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tumours</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: central tumours"> <meta name="keywords" content="central tumours"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="central tumours"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 2934</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: central tumours</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2934</span> Early Metastatic Cancer: A Review of Its Management and Outcomes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diwei%20Lin">Diwei Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amanda%20Jia%20Hui%20Tan"> Amanda Jia Hui Tan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In 2012, testicular cancer was estimated to account for 940 disability adjusted life years in Australia; of these, 450 were years lost due to premature death and 500 were years of healthy life lost due to disease, disability or injury. Testicular choriocarcinoma is one of the rarest variants of testicular germ cell tumours, accounting for less than 1% of testicular germ cell tumours and only about 0.19% of all testicular tumours. Management involves radical orchiectomy followed by chemotherapy. Even then, the prognosis is extremely poor. This case report describes a 20-year-old male with pure testicular choriocarcinoma with pulmonary metastases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=testicular%20cancer" title="testicular cancer">testicular cancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=choriocarcinoma" title=" choriocarcinoma"> choriocarcinoma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cryptorchidism" title=" cryptorchidism"> cryptorchidism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemotherapy" title=" chemotherapy"> chemotherapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metastatic%20testicular%20cancer" title=" metastatic testicular cancer"> metastatic testicular cancer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11056/early-metastatic-cancer-a-review-of-its-management-and-outcomes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11056.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">364</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2933</span> Grisotti Flap as Treatment for Central Tumors of the Breast</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Pardo">R. Pardo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Menendez"> P. Menendez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MA%20Gil-Olarte"> MA Gil-Olarte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Sanchez"> S. Sanchez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Garc%C3%ADa"> E. García</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Quintana"> R. Quintana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Mart%C3%ADn"> J. Martín</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction : Within oncoplastic breast techniques there is increased interest in immediate partial breast reconstruction. The volume resected is greater than that of conventional conservative techniques. Central tumours of the breast have classically been treated with a mastectomy with regard to oncological safety and cosmetic secondary effects after wide central resection of the nipple and breast tissue beneath. Oncological results for central quadrantectomy have a recurrence level, disease- free period and survival identical to mastectomy. Grissoti flap is an oncoplastic surgical technique that allows the surgeon to perform a safe central quadrantectomy with excellent cosmetic results. Material and methods: The Grissoti flap is a glandular cutaneous advancement rotation flap that can fill the defect in the central portion of the excised breast. If the inferior border is affected by tumour and further surgery is decided upon at the Multidisciplinary Team Meeting, it will be necessary to perform a mastectomy. All patients with a Grisotti flap undergoing surgery since 2009 were reviewed obtaining the following data: age, hystopathological diagnosis, size, operating time, volume of tissue resected, postoperative admission time, re-excisions due to positive margins affected by tumour, wound dehiscence, complications and recurrence. Analysis and results of sentinel node biopsy were also obtained. Results: 12 patients underwent surgery between 2009-2015. The mean age was 54 years (34-67) . All had a preoperative diagnosis of ductal infiltrative carcinoma of less than 2 cm,. Diagnosis was made with Ultrasound, Mamography or both . Magnetic resonance was used in 5 cases. No patients had preoperative positive axilla after ultrasound exploration. Mean operating time was 104 minutes (84-130). Postoperative stay was 24 hours. Mean volume resected was 159 cc (70-286). In one patient the surgical border was affected by tumour and a further procedure with resection of the affected border was performed as ambulatory surgery. The sentinel node biopsy was positive for micrometastasis in only two cases. In one case lymphadenectomy was performed in 2009. In the other, treated in 2015, no lymphadenectomy was performed as the patient had a favourable histopathological prognosis and the multidisciplinary team meeting agreed that lymphadenectomy was not required. No recurrence has been diagnosed in any of the patients who underwent surgery and they are all disease free at present. Conclusions: Conservative surgery for retroareolar central tumours of the breast results in good local control of the disease with free surgical borders, including resection of the nipple areola complex and pectoral major muscle fascia. Reconstructive surgery with the inferior Grissoti flap adequately fills the defect after central quadrantectomy with creation of a new cutaneous disc where a new nipple areola complex is reconstructed with a local flap or micropigmentation. This avoids the need for contralateral symmetrization. Sentinel Node biopsy can be performed without added morbidity. When feasible, the Grissoti flap will avoid skin-sparing mastectomy for central breast tumours that will require the use of an expander, prosthesis or myocutaneous flap, with all the complications of a more complex operation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Grisotti%20flap" title="Grisotti flap">Grisotti flap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oncoplastic%20surgery" title=" oncoplastic surgery"> oncoplastic surgery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20tumours" title=" central tumours"> central tumours</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breast" title=" breast"> breast</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41168/grisotti-flap-as-treatment-for-central-tumors-of-the-breast" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41168.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">342</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2932</span> Synchronous Carcinoma Cervix with Vulvar Carcinoma in situ: A Case Report</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bhushan%20Bhalgat">Bhushan Bhalgat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suresh%20Singh"> Suresh Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phanindra%20Swain"> Phanindra Swain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamal%20Kishore%20Lakhera"> Kamal Kishore Lakhera</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Carcinoma of cervix and carcinoma of vulva have been associated with common predisposing factors like human papillomavirus and smoking. Skip metastases and metachronous appearance of both these tumours have been reported. There is no case report showing synchronous appearance of these tumours in English literature. We herewith report a case report of a middle aged female patient who presented with per vaginal bleeding, and on examination, a cervical mass was palpable. Also, a proliferative growth was seen over her left vulva. Biopsy of both lesions came out to be squamous cell carcinoma and carcinoma in situ, respectively. A radical hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodal dissection was performed along with left simple vulvectomy. This thereby underscores that any lesion over vulva appearing during or after treatment of cervical carcinoma should be biopsied to rule out vulvar carcinoma. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carcinoma%20of%20cervix" title="carcinoma of cervix">carcinoma of cervix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carcinoma%20of%20vulva" title=" carcinoma of vulva"> carcinoma of vulva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=synchronous%20tumours" title=" synchronous tumours"> synchronous tumours</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gynecological%20oncology" title=" gynecological oncology"> gynecological oncology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125647/synchronous-carcinoma-cervix-with-vulvar-carcinoma-in-situ-a-case-report" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125647.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">169</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2931</span> Why is the Recurrence Rate of Residual or Recurrent Disease Following Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR) of the Oesophageal Dysplasia’s and T1 Tumours Higher in the Greater Midlands Cancer Network?</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Harshadkumar%20Rajgor">Harshadkumar Rajgor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeff%20Butterworth"> Jeff Butterworth</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Barretts oesophagus increases the risk of developing oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Over the last 40 years, there has been a 6 fold increase in the incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma in the western world and the incidence rates are increasing at a greater rate than cancers of the colon, breast and lung. Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is a relatively new technique being used by 2 centres in the greater midlands cancer network. EMR can be used for curative or staging purposes, for high-grade dysplasia’s and T1 tumours of the oesophagus. EMR is also suitable for those who are deemed high risk for oesophagectomy. EMR has a recurrence rate of 21% according to the Wiesbaden data. Method: A retrospective study of prospectively collected data was carried out involving 24 patients who had EMR for curative or staging purposes. Complications of residual or recurrent disease following EMR that required further treatment were investigated. Results: In 54% of cases residual or recurrent disease was suspected. 96% of patients were given clear and concise information regarding their diagnosis of high-grade dysplasia or T1 tumours. All 24 patients consulted the same specialist healthcare team. Conclusion: EMR is a safe and effective treatment for patients who have high-grade dysplasia and T1NO tumours. In 54% of cases residual or recurrent disease was suspected. Initially, only single resections were undertaken. Multiple resections are now being carried out to reduce the risk of recurrence. Complications from EMR remain low in this series and consisted of a single episode of post procedural bleeding. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endoscopic%20mucosal%20resection" title="endoscopic mucosal resection">endoscopic mucosal resection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oesophageal%20dysplasia" title=" oesophageal dysplasia"> oesophageal dysplasia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T1%20tumours" title=" T1 tumours"> T1 tumours</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cancer%20network" title=" cancer network"> cancer network</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22352/why-is-the-recurrence-rate-of-residual-or-recurrent-disease-following-endoscopic-mucosal-resection-emr-of-the-oesophageal-dysplasias-and-t1-tumours-higher-in-the-greater-midlands-cancer-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22352.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">316</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2930</span> Non-AIDS Related Multiple Brain and Orbital Lymphoma Mimicking Meningioma: A Case Report</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eghosa%20Morgan">Eghosa Morgan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bourtarbouch%20Mahjouba"> Bourtarbouch Mahjouba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heida%20El%20Ouahabi"> Heida El Ouahabi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Poluyi%20Edward"> Poluyi Edward</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diawarra%20Seylan"> Diawarra Seylan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Non-AIDS lymphoma, a type of primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma is an uncommon aggressive infiltrative malignant tumour involving several sites in the central nervous system, such as the periventricular region and leptomeninges. In this article, the authors presented a 26-year old man with painless progressive right exophthalmos and scalp swelling with no symptoms and signs of intracranial hypertension and hyperthyroidism. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) done revealed isointense masses with brilliant homogenous enhancement on contrast administration resembling a meningioma, with a dura tail – like attachment as seen in meningioma. He had surgery for the right orbital tumour and histopathological diagnosis confirmed our suspicion of lymphoma (B type). Steroid was given in the post-operative period which led to significant regression of the tumours, hence its description as ‘vanishing tumour’. He is presently receiving methotrexate-based chemotherapy and subsequently planned for radiotherapy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20nervous%20system%20%28CNS%29" title="central nervous system (CNS)">central nervous system (CNS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meningioma" title=" meningioma"> meningioma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-aids%20lymphoma" title=" non-aids lymphoma"> non-aids lymphoma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orbital" title=" orbital"> orbital</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153811/non-aids-related-multiple-brain-and-orbital-lymphoma-mimicking-meningioma-a-case-report" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153811.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">91</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2929</span> The Application of Robotic Surgical Approaches in the Management of Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumours: A Systematic Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jatin%20Sridhar%20Naidu">Jatin Sridhar Naidu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aryan%20Arora"> Aryan Arora</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zainab%20Shafiq"> Zainab Shafiq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reza%20Mirnezami"> Reza Mirnezami</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) promises good outcomes in midgut adenocarcinoma surgery. However, its effectiveness in midgut neuroendocrine tumours (MNETs) is unknown. This study aimed to assess the current use, user interface, and any emerging developments of RAS in MNET treatment using the literature available. Methods: This review was carried out using PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched on 22nd October 2022. All studies reporting primary data on robotic surgery in midgut neuroendocrine tumours or carcinoid tumours were included. The midgut was defined to be from the duodenojejunal flexure to the splenic flexure. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs critical appraisal tool. Results: According to our systematic review protocol, nineteen studies were selected. A total of twenty-six patients were identified. RAS was used for right colectomies, right hemicolectomies, ileal resections, caecal resections, intracorporeal anastomoses, and complete mesocolic excisions. It offered an optimal user-interface with enhanced visuals, fine dexterity, and ergonomic work position. Innovative developments in tumour-healthy tissue boundary and vasculature visualisation were reported. Conclusion: RAS for MNETs is safe and feasible, although the evidence base is limited. We recommend large prospective-randomised controlled trials comparing it with laparoscopy and open surgery. Developments in intraoperative contrast dyes and tumour-specific probes are very promising. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robotic%20surgery" title="robotic surgery">robotic surgery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colorectal%20surgery" title=" colorectal surgery"> colorectal surgery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neuroendocrine%20neoplasms" title=" neuroendocrine neoplasms"> neuroendocrine neoplasms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=midgut%20neoplasms" title=" midgut neoplasms"> midgut neoplasms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160940/the-application-of-robotic-surgical-approaches-in-the-management-of-midgut-neuroendocrine-tumours-a-systematic-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160940.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">88</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2928</span> Management of Gap Non-Union Following Tumour Resection of the Distal Femur</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajendra%20Kumar%20Kanojia">Rajendra Kumar Kanojia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Correction of the gap created by the resection of large juxtra-articular tumours of the femur would be difficult to manage, several bone substitutes, bone grafts, and artificial bone granules were tried but the results were not as good as with the distraction osteogensis, by the help of either Ilizarov ring fixator or the mono-rail fixators. We are presenting a small study of five cases of malignant tumours of the distal femur, removed, custom made mega prosthesis was applied and that failed twice in a span of five years. We had no better option left then to apply mono-rail fixator, and start the process of distraction osteogeneis, we got the union, gap was filled with new bone and patient has been made walking in few months. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distal%20femur%20tumour" title="distal femur tumour">distal femur tumour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resection" title=" resection"> resection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=defect%20non-union" title=" defect non-union"> defect non-union</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mono-rail%20fixator" title=" mono-rail fixator"> mono-rail fixator</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36436/management-of-gap-non-union-following-tumour-resection-of-the-distal-femur" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36436.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">375</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2927</span> Molecular Study of P53- and Rb-Tumor Suppressor Genes in Human Papilloma Virus-Infected Breast Cancers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shakir%20H.%20Mohammed%20Al-Alwany">Shakir H. Mohammed Al-Alwany</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saad%20Hasan%20M.%20Ali"> Saad Hasan M. Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20Mohammed%20S.%20Shnawa"> Ibrahim Mohammed S. Shnawa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study was aimed to define the percentage of detection of high-oncogenic risk types of HPV and their genotyping in archival tissue specimens that ranged from apparently healthy tissue to invasive breast cancer by using one of the recent versions of In Situ Hybridization(ISH) 0.2. To find out rational significance of such genotypes as well as over expressed products of mutants P53 and RB genes on the severity of underlying breast cancers. The DNA of HPV was detected in 46.5 % of tissues from breast cancers while HPV DNA in the tissues from benign breast tumours was detected in 12.5%. No HPV positive–ISH reaction was detected in healthy breast tissues of the control group. HPV DNA of genotypes (16, 18, 31 and 33) was detected in malignant group in frequency of 25.6%, 27.1%, 30.2% and 12.4%, respectively. Over expression of p53 was detected by IHC in 51.2% breast cancer cases and in 50% benign breast tumour group, while none of control group showed P53- over expression. Retinoblastoma protein was detected by IHC test in 49.7% of malignant breast tumours, 54.2% of benign breast tumours but no signal was reported in the tissues of control group. The significance prevalence of expression of mutated p53 & Rb genes as well as detection of high-oncogenic HPV genotypes in patients with breast cancer supports the hypothesis of an etiologic role for the virus in breast cancer development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20papilloma%20virus" title="human papilloma virus">human papilloma virus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P53" title=" P53"> P53</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RB" title=" RB"> RB</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breast%20cancer" title=" breast cancer"> breast cancer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5535/molecular-study-of-p53-and-rb-tumor-suppressor-genes-in-human-papilloma-virus-infected-breast-cancers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5535.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">480</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2926</span> Tumour Radionuclides Therapy: in vitro and in vivo Dose Distribution Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rekaya%20A.%20Shabbir">Rekaya A. Shabbir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marco%20Mingarelli"> Marco Mingarelli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Glenn%20Flux"> Glenn Flux</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ananya%20Choudhury"> Ananya Choudhury</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tim%20A.%20D.%20Smith"> Tim A. D. Smith</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Heterogeneity of dose distributions across a tumour is problematic for targeted radiotherapy. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) enhance dose-distributions of targeted radionuclides. The aim of this study is to demonstrate if tumour dose-distribution of targeted AuNPs radiolabelled with either of two radioisotopes (¹⁷⁷Lu and ⁹⁰Y) in breast cancer cells produced homogeneous dose distributions. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to study the importance of receptor level on cytotoxicity of EGFR-targeted AuNPs in breast and colorectal cancer cells. Methods: AuNPs were functionalised with DOTA and OPPS-PEG-SVA to optimise labelling with radionuclide tracers and targeting with Erbitux. Radionuclides were chelated with DOTA, and the uptake of the radiolabelled AuNPs and targeted activity in vitro in both cell lines measured using liquid scintillation counting. Cells with medium (HCT8) and high (MDA-MB-468) EGFR expression were incubated with targeted ¹⁷⁷Lu-AuNPs for 4h, then washed and allowed to form colonies. Nude mice bearing tumours were used to study the biodistribution by injecting ¹⁷⁷Lu-AuNPs or ⁹⁰Y-AuNPs via the tail vein. Heterogeneity of dose-distribution in tumours was determined using autoradiography. Results: Colony formation (% control) was 81 ± 4.7% (HCT8) and 32 ± 9% (MDA-MB-468). High uptake was observed in the liver and spleen, indicating hepatobiliary excretion. Imaging showed heterogeneity in dose-distributions for both radionuclides across the tumours. Conclusion: The cytotoxic effect of EGFR-targeted AuNPs is greater in cells with higher EGFR expression. Dose-distributions for individual radiolabelled nanoparticles were heterogeneous across tumours. Further strategies are required to improve the uniformity of dose distribution prior to clinical trials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cancer%20cells" title="cancer cells">cancer cells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dose%20distributions" title=" dose distributions"> dose distributions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radionuclide%20therapy" title=" radionuclide therapy"> radionuclide therapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=targeted%20gold%20nanoparticles" title=" targeted gold nanoparticles"> targeted gold nanoparticles</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134283/tumour-radionuclides-therapy-in-vitro-and-in-vivo-dose-distribution-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134283.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">114</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2925</span> Generalized Central Paths for Convex Programming</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li-Zhi%20Liao">Li-Zhi Liao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The central path has played the key role in the interior point method. However, the convergence of the central path may not be true even in some convex programming problems with linear constraints. In this paper, the generalized central paths are introduced for convex programming. One advantage of the generalized central paths is that the paths will always converge to some optimal solutions of the convex programming problem for any initial interior point. Some additional theoretical properties for the generalized central paths will be also reported. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20path" title="central path">central path</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convex%20programming" title=" convex programming"> convex programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generalized%20central%20path" title=" generalized central path"> generalized central path</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interior%20point%20method" title=" interior point method"> interior point method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58039/generalized-central-paths-for-convex-programming" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58039.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">327</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2924</span> Asymptomatic Intercostal Schwannoma in a Patient with COVID-19: The First of Its Kind</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gabriel%20Hunduma">Gabriel Hunduma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Asymptomatic intra-thoracic neurogenic tumours are rare. Tumours arising from the intercostal nerves of the chest wall are exceedingly rare. This paper reports an incidental discovery of a neurogenic intercostal tumour while being investigated for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). A 54-year-old female underwent a thoracotomy and resection for an intercostal tumour. Pre-operative images showed an intrathoracic mass, and the biopsy revealed a schwannoma. The most common presenting symptom recorded in literature is chest pain; however, our case remained asymptomatic despite the size of the mass and thoracic area it occupied. After an extensive search of the literature, COVID-19 was found to have an influence on the development of certain cells in breast cancer. Hence there is a possibility that COVID-19 played a role in progressing the development of the schwannoma cells. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thoracic%20surgery" title="thoracic surgery">thoracic surgery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intercostal%20schwannoma" title=" intercostal schwannoma"> intercostal schwannoma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chest%20wall%20oncology" title=" chest wall oncology"> chest wall oncology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID-19" title=" COVID-19"> COVID-19</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140781/asymptomatic-intercostal-schwannoma-in-a-patient-with-covid-19-the-first-of-its-kind" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140781.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">214</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2923</span> Circadian Expression of MicroRNAs in Colon and Its Changes during Colorectal Tumorigenesis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katerina%20Balounova">Katerina Balounova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiri%20Pacha"> Jiri Pacha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peter%20Ergang"> Peter Ergang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin%20Vodicka"> Martin Vodicka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pavlina%20Kvapilova"> Pavlina Kvapilova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs involved in a wide range of physiological processes. Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by microRNAs gives the organism a further level of control of the gene-expression program and the disruption of this microRNA regulatory mechanism seems to increase the risk of various pathophysiological conditions including tumorigenesis. To the present day, microRNAs were shown to participate in the mayor signalization pathways leading to tumorigenesis, including proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and metastasis formation. In addition, microRNAs have been found to play important roles in the generation and maintenance of circadian clock. These clocks generate circadian rhythms, which participate in a number of regulatory pathways. Disruption of the circadian signals seems to be associated with the development and the progression of tumours including colorectal cancer. We investigated therefore whether the diurnal profiles of miRNAs linked to tumorigenesis and regulation of circadian clock are changed during tumorigenesis. Based on published data we chose 10 microRNAs linked to tumorigenesis or circadian clock (let-7b-5p, miR 1 3p, miR 106b 5p, miR 141 3p, miR 191 5p, miR 20a 5p, miR 25 3p, miR 29a 3p, miR 34a 5p and miR 93 5p) and compared their 24-hr expression profiles in healthy and in chemically induces primary colorectal tumours of 52week-old mice. Using RT-qPCR we proved circadian rhythmicity in let-7b-5p, miR 106b 5p, miR 141 3p, miR 191 5p, miR 20a 5p, miR 25 3p, miR 29a 3p and miR 93 5p in healthy colon but not in tumours. The acrophases of miR 106b 5p, miR 141 3p, miR 191 5p, miR 20a 5p, miR 25 3p and miR 93 5p were reached around CT 24, the acrophases of let-7b-5p and miR-29a-3p were slightly shifted and reached around CT 21. In summary, our results show that circadian regulation of some colonic microRNAs is greatly affected by neoplastic transformation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circadian%20rhythm" title="circadian rhythm">circadian rhythm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colon" title=" colon"> colon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colorectal%20cancer" title=" colorectal cancer"> colorectal cancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microRNA" title=" microRNA"> microRNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tumorigenesis" title=" tumorigenesis"> tumorigenesis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94346/circadian-expression-of-micrornas-in-colon-and-its-changes-during-colorectal-tumorigenesis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94346.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">167</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2922</span> Literature Review of Rare Synchronous Tumours</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diwei%20Lin">Diwei Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amanda%20Tan"> Amanda Tan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajinder%20Singh-Rai"> Rajinder Singh-Rai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We present the first reported case of a concomitant Leydig cell tumor (LCT) and paratesticular leiomyoma in an adult male with a known history of bilateral cryptorchidism. An 80-year-old male presented with a 2-month history of a left testicular lump associated with mild discomfort and a gradual increase in size on a background of bilateral cryptorchidism requiring multiple orchidopexy procedures as a child. Ultrasound confirmed a lesion suspicious for malignancy and he proceeded to a left radical orchidectomy. Histopathological assessment of the left testis revealed a concomitant testicular LCT with malignant features and paratesticular leiomyoma. Leydig cell tumors (LCTs) are the most common pure testicular sex cord-stromal tumors, accounting for up to 3% of all testicular tumors. They can occur at almost any age, but are noted to have a bi-modal distribution, with a peak incidence at 6 to 10 and at 20 to 50 years of age. LCT’s are often hormonally active and can lead to feminizing or virilizing syndromes. LCT’s are usually regarded as benign but can rarely exhibit malignant traits. Paratesticular tumours are uncommon and their reported prevalence varies between 3% and 16%. They occur in a complex anatomical area which includes the contents of the spermatic cord, testicular tunics, epididymis and vestigial remnants. Up to 90% of paratesticular tumours are believed to originate from the spermatic cord, though it is often difficult to definitively ascertain the exact site of origin. Although any type of soft-tissue neoplasm can be found in the paratesticular region, the most common benign tumors reported are lipomas of the spermatic cord, adenomatoid tumours of the epididymis and leiomyomas of the testis. Genetic studies have identified potential mutations that could potentially cause LCTs, but there are no known associations between concomitant LCTs and paratesticular tumors. The presence of cryptorchidism in adults with both LCTs and paratesticular neoplasms individually has been previously reported and it appears intuitive that cryptorchidism is likely to be associated with the concomitant presentation in this case report. This report represents the first documented case in the literature of a unilateral concomitant LCT and paratesticular leiomyoma on a background of bilateral cryptorchidism. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=testicular%20cancer" title="testicular cancer">testicular cancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leydig%20cell%20tumour" title=" leydig cell tumour"> leydig cell tumour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leiomyoma" title=" leiomyoma"> leiomyoma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paratesticular%20neoplasms" title=" paratesticular neoplasms"> paratesticular neoplasms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9864/literature-review-of-rare-synchronous-tumours" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9864.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">362</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2921</span> MAGE-A3 and PRAME Gene Expression and EGFR Mutation Status in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Renata%20Checiches">Renata Checiches</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thierry%20Coche"> Thierry Coche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicolas%20F.%20Delahaye"> Nicolas F. Delahaye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Albert%20Linder"> Albert Linder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fernando%20Ulloa%20Montoya"> Fernando Ulloa Montoya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olivier%20Gruselle"> Olivier Gruselle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karen%20Langfeld"> Karen Langfeld</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=An%20de%20Creus"> An de Creus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bart%20Spiessens"> Bart Spiessens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vincent%20G.%20Brichard"> Vincent G. Brichard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jamila%20Louahed"> Jamila Louahed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric%20F.%20Lehmann"> Frédéric F. Lehmann</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The RNA-expression levels of cancer-testis antigens MAGE A3 and PRAME were determined in resected tissue from patients with primary non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and related to clinical outcome. EGFR, KRAS and BRAF mutation status was determined in a subset to investigate associations with MAGE A3 and PRAME expression. Methods: We conducted a single-centre, uncontrolled, retrospective study of 1260 tissue-bank samples from stage IA-III resected NSCLC. The prognostic value of antigen expression (qRT-PCR) was determined by hazard-ratio and Kaplan-Meier curves. Results: Thirty-seven percent (314/844) of tumours expressed MAGE-A3, 66% (723/1092) expressed PRAME and 31% (239/839) expressed both. Respective frequencies in squamous-cell tumours and adenocarcinomas were 43%/30% for MAGE A3 and 80%/44% for PRAME. No correlation with stage, tumour size or patient age was found. Overall, no prognostic value was identified for either antigen. A trend to poorer overall survival was associated with MAGE-A3 in stage IIIB and with PRAME in stage IB. EGFR and KRAS mutations were found in 10.1% (28/311) and 33.8% (97/311) of tumours, respectively. EGFR (but not KRAS) mutation status was negatively associated with PRAME expression. Conclusion: No clear prognostic value for either PRAME or MAGE A3 was observed in the overall population, although some observed trends may warrant further investigation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MAGE%20A3" title="MAGE A3">MAGE A3</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PRAME" title=" PRAME"> PRAME</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cancer-testis%20gene" title=" cancer-testis gene"> cancer-testis gene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NSCLC" title=" NSCLC"> NSCLC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=survival" title=" survival"> survival</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EGFR" title=" EGFR"> EGFR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54549/mage-a3-and-prame-gene-expression-and-egfr-mutation-status-in-non-small-cell-lung-cancer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54549.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">382</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2920</span> E-Survey: Cancer Treatment with Proton Beam Therapy in USA</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Auj-E%20Taqaddas">Auj-E Taqaddas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of proton beam therapy is increasing globally. It seems to offer dosimetric advantages, especially in paediatric central nervous system (CNS) and brain tumours. A short E-survey was conducted to assess the clinical, technical, and educational resources and strategies employed in the state of the art proton beam therapy (PBT) centres in the USA to determine the current status of proton beam therapy. The study also aimed at finding out which PBT skills are in demand as well as what improvements are needed to ensure efficient treatment planning, delivery, and dosimetry. The study resulted in identifying areas for future research and development and in identifying cancers for which PBT is most suitable compared to other modalities to facilitate the implementation and use of PBT in clinical settings for cancer treatment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cancer" title="cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intensity%20modulated%20proton%20therapy" title=" intensity modulated proton therapy"> intensity modulated proton therapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proton%20beam%20therapy" title=" proton beam therapy"> proton beam therapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20field%20uniform%20scanning" title=" single field uniform scanning"> single field uniform scanning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136847/e-survey-cancer-treatment-with-proton-beam-therapy-in-usa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136847.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">205</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2919</span> Targeted Delivery of Docetaxel Drug Using Cetuximab Conjugated Vitamin E TPGS Micelles Increases the Anti-Tumor Efficacy and Inhibit Migration of MDA-MB-231 Triple Negative Breast Cancer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20K.%20Rajaletchumy">V. K. Rajaletchumy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20L.%20Chia"> S. L. Chia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20I.%20Setyawati"> M. I. Setyawati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20S.%20Muthu"> M. S. Muthu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20S.%20Feng"> S. S. Feng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20T.%20Leong"> D. T. Leong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) can be classified as one of the most aggressive with a high rate of local recurrences and systematic metastases. TNBCs are insensitive to existing hormonal therapy or targeted therapies such as the use of monoclonal antibodies, due to the lack of oestrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) and the absence of overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) compared with other types of breast cancers. The absence of targeted therapies for selective delivery of therapeutic agents into tumours, led to the search for druggable targets in TNBC. In this study, we developed a targeted micellar system of cetuximab-conjugated micelles of D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (vitamin E TPGS) for targeted delivery of docetaxel as a model anticancer drug for the treatment of TNBCs. We examined the efficacy of our micellar system in xenograft models of triple negative breast cancers and explored the effect of the micelles on post-treatment tumours in order to elucidate the mechanism underlying the nanomedicine treatment in oncology. The targeting micelles were found preferentially accumulated in tumours immediately after the administration of the micelles compare to normal tissue. The fluorescence signal gradually increased up to 12 h at the tumour site and sustained for up to 24 h, reflecting the increases in targeted micelles (TPFC) micelles in MDA-MB-231/Luc cells. In comparison, for the non-targeting micelles (TPF), the fluorescence signal was evenly distributed all over the body of the mice. Only a slight increase in fluorescence at the chest area was observed after 24 h post-injection, reflecting the moderate uptake of micelles by the tumour. The successful delivery of docetaxel into tumour by the targeted micelles (TPDC) exhibited a greater degree of tumour growth inhibition than Taxotere® after 15 days of treatment. The ex vivo study has demonstrated that tumours treated with targeting micelles exhibit enhanced cell cycle arrest and attenuated proliferation compared with the control and with those treated non-targeting micelles. Furthermore, the ex vivo investigation revealed that both the targeting and non-targeting micellar formulations shows significant inhibition of cell migration with migration indices reduced by 0.098- and 0.28-fold, respectively, relative to the control. Overall, both the in vivo and ex vivo data increased the confidence that our micellar formulations effectively targeted and inhibited EGF-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 tumours. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodegradable%20polymers" title="biodegradable polymers">biodegradable polymers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cancer%20nanotechnology" title=" cancer nanotechnology"> cancer nanotechnology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20targeting" title=" drug targeting"> drug targeting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molecular%20biomaterials" title=" molecular biomaterials"> molecular biomaterials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanomedicine" title=" nanomedicine"> nanomedicine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50350/targeted-delivery-of-docetaxel-drug-using-cetuximab-conjugated-vitamin-e-tpgs-micelles-increases-the-anti-tumor-efficacy-and-inhibit-migration-of-mda-mb-231-triple-negative-breast-cancer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50350.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2918</span> A Descriptive Approach towards the Understanding of the Central American Coffee Business Demography Phenomena</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jesus%20David%20Argueta%20Moreno">Jesus David Argueta Moreno</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Justa%20Rufina%20Martel"> Justa Rufina Martel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edith%20Gabriela%20Carrasco"> Edith Gabriela Carrasco </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Central American Coffee small, medium, and large corporations search for excellence, sustainability, and continuous improvement, triggers in a still unknown scale the Local expansion, crusading, and franchising strategies towards a more suitable commercial opportunity, where the dynamics of the Central American business displacement can be explained through the markets permeability traits. By considering the previously mentioned, the present study aims to evaluate the franchising potentialities offered by Central American Coffee business scenario, in order to explain dynamics of the business demography phenomena and its relevance on the Central American competitiveness landscape. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=competitiveness" title="competitiveness">competitiveness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=franchising" title=" franchising"> franchising</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20demography" title=" business demography"> business demography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Central%20American%20Coffee" title=" Central American Coffee"> Central American Coffee</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28656/a-descriptive-approach-towards-the-understanding-of-the-central-american-coffee-business-demography-phenomena" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28656.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">612</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2917</span> Comparison of Visual Field Tests in Glaucoma Patients with a Central Visual Field Defect</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hye-Young%20Shin">Hye-Young Shin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hae-Young%20Lopilly%20Park"> Hae-Young Lopilly Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chan%20Kee%20Park"> Chan Kee Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We compared the 24-2 and 10-2 visual fields (VFs) and investigate the degree of discrepancy between the two tests in glaucomatous eyes with central VF defects. In all, 99 eyes of 99 glaucoma patients who underwent both the 24-2 VF and 10-2 VF tests within 6 months were enrolled retrospectively. Glaucomatous eyes involving a central VF defect were divided into three groups based on the average total deviation (TD) of 12 central points in the 24-2 VF test (N = 33, in each group): group 1 (tercile with the highest TD), group 2 (intermediate TD), and group 3 (lowest TD). The TD difference was calculated by subtracting the average TD of the 10-2 VF test from the average TD of 12 central points in the 24-2 VF test. The absolute central TD difference in each quadrant was defined as the absolute value of the TD value obtained by subtracting the average TD of four central points in the 10-2 VF test from the innermost TD in the 24-2 VF test in each quadrant. The TD differences differed significantly between group 3 and groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.001). In the superonasal quadrant, the absolute central TD difference was significantly greater in group 2 than in group 1 (P < 0.05). In the superotemporal quadrant, the absolute central TD difference was significantly greater in group 3 than in groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.001). Our results indicate that the results of VF tests for different VFs can be inconsistent, depending on the degree of central defects and the VF quadrant. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20visual%20field%20defect" title="central visual field defect">central visual field defect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glaucoma" title=" glaucoma"> glaucoma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=10-2%20visual%20field" title=" 10-2 visual field"> 10-2 visual field</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=24-2%20visual%20field" title=" 24-2 visual field"> 24-2 visual field</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97801/comparison-of-visual-field-tests-in-glaucoma-patients-with-a-central-visual-field-defect" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97801.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">176</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2916</span> Study on the Central Differencing Scheme with the Staggered Version (STG) for Solving the Hyperbolic Partial Differential Equations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Narumol%20Chintaganun">Narumol Chintaganun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper we present the second-order central differencing scheme with the staggered version (STG) for solving the advection equation and Burger's equation. This scheme based on staggered evolution of the re-constructed cell averages. This scheme results in the second-order central differencing scheme, an extension along the lines of the first-order central scheme of Lax-Friedrichs (LxF) scheme. All numerical simulations presented in this paper are obtained by finite difference method (FDM) and STG. Numerical results are shown that the STG gives very good results and higher accuracy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20differencing%20scheme" title="central differencing scheme">central differencing scheme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=STG" title=" STG"> STG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=advection%20equation" title=" advection equation"> advection equation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=burgers%20equation" title=" burgers equation"> burgers equation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23076/study-on-the-central-differencing-scheme-with-the-staggered-version-stg-for-solving-the-hyperbolic-partial-differential-equations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23076.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">557</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2915</span> A Review of Food Security Policy Research in Central Asia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mergen%20Dyussenov">Mergen Dyussenov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Food security has become a prominent issue on the global policy agenda. Yet, one particular region that remains understudied is a cohort of Central Asian countries. To shed light onto the issue, the paper looks into a review of existing literature related to food security policies in Central Asia. In so doing, it seeks to systematize the context analyzed, key findings, and recommendations. Furthermore, it analyzes the role of key actors in promoting the food security policies across Central Asian nations. Finally, the paper attempts to set the agenda for further research. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20security" title="food security">food security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20Asia" title=" central Asia"> central Asia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20role%20of%20actors" title=" the role of actors"> the role of actors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=policy%20analysis" title=" policy analysis"> policy analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147747/a-review-of-food-security-policy-research-in-central-asia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147747.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">326</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2914</span> South African Students' Statistical Literacy in the Conceptual Understanding about Measures of Central Tendency after Completing Their High School Studies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lukanda%20Kalobo">Lukanda Kalobo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In South Africa, the High School Mathematics Curriculum provides teachers with specific aims and skills to be developed which involves the understanding about the measures of central tendency. The exploration begins with the definitions of statistical literacy, measurement of central tendency and a discussion on why statistical literacy is essential today. It furthermore discusses the statistical literacy basics involved in understanding the concepts of measures of central tendency. The statistical literacy test on the measures of central tendency, was used to collect data which was administered to 78 first year students direct from high schools. The results indicated that students seemed to have forgotten about the statistical literacy in understanding the concepts of measure of central tendency after completing their high school study. The authors present inferences regarding the alignment between statistical literacy and the understanding of the concepts about the measures of central tendency, leading to the conclusion that there is a need to provide in-service and pre-service training. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conceptual%20understanding" title="conceptual understanding">conceptual understanding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mean" title=" mean"> mean</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=median" title=" median"> median</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mode" title=" mode"> mode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistical%20literacy" title=" statistical literacy"> statistical literacy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86327/south-african-students-statistical-literacy-in-the-conceptual-understanding-about-measures-of-central-tendency-after-completing-their-high-school-studies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86327.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">304</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2913</span> Antiangiogenic Potential of Phellodendron amurense Bark Extract Observed on Chorioallantoic Membrane</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C4%BDudmila%20Ballov%C3%A1">Ľudmila Ballová</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Slavom%C3%ADr%20Kurhajec"> Slavomír Kurhajec</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eva%20Petrovov%C3%A1"> Eva Petrovová</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jarmila%20Eftimov%C3%A1"> Jarmila Eftimová</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Angiogenesis, a formation of new blood vessels from a pre-existing vasculature, plays an important role in pathologic processes such as the growth and metastasis of tumours. Tumours cannot grow beyond a few millimetres without blood supply from the newly formed blood vessels from the host tissue, a process called tumour-induced angiogenesis. The successful research of antiangiogenic treatment of cancer has focused on nutraceuticals with angiogenesis-modulating properties. Berberine, as a major active component of the bark of<em> Phellodendron amurense</em> Rupr., has shown antitumour activity by intervening into different steps of carcinogenesis. The influence of ethanolic extract of <em>Phellodendron amurese</em> bark on the angiogenesis was tested <em>in vivo</em> on chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). The irritancy of the CAM after the application of the crude bark extract dissolved in normal saline (10 mg/mL) was investigated on embryonic day 7. No significant signs of the irritancy, such as vasoconstriction, hyperaemia, haemorrhage or coagulation were observed which indicates the harmless character of the extract. A significant reduction in vessel sprouting and higher percentage of avascular zone was observed in the case of CAM treated with the extract in comparison with non-treated CAM (control), which is a proof of the antiangiogenic potential of the extract. These results could contribute to the development of novel drugs for the treatment of cancer or other diseases, in which angiogenesis plays a significant role. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=angiogenesis" title="angiogenesis">angiogenesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=berberine" title=" berberine"> berberine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chorioallantoic%20membrane" title=" chorioallantoic membrane"> chorioallantoic membrane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irritancy" title=" irritancy"> irritancy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phellodendron%20amurense" title=" phellodendron amurense"> phellodendron amurense</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29704/antiangiogenic-potential-of-phellodendron-amurense-bark-extract-observed-on-chorioallantoic-membrane" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29704.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">383</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2912</span> The Relationship between Organizational Culture and the Establishment of Knowledge Management in the Central Insurance of Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alireza%20Assareh">Alireza Assareh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatemeh%20Havas%20Beigi"> Fatemeh Havas Beigi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Vafaee%20Yeganeh"> Mohammad Vafaee Yeganeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study is conducted to investigate the relationship between organizational culture and the establishment of knowledge management in the Central Insurance of Iran. The research results revealed that there is a significant positive relationship between organizational culture and its elements that include management support, organizational belonging, individual innovation, and leadership style and the establishment of knowledge management in the central insurance of Iran and that there isn’t any significant relationship between conflict resolution and the establishment of knowledge management in the central insurance of Iran. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organizational%20culture" title="organizational culture">organizational culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20management" title=" knowledge management"> knowledge management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20insurance%20of%20Iran" title=" central insurance of Iran"> central insurance of Iran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=individual%20innovation" title=" individual innovation"> individual innovation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21748/the-relationship-between-organizational-culture-and-the-establishment-of-knowledge-management-in-the-central-insurance-of-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21748.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">491</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2911</span> Central American Security Issue: Civil War Legacy and Contemporary Challenges</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olga%20Andrianova">Olga Andrianova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lazar%20Jeifets"> Lazar Jeifets</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The security issue has always been one of the most sensitive and significant in Latin American context, especially focused on Central American region. Despite the fact that the time of the civil wars has ended, violence, delinquency, insecurity, discrimination still exist and keep relevance in the 21st century. This article is dedicated to consider this kind of problems, to find out the main causes and to propose solution approaches. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Central%20America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insecurity" title=" insecurity"> insecurity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instability" title=" instability"> instability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-war%20countries" title=" post-war countries"> post-war countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=violence" title=" violence"> violence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25518/central-american-security-issue-civil-war-legacy-and-contemporary-challenges" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25518.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">473</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2910</span> Central American Security Issue: Civil Wars Legacy and Contemporary Challenges</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olga%20Andrianova">Olga Andrianova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lazar%20Jeifets"> Lazar Jeifets</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The security issue has always been one of the most sensitive and significant in Latin American context, especially focused on Central American region. Despite the fact that the time of the civil wars has ended, violence, delinquency, insecurity, discrimination still exist and keep relevance in the 21st century. This article is dedicated to consider this kind of problems, to find out the main causes and to propose solution approaches. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Central%20America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insecurity" title=" insecurity"> insecurity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instability" title=" instability"> instability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=violence" title=" violence"> violence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18042/central-american-security-issue-civil-wars-legacy-and-contemporary-challenges" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18042.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">395</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2909</span> Pawn or Potentates: Corporate Governance Structure in Indian Central Public Sector Enterprises</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ritika%20Jain">Ritika Jain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajnish%20Kumar"> Rajnish Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Department of Public Enterprises had made submissions of Self Evaluation Reports, for the purpose of corporate governance, mandatory for all central government owned enterprises. Despite this, an alarming 40% of the enterprises did not do so. This study examines the impact of external policy tools and internal firm-specific factors on corporate governance of central public sector enterprises (CPSEs). We use a dataset of all manufacturing and non-financial services owned by the central government of India for the year 2010-11. Using probit, ordered logit and Heckman’s sample selection models, the study finds that the probability and quality of corporate governance is positively influenced by the CPSE getting into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the central government of India, and hence, enjoying more autonomy in terms of day to day operations. Besides these, internal factors, including bigger size and lower debt size contribute significantly to better corporate governance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20governance" title="corporate governance">corporate governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20public%20sector%20enterprises%20%28CPSEs%29" title=" central public sector enterprises (CPSEs)"> central public sector enterprises (CPSEs)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sample%20selection" title=" sample selection"> sample selection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Memorandum%20of%20Understanding%20%28MoU%29" title=" Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)"> Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ordered%20logit" title=" ordered logit"> ordered logit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disinvestment" title=" disinvestment"> disinvestment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46842/pawn-or-potentates-corporate-governance-structure-in-indian-central-public-sector-enterprises" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46842.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">257</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2908</span> Study of Current the Rice Straw Potential for a Small Power Plant Capacity in the Central Region of Thailand </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sansanee%20Sansiribhan">Sansanee Sansiribhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Orrawan%20Rewthong"> Orrawan Rewthong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anusorn%20Rattanathanaophat"> Anusorn Rattanathanaophat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarun%20Saensiriphan"> Sarun Saensiriphan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this work was to study potential of rice straw for power plant in the central region of Thailand. Provincial power plant capacity was studied. The results showed that provinces central region had potential for small power plants with a capacity of over 10 MW in 13 provinces, 1-10 MW in 6 provinces and less than 1 MW in 3 provinces. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rice%20straw" title="rice straw">rice straw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20plant" title=" power plant"> power plant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20region" title=" central region"> central region</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thailand" title=" Thailand "> Thailand </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3081/study-of-current-the-rice-straw-potential-for-a-small-power-plant-capacity-in-the-central-region-of-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3081.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">326</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2907</span> Exploiting the Tumour Microenvironment in Order to Optimise Sonodynamic Therapy for Cancer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Mohammad%20Hadi">Maryam Mohammad Hadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heather%20Nesbitt"> Heather Nesbitt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamzah%20Masood"> Hamzah Masood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hashim%20Ahmed"> Hashim Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mark%20Emberton"> Mark Emberton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20Callan"> John Callan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexander%20MacRobert"> Alexander MacRobert</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anthony%20McHale"> Anthony McHale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nikolitsa%20Nomikou"> Nikolitsa Nomikou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) utilises ultrasound in combination with sensitizers, such as porphyrins, for the production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the confined ablation of tumours. Ultrasound can be applied locally, and the acoustic waves, at frequencies between 0.5-2 MHz, are transmitted efficiently through tissue. SDT does not require highly toxic agents, and the cytotoxic effect only occurs upon ultrasound exposure at the site of the lesion. Therefore, this approach is not associated with adverse side effects. Further highlighting the benefits of SDT, no cancer cell population has shown resistance to therapy-triggered ROS production or their cytotoxic effects. This is particularly important, given the as yet unresolved issues of radiation and chemo-resistance, to the authors’ best knowledge. Another potential future benefit of this approach – considering its non-thermal mechanism of action – is its possible role as an adjuvant to immunotherapy. Substantial pre-clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy and targeting capability of this therapeutic approach. However, SDT has yet to be fully characterised and appropriately exploited for the treatment of cancer. In this study, a formulation based on multistimulus-responsive sensitizer-containing nanoparticles that can accumulate in advanced prostate tumours and increase the therapeutic efficacy of SDT has been developed. The formulation is based on a polyglutamate-tyrosine (PGATyr) co-polymer carrying hematoporphyrin. The efficacy of SDT in this study was demonstrated using prostate cancer as the translational exemplar. The formulation was designed to respond to the microenvironment of advanced prostate tumours, such as the overexpression of the proteolytic enzymes, cathepsin-B and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), that can degrade the nanoparticles, reduce their size, improving both diffusions throughout the tumour mass and cellular uptake. The therapeutic modality was initially tested in vitro using LNCaP and PC3 cells as target cell lines. The SDT efficacy was also examined in vivo, using male SCID mice bearing LNCaP subcutaneous tumours. We have demonstrated that the PGATyr co-polymer is digested by cathepsin B and that digestion of the formulation by cathepsin-B, at tumour-mimicking conditions (acidic pH), leads to decreased nanoparticle size and subsequent increased cellular uptake. Sonodynamic treatment, at both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, demonstrated ultrasound-induced cytotoxic effects only for the nanoparticle-treated prostate cancer cells, while the toxicity of the formulation in the absence of ultrasound was minimal. Our in vivo studies in immunodeficient mice, using the hematoporphyrin-containing PGATyr nanoparticles for SDT, showed a 50% decrease in LNCaP tumour volumes within 24h, following IV administration of a single dose. No adverse effects were recorded, and body weight was stable. The results described in this study clearly demonstrate the promise of SDT to revolutionize cancer treatment. It emphasizes the potential of this therapeutic modality as a fist line treatment or in combination treatment for the elimination or downstaging of difficult to treat cancers, such as prostate, pancreatic, and advanced colorectal cancer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sonodynamic%20therapy" title="sonodynamic therapy">sonodynamic therapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticles" title=" nanoparticles"> nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tumour%20ablation" title=" tumour ablation"> tumour ablation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasound" title=" ultrasound"> ultrasound</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114703/exploiting-the-tumour-microenvironment-in-order-to-optimise-sonodynamic-therapy-for-cancer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114703.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2906</span> A Comparison of Clinical and Pathological TNM Staging in a COVID-19 Era</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sophie%20Mills">Sophie Mills</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leila%20L.%20Touil"> Leila L. Touil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Richard%20Sisson"> Richard Sisson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: The TNM classification is the global standard for the staging of head and neck cancers. Accurate clinical-radiological staging of tumours (cTNM) is essential to predict prognosis, facilitate surgical planning and determine the need for other therapeutic modalities. This study aims to determine the accuracy of pre-operative cTNM staging using pathological TNM (pTNM) and consider possible causes of TNM stage migration, noting any variation throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study examined records of patients with surgical management of head and neck cancer at a tertiary head and neck centre from November 2019 to November 2020. Data was extracted from Somerset Cancer Registry and histopathology reports. cTNM and pTNM were compared before and during the first wave of COVID-19, as well as with other potential prognostic factors such as tumour site and tumour stage. Results: 119 cases were identified, of which 52.1% (n=62) were male, and 47.9% (n=57) were female with a mean age of 67 years. Clinical and pathological staging differed in 54.6% (n=65) of cases. Of the patients with stage migration, 40.4% (n=23) were up-staged and 59.6% (n=34) were down-staged compared with pTNM. There was no significant difference in the accuracy of cTNM staging compared with age, sex, or tumour site. There was a statistically highly significant (p < 0.001) correlation between cTNM accuracy and tumour stage, with the accuracy of cTNM staging decreasing with the advancement of pTNM staging. No statistically significant variation was noted between patients staged prior to and during COVID-19. Conclusions: Discrepancies in staging can impact management and outcomes for patients. This study found that the higher the pTNM, the more likely stage migration will occur. These findings are concordant with the oncology literature, which highlights the need to improve the accuracy of cTNM staging for more advanced tumours. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=head%20and%20neck%20cancer" title=" head and neck cancer"> head and neck cancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stage%20migration" title=" stage migration"> stage migration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TNM%20staging" title=" TNM staging"> TNM staging</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136930/a-comparison-of-clinical-and-pathological-tnm-staging-in-a-covid-19-era" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136930.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">109</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2905</span> A Radiomics Approach to Predict the Evolution of Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System Score 3/5 Prostate Areas in Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Natascha%20C.%20D%27Amico">Natascha C. D'Amico</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Enzo%20Grossi"> Enzo Grossi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giovanni%20Valbusa"> Giovanni Valbusa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ala%20Malasevschi"> Ala Malasevschi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gianpiero%20Cardone"> Gianpiero Cardone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergio%20Papa"> Sergio Papa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: To characterize, through a radiomic approach, the nature of areas classified PI-RADS (Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System) 3/5, recognized in multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance with T2-weighted (T2w), diffusion and perfusion sequences with paramagnetic contrast. Methods and Materials: 24 cases undergoing multiparametric prostate MR and biopsy were admitted to this pilot study. Clinical outcome of the PI-RADS 3/5 was found through biopsy, finding 8 malignant tumours. The analysed images were acquired with a Philips achieva 1.5T machine with a CE- T2-weighted sequence in the axial plane. Semi-automatic tumour segmentation was carried out on MR images using 3DSlicer image analysis software. 45 shape-based, intensity-based and texture-based features were extracted and represented the input for preprocessing. An evolutionary algorithm (a TWIST system based on KNN algorithm) was used to subdivide the dataset into training and testing set and select features yielding the maximal amount of information. After this pre-processing 20 input variables were selected and different machine learning systems were used to develop a predictive model based on a training testing crossover procedure. Results: The best machine learning system (three-layers feed-forward neural network) obtained a global accuracy of 90% ( 80 % sensitivity and 100% specificity ) with a ROC of 0.82. Conclusion: Machine learning systems coupled with radiomics show a promising potential in distinguishing benign from malign tumours in PI-RADS 3/5 areas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title="machine learning">machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MR%20prostate" title=" MR prostate"> MR prostate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PI-Rads%203" title=" PI-Rads 3"> PI-Rads 3</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiomics" title=" radiomics"> radiomics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84292/a-radiomics-approach-to-predict-the-evolution-of-prostate-imaging-reporting-and-data-system-score-35-prostate-areas-in-multiparametric-magnetic-resonance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84292.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn 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