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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_and_external_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Internal and external research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Internal_and_external_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Internal and external research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Internal_and_external_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wikimedia_and_Wikiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wikimedia_and_Wikiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Wikimedia and Wikiversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wikimedia_and_Wikiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Degree_of_institutional_review" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degree_of_institutional_review"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Degree of institutional review</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degree_of_institutional_review-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Research ethics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Original_research_and_literature_review" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_research_and_literature_review"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Original research and literature review</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_research_and_literature_review-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_learning_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_learning_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Research learning projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_learning_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Research education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doing_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doing_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Doing research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doing_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Research writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Writing_instruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_instruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Writing instruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_instruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citation_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citation_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Citation formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citation_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peer_review" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peer_review"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.3</span> <span>Peer review</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peer_review-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Research services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_sponsorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_sponsorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Research sponsorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_sponsorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_and_institutional_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_and_institutional_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legal and institutional issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_and_institutional_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Types of research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_conferences_and_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_conferences_and_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Research conferences and networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_conferences_and_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_funding_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_funding_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Research funding and administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_funding_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Research projects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research_projects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research projects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microsystem_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microsystem_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3</span> <span>Microsystem design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microsystem_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.4</span> <span>Animal sciences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.5</span> <span>Plant sciences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.6</span> <span>Social sciences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interdisciplinary_nature/biodiversity_conservation_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interdisciplinary_nature/biodiversity_conservation_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.7</span> <span>Interdisciplinary nature/biodiversity conservation science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interdisciplinary_nature/biodiversity_conservation_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.8</span> <span>Medical sciences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.9</span> <span>Pharmacology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikiversity</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><table style="padding:0.3em; margin-left:15px; border:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#f5faff; text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:1.5em;" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#cee0f2; padding:0.3em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wikiversity:Research</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.1em; font-size:0.9em; background-color:#cee0f2;">Research </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:Research_guidelines" title="Wikiversity:Research guidelines">Research Guidelines</a><br/> <a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:Scope_of_research" title="Wikiversity:Scope of research">Scope of Research</a><br/> <a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:Review_board/En" title="Wikiversity:Review board/En">Review Board</a><br/> </p> <div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; color:#000000; white-space:nowrap;">This box: <a href="/wiki/Template:Policylist" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Policylist"><span title="View this template">view</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Policylist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Policylist (page does not exist)"><span style="color: #002bb8;" title="Discussion about this template">talk</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Policylist&action=edit"><span style="color: #002bb8;" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">edit</span></a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedistics-intro.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikipedistics-intro.png/250px-Wikipedistics-intro.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Wikipedistics-intro.png 1.5x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="242"/></a><figcaption>Wikiuniversity students during research</figcaption></figure> <p>This page provides guidelines for <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wikiversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikiversity">Wikiversity</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Nature_of_research" data-mw-thread-id="h-Nature_of_research"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Nature_of_research"></span>Nature of research<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Nature_of_research"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Nature of research"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Research</b> can be described as an active, diligent, and systematic process of inquiry aimed at discovering, interpreting and revising <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/knowledge" class="extiw" title="w:knowledge">knowledge</a>. Research <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/investigation" class="extiw" title="w:investigation">investigations</a> aim to produce a greater understanding of events, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/behavior" class="extiw" title="w:behavior">behaviors</a>, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/theory" class="extiw" title="w:theory">theories</a>, and to make practical applications through policies, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/law_(principle)" class="extiw" title="w:law (principle)">laws</a> and theories. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Portal:Learning_projects" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Learning projects">learning projects</a> are used to direct Wikiversity. Learning projects that have goals and objectives that are currently unattainable or that require the development of new knowledge are classified as research learning projects. </p><p>There are many theoretical and practical dimensions to research. Some are outlined on this page and briefly discussed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Scope_of_research_in_Wikiversity" data-mw-thread-id="h-Scope_of_research_in_Wikiversity"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Scope_of_research_in_Wikiversity"></span>Scope of research in Wikiversity<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Scope_of_research_in_Wikiversity"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Scope of research in Wikiversity"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2661592">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Scope_of_research/Policy/En" class="extiw" title="betawikiversity:Wikiversity:Scope of research/Policy/En">Scope of Research Policy at the Wikiversity multilingual hub</a></div> <p>Research is an integral part of advanced education and professional work in many fields. Wikiversity may support research education and practice in various ways, some of which may be unique or very needed in society. </p><p>Research issues to be resolved include what kind of research will be hosted on Wikiversity, whether there will be active research on Wikiversity, and, if so, how it can be managed. Please add ideas below. </p><p>In universities, different types of service offices handle various of the issues below. As Wikiversity grows, perhaps policies and networks of interested individuals might grow to facilitate research work. </p><p>The responsibility for articulating the topics here may fall with Wikiversity, a school or individual instructors. How this is so should perhaps be stated clearly for some issues. </p><p>The topics below might need to be discussed in detail on new pages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Internal_and_external_research" data-mw-thread-id="h-Internal_and_external_research"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Internal_and_external_research"></span>Internal and external research<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Internal_and_external_research"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Internal and external research"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Internal research is research by Wikiversity participants for Wikiversity purposes. External research is research into various aspects of the world for presentation as general findings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wikimedia_and_Wikiversity" data-mw-thread-id="h-Wikimedia_and_Wikiversity-Internal_and_external_research"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Wikimedia_and_Wikiversity-Internal_and_external_research"></span>Wikimedia and Wikiversity<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Wikimedia_and_Wikiversity-Internal_and_external_research"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Wikimedia and Wikiversity"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>What is the relationship of Wikimedia sponsored research, internal research by other Wikimedia projects, and Wikiversity based research? </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degree_of_institutional_review" data-mw-thread-id="h-Degree_of_institutional_review-Internal_and_external_research"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Degree_of_institutional_review-Internal_and_external_research"></span>Degree of institutional review<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Degree_of_institutional_review-Internal_and_external_research"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Degree of institutional review"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based partly on the internal/external distinction and partly on research ethics (regarding research on persons), program evaluation research, research exercises by students, and research for publication require different kinds of rigor in preparation, institutional review, and administration. What will the criteria be in Wikiversity for working with these different types of research? </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Research_ethics" data-mw-thread-id="h-Research_ethics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Research_ethics"></span>Research ethics<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Research_ethics"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Research ethics"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2661592"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:Research_Ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikiversity:Research Ethics">Wikiversity:Research Ethics</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Ethics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Research Ethics (page does not exist)">Research Ethics</a></div> <p>The ethical guidelines for scientific research in the developed world are well established by governmental agencies, professional societies, universities, and journal publishers. Unethical research is not permitted on Wikiversity. </p><p>See overview of topic, important instructional links and what Wikiversity could offer regarding research ethics at <a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:Research_Ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikiversity:Research Ethics">Research Ethics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Original_research_and_literature_review" data-mw-thread-id="h-Original_research_and_literature_review"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Original_research_and_literature_review"></span>Original research and literature review<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Original_research_and_literature_review"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Original research and literature review"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2661592"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:Original_research" title="Wikiversity:Original research">Wikiversity:Original research</a></div> <p>Wikiversity is devoted to exploration on both sides of the boundary between the known and the unknown. Original research is the use of research method in the exploration of scientific questions. <a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">Literature reviews</a> are the study of past research findings. </p><p>For students, there is a natural progression from doing literature reviews (secondary research) to original (primary) research. Within Wikiversity, all original research should be clearly identified as such: the <a href="/wiki/Template:Original_research" title="Template:Original research">original research template</a> or <a href="/wiki/Template:Research_project" title="Template:Research project">research project template</a> are useful for this. </p><p>Different guidelines may or may not pertain to original research and literature reviews. Sometimes the boundary between primary and secondary research is not clear. A critical review of previously published ideas and data can lead to the discovery of new ideas. Policies and practices need to be developed for wikischolars to guide and assist learners in engaging in research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Research_learning_projects" data-mw-thread-id="h-Research_learning_projects"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Research_learning_projects"></span>Research learning projects<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Research_learning_projects"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Research learning projects"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wikiversity is structured around learning projects. Learning projects structured around the development of currently unavailable knowledge, techniques, methods, or devices are all appropriate for Wikiversity. Where are the research learning projects? Waiting for you to create them! </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Boom_Town" title="Lunar Boom Town">Lunar Boom Town</a> is actively researching how Wikiversity can establish and support advanced edutainment communities that allow engineering venture teams to advance the state of space applicable technologies while helping entertain and educate each others dependents, customers, and suppliers. The basic question is whether the millions of effort hours applied to video games each year can be siphoned into productive design and possibly test efforts to reduce the overall capital requirements for space settlements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Research_education" data-mw-thread-id="h-Research_education"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Research_education"></span>Research education<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Research_education"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Research education"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory" data-mw-thread-id="h-Theory-Research_education"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Theory-Research_education"></span>Theory<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Theory-Research_education"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Theory"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost all fields have various theoretical aspects. The study of the theory and history of various fields may overlap with the study of various types of research methods. Ongoing <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> in theory needs to be integrated with education about <b>research</b> methods and analysis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doing_research" data-mw-thread-id="h-Doing_research-Research_education"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Doing_research-Research_education"></span>Doing research<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Doing_research-Research_education"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Doing research"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research is a complex social or scientific activity, and there are a range of theoretical paradigms, methodologies, and methods to help guide the researcher. For more on this see our <a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Introduction to research">Introduction to research</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_writing" data-mw-thread-id="h-Research_writing-Research_education"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Research_writing-Research_education"></span>Research writing<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Research_writing-Research_education"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Research writing"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Writing_instruction" data-mw-thread-id="h-Writing_instruction-Research_writing"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Writing_instruction-Research_writing"></span>Writing instruction<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Writing_instruction-Research_writing"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Writing instruction"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tutorials in research paper writing methods for various fields and research modalities would be helpful. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Citation_formats" data-mw-thread-id="h-Citation_formats-Research_writing"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Citation_formats-Research_writing"></span>Citation formats<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Citation_formats-Research_writing"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Citation formats"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A catalog of what citation guidelines and styles are in use in each field or country would also be useful, as would reviews of products like Endnote. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peer_review" data-mw-thread-id="h-Peer_review-Research_writing"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Peer_review-Research_writing"></span>Peer review<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Peer_review-Research_writing"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Peer review"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2661592"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:Review_board" title="Wikiversity:Review board">Wikiversity:Review board</a></div> <p>An outline of the nature of peer review and how to access peer review would be helpful. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Research_services" data-mw-thread-id="h-Research_services"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Research_services"></span>Research services<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Research_services"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Research services"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are useful services that Wikiversity could provide: </p><p>See: <a href="/wiki/Portal:Wiki_Scholar" title="Portal:Wiki Scholar">Wiki Scholar</a> </p> <ul><li>Journal clubs</li> <li>Grant advice and support - What grants are available, how do I apply? Compile resources, for example: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russellsage.org/about/w*hatwedo/howtoapply/#awards">basic social science research including education</a> - <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Sage_Foundation" class="extiw" title="w:Russell Sage Foundation">Russell Sage Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://chronicle.com/forums/index.php?board=30.0">[1]</a> - Chronicle of Higher Education Research board</li></ul></li> <li>Matchmaking co-authors - I want to publish a paper on X, and am looking for co-authors</li> <li>Matchmaking journals - I have a paper on X, where do I publish</li> <li>Local peer review - I have a paper on X, can someone do a "dry run" peer review so that I can fix it quickly before submitting it to a journal</li> <li>Verification</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Research_sponsorship" data-mw-thread-id="h-Research_sponsorship"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Research_sponsorship"></span>Research sponsorship<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Research_sponsorship"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Research sponsorship"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hosting research</li> <li>Initiating research</li> <li>developing research</li> <li>Marketing research</li> <li>Strategy research</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Legal_and_institutional_issues" data-mw-thread-id="h-Legal_and_institutional_issues"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Legal_and_institutional_issues"></span>Legal and institutional issues<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Legal_and_institutional_issues"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Legal and institutional issues"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At some point, will Wikiversity need an Institutional Review Board? </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Types_of_research" data-mw-thread-id="h-Types_of_research"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Types_of_research"></span>Types of research<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Types_of_research"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Types of research"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philosophical, social scientific, and historical investigations of the sciences sometimes consider general differences amongst and across research areas. Some of the distinctions about research that may be made (or debated or critiqued) are: </p> <ul><li>theoretical (pure) and empirical research</li> <li>basic and applied</li> <li>quantitative and qualitative</li> <li>objective and subjective (or inter-subjective)</li> <li>large, medium and small scale (macro, meso, and micro)</li></ul> <p>There are various differences in research methods and philosophies between various general types of subject areas, such as: Physical sciences, natural sciences, social sciences, humanities and professions (to name some general areas). [Discuss these here.] </p><p>It would be helpful if the scientific worldviews, assumptions and biases underlying general perspectives on research could be discussed in some introductory education contexts in Wikipedia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Research_conferences_and_networks" data-mw-thread-id="h-Research_conferences_and_networks"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Research_conferences_and_networks"></span>Research conferences and networks<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Research_conferences_and_networks"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Research conferences and networks"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wikiversity could develop research conferences and networks in conjunction with and/or independently from <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia">Wikimedia</a> projects. For Wikimedia examples, see <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimania" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimania">meta:Wikimania</a> and <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Research_Network" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Research Network">meta:Wikimedia Research Network</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Research_funding_and_administration" data-mw-thread-id="h-Research_funding_and_administration"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Research_funding_and_administration"></span>Research funding and administration<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Research_funding_and_administration"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Research funding and administration"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It would be helpful to compile information and methods for funding and coordinating research projects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Languages" data-mw-thread-id="h-Languages"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Languages"></span>Languages<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Languages"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Languages"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multi-language discussion of research policy for all of Wikiversity will take place at <a href="https://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Research_guidelines/En_the_Wikiversity_Beta_site" class="extiw" title="betawikiversity:Wikiversity:Research guidelines/En the Wikiversity Beta site">betawikiversity:Wikiversity:Research_guidelines/En the Wikiversity Beta site</a>, at the <a href="https://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="betawikiversity:">multilingual Wikiversity hub</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Research_projects" data-mw-thread-id="h-Research_projects"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Research_projects"></span>Research projects<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Research_projects"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Research projects"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education" data-mw-thread-id="h-Education-Research_projects"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Education-Research_projects"></span>Education<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Education-Research_projects"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Education"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Pupil_Pizza_Project" title="Public Pupil Pizza Project">Public Pupil Pizza Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycho-social_Dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Psycho-social Dynamics">Psycho-social Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_And_Tools_Educational_Model" title="Systems And Tools Educational Model">Systems And Tools Educational Model</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History" data-mw-thread-id="h-History-Research_projects"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-History-Research_projects"></span>History<span data-mw-comment-end="h-History-Research_projects"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: History"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_and_the_First_World_War" title="Africa and the First World War">Africa and the First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_Monuments_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian Monuments Project">Ancient Egyptian Monuments Project</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Microsystem_design" data-mw-thread-id="h-Microsystem_design-Research_projects"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Microsystem_design-Research_projects"></span>Microsystem design<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Microsystem_design-Research_projects"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Microsystem design"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capillary_electrode_array" title="Capillary electrode array">Capillary electrode array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_integrated_circuit" title="DNA integrated circuit">DNA integrated circuit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Animal_sciences" data-mw-thread-id="h-Animal_sciences-Research_projects"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Animal_sciences-Research_projects"></span>Animal sciences<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Animal_sciences-Research_projects"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Animal sciences"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salticid_studies" title="Salticid studies">Salticid studies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plant_sciences" data-mw-thread-id="h-Plant_sciences-Research_projects"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Plant_sciences-Research_projects"></span>Plant sciences<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Plant_sciences-Research_projects"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Plant sciences"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloom_Clock" title="Bloom Clock">Bloom Clock</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_sciences" data-mw-thread-id="h-Social_sciences-Research_projects"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Social_sciences-Research_projects"></span>Social sciences<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Social_sciences-Research_projects"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Social sciences"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nerd_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerd Project">Nerd Project</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interdisciplinary_nature/biodiversity_conservation_science" data-mw-thread-id="h-Interdisciplinary_nature/biodiversity_conservation_science-Research_projects"><span id="Interdisciplinary_nature.2Fbiodiversity_conservation_science"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Interdisciplinary_nature/biodiversity_conservation_science-Research_projects"></span>Interdisciplinary nature/biodiversity conservation science<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Interdisciplinary_nature/biodiversity_conservation_science-Research_projects"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Interdisciplinary nature/biodiversity conservation science"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIVICS/Socio-economic_Tools_for_Integrated_Conservation_Planning_in_the_Multi-Ethnic_South_Caucasus" title="CIVICS/Socio-economic Tools for Integrated Conservation Planning in the Multi-Ethnic South Caucasus">CIVICS/Socio-economic Tools for Integrated Conservation Planning in the Multi-Ethnic South Caucasus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medical_sciences" data-mw-thread-id="h-Medical_sciences-Research_projects"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Medical_sciences-Research_projects"></span>Medical sciences<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Medical_sciences-Research_projects"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Medical sciences"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Research" title="Medical Research">Medical Research</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pharmacology" data-mw-thread-id="h-Pharmacology-Research_projects"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Pharmacology-Research_projects"></span>Pharmacology<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Pharmacology-Research_projects"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Pharmacology"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_discovery" title="Drug discovery">Drug discovery</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: See also"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_discussion_forum" title="Research discussion forum">Research discussion forum</a> - discuss research projects, reports, methodologies, methods, theories, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Research" title="Portal:Research">Research Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_science" title="Wiki science">Wiki science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity_scholarship" title="Wikiversity scholarship">Wikiversity scholarship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Researching_with_Wikipedia" title="Researching with Wikipedia">Researching with Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:Freelance_academics" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikiversity:Freelance academics">Wikiversity: Freelance academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:Original_research" title="Wikiversity:Original research">Wikiversity: Original research</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Research">Wikipedia: Research</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="External_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-External_links"></span>External links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-External_links"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Research&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section's source code: External links"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.4researchers.org">4researchers.org</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_rot" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup> <ul><li>4researchers disseminates practical "how-to" information about conducting research. The website offers more than 1,300 articles, videos, presentations, and courses (CE credit is available) designed to make conducting research easier. Topics include funding, research design, study management, dissemination, career advancement, and more. The development of 4researchers was funded by the NIMH.</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/wiredcampus/index.php?id=3229&utm_source=wc&utm_medium=en">UW Website Allows Researchers to Share Projects With The Public</a> (Wired Campus, August 8, 2008)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2661604">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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