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vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-The_importance_of_public_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_importance_of_public_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>The importance of public administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_importance_of_public_administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The importance of public administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_importance_of_public_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_a_stabilizing_force_in_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_stabilizing_force_in_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>As a stabilizing force in society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_stabilizing_force_in_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_an_instrument_for_solving_social_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_an_instrument_for_solving_social_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>As an instrument for solving social problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_an_instrument_for_solving_social_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_way_to_give_service_and_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_way_to_give_service_and_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>As a way to give service and protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_way_to_give_service_and_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suggested_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suggested_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Suggested reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suggested_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Public administration</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" title="إدارة عامة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدارة عامة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alministraci%C3%B3n_p%C3%BAblica" title="Alministración pública – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alministración pública" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="লোকপ্রশাসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লোকপ্রশাসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AAng-ch%C3%A8ng" title="Hêng-chèng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hêng-chèng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="पब्लिक एडमिनिस्ट्रेशन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पब्लिक एडमिनिस्ट्रेशन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Публична администрация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Публична администрация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administraci%C3%B3_p%C3%BAblica" title="Administració pública – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Administració pública" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C5%99ejn%C3%A1_spr%C3%A1va" title="Veřejná správa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Veřejná správa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offentlig_forvaltning" title="Offentlig forvaltning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Offentlig forvaltning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ffentliche_Verwaltung" title="Öffentliche Verwaltung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Öffentliche Verwaltung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalik_haldus" title="Avalik haldus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Avalik haldus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Δημόσια διοίκηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημόσια διοίκηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Public administration" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administraci%C3%B3n_p%C3%BAblica" title="Administración pública – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Administración pública" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publika_administrado" title="Publika administrado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Publika administrado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrazio_publiko" title="Administrazio publiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Administrazio publiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="اداره امور عمومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اداره امور عمومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_publique" title="Administration publique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Administration publique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publiche_ministrazion" title="Publiche ministrazion – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Publiche ministrazion" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administraci%C3%B3n_p%C3%BAblica" title="Administración pública – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Administración pública" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%96%89%EC%A0%95" title="행정 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="행정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Հանրային կառավարում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հանրային կառավարում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="लोक प्रशासन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लोक प्रशासन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administro" title="Administro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Administro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrasi_publik" title="Administrasi publik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Administrasi publik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_public" title="Administration public – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Administration public" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinber_stj%C3%B3rns%C3%BDsla" title="Opinber stjórnsýsla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Opinber stjórnsýsla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubblica_amministrazione" title="Pubblica amministrazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pubblica amministrazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99" title="מינהל ציבורי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מינהל ציבורי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4" title="ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಆಡಳಿತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಆಡಳಿತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="საჯარო მმართველობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საჯარო მმართველობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utawala_wa_umma" title="Utawala wa umma – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Utawala wa umma" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrasyon_piblik" title="Administrasyon piblik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Administrasyon piblik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vie%C5%A1asis_administravimas" title="Viešasis administravimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Viešasis administravimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6zigazgat%C3%A1s" title="Közigazgatás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Közigazgatás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentadbiran_awam" title="Pentadbiran awam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pentadbiran awam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%B6%E1%80%81%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="ပြည်သူ့ရေးရာ စီမံခန့်ခွဲမှု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပြည်သူ့ရေးရာ စီမံခန့်ခွဲမှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openbaar_bestuur" title="Openbaar bestuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Openbaar bestuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="सार्वजनिक प्रशासन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सार्वजनिक प्रशासन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF" title="行政 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="行政" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offentlig_administrasjon" title="Offentlig administrasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Offentlig administrasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7" title="ਲੋਕ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੋਕ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%A9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="پبلک ایڈمنسٹریشن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پبلک ایڈمنسٹریشن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="عامه اداره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عامه اداره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administracja_publiczna" title="Administracja publiczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Administracja publiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_p%C3%BAblica" title="Administração pública – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Administração pública" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administra%C8%9Bie_public%C4%83" title="Administrație publică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Administrație publică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrata_publike" title="Administrata publike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Administrata publike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%AA_%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%BD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86" title="پبلڪ ايڊمنسٽريشن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پبلڪ ايڊمنسٽريشن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verejn%C3%A1_spr%C3%A1va" title="Verejná správa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Verejná správa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Јавна управа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јавна управа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julkishallinto" title="Julkishallinto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Julkishallinto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offentlig_f%C3%B6rvaltning" title="Offentlig förvaltning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Offentlig förvaltning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampublikong_pangangasiwa" title="Pampublikong pangangasiwa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pampublikong pangangasiwa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பொது நிர்வாகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொது நிர்வாகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88" title="การบริหารรัฐกิจ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การบริหารรัฐกิจ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamu_y%C3%B6netimi" title="Kamu yönetimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kamu yönetimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Державне управління – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Державне управління" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0nh_ch%C3%ADnh_c%C3%B4ng" title="Hành chính công – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hành chính công" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagdudumara_panpubliko" title="Pagdudumara panpubliko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pagdudumara panpubliko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%AD%A6" title="公共行政学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="公共行政学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF" title="行政 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Please help <b><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit">fix them</a></b> or discuss these issues on the article's <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Public_administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talk:Public administration (not yet started)">talk page</a></b>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8538344"><table class="box-Complex plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> used in this article or section <b>may not be easy for everybody to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help Wikipedia by reading <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_write_Simple_English_pages" title="Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages">Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages</a>, then simplifying the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8538344"><table class="box-No_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/50px-Question_book-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/75px-Question_book-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/100px-Question_book-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>does not have any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help Wikipedia by finding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RELIABLE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RELIABLE">good</a> sources, and adding them.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8538344"><table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TONE" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:TONE">tone</a> or style may not be appropriate for Wikipedia</b>. Specific concerns may be found on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Public_administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talk:Public administration (not yet started)">talk page</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> See Wikipedia's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_writing_better_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>People who work in <b>public administration</b> implement <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> policies and make sure they are effective.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They plan, organize, direct, coordinate, and control government operations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The field of public administration combines elements of <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">management</a>, and public policy. </p><p>Public administration involves making sure essential services are effective and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/efficient#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:efficient">efficient</a>. Essential services address people's basic needs, like <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">transportation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public administrators work in various sectors, including <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_government" title="State government">state</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government">federal</a> governments; <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organizations</a>; <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international organizations</a>; and education. They play a crucial role in policy-making, <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budgeting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">human resources</a> management, and decision-making processes. In <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professors</a> of public administration study government decision-making, analyze policies, and think about how to improve policies and programs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_43019_-_FEMA_National_Advistory_Council_meets_in_Washington,_DC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/FEMA_-_43019_-_FEMA_National_Advistory_Council_meets_in_Washington%2C_DC.jpg/220px-FEMA_-_43019_-_FEMA_National_Advistory_Council_meets_in_Washington%2C_DC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/FEMA_-_43019_-_FEMA_National_Advistory_Council_meets_in_Washington%2C_DC.jpg/330px-FEMA_-_43019_-_FEMA_National_Advistory_Council_meets_in_Washington%2C_DC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/FEMA_-_43019_-_FEMA_National_Advistory_Council_meets_in_Washington%2C_DC.jpg/440px-FEMA_-_43019_-_FEMA_National_Advistory_Council_meets_in_Washington%2C_DC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>A group of public servants at a meeting</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_importance_of_public_administration">The importance of public administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: The importance of public administration" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: The importance of public administration"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_stabilizing_force_in_society">As a stabilizing force in society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: As a stabilizing force in society" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: As a stabilizing force in society"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public administration aims to improve the stability and well-being of a <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>. It does this by: </p> <ul><li>Maintaining law and order</li> <li>Ensuring that <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a> is effective</li> <li>Managing public resources</li> <li>Implementing policies</li> <li>Providing essential services and serving people's needs</li></ul> <p>In a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> system, even though elected officials change after regular intervals, administration remains more or less the same. This ensures that government plans and policies are not interrupted or changed every time new officials are elected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_an_instrument_for_solving_social_problems">As an instrument for solving social problems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: As an instrument for solving social problems" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: As an instrument for solving social problems"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public administration also focuses on solving social problems like <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, underdevelopment, <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">extremism</a>. It does this by managing public resources, maintaining law and order, and providing essential services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_way_to_give_service_and_protection">As a way to give service and protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: As a way to give service and protection" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: As a way to give service and protection"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public administration involves serving, protecting, and ensuring the rights of regular people. It aims to ensure security, safety and order within society. It also provides protection and relief to the people in the wake of social upheavals, <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a>, social disturbances, <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> resulting from social evils, <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a>, and economic problems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Canada</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipaciapc.ca/">The Institute of Public Administration of Canada</a></li></ul> <p><b>Hong Kong SAR, China</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hkpaa.org.hk/">Hong Kong Public Administration Association</a></li></ul> <p><b>Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ina.pt/">National Institute of Public Administration - Europe/Portugal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eapaa.org/">EAPAA European Association for Public Administration Accreditation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iiasiisa.be/egpa/agacc.htm">EGPA European Group of Public Administration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070707014640/http://www.iiasiisa.be/egpa/agacc.htm">Archived</a> 2007-07-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nispa.sk/_portal/homepage.php">NISPAcee Network of Institutes and Schools of Public Administration in Central and Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eupan.org/">EUPAN European Public Administration Network</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071215042535/http://www.eupan.org/">Archived</a> 2007-12-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eps-award.eu/home.0.html?&no_cache=1&L=2">EPSA European Public Service Award</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080101075231/http://www.eps-award.eu/home.0.html?&no_cache=1&L=2">Archived</a> 2008-01-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <p><b>Holland</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestuurskunde.nl">Dutch Association for Public Administration</a> (In Dutch)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bestuurskunde.startpagina.nl/">Public Administration starting page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071020145037/http://bestuurskunde.startpagina.nl/">Archived</a> 2007-10-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (In Dutch)</li></ul> <p><b>India</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iipa.org.in/">Indian Institute of Public Administration </a></li></ul> <p><b>Philippines</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.up-ncpag.org/">University of the Philippines - National College of Public Administration and Governance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091216084546/http://www.up-ncpag.org/">Archived</a> 2009-12-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <p><b>Poland</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksap.gov.pl/">National School of Public Administration, Warsaw, Poland</a></li></ul> <p><b>Turkey</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yonetimbilimi.politics.ankara.edu.tr">Faculty of Political Science - Public Administration (Turkey)</a></li></ul> <p><b>United Kingdom</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilservant.org.uk/">How to be a civil servant under the British or Westminster system</a></li></ul> <p><b>United States</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appam.org/">Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aspanet.org/">American Society for Public Administration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029045911/https://www.aspanet.org/">Archived</a> 2019-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napawash.org/">National Academy of Public Administration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naspaa.org/">National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suggested_reading">Suggested reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Suggested reading" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Suggested reading"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Smith, Kevin B. and Licari, Michael J. <i>Public Administration - Power and Politics in the Fourth Branch of Government</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-933220-04-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-933220-04-X">1-933220-04-X</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2">1.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/public-administration">"Public administration | History, Examples, Types, & Principles | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 2024-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Public+administration+%7C+History%2C+Examples%2C+Types%2C+%26+Principles+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fpublic-administration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3APublic+administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Management" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122447">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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href="/w/index.php?title=Index_of_management_articles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Index of management articles (not yet started)">Index of management articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">By type <br />of organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academic administration (not yet started)">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association management (not yet started)">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Business administration (not yet started)">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restaurant_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Restaurant management (not yet started)">Restaurant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Court management (not yet started)">Court</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health administration (not yet started)">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_cycle_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelligence cycle management (not yet started)">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military administration (not yet started)">Military</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Public</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">By focus (within <br />an organization)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By scope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strategic_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strategic management (not yet started)">Strategic</a><br />(top-level)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capability_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capability management (not yet started)">Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital management (not yet started)">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Change_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Change management (not yet started)">Change</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communications management (not yet started)">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Financial management (not yet started)">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Innovation_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Innovation management (not yet started)">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enterprise_legal_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enterprise legal management (not yet started)">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performance_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Performance management (not yet started)">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Risk management (not yet started)">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Systems management (not yet started)">Systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By component</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Facility_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Facility management (not yet started)">Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Product_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Product management (not yet started)">Product</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Product_lifecycle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Product lifecycle (not yet started)">Product lifecycle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brand_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brand management (not yet started)">Brand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Program management (not yet started)">Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Construction management (not yet started)">Construction</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By activity or<br />department<br /> managed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Line_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Line management (not yet started)">Line</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marketing_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marketing management (not yet started)">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operations_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operations management (not yet started)">Operations</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_process_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing process management (not yet started)">production</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Process_management_(computing)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Process management (computing) (not yet started)">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quality_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quality management (not yet started)">Quality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sales_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sales management (not yet started)">Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staff_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Staff management (not yet started)">Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accounting_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Accounting management (not yet started)">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office management (not yet started)">Office</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Records_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Records management (not yet started)">Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By aspect or<br />relationship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Customer_relationship_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Customer relationship management (not yet started)">Customer relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineering_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Engineering management (not yet started)">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perception_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perception management (not yet started)">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supply_chain_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supply chain management (not yet started)">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talent_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talent management (not yet started)">Talent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By problem</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conflict_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conflict management (not yet started)">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crisis management (not yet started)">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_management" title="Stress management">Stress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resource management (not yet started)">By resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_resource_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental resource management (not yet started)">Environmental resource</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_inventory_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Field inventory management (not yet started)">Field inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_resource_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human resource management (not yet started)">Human resources</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Information management (not yet started)">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_technology_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Information technology management (not yet started)">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knowledge_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knowledge management (not yet started)">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Land management (not yet started)">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Materials_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Materials management (not yet started)">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skills_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skills management (not yet started)">Skills</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Technology management (not yet started)">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Time management (not yet started)">Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Management<br />positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interim_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interim management (not yet started)">Interim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle management (not yet started)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senior_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senior management (not yet started)">Senior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Methods<br />and approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhocracy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adhocracy (not yet started)">Adhocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaborative_method&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collaborative method (not yet started)">Collaborative method</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distributed_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distributed management (not yet started)">Distributed</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earned_value_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earned value management (not yet started)">Earned value management</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence-based_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evidence-based management (not yet started)">Evidence-based management</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_Range_Leadership_Model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Full Range Leadership Model (not yet started)">Full Range of Leadership Model</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management_by_objectives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Management by objectives (not yet started)">Management by objectives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management_style&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Management style (not yet started)">Management style</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macromanagement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macromanagement (not yet started)">Macromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micromanagement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micromanagement (not yet started)">Micromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">Scientific management</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_entrepreneurship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social entrepreneurship (not yet started)">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Team_building&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Team building (not yet started)">Team building</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virtual management (not yet started)">Virtual management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Management skills<br />and activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forecasting" title="Forecasting">Forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">Leadership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Pioneers and<br />scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Drucker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Drucker (not yet started)">Peter Drucker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eliyahu_M._Goldratt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eliyahu M. Goldratt (not yet started)">Eliyahu M. Goldratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Technology,_Management,_and_Applied_Engineering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering (not yet started)">Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">Business school</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Certified_Business_Manager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Certified Business Manager (not yet started)">Certified Business Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartered_Management_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chartered Management Institute (not yet started)">Chartered Management Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critical_management_studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Critical management studies (not yet started)">Critical management studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Degrees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Business_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bachelor of Business Administration (not yet started)">Bachelor of Business Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">Master of Business Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PhD_in_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PhD in management (not yet started)">PhD in management</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_of_Business_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doctor of Business Administration (not yet started)">Doctor of Business Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Business administration (not yet started)">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Executive_compensation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Executive compensation (not yet started)">Executive compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management_consulting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Management consulting (not yet started)">Management consulting</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_(management)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Control (management) (not yet started)">Management control</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management_cybernetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Management cybernetics (not yet started)">Management cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management_development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Management development (not yet started)">Management development</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management_fad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Management fad (not yet started)">Management fad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Management_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Management system (not yet started)">Management system</a></li> <li><a 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