina.it/sharecat/searchNames?n_cluster_id=73326">73326</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/GeoNames" title="GeoNames">GeoNames</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geonames.org/5113375">5113375</a></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul class="noprint navigation-box" style="border-top: solid silver 1px; border-right: solid silver 1px; border-bottom:1px solid silver; border-left: solid silver 1px; padding:3px; background-color: #F9F9F9; text-align: center; margin-top:10px; margin-left: 0; clear: both;"><li style="display: inline;"><span style="white-space: nowrap; margin: auto 1.5em"><span style="margin-right: 0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" title="Portal da ciência"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/25px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, 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