CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>List of party switchers in the United States - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"760f43e8-28ac-495e-ae13-9cd4dd21ce78","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States","wgTitle":"List of party switchers in the United States","wgCurRevisionId":1258911689,"wgRevisionId":1258911689,"wgArticleId":57194881,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2017","CS1 errors: missing title","CS1 errors: bare URL","Articles with dead external links from April 2016","Articles with dead external links from June 2021","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description", "Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from August 2023","Articles needing additional references from December 2017","All articles needing additional references","Dynamic lists","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021","United States politics-related lists"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States","wgRelevantArticleId":57194881,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en", "pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q55619463","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="List of party switchers in the United States - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States rootpage-List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=List+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=List+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=List+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=List+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Switches_by_Democrats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switches_by_Democrats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Switches by Democrats </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Switches_by_Democrats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Switches by Democrats subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Switches_by_Democrats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Democratic_to_Republican" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_to_Republican"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Democratic to Republican </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_to_Republican-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1850–1899" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1850–1899"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 1850–1899 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1850–1899-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1900–1949" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900–1949"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 1900–1949 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900–1949-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950–1959" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950–1959"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 1950–1959 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950–1959-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960–1969" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960–1969"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.4 1960–1969 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960–1969-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970–1979" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970–1979"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.5 1970–1979 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970–1979-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980–1989" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980–1989"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.6 1980–1989 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980–1989-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990–1999" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990–1999"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.7 1990–1999 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990–1999-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000–2009" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000–2009"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.8 2000–2009 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000–2009-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010–2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010–2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.9 2010–2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010–2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.10 2020–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_to_other_(third)_party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_to_other_(third)_party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Democratic to other (third) party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_to_other_(third)_party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_to_independent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_to_independent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Democratic to independent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_to_independent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switches_by_Republicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switches_by_Republicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Switches by Republicans </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Switches_by_Republicans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Switches by Republicans subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Switches_by_Republicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republican_to_Democratic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_to_Democratic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Republican to Democratic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_to_Democratic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_1960" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_1960"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Before 1960 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_1960-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960–1969_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960–1969_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 1960–1969 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960–1969_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970–1979_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970–1979_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 1970–1979 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970–1979_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980–1989_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980–1989_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 1980–1989 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980–1989_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990–1999_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990–1999_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 1990–1999 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990–1999_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000–2009_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000–2009_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.6 2000–2009 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000–2009_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010–2019_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010–2019_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.7 2010–2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010–2019_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020–present_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020–present_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.8 2020–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020–present_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_to_other_(third)_party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_to_other_(third)_party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Republican to other (third) party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_to_other_(third)_party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_to_independent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_to_independent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Republican to independent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_to_independent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switches_by_independents_or_other_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switches_by_independents_or_other_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Switches by independents or other parties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Switches_by_independents_or_other_parties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Switches by independents or other parties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Switches_by_independents_or_other_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Independent_or_other_party_to_Democratic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_or_other_party_to_Democratic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Independent or other party to Democratic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_or_other_party_to_Democratic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_or_other_party_to_Republican" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_or_other_party_to_Republican"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Independent or other party to Republican </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_or_other_party_to_Republican-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_party_switches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_party_switches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Multiple party switches </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Multiple_party_switches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Multiple party switches subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Multiple_party_switches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Democratic_to_Republican_to_Democratic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_to_Republican_to_Democratic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Democratic to Republican to Democratic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_to_Republican_to_Democratic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_to_Democratic_to_Republican" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_to_Democratic_to_Republican"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Republican to Democratic to Republican </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_to_Democratic_to_Republican-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Other variations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Within_other_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Within_other_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Within other parties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Within_other_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">List of party switchers in the United States</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" > Add languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q55619463#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&oldid=1258911689" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&id=1258911689&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FList_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FList_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q55619463" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Party_switching_in_the_United_States" title="Party switching in the United States">Party switching in the United States</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/List of party switchers in the United States">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States%22">"List of party switchers in the United States"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (December 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Party politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_party" title="Bloc party">Bloc party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_party" title="Elite party">Elite party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartel_party_theory" title="Cartel party theory">Cartel party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Competitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">Catch-all party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business-firm_party" title="Business-firm party">Entrepreneurial party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_party" title="Ethnic party">Ethnic party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major party</a> / <a href="/wiki/Minor_party" title="Minor party">Minor party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_politics" title="Mass politics">Mass party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_party" title="Ruling party">Ruling party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">Opposition party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">Parliamentary opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_power" title="Party of power">Party of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_party_status" title="Official party status">Official party status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-issue_politics#Single-issue_parties" title="Single-issue politics">Single-issue party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_political_party" title="Transnational political party">Transnational</a> / <a href="/wiki/Political_international" title="Political international">International</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Leaders and organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">Backbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus_chair" title="Caucus chair">Caucus chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbencher" title="Frontbencher">Frontbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_candidate" title="Lead candidate">Lead candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition" title="Leader of the Opposition">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_leader" title="Majority leader">Majority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_leader" title="Minority leader">Minority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">Political faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" title="Parliamentary leader">Parliamentary leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">Party chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Party leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_spokesperson" title="Party spokesperson">Party spokesperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_(title)" title="Secretary (title)">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_cabinet" title="Shadow cabinet">Shadow cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Whip</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Internal elections</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_election" title="Leadership election">Leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_conference" title="Party conference">Party convention/conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_convention" title="Leadership convention">Leadership convention</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_vote" title="Conscience vote">Conscience vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_floor" title="Crossing the floor">Crossing the floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_line_(politics)" title="Party line (politics)">Party line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-line_vote" title="Party-line vote">Party-line vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_switching" title="Party switching">Party switching</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_system" title="Party system">Party systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">Dominant-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">Two-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">Multi-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">Non-partisan</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">Coalitions</a> between parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">Parliamentary group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government" title="Divided government">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalition government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">Confidence and supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">Grand coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">Hung parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">Majority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">Minority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">National unity government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotation_government" title="Rotation government">Rotation government</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_political_parties" title="Lists of political parties">Lists of political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">Ruling parties by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_region" title="List of political parties by region">Political parties by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_political_parties" title="List of banned political parties">Banned political parties</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Party_politics" title="Template:Party politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Party_politics" title="Template talk:Party politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Party_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Party politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">dynamic list</a> and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/List of party switchers in the United States">adding missing items</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>.</div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Switches_by_Democrats">Switches by Democrats</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Switches by Democrats">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_to_Republican">Democratic to Republican</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Democratic to Republican">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1850–1899">1850–1899</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1850–1899">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1855 – <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fenton" title="Reuben Fenton">Reuben Fenton</a>, while U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> (1853–1855 and 1857–1864), later <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> (1865–1868) & U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> (1869–1875).</li> <li>1856 – <a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a>, while <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maine" title="List of United States senators from Maine">U.S. Senator for Maine</a> (1848–1861 and 1869–1881), later <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Maine" title="List of governors of Maine">Governor of Maine</a> (1857) and <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">15th vice president of the United States</a> (1861–1865) during the first term of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li>1856 – <a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a>, while U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (1857–1861 and 1867–1877) and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a> (1861–1862)</li> <li>1856 – <a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Galusha A. Grow</a>, while U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (1851–1863 and 1894–1903), later 28th <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the United States House of Representatives</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li>1856 – <a href="/wiki/Glenni_William_Scofield" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenni William Scofield">Glenni William Scofield</a>, while U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (1863–1875)</li> <li>1860s – <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Ambrose Burnside</a>, erstwhile House candidate, later Union General and Governor and Senator (<a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>)</li> <li>1860s – <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Butler (politician)">Benjamin Franklin Butler</a>, later became U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> (1867–1875 and 1877–1879) and <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> (1883–1884)</li> <li>1860s – <a href="/wiki/James_M._Hinds" title="James M. Hinds">James M. Hinds</a>, later U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> (1868)</li> <li>1864 – <a href="/wiki/Thompson_Campbell" title="Thompson Campbell">Thompson Campbell</a>, former U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> (1851–1853)</li> <li>1865 – <a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a>, while U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, later U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> (1871–1877 and 1879–1886)</li> <li>c. 1865 – <a href="/wiki/Knute_Nelson" title="Knute Nelson">Knute Nelson</a>, later Wisconsin state assemblyman (1868–1869), Minnesota state senator (1874–1878), U.S. representative from Minnesota (1883–1889), Governor of Minnesota (1893–1895), and U.S. Senator from Minnesota (1895–1923)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li> <li>1867 – <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">John Adams Dix</a>, former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a> (1861) & U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> (1845–1849); later elected as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> (1873–1874)</li> <li>1869 – <a href="/wiki/David_P._Lewis" title="David P. Lewis">David P. Lewis</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Alabama">Governor of Alabama</a> (1872–1874)</li> <li>1870 – <a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">James Lawrence Orr</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the United States House of Representatives</a> (1857–1859) and U.S. Representative (1849–1859), later <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Carolina" title="Governor of South Carolina">Governor of South Carolina</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li>1893 – <a href="/wiki/James_A._Walker" title="James A. Walker">James A. Walker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Virginia" title="Lieutenant Governor of Virginia">Lieutenant Governor of Virginia</a> (1878–1882), later U.S. Representative for <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li>1896 – <a href="/wiki/Irving_W._Drew" title="Irving W. Drew">Irving W. Drew</a>, former New Hampshire state senator (1883–1884); later U.S. senator from New Hampshire (1918).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1900–1949">1900–1949</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1900–1949">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1904 – <a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Wurzbach" title="Harry M. Wurzbach">Harry M. Wurzbach</a>, later Congressman from <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 14th congressional district">Texas's 14th congressional district</a> (1921–1929 and 1930–1931).<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li>1911 – <a href="/wiki/Octaviano_Ambrosio_Larrazolo" title="Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo">Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Mexico" title="Governor of New Mexico">Governor of New Mexico</a> (1919–1921) and U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> (1928–1929)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li> <li>1933 – <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Moley" title="Raymond Moley">Raymond Moley</a>, adviser to President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li>1939 – <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a>, later Republican nominee for president in 1940<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li> <li>1940 – <a href="/wiki/Homa_J._Porter" title="Homa J. Porter">Jack Porter</a>, challenger to <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> in the 1948 Texas Senate elections.<a href="#cite_note-Lubbock-7">[7]</a></li> <li>1946 – <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_G._Tenerowicz" title="Rudolph G. Tenerowicz">Rudolph G. Tenerowicz</a>, former U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> (1939–1943)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li> <li>1947 – <a href="/wiki/John_Aspinwall_Roosevelt" title="John Aspinwall Roosevelt">John Aspinwall Roosevelt</a>, Son of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li> <li>1949 – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._McArdle" title="Joseph A. McArdle">Joseph A. McArdle</a>, former U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (1939–1942)<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li> <li>1949 – <a href="/wiki/Rush_D._Holt_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Rush D. Holt Sr.">Rush D. Holt Sr.</a>, former U.S. senator from <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> (1935–1941)<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li> <li>1949 – <a href="/wiki/William_C._Cramer" title="William C. Cramer">William C. Cramer</a>, later U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> (1955–1971)<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1950–1959">1950–1959</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1950–1959">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1951 – <a href="/wiki/John_Tower" title="John Tower">John Tower</a>, later became U.S. Senator from Texas (1961–1985)<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li> <li>1952 – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hyde" title="Henry Hyde">Henry Hyde</a>, later became U.S. Representative from Illinois (1975–2007)<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li> <li>1952 – <a href="/wiki/Alphonzo_E._Bell_Jr." title="Alphonzo E. Bell Jr.">Alphonzo E. Bell Jr.</a>, later U.S. Representative from California</li> <li>1948 – <a href="/wiki/J._Thomas_Watson" title="J. Thomas Watson">J. Thomas Watson</a>, previously Florida attorney general.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li> <li>1955 – <a href="/wiki/Ben_Adamowski" title="Ben Adamowski">Ben Adamowski</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Cook_County_State%27s_Attorney" title="Cook County State's Attorney">Cook County State's Attorney</a> (1956–1960)<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li> <li>1956 – <a href="/wiki/Johnston_Murray" title="Johnston Murray">Johnston Murray</a>, previously Governor of Oklahoma (1951–1955)</li> <li>1958 – <a href="/wiki/Odell_Pollard" title="Odell Pollard">Odell Pollard</a>, Arkansas politician</li> <li>1958 – <a href="/wiki/Phil_Ferguson" title="Phil Ferguson">Phil Ferguson</a>, previously Congressman from <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Oklahoma's 8th congressional district">Oklahoma's 8th congressional district</a> (1935–1941), Republican nominee for Governor of Oklahoma <a href="/wiki/1958_Oklahoma_gubernatorial_election" title="1958 Oklahoma gubernatorial election">in 1958</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1960–1969">1960–1969</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1960–1969">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1960 – <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ravenel_Jr." title="Arthur Ravenel Jr.">Arthur Ravenel Jr.</a>, South Carolina state representative, later U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> (1987–1995)</li> <li>1960 – <a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Kirk_Jr." title="Claude R. Kirk Jr.">Claude R. Kirk Jr.</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Florida">Governor of Florida</a> (1967–1971)<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li> <li>1960 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Daniel" title="Robert Daniel">Robert Daniel</a>, later U.S. Representative from Virginia (1973–1983)</li> <li>1960 – <a href="/wiki/Marion_Hartzog_Smoak" title="Marion Hartzog Smoak">Marion Hartzog Smoak</a>, future South Carolina state representative</li> <li>1961 – <a href="/wiki/Jack_Cox_(Texas_politician)" title="Jack Cox (Texas politician)">Jack Cox</a>, former Texas state representative (1947–1953)</li> <li>1962 – <a href="/wiki/Dave_Treen" title="Dave Treen">Dave Treen</a>, later U.S. Representative from Louisiana (1973–1980) and <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Louisiana" title="Governor of Louisiana">Governor of Louisiana</a> (1980–1984)</li> <li>1962 – <a href="/wiki/James_D._Martin" title="James D. Martin">James D. Martin</a>, later U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> (1965–1967)</li> <li>1962 – <a href="/wiki/Jim_Gardner_(politician)" title="Jim Gardner (politician)">Jim Gardner</a>, later U.S. Representative (1967–1969) and Lieutenant Governor (1989–1993) of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li>1962 – <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, while an actor and former <a href="/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild" title="Screen Actors Guild">Screen Actors Guild</a> president.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Later 33rd <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a> (1967–1975) and 40th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li>1962 – <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Spence" title="Floyd Spence">Floyd Spence</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_House_of_Representatives" title="South Carolina House of Representatives">South Carolina State Representative</a>, later a U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> (1971–2001)</li> <li>1962 – <a href="/wiki/W._Don_MacGillivray" title="W. Don MacGillivray">W. Don MacGillivray</a>, future California state representative</li> <li>1962 – <a href="/wiki/David_L._McCain" title="David L. McCain">David L. McCain</a>, Florida Supreme Court Judge and attempted Florida State rep</li> <li>1963 – <a href="/wiki/Rubel_Phillips" title="Rubel Phillips">Rubel Phillips</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Public_Service_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi Public Service Commissioner">Mississippi Public Service Commissioner</a></li> <li>1963 – <a href="/wiki/FitzGerald_Bemiss" title="FitzGerald Bemiss">FitzGerald Bemiss</a>, State Senator from Virginia</li> <li>1963 – <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Morse" title="Stanford Morse">Stanford Morse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_Senate" title="Mississippi State Senate">Mississippi State Senator</a></li> <li>1963 – <a href="/wiki/James_Boyce_(Louisiana_politician)" title="James Boyce (Louisiana politician)">James H. Boyce</a></li> <li>1963 – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lunn_Young" title="Edward Lunn Young">Edward Lunn Young</a>, U.S. Representative from South Carolina</li> <li>1963 – <a href="/wiki/Burnet_R._Maybank_Jr." title="Burnet R. Maybank Jr.">Burnet R. Maybank Jr.</a>, former lieutenant governor of South Carolina</li> <li>1963 – <a href="/wiki/M._Patton_Echols" title="M. Patton Echols">M. Patton Echols</a>, Virginia state senator</li> <li>1964 – <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Hammerschmidt" title="John Paul Hammerschmidt">John Paul Hammerschmidt</a>, future US Representative from Arkansas and GOP chair</li> <li>1964 – <a href="/wiki/William_Louis_Dickinson" class="mw-redirect" title="William Louis Dickinson">William Dickinson</a>, U.S. Representative from Alabama</li> <li>1964 – <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Glenn_Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Glenn Andrews">Arthur Glenn Andrews</a>, U.S. Representative from Alabama</li> <li>1964 – <a href="/wiki/Clarke_Reed" title="Clarke Reed">Clarke Reed</a></li> <li>1964 – <a href="/wiki/Faith_Whittlesey" title="Faith Whittlesey">Faith Whittlesey</a>, United States Ambassador to Switzerland</li> <li>1964 – <a href="/wiki/Howard_Callaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Callaway">Howard Callaway</a>, later U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> (1965–1967) and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">United States Secretary of the Army</a> (1973–1975)<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li> <li>1964 – <a href="/wiki/Iris_Faircloth_Blitch" title="Iris Faircloth Blitch">Iris Faircloth Blitch</a>, former Georgia U.S. Representative (1955–1963)</li> <li>1964 – <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Pickering" title="Charles W. Pickering">Charles W. Pickering</a>, later Mississippi state senator and judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Mississippi" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi">United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi</a> (2004)</li> <li>1964 – <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a>, while U.S. senator from <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> (1954–2003).<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li> <li>1965 – <a href="/wiki/George_Yarbrough" title="George Yarbrough">George Yarbrough</a>, Mississippi state senator</li> <li>1965 – <a href="/wiki/Arthur_R._Outlaw" title="Arthur R. Outlaw">Arthur R. Outlaw</a> Mayor of Mobile Alabama</li> <li>1966 – <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Hughes" title="Jerry Hughes">Jerry Hughes</a>, South Carolina state representative</li> <li>1966 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Connors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Connors (page does not exist)">Fred Connors</a>, South Carolina state representative</li> <li>1966 – <a href="/wiki/Leon_Bramlett" title="Leon Bramlett">Leon Bramlett</a>, Mississippi Attempted Gov and chair of the Mississippi Democratic Party</li> <li>1966 – <a href="/wiki/Reid_Moore_Jr." title="Reid Moore Jr.">Reid Moore Jr.</a>, attempted state senator from Florida</li> <li>1966 – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Grover" title="Henry Grover">Henry Grover</a>, Texas state representative</li> <li>1967 – <a href="/wiki/David_L._Brower" title="David L. Brower">David L. Brower</a>, Florida state representative</li> <li>1967 – <a href="/wiki/Jerry_H._Geisler" title="Jerry H. Geisler">Jerry H. Geisler</a>, Virginia state representative</li> <li>1967 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_B._Ray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack B. Ray (page does not exist)">Jack B. Ray</a>, Georgia State Treasurer</li> <li>1967 – <a href="/wiki/Thad_Cochran" title="Thad Cochran">Thad Cochran</a>, future US Representative and Senator from Mississippi</li> <li>1967 – <a href="/wiki/Bill_Archer" title="Bill Archer">Bill Archer</a>, Texas Health Commissioner, later Congressman (1971–2001)</li> <li>1967 – <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Thompson_(politician)" title="Ronnie Thompson (politician)">Ronnie Thompson</a>, Mayor of Macon, Georgia</li> <li>1968 – <a href="/wiki/Gordon_McLendon" title="Gordon McLendon">Gordon McLendon</a>, candidate for Texas State Senate</li> <li>1968 – <a href="/wiki/Jim_Caldwell_(Arkansas_politician)" title="Jim Caldwell (Arkansas politician)">Jim Caldwell</a>, Arkansas state representative</li> <li>1968 – <a href="/wiki/Sanford_Charron" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanford Charron">Sanford Charron</a>, former Rep. from Michigan</li> <li>1968 – <a href="/wiki/Phil_Campbell_(agricultural_commissioner)" title="Phil Campbell (agricultural commissioner)">Phil Campbell</a>, Georgia Commissioner of Agriculture</li> <li>1968 – <a href="/wiki/R._Earl_Dixon" title="R. Earl Dixon">R. Earl Dixon</a>, Florida state representative</li> <li>1968 – <a href="/wiki/Curtis_S._Person_Jr." title="Curtis S. Person Jr.">Curtis S. Person Jr.</a>, Tennessee state representative</li> <li>1968 – <a href="/wiki/William_E._Dannemeyer" class="mw-redirect" title="William E. Dannemeyer">William E. Dannemeyer</a>, former California state representative and Future Congressmen from California</li> <li>1968 – <a href="/wiki/Grailey_Berryhill" title="Grailey Berryhill">Grailey Berryhill</a>, Tennessee state representatives</li> <li>1969 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_O._Farley_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy O. Farley Jr. (page does not exist)">Guy O. Farley Jr.</a>, Virginia state representative<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li> <li>1969 – <a href="/wiki/Raymond_R._Guest_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond R. Guest Jr.">Raymond R. Guest Jr.</a>, Virginia state representative</li> <li>1969 – <a href="/wiki/Donald_Hazelton" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Hazelton">Donald Hazelton</a>, future Florida state representative</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1970–1979">1970–1979</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1970–1979">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1970 – <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Jesse Helms</a>, later U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> (1973–2003)</li> <li>1970 – <a href="/wiki/A._C._Clemons" title="A. C. Clemons">A. C. Clemons</a>, Louisiana state senator (1960–1972)</li> <li>1970 – <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Cockrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterling Cockrill">Sterling Cockrill</a>, Arkansas State Rep.</li> <li>1970 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Robert_Cooper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Robert Cooper (page does not exist)">J. Robert Cooper</a>, Georgia State Rep.</li> <li>1970 – <a href="/wiki/William_Oswald_Mills" title="William Oswald Mills">William Oswald Mills</a>, later U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> (1971–1973)</li> <li>1970 – <a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">Bob Barr</a>, later U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li>1970 – <a href="/wiki/John_Chichester_(American_politician)" title="John Chichester (American politician)">John Chichester</a>, Virginia state senator</li> <li>1971 – <a href="/wiki/Tillie_K._Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillie K. Fowler">Tillie K. Fowler</a>, later U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li>1971 – <a href="/wiki/James_Nowlin" class="mw-redirect" title="James Nowlin">James Nowlin</a>, Texas state representative</li> <li>1972 – <a href="/wiki/Graham_Purcell_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Graham Purcell Jr.">Graham Purcell Jr.</a>, former U.S. Representative from Texas (1962–1973)</li> <li>1972 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Neall" title="Robert R. Neall">Robert R. Neall</a>, later Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Department_of_Health" title="Maryland Department of Health">Maryland Department of Health</a> (2018–present)</li> <li>1972 – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Hartnett" title="Thomas F. Hartnett">Thomas F. Hartnett</a>, former U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> (1981–1987)</li> <li>1972 – <a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Trent Lott</a>, later U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> (1973–1989) and U.S. Senator from Mississippi (1989–2007)<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li> <li>1973 – <a href="/wiki/Mills_E._Godwin_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Mills E. Godwin Jr.">Mills E. Godwin Jr.</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">governor of Virginia</a> (1966–1970) and <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Virginia" title="Lieutenant Governor of Virginia">lieutenant Governor of Virginia</a> (1962–1966). Later <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a> (1974–1978)</li> <li>1973 – <a href="/wiki/Asa_Hutchinson" title="Asa Hutchinson">Asa Hutchinson</a>, future governor of Arkansas</li> <li>1973 – <a href="/wiki/Samuel_I._Hayakawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel I. Hayakawa">Samuel I. Hayakawa</a>, later <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> (1977–1983)<a href="#cite_note-OAC-23">[23]</a></li> <li>1973 – <a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a>, former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a> (1971–1972) and former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">governor of Texas</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li>1975 – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Dole</a>, later <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">United States Secretary of Transportation</a> (1983–1987), <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">United States Secretary of Labor</a> (1989–1990) and U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> (2003–2009)</li> <li>1975 – <a href="/wiki/John_Jarman" title="John Jarman">John Jarman</a>, while U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> (1951–1977)<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li> <li>1976 – <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Winsley" title="Shirley Winsley">Shirley Winsley</a>, Washington state representative</li> <li>1977 – <a href="/wiki/A._J._McNamara" title="A. J. McNamara">A. J. McNamara</a>, Louisiana state representative</li> <li>1977 – <a href="/wiki/Lane_Carson" title="Lane Carson">Lane Carson</a>, Louisiana state representative</li> <li>1978 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Jones" title="Robert G. Jones">Robert G. Jones</a>, Louisiana state senator</li> <li>1978 – <a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann" title="Michele Bachmann">Michele Bachmann</a>, future U.S. Representative from Minnesota</li> <li>1978 – <a href="/wiki/Chris_Smith_(New_Jersey_politician)" title="Chris Smith (New Jersey politician)">Chris Smith</a>, later U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> (1981–present).<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li> <li>1978 – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bliley" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Bliley">Thomas Bliley</a>, Mayor of Richmond, Virginia, and later U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> (1981–2001)</li> <li>1979 – <a href="/wiki/Armistead_I._Selden_Jr." title="Armistead I. Selden Jr.">Armistead I. Selden Jr.</a>, former U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> (1953–1969) and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to New Zealand">United States Ambassador to New Zealand</a> (1974–1979)</li> <li>1979 – <a href="/wiki/Clay_Ford" title="Clay Ford">Clay Ford</a>, former Arkansas state representative (1975–1976) and later a Florida state representative (2007–2013)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1980–1989">1980–1989</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1980–1989">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1980s – <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a>, U.S Representative for <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>. Later <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Indiana" title="Governor of Indiana">Governor of Indiana</a> (2013–2017) and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (2017–2021)<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li>1980 – <a href="/wiki/Sam_Yorty" title="Sam Yorty">Sam Yorty</a>, former U.S. Representative for <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> (1951–1955) and <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Los_Angeles" title="Mayor of Los Angeles">Mayor of Los Angeles</a> (1961–1973)</li> <li>1980 – <a href="/wiki/Mac_Collins" title="Mac Collins">Mac Collins</a>, later U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> (1993–2005)</li> <li>1980 – <a href="/wiki/Jim_Donelon" title="Jim Donelon">Jim Donelon</a>, later Louisiana <a href="/wiki/Insurance_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurance Commissioner">Insurance Commissioner</a> (2006–present)</li> <li>1980 – <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Monroe_Knowles" title="Jesse Monroe Knowles">Jesse Monroe Knowles</a>, Louisiana state senator</li> <li>1980 – <a href="/wiki/Frank_D._White" title="Frank D. White">Frank D. White</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Arkansas">Governor of Arkansas</a> (1981–1983)<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> <li>1980 – <a href="/wiki/John_Otho_Marsh_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Otho Marsh Jr.">John Otho Marsh Jr.</a>, former US House of Representative from Virginia 7th District (1963–1971), Secretary of the Army (1981–1989)</li> <li>1981 – <a href="/wiki/Bob_Stump" title="Bob Stump">Bob Stump</a>, while U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> (1977–2003)</li> <li>1981 – <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Atkinson" title="Eugene Atkinson">Eugene Atkinson</a>, while U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (1979–1983)<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li>1981 – <a href="/wiki/Larry_Kudlow" title="Larry Kudlow">Larry Kudlow</a>, later Director of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Economic_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Economic Council">National Economic Council</a> (2018–2021)</li> <li>1981 – <a href="/wiki/Pete_von_Reichbauer" title="Pete von Reichbauer">Pete von Reichbauer</a>, Washington state senator<a href="#cite_note-:1-29">[29]</a></li> <li>1982 – <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a>, later <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Advisor" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Security Advisor">United States National Security Advisor</a> (2001–2005) and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> (2005–2009)<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li>1982 – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Wyatt_Jr." title="Joseph P. Wyatt Jr.">Joseph P. Wyatt Jr.</a>, former U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> (1979–1981)</li> <li>1982 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin_Sutton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franklin Sutton (page does not exist)">Franklin Sutton</a>, Georgia state senator</li> <li>1983 – <a href="/wiki/Phil_Gramm" title="Phil Gramm">Phil Gramm</a>, while U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> (1979–1985) and later U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> (1985–2002)</li> <li>1983 – <a href="/wiki/Bob_Martinez" title="Bob Martinez">Bob Martinez</a>, while <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Tampa,_Florida" title="List of mayors of Tampa, Florida">Mayor of Tampa</a>. Later <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Florida">Governor of Florida</a> (1987–1991) and <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_National_Drug_Control_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of the National Drug Control Policy">Director of the National Drug Control Policy</a> (1991–1993)</li> <li>1983 – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Pangelinan" title="Edward Pangelinan">Edward D.L.G. Pangelinan</a>, while <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States congressional delegations from the Northern Mariana Islands">Resident Representative</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> (1978–1984)<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li>1984 – <a href="/wiki/V.J._Bella" class="mw-redirect" title="V.J. Bella">V.J. Bella</a>, Louisiana state representative</li> <li>1984 – <a href="/wiki/Andy_Ireland" title="Andy Ireland">Andy Ireland</a>, while U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> (1977–1993)</li> <li>1984 – <a href="/wiki/H._Edward_Knox" title="H. Edward Knox">H. Edward Knox</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Charlotte,_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Charlotte, North Carolina">Mayor of the City of Charlotte</a></li> <li>1984 – <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Callahan" title="Sonny Callahan">Sonny Callahan</a>, Alabama state senator. Later U.S Representative from Alabama (1985–2003)</li> <li>1985 – <a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Jeane Kirkpatrick</a>, while <a href="/wiki/U.S._Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations">U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations</a> (1981–1985)<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li> <li>1985 – <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._King" title="Edward J. King">Edward J. King</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">governor of Massachusetts</a> (1979–1983)<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li>1985 – <a href="/wiki/Dexter_Lehtinen" title="Dexter Lehtinen">Dexter Lehtinen</a>, Florida state representative. Later <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_Southern_District_of_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Attorney for the Southern District of Florida">U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Florida</a> (1988–1992)</li> <li>1985 – <a href="/wiki/Kent_Hance" title="Kent Hance">Kent Hance</a>, former U.S. Representative from Texas (1979–1985)</li> <li>1985 – <a href="/wiki/Carole_Keeton_Strayhorn" title="Carole Keeton Strayhorn">Carole Keeton Strayhorn</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Texas_Comptroller_of_Public_Accounts" title="Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts">Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li>1986 – <a href="/wiki/William_Bennett" title="William Bennett">William Bennett</a>, while <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of Education">U.S. Secretary of Education</a> (1985–1988)<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li>1986 – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Baker_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Baker (U.S. politician)">Richard Baker</a>, Louisiana state representative. Later U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> (1987–2008)</li> <li>1986 – <a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Canady" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles T. Canady">Charles T. Canady</a>, Florida state representative. Later U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> (1993–2001), Justice of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Florida" title="Supreme Court of Florida">Supreme Court of Florida</a> (2008–present) and Chief Justice of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Florida" title="Supreme Court of Florida">Supreme Court of Florida</a> (2010–2012)</li> <li>1986 – <a href="/wiki/Frank_Rizzo" title="Frank Rizzo">Frank Rizzo</a>, former <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Philadelphia">mayor of Philadelphia</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> <li>1986 – <a href="/wiki/James_David_Santini" title="James David Santini">James David Santini</a>, former U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> (1975–1983)</li> <li>1987 – <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hardy_(politician)" title="Paul Hardy (politician)">Paul Hardy</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of state of Louisiana">secretary of state of Louisiana</a> (1976–1980), later <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Louisiana" title="Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana">Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana</a> (1988–1992)<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li>1987 – <a href="/wiki/Roy_Moore" title="Roy Moore">Roy Moore</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice">Chief Justice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama Supreme Court">Alabama Supreme Court</a> (2001–2003)</li> <li>1987 – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Vrdolyak" title="Edward Vrdolyak">Edward Vrdolyak</a> (born 1937), while member of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_City_Council" title="Chicago City Council">Chicago City Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li>1987 – <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Panayotovich" title="Samuel Panayotovich">Sam Panayotovich</a>, while Illinois state representative and political ally of Vrdolyak.<a href="#cite_note-Froehlich-38">[38]</a></li> <li>1987 – <a href="/wiki/James_C._Smith_(politician)" title="James C. Smith (politician)">James C. Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of Florida">Attorney General of Florida</a> (1979–1987), later <a href="/wiki/Florida_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Secretary of State">Florida Secretary of State</a> (1987–1995)</li> <li>1988 – <a href="/wiki/Jim_McCrery" title="Jim McCrery">Jim McCrery</a>, later U.S. Representative from Louisiana (1988–2009)</li> <li>1988 – <a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a>, Louisiana state representative</li> <li>1988 – <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johanns" title="Mike Johanns">Mike Johanns</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Nebraska">Governor of Nebraska</a> (1999–2005), <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">United States Secretary of Agriculture</a> (2005–2007) and U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> (2009–2015)</li> <li>1988 – John Rice, <a href="/wiki/Alabama_State_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama State Senate">Alabama State Senator</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li> <li>1989 – <a href="/wiki/John_Amari" title="John Amari">John Amari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama_State_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama State Senate">Alabama State Senator</a></li> <li>1989 – <a href="/wiki/Pete_Johnson_(Mississippi_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pete Johnson (Mississippi politician)">Pete Johnson</a>, while <a href="/wiki/State_Auditor_of_Mississippi" title="State Auditor of Mississippi">State Auditor of Mississippi</a> (1988–1992)</li> <li>1989 – <a href="/wiki/James_W._Grant" title="James W. Grant">Bill Grant</a>, while U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> (1987–1991)</li> <li>1989 – <a href="/wiki/Tommy_F._Robinson" title="Tommy F. Robinson">Tommy F. Robinson</a>, while U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> (1985–1991)</li> <li>1989 – <a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a>, Agriculture Commissioner of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. Later <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a> (2000–2015)<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li> <li>1989 – <a href="/wiki/W._Fox_McKeithen" title="W. Fox McKeithen">W. Fox McKeithen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Louisiana" title="Secretary of State of Louisiana">Secretary of State of Louisiana</a> (1988–2005)</li> <li>1989 – <a href="/wiki/Harvey_S._Peeler_Jr." title="Harvey S. Peeler Jr.">Harvey S. Peeler Jr.</a>, South Carolina state senator<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990–1999">1990–1999</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1990–1999">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1990 – <a href="/wiki/Jason_Chaffetz" title="Jason Chaffetz">Jason Chaffetz</a>, later U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> (2009–2017)<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> <li>1990 – <a href="/wiki/Tom_Vandergriff" title="Tom Vandergriff">Tom Vandergriff</a>, former U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> (1983–1985). Later elected as a County Judge (1991–2007)</li> <li>1990 – <a href="/wiki/Vito_Fossella" title="Vito Fossella">Vito Fossella</a>, later U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> (1997–2009)</li> <li>1990 – <a href="/wiki/Lauch_Faircloth" title="Lauch Faircloth">Lauch Faircloth</a>, later U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> (1993–1999)<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li> <li>1991 – <a href="/wiki/Bret_Schundler" title="Bret Schundler">Bret Schundler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Jersey_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Jersey City">Mayor of Jersey City</a></li> <li>1991 – <a href="/wiki/David_Beasley" title="David Beasley">David Beasley</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Carolina" title="Governor of South Carolina">Governor of South Carolina</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li>1991 – <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer" title="Buddy Roemer">Buddy Roemer</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Louisiana" title="Governor of Louisiana">Governor of Louisiana</a> (1988–1992)<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li>1992 – <a href="/wiki/Byron_Looper" title="Byron Looper">Byron Looper</a>, Tennessee state representative</li> <li>1993 – <a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Krebs_(Pennsylvania_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward H. Krebs (Pennsylvania politician)">Edward H. Krebs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives" title="Pennsylvania House of Representatives">Pennsylvania State Representative</a></li> <li>1993 – <a href="/wiki/J._Roland_Smith" title="J. Roland Smith">J. Roland Smith</a>, South Carolina state representative<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></li> <li>1993 – <a href="/wiki/Pedro_G._Nieto" title="Pedro G. Nieto">Pedro G. Nieto</a>, Texas state representative<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li> <li>1994 – <a href="/wiki/Eli_Bebout" title="Eli Bebout">Eli Bebout</a>, Wyoming state representative</li> <li>1994 – <a href="/wiki/Woody_Jenkins" title="Woody Jenkins">Woody Jenkins</a>, Louisiana state representative</li> <li>1994 – <a href="/wiki/Ed_Austin" title="Ed Austin">Ed Austin</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Jacksonville" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Jacksonville">Mayor of Jacksonville</a></li> <li>1994 – <a href="/wiki/Walter_B._Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter B. Jones">Walter B. Jones</a>, while running as a Democrat for U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>. U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> (1995–2019)</li> <li>1994 – <a href="/wiki/Ed_Whitfield" title="Ed Whitfield">Ed Whitfield</a>, the day before filing as a candidate for the U.S. House in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>. U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> (1995–2016)</li> <li>1994 – <a href="/wiki/Mike_Bowers" title="Mike Bowers">Mike Bowers</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Georgia" title="Attorney General of Georgia">Attorney General of Georgia</a> (1981–1997)</li> <li>1994 – <a href="/wiki/Fob_James" title="Fob James">Fob James</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Alabama">governor of Alabama</a> (1979–1983). Later <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Alabama">Governor of Alabama</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li>1994 – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Shelby" title="Richard Shelby">Richard Shelby</a>, while U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> (1987–2023)</li> <li>1994 – <a href="/wiki/Bill_Finkbeiner" title="Bill Finkbeiner">Bill Finkbeiner</a>, Washington state representative; later Washington Senate Republican Leader<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li> <li>1995 – <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Hayes" title="Jimmy Hayes">Jimmy Hayes</a>, while U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> (1987–1997)</li> <li>1995 – <a href="/wiki/Greg_Laughlin" title="Greg Laughlin">Greg Laughlin</a>, while U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> (1989–1997)</li> <li>1995 – <a href="/wiki/Ben_Nighthorse_Campbell" title="Ben Nighthorse Campbell">Ben Nighthorse Campbell</a>, while U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> (1993–2005)</li> <li>1995 – <a href="/wiki/Billy_Tauzin" title="Billy Tauzin">Billy Tauzin</a>, while U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> (1980–2005)<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li> <li>1995 – <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Deal" title="Nathan Deal">Nathan Deal</a>, while U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> (1993–2011). Later became the 82nd <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Georgia" title="Governor of Georgia">Governor of Georgia</a> (2011–2019)</li> <li>1995 – <a href="/wiki/Michael_Parker_(politician)" title="Michael Parker (politician)">Mike Parker</a>, while U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> (1989–1999)<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li> <li>1995 – <a href="/wiki/Susana_Martinez" title="Susana Martinez">Susana Martinez</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Mexico" title="Governor of New Mexico">Governor of New Mexico</a> (2011–2019)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>1995 – <a href="/wiki/Murphy_J._Foster_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Murphy J. Foster Jr.">Mike Foster</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Louisiana" title="Governor of Louisiana">Governor of Louisiana</a> (1996–2004)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>1995 – <a href="/wiki/Rusty_Crowe" title="Rusty Crowe">Rusty Crowe</a>, Tennessee state senator[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>1995 – <a href="/wiki/Milton_H._Hamilton,_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton H. Hamilton, Jr">Milton H. Hamilton, Jr</a>, Tennessee state senator[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>1995 – <a href="/wiki/Warren_Chisum" title="Warren Chisum">Warren Chisum</a>, Texas state representative</li> <li>1995 – <a href="/wiki/Molly_Spearman" title="Molly Spearman">Molly Spearman</a>, South Carolina state representative; later <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Superintendent_of_Education" title="South Carolina Superintendent of Education">South Carolina Superintendent of Education</a> (2015–2023)<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li> <li>1995 – <a href="/wiki/Tom_Campbell_(Washington_politician)" title="Tom Campbell (Washington politician)">Tom Campbell</a>, Washington state representative<a href="#cite_note-:1-29">[29]</a></li> <li>1995 – Dave Mastin, Washington state representative<a href="#cite_note-:1-29">[29]</a></li> <li>1996 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronnie_Culbreth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronnie Culbreth (page does not exist)">Ronnie Culbreth</a>, Georgia state representative<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li> <li>1996 – <a href="/wiki/Norm_Coleman" title="Norm Coleman">Norm Coleman</a>, while <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="List of mayors of Saint Paul, Minnesota">Mayor of St Paul</a>. Later U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> (2003–2009)<a href="#cite_note-Minnesota_Party_Jumpers-52">[52]</a></li> <li>1996 – <a href="/wiki/John_Hoeven" title="John Hoeven">John Hoeven</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_North_Dakota" title="Governor of North Dakota">Governor of North Dakota</a> (2000–2010), later U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> (2011–present)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>1996 – <a href="/wiki/Cleta_Mitchell" title="Cleta Mitchell">Cleta Mitchell</a>, previously a member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives (1976–1984)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>1996 – <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Leatherman" title="Hugh Leatherman">Hugh Leatherman</a>, South Carolina state senator<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li> <li>1996 – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Alexander" title="Thomas C. Alexander">Thomas C. Alexander</a>, South Carolina state senator</li> <li>1996 – <a href="/wiki/Paul_Zellinsky" title="Paul Zellinsky">Paul Zellinsky</a>, Washington state representative<a href="#cite_note-aa-54">[54]</a></li> <li>1997 – <a href="/wiki/Steve_Windom" title="Steve Windom">Steve Windom</a>, Alabama state senator, later <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Alabama" title="Lieutenant Governor of Alabama">Lieutenant Governor of Alabama</a> (1999–2003)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>1997 – <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Mannix" title="Kevin Mannix">Kevin Mannix</a>, Oregon state representative[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>1997 – <a href="/wiki/Chip_Bailey" title="Chip Bailey">Chip Bailey</a>, Alabama state senator[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>1997 – <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Johnson_(Alabama_politician)" title="Ronald Johnson (Alabama politician)">Ronald Johnson</a>, Alabama state representative[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>1998 – <a href="/wiki/Harry_C._Goode_Jr." title="Harry C. Goode Jr.">Harry C. Goode Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives" title="Florida House of Representatives">Florida State Representative</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>1998 – <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_Jr." title="George Wallace Jr.">George Wallace Jr.</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Alabama_State_Treasurer" title="Alabama State Treasurer">Alabama State Treasurer</a> (1987–1995)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>1998 – <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Allen_(politician)" title="Gerald Allen (politician)">Gerald Allen</a>, Alabama state representative[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>1998 – <a href="/wiki/Steve_Flowers" title="Steve Flowers">Steve Flowers</a>, Alabama state representative[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>1998 – <a href="/wiki/Herman_Badillo" title="Herman Badillo">Herman Badillo</a>, former U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> (1971–1977)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>1998 – <a href="/wiki/David_G._Boschert" title="David G. Boschert">David G. Boschert</a>, Maryland State Delegate[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>1998 – <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Perdue" title="Sonny Perdue">Sonny Perdue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> State Senator. Later became the 81st <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Georgia" title="Governor of Georgia">Governor of Georgia</a> (2003–2011) and the 31st <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">United States Secretary of Agriculture</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li>1999 – <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Larraine_Hoffmann" title="Nancy Larraine Hoffmann">Nancy Larraine Hoffmann</a>, New York state senator[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000–2009">2000–2009</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2000–2009">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>2001 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaine_Galliher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blaine Galliher (page does not exist)">Blaine Galliher</a>, Alabama state representative<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li> <li>2001 – <a href="/wiki/Clinton_LeSueur" title="Clinton LeSueur">Clinton LeSueur</a>, journalist and political aide.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li> <li>2001 – <a href="/wiki/Greg_Delleney" title="Greg Delleney">Greg Delleney</a>, South Carolina state representative<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li> <li>2002 – <a href="/wiki/Amy_Tuck" title="Amy Tuck">Amy Tuck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Mississippi" title="Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi">Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li> <li>2002 – <a href="/wiki/Olga_A._M%C3%A9ndez" title="Olga A. Méndez">Olga A. Méndez</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Senator">New York State Senator</a></li> <li>2002 – <a href="/wiki/Don_Cheeks" title="Don Cheeks">Don Cheeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia State Senator">Georgia State Senator</a></li> <li>2002 – Dan Lee, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia State Senator">Georgia State Senator</a></li> <li>2002 – <a href="/wiki/Rooney_Bowen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooney Bowen">Rooney Bowen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia State Senator">Georgia State Senator</a></li> <li>2002 – <a href="/wiki/Jack_Hill_(politician)" title="Jack Hill (politician)">Jack Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia State Senator">Georgia State Senator</a></li> <li>2002 – <a href="/wiki/Terry_C._Burton" title="Terry C. Burton">Terry C. Burton</a>, Mississippi state senator<a href="#cite_note-Burton_and_Carmichael-60">[60]</a></li> <li>2002 – <a href="/wiki/Videt_Carmichael" title="Videt Carmichael">Videt Carmichael</a>, Mississippi state senator<a href="#cite_note-Burton_and_Carmichael-60">[60]</a></li> <li>2002 – <a href="/wiki/Kay_Ivey" title="Kay Ivey">Kay Ivey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama_State_Treasurer" title="Alabama State Treasurer">Alabama State Treasurer</a> (2003–2011), <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Alabama" title="Lieutenant Governor of Alabama">Lieutenant Governor of Alabama</a> (2011–2017), <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Alabama">Governor of Alabama</a> (2017–present)</li> <li>2002 – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Robach" title="Joseph Robach">Joseph Robach</a>, New York State Assemblymember. Later New York state senator.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li> <li>2003 – <a href="/wiki/Travis_Little" title="Travis Little">Travis Little</a>, Mississippi state senator</li> <li>2003 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_Baker_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larry Baker (politician) (page does not exist)">Larry Baker</a>, Mississippi state representative<a href="#cite_note-Tate_Record_2003-62">[62]</a></li> <li>2003 – <a href="/wiki/Jim_Barnett_(Mississippi_politician)" title="Jim Barnett (Mississippi politician)">Jim Barnett</a>, Mississippi state representative<a href="#cite_note-Tate_Record_2003-62">[62]</a></li> <li>2003 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herb_Frierson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herb Frierson (page does not exist)">Herb Frierson</a>, Mississippi state representative<a href="#cite_note-Tate_Record_2003-62">[62]</a></li> <li>2003 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Hamilton_(Mississippi_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Hamilton (Mississippi politician) (page does not exist)">Frank Hamilton</a>, Mississippi state representative<a href="#cite_note-Tate_Record_2003-62">[62]</a></li> <li>2003 – <a href="/wiki/John_Read_(Mississippi_politician)" title="John Read (Mississippi politician)">John Read</a>, Mississippi state representative<a href="#cite_note-Tate_Record_2003-62">[62]</a></li> <li>2003 – <a href="/wiki/Melinda_Schwegmann" title="Melinda Schwegmann">Melinda Schwegmann</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Louisiana">lieutenant governor of Louisiana</a> (1992–1996)</li> <li>2003 – <a href="/wiki/Rick_Sheehy" title="Rick Sheehy">Rick Sheehy</a>, Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Hastings,_Nebraska" title="Hastings, Nebraska">Hastings, Nebraska</a></li> <li>2003 – <a href="/wiki/William_H._O%27Dell" title="William H. O'Dell">William H. O'Dell</a>, South Carolina state senator<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li> <li>2004 – <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Hall" title="Ralph Hall">Ralph Hall</a>, while U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> (1981–2015)<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li> <li>2004 – <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Alexander" title="Rodney Alexander">Rodney Alexander</a>, while U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> (2004–2013)<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li> <li>2004 – <a href="/wiki/Steve_Beren" title="Steve Beren">Steve Beren</a></li> <li>2004 – <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Doxey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Doxey">Ralph Doxey</a>, Mississippi state senator</li> <li>2004 – <a href="/wiki/Luke_A._Rankin" title="Luke A. Rankin">Luke A. Rankin</a>, South Carolina state senator<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li> <li>2005 – <a href="/wiki/Michael_Diven" title="Michael Diven">Michael Diven</a>, Pennsylvania state representative</li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Don_McLeary" title="Don McLeary">Don McLeary</a>, Tennessee state senator</li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/John_Giannetti" class="mw-redirect" title="John Giannetti">John Giannetti</a>, Maryland state senator</li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Channell" title="Mickey Channell">Mickey Channell</a>, Georgia state representative<a href="#cite_note-:0-68">[68]</a></li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Will_Kendrick" title="Will Kendrick">Will Kendrick</a>, Florida state representative</li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Billy_Montgomery" title="Billy Montgomery">Billy Montgomery</a>, Louisiana state representative</li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Holley" title="Jimmy Holley">Jimmy Holley</a>, Alabama state senator<a href="#cite_note-archive.montgomeryadvertiser.com-69">[69]</a></li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Butch_Parrish" title="Butch Parrish">Butch Parrish</a>, Georgia state representative<a href="#cite_note-:0-68">[68]</a></li> <li>2007 – <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Gollott" title="Tommy Gollott">Tommy Gollott</a>, Mississippi state senator</li> <li>2007 – <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Pettengill" title="Dawn Pettengill">Dawn Pettengill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa_House_of_Representatives" title="Iowa House of Representatives">Iowa State Representative</a></li> <li>2007 – <a href="/wiki/Frank_A._Howard" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank A. Howard">Frank A. Howard</a>, Sheriff of <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Vernon Parish, Louisiana">Vernon Parish</a></li> <li>2007 – <a href="/wiki/Mike_Jacobs_(Georgia_politician)" title="Mike Jacobs (Georgia politician)">Mike Jacobs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> State Representative<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li> <li>2007 – <a href="/wiki/John_Neely_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="John Neely Kennedy">John Neely Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Treasurer_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="State Treasurer of Louisiana">State Treasurer of Louisiana</a>. Later U.S. Senator for <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> (2017–present)</li> <li>2008 – <a href="/wiki/Todd_Ames_Hunter" title="Todd Ames Hunter">Todd Ames Hunter</a>, former Texas state representative; re-elected to State House in 2009 as a Republican<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li> <li>2008 – <a href="/wiki/Nolan_Mettetal" title="Nolan Mettetal">Nolan Mettetal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_Senate" title="Mississippi State Senate">Mississippi State Senator</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li> <li>2009 – <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hopson" title="Chuck Hopson">Chuck Hopson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives" title="Texas House of Representatives">Texas State Representative</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li> <li>2009 – <a href="/wiki/Billy_Nicholson_(politician)" title="Billy Nicholson (politician)">Billy Nicholson</a>, Mississippi state representative<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> <li>2009 – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Salmon" title="Thomas M. Salmon">Tom Salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Auditor_of_Accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermont Auditor of Accounts">Vermont Auditor of Accounts</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li>2009 – <a href="/wiki/Tom_Saviello" title="Tom Saviello">Tom Saviello</a>, Maine state representative, elected to Maine Senate as a Republican in 2010<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010–2019">2010–2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2010–2019">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Steve_Levy_(politician)" title="Steve Levy (politician)">Steve Levy</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Executive" class="mw-redirect" title="County Executive">County Executive</a> of <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York" title="Suffolk County, New York">Suffolk County</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/C._Scott_Bounds" title="C. Scott Bounds">C. Scott Bounds</a>, Mississippi state representative<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Scott_Angelle" title="Scott Angelle">Scott Angelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Louisiana" title="Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana">Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana</a> (2010). Later Director of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Safety_and_Environmental_Enforcement" title="Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement">Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Alan_Boothe" title="Alan Boothe">Alan Boothe</a>, Alabama state representative<a href="#cite_note-2010_4_AL_Reps_Switch-79">[79]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Steve_Hurst" title="Steve Hurst">Steve Hurst</a>, Alabama state representative<a href="#cite_note-2010_4_AL_Reps_Switch-79">[79]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Mike_Millican" title="Mike Millican">Mike Millican</a>, Alabama state representative<a href="#cite_note-2010_4_AL_Reps_Switch-79">[79]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Lesley_Vance_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesley Vance (American politician)">Lesley Vance</a>, Alabama state representative<a href="#cite_note-2010_4_AL_Reps_Switch-79">[79]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellis Black">Ellis Black</a>, Georgia state representative<a href="#cite_note-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches-80">[80]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Amy_Carter_(Georgia_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amy Carter (Georgia politician)">Amy Carter</a>, Georgia state representative<a href="#cite_note-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches-80">[80]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Mike_Cheokas" title="Mike Cheokas">Mike Cheokas</a>, Georgia state representative<a href="#cite_note-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches-80">[80]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Bubber_Epps" title="Bubber Epps">Bubber Epps</a>, Georgia state representative<a href="#cite_note-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches-80">[80]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Greene" title="Gerald Greene">Gerald Greene</a>, Georgia state representative<a href="#cite_note-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches-80">[80]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hanner" title="Bob Hanner">Bob Hanner</a>, Georgia state representative<a href="#cite_note-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches-80">[80]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Doug_McKillip" title="Doug McKillip">Doug McKillip</a>, Georgia state representative<a href="#cite_note-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches-80">[80]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Alan_Powell_(politician)" title="Alan Powell (politician)">Alan Powell</a>, Georgia state representative<a href="#cite_note-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches-80">[80]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Tim_Golden_(politician)" title="Tim Golden (politician)">Tim Golden</a>, Georgia state senator<a href="#cite_note-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches-80">[80]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Chris_Steineger" title="Chris Steineger">Chris Steineger</a>, Kansas state senator<a href="#cite_note-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches-80">[80]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simone_B._Champagne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simone B. Champagne (page does not exist)">Simone B. Champagne</a>, Louisiana state representative<a href="#cite_note-GOP_Takes_LA_House-81">[81]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noble_Ellington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noble Ellington (page does not exist)">Noble Ellington</a>, Louisiana state representative<a href="#cite_note-GOP_Takes_LA_House-81">[81]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Walker_Hines_(Louisiana_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walker Hines (Louisiana politician)">Walker Hines</a>, Louisiana state representative<a href="#cite_note-GOP_Takes_LA_House-81">[81]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Fred_Mills_(Louisiana_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Mills (Louisiana politician)">Fred Mills</a>, Louisiana state representative<a href="#cite_note-GOP_Takes_LA_House-81">[81]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Jim_Preuitt" title="Jim Preuitt">Jim Preuitt</a>, Alabama state senator<a href="#cite_note-archive.montgomeryadvertiser.com-69">[69]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/John_Alario" title="John Alario">John Alario</a>, Louisiana state senator<a href="#cite_note-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-GOP_Takes_LA_House-81">[81]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/John_R._Smith_(Louisiana_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Smith (Louisiana politician)">John Smith</a>, Louisiana state senator<a href="#cite_note-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches-80">[80]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Mike_Willette" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Willette">Mike Willette</a>, Maine state representative<a href="#cite_note-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches-80">[80]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Shows" title="Bobby Shows">Bobby Shows</a>, Mississippi state representative<a href="#cite_note-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches-80">[80]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Cindy_Hyde-Smith" title="Cindy Hyde-Smith">Cindy Hyde-Smith</a>, Mississippi state senator, later State Agriculture Commissioner and United States Senator<a href="#cite_note-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches-80">[80]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Eldon_Nygaard" title="Eldon Nygaard">Eldon Nygaard</a>, South Dakota state senator<a href="#cite_note-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches-80">[80]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Pena" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron Pena">Aaron Pena</a>, Texas state representative<a href="#cite_note-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches-80">[80]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Allan_Ritter" title="Allan Ritter">Allan Ritter</a>, Texas state representative<a href="#cite_note-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches-80">[80]</a></li> <li>2011 – <a href="/wiki/Tom_Butler_(Alabama_politician)" title="Tom Butler (Alabama politician)">Tom Butler</a>, Alabama state senator<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li> <li>2011 – <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Caldwell" title="Buddy Caldwell">Buddy Caldwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana Attorney General">Louisiana Attorney General</a> (2008–2016)<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li> <li>2011 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russ_Nowell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russ Nowell (page does not exist)">Russ Nowell</a>, Mississippi state representative<a href="#cite_note-2010-2012_State_Legislative_Party_Switchers-85">[85]</a></li> <li>2011 – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Rogers_(politician)" title="Margaret Rogers (politician)">Margaret Rogers</a>, Mississippi state representative<a href="#cite_note-2010-2012_State_Legislative_Party_Switchers-85">[85]</a></li> <li>2011 – <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Smith_(Mississippi_politician)" title="Jeff Smith (Mississippi politician)">Jeff Smith</a>, Mississippi state representative<a href="#cite_note-2010-2012_State_Legislative_Party_Switchers-85">[85]</a></li> <li>2011 – <a href="/wiki/Ezell_Lee" title="Ezell Lee">Ezell Lee</a>, Mississippi state senator<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li>2011 – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Graddick" title="Charles Graddick">Charles Graddick</a>, Alabama Circuit Judge and former <a href="/wiki/Attorney_general_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney general of Alabama">attorney general of Alabama</a> (1979–1987)<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></li> <li>2011 – <a href="/wiki/Charles_%22Bubba%22_Chaney" title="Charles "Bubba" Chaney">Charles "Bubba" Chaney</a>, Louisiana state representative<a href="#cite_note-2010-2012_State_Legislative_Party_Switchers-85">[85]</a></li> <li>2011 – <a href="/wiki/Billy_Chandler" title="Billy Chandler">Billy Chandler</a>, Louisiana state representative<a href="#cite_note-2010-2012_State_Legislative_Party_Switchers-85">[85]</a></li> <li>2011 – <a href="/wiki/Mike_%22Pete%22_Huval" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike "Pete" Huval">Mike "Pete" Huval</a>, Louisiana state representative</li> <li>2011 – <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hensgens" title="Bob Hensgens">Bob Hensgens</a>, Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Gueydan,_Louisiana" title="Gueydan, Louisiana">Gueydan, Louisiana</a></li> <li>2011 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jody_Amedee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jody Amedee (page does not exist)">Jody Amedee</a>, Louisiana state senator<a href="#cite_note-2010-2012_State_Legislative_Party_Switchers-85">[85]</a></li> <li>2011 – <a href="/wiki/Norby_Chabert" title="Norby Chabert">Norby Chabert</a>, Louisiana state senator<a href="#cite_note-2010-2012_State_Legislative_Party_Switchers-85">[85]</a></li> <li>2011 – <a href="/wiki/Mark_Grisanti" title="Mark Grisanti">Mark Grisanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Senate">New York State Senator</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li> <li>2011 – <a href="/wiki/Linda_Collins" title="Linda Collins">Linda Collins</a>, Arkansas state representative<a href="#cite_note-2010-2012_State_Legislative_Party_Switchers-85">[85]</a></li> <li>2011 – <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Barras" title="Taylor Barras">Taylor Barras</a>, Louisiana state representative<a href="#cite_note-2010-2012_State_Legislative_Party_Switchers-85">[85]</a></li> <li>2011 – <a href="/wiki/Bert_Jones_(politician)" title="Bert Jones (politician)">Bert Jones</a>, North Carolina state representative</li> <li>2011 – <a href="/wiki/Jim_Slezak" title="Jim Slezak">Jim Slezak</a>, Michigan state representative<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li> <li>2011 – <a href="/wiki/Gray_Tollison" title="Gray Tollison">Gray Tollison</a>, Mississippi state senator<a href="#cite_note-MS_Switches_Gulf_Live-90">[90]</a></li> <li>2011 – <a href="/wiki/Donnie_Bell" title="Donnie Bell">Donnie Bell</a>, Mississippi state representative<a href="#cite_note-MS_Switches_Gulf_Live-90">[90]</a></li> <li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/J._M._Lozano" title="J. M. Lozano">J. M. Lozano</a>, Texas state representative<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></li> <li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/Roy_Schmidt_(politician)" title="Roy Schmidt (politician)">Roy Schmidt</a>, Michigan state representative<a href="#cite_note-2010-2012_State_Legislative_Party_Switchers-85">[85]</a></li> <li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Williams" title="Arthur J. Williams">Arthur J. Williams</a>, North Carolina state representative[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/Christine_Watkins" title="Christine Watkins">Christine Watkins</a>, Utah state representative<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li> <li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/Jason_White_(politician)" title="Jason White (politician)">Jason White</a>, Mississippi state representative<a href="#cite_note-MS_Switches_Gulf_Live-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li> <li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/Alan_Harper_(politician)" title="Alan Harper (politician)">Alan Harper</a>, Alabama state representative<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/Jerry_L._Fielding" title="Jerry L. Fielding">Jerry L. Fielding</a>, Alabama state senator<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li> <li>2013 – <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Holmes" title="Lindsey Holmes">Lindsey Holmes</a>, Alaska state representative<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></li> <li>2013 – <a href="/wiki/Nickey_Browning" title="Nickey Browning">Nickey Browning</a>, Mississippi state senator<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-MS_Switches_Gulf_Live-90">[90]</a></li> <li>2013 – <a href="/wiki/Elbert_Guillory" title="Elbert Guillory">Elbert Guillory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Senate" title="Louisiana State Senate">Louisiana State Senator</a><a href="#cite_note-Baton_Rouge_Advocate_2013-98">[98]</a></li> <li>2013 – <a href="/wiki/Rick_Ward,_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Rick Ward, III">Rick Ward, III</a>, Louisiana state senator<a href="#cite_note-Baton_Rouge_Advocate_2013-98">[98]</a></li> <li>2013 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Fannin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James R. Fannin (page does not exist)">James R. Fannin</a>, Louisiana state representative<a href="#cite_note-Baton_Rouge_Advocate_2013-98">[98]</a></li> <li>2013 – <a href="/wiki/Andy_Nu%C3%B1ez" title="Andy Nuñez">Andy Nuñez</a>, New Mexico state representative<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li> <li>2013 – <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Ferns" title="Ryan Ferns">Ryan Ferns</a>, West Virginia state representative<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li> <li>2014 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Newton_(Alabama)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Newton (Alabama) (page does not exist)">Charles Newton</a>, Alabama state representative<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li> <li>2014 – <a href="/wiki/Andy_Nu%C3%B1ez" title="Andy Nuñez">Andy Nuñez</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_House_of_Representatives" title="New Mexico House of Representatives">New Mexico State Representative</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></li> <li>2014 – <a href="/wiki/Randall_Patterson" title="Randall Patterson">Randall Patterson</a>, Mississippi state representative<a href="#cite_note-MS_Switches_Gulf_Live-90">[90]</a></li> <li>2014 – <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hall_(West_Virginia_politician)" title="Daniel Hall (West Virginia politician)">Daniel Hall</a>, West Virginia state senator<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li> <li>2014 – <a href="/wiki/Linda_Black_(politician)" title="Linda Black (politician)">Linda Black</a>, Missouri state representative<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li> <li>2014 – <a href="/wiki/Mark_Miloscia" title="Mark Miloscia">Mark Miloscia</a>, Washington state representative<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li>2014 – <a href="/wiki/Gene_Taylor_(Mississippi_politician)" title="Gene Taylor (Mississippi politician)">Gene Taylor</a>, former U.S. Representative from Mississippi (1989–2011)<a href="#cite_note-http://www.sunherald.com/2014/02/28/5377861/moore-will-run-again-for-congress.html-106">[106]</a></li> <li>2015 – <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Doorley" title="Sandra Doorley">Sandra Doorley</a>, district attorney of <a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_New_York" title="Monroe County, New York">Monroe County, New York</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></li> <li>2015 – <a href="/wiki/Mike_Holcomb_(politician)" title="Mike Holcomb (politician)">Mike Holcomb</a>, Arkansas state representative<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></li> <li>2015 – <a href="/wiki/Kim_Davis" title="Kim Davis">Kim Davis</a>, County Clerk of <a href="/wiki/Rowan_County,_Kentucky" title="Rowan County, Kentucky">Rowan County, Kentucky</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li> <li>2015 – <a href="/wiki/Jody_Steverson" title="Jody Steverson">Jody Steverson</a>, Mississippi state representative<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></li> <li>2015 – <a href="/wiki/Denver_Butler" title="Denver Butler">Denver Butler</a>, Kentucky state representative<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li> <li>2015 – <a href="/wiki/Carlyle_Begay" title="Carlyle Begay">Carlyle Begay</a>, Arizona state senator<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></li> <li>2015 – <a href="/wiki/Jim_Gooch_(politician)" title="Jim Gooch (politician)">Jim Gooch</a>, Kentucky state representative<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li> <li>2015 – <a href="/wiki/Eric_Greitens" title="Eric Greitens">Eric Greitens</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Missouri">Governor of Missouri</a> (2016–2018)<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li> <li>2015 – <a href="/wiki/Omarosa_Manigault" class="mw-redirect" title="Omarosa Manigault">Omarosa Manigault</a>, later director of communications for the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Public_Liaison" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Public Liaison">Office of Public Liaison</a> (2017)<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></li> <li>2016 – <a href="/wiki/Karen_MacBeth" title="Karen MacBeth">Karen MacBeth</a>, Rhode Island state representative<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></li> <li>2016 – <a href="/wiki/Yancey_McGill" title="Yancey McGill">Yancey McGill</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_South_Carolina" title="List of lieutenant governors of South Carolina">Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina</a> (2014–2015)<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li> <li>2016 – <a href="/wiki/David_Hillman_(politician)" title="David Hillman (politician)">David Hillman</a>, Arkansas state representative<a href="#cite_note-Arkansas_2016_Switchers-118">[118]</a></li> <li>2016 – <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Wardlaw" title="Jeff Wardlaw">Jeff Wardlaw</a>, Arkansas state representative<a href="#cite_note-Arkansas_2016_Switchers-118">[118]</a></li> <li>2016 – <a href="/wiki/Joe_Jett" title="Joe Jett">Joe Jett</a>, Arkansas state representative<a href="#cite_note-Arkansas_2016_Switchers-118">[118]</a></li> <li>2016 – <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Ross" title="Wilbur Ross">Wilbur Ross</a>, later <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">United States Secretary of Commerce</a> (2017–2021)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>2017 – <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Rehwinkel_Vasilinda" title="Michelle Rehwinkel Vasilinda">Michelle Rehwinkel Vasilinda</a>, former Florida state representative<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></li> <li>2017 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariellen_MacKay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariellen MacKay (page does not exist)">Mariellen MacKay</a>, New Hampshire state representative<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li> <li>2017 – <a href="/wiki/William_Brisson" title="William Brisson">William Brisson</a>, North Carolina Assemblyman<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></li> <li>2017 – <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Phillips" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupert Phillips">Rupert Phillips</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="West Virginia House of Delegates">West Virginia State Delegate</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Bright" title="Bobby Bright">Bobby Bright</a>, former U.S. Representative from Alabama (2009–2011)<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Ken_Luttrell" title="Ken Luttrell">Ken Luttrell</a>, Oklahoma state representative<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Tadlock" title="Johnny Tadlock">Johnny Tadlock</a>, Oklahoma state representative<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Ivanka_Trump" title="Ivanka Trump">Ivanka Trump</a>, Daughter of President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, Advisor to the President</li> <li>2019 – <a href="/wiki/Nick_Bain" title="Nick Bain">Nick Bain</a>, Mississippi state representative<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></li> <li>2019 – <a href="/wiki/Carroll_Hubbard" title="Carroll Hubbard">Carroll Hubbard</a>, former U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> (1975–1993)</li> <li>2019 – <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Van_Drew" title="Jeff Van Drew">Jeff Van Drew</a>, U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> (2019–present)<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></li> <li>2019 – <a href="/wiki/Wanda_V%C3%A1zquez_Garced" title="Wanda Vázquez Garced">Wanda Vázquez Garced</a>, Governor of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> (2019–2021) and former <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Justice_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Secretary of Justice of Puerto Rico">Secretary of Justice of Puerto Rico</a> (2017–2019)<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020–present">2020–present</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2020–present">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>2020 – <a href="/wiki/Jason_Barrett_(West_Virginia_politician)" title="Jason Barrett (West Virginia politician)">Jason Barrett</a>, West Virginia state representative<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li> <li>2021 – <a href="/wiki/Jon_Lancaster" title="Jon Lancaster">Jon Lancaster</a>, Mississippi state representative<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li> <li>2021 – <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jones" title="Vernon Jones">Vernon Jones</a>, former Georgia state representative<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></li> <li>2021 – <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="John Jay Lee">John Jay Lee</a>, North Las Vegas Mayor<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></li> <li>2021 – <a href="/wiki/Mick_Bates_(West_Virginia_politician)" title="Mick Bates (West Virginia politician)">Mick Bates</a>, West Virginia State Delegate<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li> <li>2021 – <a href="/wiki/Inna_Vernikov" title="Inna Vernikov">Inna Vernikov</a>, Later New York City Councilmember<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></li> <li>2021 – <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Guillen" title="Ryan Guillen">Ryan Guillen</a>, Texas state representative<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li> <li>2022 – <a href="/wiki/Ari_Kagan" title="Ari Kagan">Ari Kagan</a>, New York City Councilmember<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li> <li>2022 – <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Jeffries" title="Glenn Jeffries">Glenn Jeffries</a>, West Virginia state senator</li> <li>2022 – <a href="/wiki/Alec_Brook-Krasny" title="Alec Brook-Krasny">Alec Brook-Krasny</a>, New York State Assemblymember<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></li> <li>2023 – <a href="/wiki/Dov_Hikind" title="Dov Hikind">Dov Hikind</a>, former New York State Assemblymember<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></li> <li>2023 – <a href="/wiki/Francis_C._Thompson" title="Francis C. Thompson">Francis C. Thompson</a>, Louisiana state representative<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></li> <li>2023 – <a href="/wiki/Tricia_Cotham" title="Tricia Cotham">Tricia Cotham</a>, North Carolina state representative<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></li> <li>2023 – <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_LaCombe" title="Jeremy LaCombe">Jeremy LaCombe</a>, Louisiana state representative<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></li> <li>2023 – <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Pritt" title="Elliott Pritt">Elliott Pritt</a>, West Virginia State Delegate<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></li> <li>2023 – <a href="/wiki/Mesha_Mainor" title="Mesha Mainor">Mesha Mainor</a>, Georgia state representative<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></li> <li>2023 – <a href="/wiki/Eric_Johnson_(Texas_politician)" title="Eric Johnson (Texas politician)">Eric Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Dallas" title="Mayor of Dallas">Mayor of Dallas</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></li> <li>2024 – <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Coker" title="Matthew Coker">Matthew Coker</a>, New Hampshire state representative<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></li> <li>2024 – <a href="/wiki/Mike_McDonnell" title="Mike McDonnell">Mike McDonnell</a>, Nebraska state senator</li> <li>2024 – <a href="/wiki/John_S._Rodgers" title="John S. Rodgers">John S. Rodgers</a>, former Vermont state senator. Later <a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Vermont" title="List of lieutenant governors of Vermont">Lieutenant Governor of Vermont</a> (2025–present)<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></li> <li>2024 – <a href="/wiki/Marie_Alvarado-Gil" title="Marie Alvarado-Gil">Marie Alvarado-Gil</a>, California state senator<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></li> <li>2024 – <a href="/wiki/Shawn_Thierry" title="Shawn Thierry">Shawn Thierry</a>, Texas state representative<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></li> <li>2024 – <a href="/wiki/Doug_Skaff" title="Doug Skaff">Doug Skaff</a>, West Virginia Delegate</li> <li>2024 – <a href="/wiki/Sherry_Gould" title="Sherry Gould">Sherry Gould</a>, New Hampshire state representative<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></li> <li>2024 – <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Romero_(politician)" title="Gloria Romero (politician)">Gloria Romero</a>, former California state senator<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></li> <li>2024 – <a href="/wiki/Todd_Blanche" title="Todd Blanche">Todd Blanche</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Attorney_General" title="United States Deputy Attorney General">United States Deputy Attorney General</a> (2025–present)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_to_other_(third)_party">Democratic to other (third) party</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Democratic to other (third) party">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1878 – <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Bradley_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrick Bradley Wright">Hendrick Bradley Wright</a>, U.S Representative from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (1853–1855, 1861–1863 and 1877–1881), ran for reelection on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Greenback_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Greenback Party">Greenback Party</a></li> <li>1884 – <a href="/wiki/Absolom_M._West" title="Absolom M. West">Absolom M. West</a>, member of the Mississippi State Senate. He joined the Greenback Party and was their vice presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">in 1884</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></li> <li>1995 – <a href="/wiki/Dominic_L._Cortese" title="Dominic L. Cortese">Dominic L. Cortese</a>, California state representative to <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></li> <li>1996 – <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hamburg" title="Daniel Hamburg">Daniel Hamburg</a>, former U.S. Representative (1993–1995) to Green Party<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></li> <li>1999 – <a href="/wiki/Audie_Bock" title="Audie Bock">Audie Bock</a>, California State Assemblywoman to Green Party<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></li> <li>2000 – <a href="/wiki/Matt_Gonzalez" title="Matt Gonzalez">Matt Gonzalez</a>, Supervisor of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors to Green Party.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></li> <li>2003 – <a href="/wiki/Matt_Ahearn" title="Matt Ahearn">Matt Ahearn</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jersey House of Representatives">New Jersey State Representative</a> to Green Party.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></li> <li>2002 – <a href="/wiki/Tim_Penny" title="Tim Penny">Tim Penny</a>, former U.S Representative from Minnesota (1983–1995) to <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Party of Minnesota">Independence Party of Minnesota</a></li> <li>2005 – <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lendall" title="Jim Lendall">Jim Lendall</a>, Arkansas state representative to Green Party.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Bill_Paparian" title="Bill Paparian">Bill Paparian</a>, former mayor of Pasadena, California, to <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green Party</a>.</li> <li>2007 – <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney" title="Cynthia McKinney">Cynthia McKinney</a>, former U.S. Representative from Georgia (1993–2003 and 2005–2007) to <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green Party</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></li> <li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/Fred_Smith_(Arkansas_politician)" title="Fred Smith (Arkansas politician)">Fred Smith</a>, Arkansas state representative to Green Party.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></li> <li>2017 – <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Bear" title="Henry John Bear">Henry John Bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine_House_of_Representatives" title="Maine House of Representatives">Maine State Representative</a> to <a href="/wiki/Maine_Green_Independent_Party" title="Maine Green Independent Party">Maine Green Independent Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></li> <li>2017 – <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Chapman_(politician)" title="Ralph Chapman (politician)">Ralph Chapman</a>, Maine state representative to Maine Green Independent Party.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></li> <li>2017 – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stallcop" title="Joseph Stallcop">Joseph Stallcop</a>, New Hampshire state representative to <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a><a href="#cite_note-reason.com-165">[165]</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Jeff" title="Sandra Jeff">Sandra Jeff</a>, former New Mexico state representative to Libertarian Party<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Shane_Robinson_(politician)" title="Shane Robinson (politician)">Shane Robinson</a>, Maryland House Representative to <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Green_Party" title="Maryland Green Party">Maryland Green Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></li> <li>2021 – <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yang" title="Andrew Yang">Andrew Yang</a>, candidate in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2021_New_York_City_Democratic_mayoral_primary" title="2021 New York City Democratic mayoral primary">2021 New York City Democratic mayoral primary</a> to <a href="/wiki/Forward_Party_(United_States)" title="Forward Party (United States)">Forward Party</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></li> <li>2022 – <a href="/wiki/Joe_Sestak" title="Joe Sestak">Joe Sestak</a>, former U.S. Navy admiral and U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (2007–2011) to <a href="/wiki/Forward_Party_(United_States)" title="Forward Party (United States)">Forward Party</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_to_independent">Democratic to independent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Democratic to independent">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1970 – <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd_Jr." title="Harry F. Byrd Jr.">Harry F. Byrd Jr.</a>, while U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> (1965–1983)<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></li> <li>1991 – <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Killea" title="Lucy Killea">Lucy Killea</a>, California state senator<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a>, while U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> (1989–2013), to run as an independent, on the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_for_Lieberman" title="Connecticut for Lieberman">Connecticut for Lieberman</a> ballot line, for US Senate in <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, after losing to challenger <a href="/wiki/Ned_Lamont" title="Ned Lamont">Ned Lamont</a> in the Democratic primary.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Avel_Gordly" title="Avel Gordly">Avel Gordly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_Senate" title="Oregon State Senate">Oregon State Senator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></li> <li>2009 – <a href="/wiki/Timothy_P._Cahill" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy P. Cahill">Timothy P. Cahill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_and_Receiver-General_of_Massachusetts" title="Treasurer and Receiver-General of Massachusetts">Treasurer and Receiver-General of Massachusetts</a> (2003–2011)<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></li> <li>2009 – <a href="/wiki/Juan_Arambula" title="Juan Arambula">Juan Arambula</a>, California state assemblyman<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></li> <li>2009 – <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Curry" title="Kathleen Curry">Kathleen Curry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado_State_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado State House of Representatives">Colorado State Representative</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Bob_Ziegelbauer" title="Bob Ziegelbauer">Bob Ziegelbauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly" title="Wisconsin State Assembly">Wisconsin State Assemblyman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></li> <li>2013 – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Laird" title="Richard Laird">Richard Laird</a>, Alabama state representative<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></li> <li>2013 – <a href="/wiki/John_Olumba" title="John Olumba">John Olumba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan State House of Representatives">Michigan State Representative</a>.</li> <li>2014 – <a href="/wiki/Terry_Hayes_(politician)" title="Terry Hayes (politician)">Terry Hayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine_State_Treasurer" title="Maine State Treasurer">Maine State Treasurer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></li> <li>2015 – <a href="/wiki/Keith_English_(politician)" title="Keith English (politician)">Keith English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_House_of_Representatives" title="Missouri House of Representatives">Missouri State Representative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></li> <li>2015 – <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tine" title="Paul Tine">Paul Tine</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_House_of_Representatives" title="North Carolina House of Representatives">North Carolina State Representative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></li> <li>2016 – <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jones_(American_actor_and_politician)" title="Ben Jones (American actor and politician)">Ben Jones</a>, former U.S. Representative from Georgia (1989–1993).<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></li> <li>2016 – <a href="/wiki/Mike_Huether" title="Mike Huether">Mike Huether</a>, Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota" title="Sioux Falls, South Dakota">Sioux Falls, South Dakota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></li> <li>2017 – <a href="/wiki/Denise_Harlow" title="Denise Harlow">Denise Harlow</a>, Maine state representative<a href="#cite_note-Maine_2017-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></li> <li>2017 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Grohman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Grohman (page does not exist)">Martin Grohman</a>, Maine state representative<a href="#cite_note-Maine_2017-185">[185]</a></li> <li>2017 – <a href="/wiki/Cheri_Jahn" title="Cheri Jahn">Cheri Jahn</a>, Colorado state senator<a href="#cite_note-copolitics-187">[187]</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Koch" title="Thomas P. Koch">Thomas P. Koch</a>, Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts" title="Quincy, Massachusetts">Quincy, Massachusetts</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/George_Flaggs_Jr." title="George Flaggs Jr.">George Flaggs Jr.</a>, Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></li> <li>2019 – <a href="/wiki/Steve_Holland_(politician)" title="Steve Holland (politician)">Stephen Holland</a>, Mississippi state representative<a href="#cite_note-:2-190">[190]</a></li> <li>2019 – <a href="/wiki/Angela_Cockerham" title="Angela Cockerham">Angela Cockerham</a>, Mississippi state representative<a href="#cite_note-:2-190">[190]</a></li> <li>2019 – <a href="/wiki/John_Yudichak" title="John Yudichak">John Yudichak</a>, Pennsylvania state senator<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></li> <li>2021 – <a href="/wiki/Betsy_Johnson" title="Betsy Johnson">Betsy Johnson</a>, Oregon state senator<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></li> <li>2022 – <a href="/wiki/%22Bulldog%22_Ben_Robinson" title=""Bulldog" Ben Robinson">"Bulldog" Ben Robinson</a>, former Oklahoma state senator<a href="#cite_note-TW-16Apr2022Pruit-193">[193]</a></li> <li>2022 – <a href="/wiki/John_Windle" title="John Windle">John Windle</a>, Tennessee state senator<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></li> <li>2023 - <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Filiault" title="Shaun Filiault">Shaun Filiault</a>, New Hampshire state representative<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></li> <li>2023 – <a href="/wiki/Mia_McLeod" title="Mia McLeod">Mia McLeod</a>, South Carolina state senator<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></li> <li>2023 – <a href="/wiki/Megan_Hunt_(politician)" title="Megan Hunt (politician)">Megan Hunt</a>, Nebraska state senator, left the Democratic Party to become an independent, but has previously been a member of the Republican and Libertarian parties.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></li> <li>2024 – <a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Joe Manchin</a>, while U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> (2010–present)<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Switches_by_Republicans">Switches by Republicans</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Switches by Republicans">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_to_Democratic">Republican to Democratic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Republican to Democratic">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Before_1960">Before 1960</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Before 1960">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1860s – <a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a></li> <li>1860s – <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg_Curtin" title="Andrew Gregg Curtin">Andrew Gregg Curtin</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Pennsylvania">governor of Pennsylvania</a> (1861–1867), later U.S. Congressman from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (1881–1887)</li> <li>1860s – <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Garcelon" title="Alonzo Garcelon">Alonzo Garcelon</a>, later served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Maine">Governor of Maine</a> (1879–1880)</li> <li>1867 – <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_II" title="John Quincy Adams II">John Quincy Adams II</a>, member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives and grandson of President <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></li> <li>1868 – <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a>, former senator from Ohio (1849–1855, 1861), <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Ohio">Governor of Ohio</a> (1856–1860) and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a> (1861–1864) and later <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a> (1864–1873)</li> <li>1872 – <a href="/wiki/Edmund_G._Ross" title="Edmund G. Ross">Edmund G. Ross</a>, former U.S. senator from <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> (1866–1871)</li> <li>1877 – <a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a>, later U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> (1879–1889)</li> <li>1880 – <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Butler (politician)">Benjamin Butler</a>, former U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> (1867–1879), later <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> (1883–1884)</li> <li>1880 – <a href="/wiki/C._H._J._Taylor" title="C. H. J. Taylor">C. H. J. Taylor</a>, African American journalist. He was later Minister of Liberia (1887–1888) and Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia (1893–1897)<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a></li> <li>1893 – <a href="/wiki/George_Edwin_Taylor" title="George Edwin Taylor">George Edwin Taylor</a>, newspaper editor and later president of the National Negro Democratic League.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a></li> <li>1905 – <a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Wheaton" title="John Francis Wheaton">John Francis Wheaton</a>, previously first African American to serve in the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_House_of_Representatives" title="Minnesota House of Representatives">Minnesota House of Representatives</a> (1899–1900)<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a></li> <li>1908 – <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Loy_McCandless" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Loy McCandless">Lincoln Loy McCandless</a> (1859–1940), later <a href="/wiki/Delegate_(United_States_Congress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delegate (United States Congress)">Delegate</a> to the U.S. House from <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Hawaii Territory's at-large congressional district">Hawaii Territory's at-large congressional district</a> (1933–1935)<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a></li> <li>1920s – <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lee_Barnett_(Chicago)" title="Ferdinand Lee Barnett (Chicago)">Ferdinand Lee Barnett</a>, founding editor of <a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Conservator" title="The Chicago Conservator">The Chicago Conservator</a> and husband of <a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Finkelman2009-205">[205]</a></li> <li>1922 – <a href="/wiki/Royal_S._Copeland" title="Royal S. Copeland">Royal S. Copeland</a>, later U.S. Senator from New York (1923–1938)<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a></li> <li>1930s – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edison" title="Charles Edison">Charles Edison</a>, later the 42nd Governor of New Jersey (1941–1944).<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></li> <li>1932 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lee_Vann" title="Robert Lee Vann">Robert Lee Vann</a>, publisher and editor of the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Courier" title="Pittsburgh Courier">Pittsburgh Courier</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a></li> <li>1932 – <a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a>, activist and member of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Cabinet" title="Black Cabinet">Black Cabinet</a> during <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt's</a> administration.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a></li> <li>1932 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Russa_Moton" title="Robert Russa Moton">Robert Russa Moton</a>, principal of <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuskegee Institute">Tuskegee Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a></li> <li>1932 – <a href="/wiki/Phelps_Phelps" title="Phelps Phelps">Phelps Phelps</a>, New York Assemblyman, later <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_American_Samoa" title="List of governors of American Samoa">Governor of American Samoa</a> (1951–1952)</li> <li>1932 – <a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Mitchell" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur W. Mitchell">Arthur W. Mitchell</a>, later U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> (1935–1943)<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></li> <li>1932 – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Diggs_Sr." title="Charles Diggs Sr.">Charles Diggs Sr.</a>, later member of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Senate" title="Michigan Senate">Michigan Senate</a> (1937–1944).<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a></li> <li>1933 – <a href="/wiki/Marshall_L._Shepard" title="Marshall L. Shepard">Marshall L. Shepard</a>, later member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a></li> <li>1936 – <a href="/wiki/Ellis_E._Patterson" title="Ellis E. Patterson">Ellis E. Patterson</a>, California state assemblyman, later <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_California" title="Lieutenant Governor of California">Lieutenant Governor of California</a> (1939–1943) and U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> (1945–1947)<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a></li> <li>1936 – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Simpson_Drewry" title="Elizabeth Simpson Drewry">Elizabeth Simpson Drewry</a>, later the first African American member of the <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="West Virginia House of Delegates">West Virginia House of Delegates</a> (1951–1966)<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a></li> <li>1939 – <a href="/wiki/William_L._Dawson_(politician)" title="William L. Dawson (politician)">William L. Dawson</a>, later U.S. Representative from Illinois (1943–1970)<a href="#cite_note-Manning_28–72-218">[218]</a></li> <li>1939 – <a href="/wiki/Corneal_A._Davis" title="Corneal A. Davis">Corneal A. Davis</a>, later a member of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">Illinois House of Representatives</a> (1943–1979)<a href="#cite_note-Manning_28–72-218">[218]</a></li> <li>1939 – <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Wimbish" title="Christopher C. Wimbish">Christopher C. Wimbish</a>, later member of the Illinois Senate (1943–1947).<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a></li> <li>1940 – <a href="/wiki/Perle_Mesta" title="Perle Mesta">Perle Mesta</a>, later <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Luxembourg">United States Ambassador to Luxembourg</a> (1949–1953)<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a></li> <li>1940 – <a href="/wiki/George_W._Crockett,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Crockett, Jr.">George W. Crockett, Jr.</a>, later Congressman from <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_13th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 13th congressional district">Michigan's 13th congressional district</a> (1980–1991)<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a></li> <li>1944 – <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Harewood" title="Richard A. Harewood">Richard A. Harewood</a>, former state legislator (1937–1939), later state legislator (1957–1959).<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a></li> <li>1948 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Holmes" title="Robert D. Holmes">Robert D. Holmes</a>, later 28th Governor of Oregon (1957–1959)<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a></li> <li>1951 – <a href="/wiki/James_C._Oliver" title="James C. Oliver">James C. Oliver</a>, former U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> (1937–1943), Democratic nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Maine" title="Governor of Maine">Governor of Maine</a> in <a href="/wiki/1952_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1952 Maine gubernatorial election">1952</a>, later served as U.S. Representative from Maine (1959–1961).<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1960–1969_2">1960–1969</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1960–1969">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1960s – <a href="/wiki/Pete_Stark" title="Pete Stark">Pete Stark</a>, later served as U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> (1973–2013)</li> <li>1960s – <a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Howard Dean</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of Vermont">Lieutenant Governor of Vermont</a> (1987–1991), <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Vermont" title="Governor of Vermont">Governor of Vermont</a> (1991–2003) and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Chair of the Democratic National Committee</a> (2005–2009)</li> <li>1960s – <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Carey_Jr." title="Archibald Carey Jr.">Archibald Carey Jr.</a>, later Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport, Louisiana</a></li> <li>1962 – <a href="/wiki/Don_Edwards" title="Don Edwards">Don Edwards</a>, later Congressman from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> (1963–1995).<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a></li> <li>1966 – <a href="/wiki/Jay_Rockefeller" title="Jay Rockefeller">Jay Rockefeller</a>, later United States Senator from West Virginia (1985–2015)<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a></li> <li>1968 – <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, later <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady of the United States</a> (1993–2001), U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> (2001–2009), <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> (2009–2013) and nominee of the <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">Democratic Party</a> for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 election</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1970–1979_2">1970–1979</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1970–1979">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1970 – <a href="/wiki/Floyd_K._Haskell" class="mw-redirect" title="Floyd K. Haskell">Floyd K. Haskell</a>, later served as U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> (1973–1979)<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a></li> <li>1970 – <a href="/wiki/William_G._Barr" title="William G. Barr">William G. Barr</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">Illinois State Representative</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a></li> <li>1971 – <a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Mayor of New York City</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a></li> <li>1971 – <a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a>, later served as U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> (1977–1993), <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a> (1994–1997), <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">Director of the C.I.A.</a> (2009–2011) and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">U.S. Secretary of Defense</a> (2011–2013)</li> <li>1972 – <a href="/wiki/Ogden_R._Reid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogden R. Reid">Ogden R. Reid</a>, while U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> (1963–1975)</li> <li>1972 – <a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldner" title="Herman Goldner">Herman Goldner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a></li> <li>1972 – <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Harvey Milk</a>, later a member of the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors" title="San Francisco Board of Supervisors">San Francisco Board of Supervisors</a> (1978).<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a></li> <li>1973 – <a href="/wiki/Joan_Finney" title="Joan Finney">Joan Finney</a>, later Kansas State Treasurer (1974–1991) and <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Kansas">Governor of Kansas</a> (1991–1995)</li> <li>1973 – <a href="/wiki/Don_Riegle" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Riegle">Don Riegle</a>, while U.S. representative from <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> (1967–1976) and later U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> (1976–1995)</li> <li>1973 – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Meyer_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Meyer (politician)">Edward Meyer</a>, New York state assemblyman</li> <li>1976 – <a href="/wiki/James_Glisson" title="James Glisson">James Glisson</a>, Florida state senator</li> <li>1976 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Oda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howard Oda (page does not exist)">Howard Oda</a>, Hawaii state representative<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a></li> <li>1976 – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Zorinsky" title="Edward Zorinsky">Edward Zorinsky</a> (1928–1987), while Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>, later U.S. Senator (1976–1987).<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a></li> <li>1977 – <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_H._Kincaid" title="Lloyd H. Kincaid">Lloyd H. Kincaid</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly" title="Wisconsin State Assembly">Wisconsin State Assemblyman</a></li> <li>1977 – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Peyser" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Peyser">Peter Peyser</a>, U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> (1971–1977 and 1979–1983)</li> <li>1978 – <a href="/wiki/John_Peavey" title="John Peavey">John Peavey</a>, Idaho state senator</li> <li>1978 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a>, US Secretary of Defence (1961–1968)<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a></li> <li>1979 – <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Whalen_Jr." title="Charles W. Whalen Jr.">Charles W. Whalen Jr.</a>, former U.S. Representative from Ohio (1967–1979)<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1980–1989_2">1980–1989</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1980–1989">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1980 – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Foglietta" title="Thomas M. Foglietta">Thomas M. Foglietta</a>, Member of the Philadelphia City Council, later served as U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (1981–1997) and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Italy">United States Ambassador to Italy</a> (1997–2001)</li> <li>1985 – <a href="/wiki/John_Yarmuth" title="John Yarmuth">John Yarmuth</a>, later served as U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> (2007–2023)<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a></li> <li>1985 – <a href="/wiki/Chris_Coons" title="Chris Coons">Chris Coons</a>, later U.S. Senator from Delaware (2010–present)<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a></li> <li>1987 – <a href="/wiki/Martha_Ezzard" title="Martha Ezzard">Martha Ezzard</a>, while Colorado state senator<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a></li> <li>1988 – <a href="/wiki/Albio_Sires" title="Albio Sires">Albio Sires</a>, later served as U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> (2006–2023)</li> <li>1988 – <a href="/wiki/Duane_Woodard" title="Duane Woodard">Duane Woodard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Attorney_General" title="Colorado Attorney General">Colorado Attorney General</a></li> <li>1988 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donna_Akeda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donna Akeda (page does not exist)">Donna Akeda</a>, Hawaii state representative<a href="#cite_note-Hawaii_1998-242">[242]</a></li> <li>1988 – <a href="/wiki/Ann_Kobayashi" title="Ann Kobayashi">Ann Kobayashi</a>, Hawaii state senator<a href="#cite_note-Hawaii_1998-242">[242]</a></li> <li>1988 – <a href="/wiki/Milton_Marks" title="Milton Marks">Milton Marks</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_State_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="California State Senator">California State Senator</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990–1999_2">1990–1999</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1990–1999">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1991 – <a href="/wiki/Markos_Moulitsas" title="Markos Moulitsas">Markos Moulitsas</a>, later founder of <a href="/wiki/Daily_Kos" title="Daily Kos">Daily Kos</a><a href="#cite_note-Kos2-244">[244]</a></li> <li>1992 – <a href="/wiki/Loretta_Sanchez" title="Loretta Sanchez">Loretta Sanchez</a>, later served as U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> (1997–2017)<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a></li> <li>1992 – <a href="/wiki/Frank_Pecora" title="Frank Pecora">Frank Pecora</a>, Pennsylvania state senator<a href="#cite_note-Doyle_Pecora-246">[246]</a></li> <li>1992 – <a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Doyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael F. Doyle">Mike Doyle</a>, later served as U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (1995–2022)<a href="#cite_note-Doyle_Pecora-246">[246]</a></li> <li>1992 – <a href="/wiki/Mark_Takano" title="Mark Takano">Mark Takano</a>, later served as U.S. Representative from California (2013–present)<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a></li> <li>1994 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Erickson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Erickson (page does not exist)">Bernard Erickson</a>, Texas state representative<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a></li> <li>1995 – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a>, later served as U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> (2013–present)<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a></li> <li>1996 – <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_McCarthy" title="Carolyn McCarthy">Carolyn McCarthy</a>, later served as U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> (1997–2015)<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a></li> <li>1996 – <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Neas" title="Ralph Neas">Ralph Neas</a>, executive director of the <a href="/wiki/Leadership_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership Conference on Civil Rights">Leadership Conference on Civil Rights</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a></li> <li>1996 – <a href="/wiki/Russell_W._Peterson" title="Russell W. Peterson">Russell W. Peterson</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Delaware" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Delaware">governor of Delaware</a> (1969–1973)<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a></li> <li>1997 – <a href="/wiki/Debra_J._Mazzarelli" title="Debra J. Mazzarelli">Debra J. Mazzarelli</a>, New York State Assemblywoman<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a></li> <li>1997 – <a href="/wiki/Harley_Rouda" title="Harley Rouda">Harley Rouda</a>, later served as U.S. Representative for <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> (2019–2021)<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a></li> <li>1999 – <a href="/wiki/Michael_Forbes_(politician)" title="Michael Forbes (politician)">Michael Forbes</a>, while serving as U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> (1995–2001)<a href="#cite_note-prospect.org-255">[255]</a></li> <li>1999 – <a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_Giffords" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabrielle Giffords">Gabrielle Giffords</a>, later U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> (2007–2012)<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000–2009_2">2000–2009</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 2000–2009">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>2000 – <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Enfinger" title="Jeff Enfinger">Jeff Enfinger</a>, Alabama state senator<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a></li> <li>2000 – <a href="/wiki/Scott_Heidepriem" title="Scott Heidepriem">Scott Heidepriem</a>, South Dakota state senator</li> <li>2000 – <a href="/wiki/Dean_Johnson_(politician)" title="Dean Johnson (politician)">Dean Elton Johnson</a>, Minnesota state senator<a href="#cite_note-Minnesota_Party_Jumpers-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a></li> <li>2000 – <a href="/wiki/Mark_DeSaulnier" title="Mark DeSaulnier">Mark DeSaulnier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contra_Costa_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Contra Costa County">Contra Costa County</a> Supervisor. Later U.S. Representative for <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> (2015–present)<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a></li> <li>2000 – <a href="/wiki/Judi_Dutcher" title="Judi Dutcher">Judi Dutcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_Auditor" title="Minnesota State Auditor">Minnesota State Auditor</a> (1995–2003)<a href="#cite_note-prospect.org-255">[255]</a></li> <li>2000 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Gamble&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret Gamble (page does not exist)">Margaret Gamble</a>, South Carolina state representative<a href="#cite_note-Gamble_Whatley-260">[260]</a></li> <li>2000 – <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Whatley" title="Mickey Whatley">Mickey Whatley</a>, South Carolina state representative<a href="#cite_note-Gamble_Whatley-260">[260]</a></li> <li>2000 – <a href="/wiki/Ed_Schultz" title="Ed Schultz">Ed Schultz</a>, broadcaster<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a></li> <li>2001 – <a href="/wiki/John_A._Lawless" title="John A. Lawless">John A. Lawless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives" title="Pennsylvania House of Representatives">Pennsylvania House of Representatives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a></li> <li>2001 – <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Ashe" title="Kathy Ashe">Kathy Ashe</a>, Georgia state representative</li> <li>2001 – <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McIlvaine_Smith" title="Barbara McIlvaine Smith">Barbara McIlvaine Smith</a>, Pennsylvania state representative</li> <li>2001 – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wayne_Goforth" title="Charles Wayne Goforth">Charles Wayne Goforth</a> (1931 –2018), former member of the Illinois House of Representatives <a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a></li> <li>2002 – <a href="/wiki/D._G._Anderson" title="D. G. Anderson">D. G. Anderson</a>, Hawaii state senator</li> <li>2002 – <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Larson" title="Charles R. Larson">Charles R. Larson</a>, former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">Superintendent of United States Naval Academy</a> (1983–1986 and 1994–1998).<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a></li> <li>2002 – <a href="/wiki/Ray_Nagin" title="Ray Nagin">Ray Nagin</a>, later <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of New Orleans">Mayor of New Orleans</a> (2002–2010)</li> <li>2003 – <a href="/wiki/Michael_P._Decker" title="Michael P. Decker">Michael Decker</a>, North Carolina state representative</li> <li>2003 – <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hafer" title="Barbara Hafer">Barbara Hafer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Treasurer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Treasurer">State Treasurer of Pennsylvania</a> (1997–2005)<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a></li> <li>2003 – <a href="/wiki/Corey_Corbin" title="Corey Corbin">Corey Corbin</a>, New Hampshire state representative<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a></li> <li>2003 – <a href="/wiki/Stan_Moody" title="Stan Moody">Stan Moody</a>, Maine state representative</li> <li>2003 – <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Boyda" title="Nancy Boyda">Nancy Boyda</a>, later served as U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> (2007–2009)</li> <li>2003 – <a href="/wiki/John_E._Moore_(politician)" title="John E. Moore (politician)">John E. Moore</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Kansas" title="Lieutenant Governor of Kansas">Lieutenant Governor of Kansas</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li>2003 – <a href="/wiki/Bazy_Tankersley" title="Bazy Tankersley">Bazy Tankersley</a>, horse breeder, conservationist, and daughter of Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._McCormick" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph M. McCormick">Joseph M. McCormick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a></li> <li>2004 – <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Mayo_(politician)" title="Arthur Mayo (politician)">Arthur Mayo</a>, Maine state senator</li> <li>2004 – <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Heinz" title="Teresa Heinz">Teresa Heinz</a>, Widow of Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Heinz" title="John Heinz">John Heinz</a> and Current wife of <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a></li> <li>2005 – <a href="/wiki/Tim_Mahoney" title="Tim Mahoney">Tim Mahoney</a>, later served as U.S. Representative for <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> (2007–2009)</li> <li>2005 – <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Morrison" title="Paul J. Morrison">Paul J. Morrison</a>, district attorney for <a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Kansas" title="Johnson County, Kansas">Johnson County, Kansas</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Attorney_General" title="Kansas Attorney General">Kansas Attorney General</a> (2006–2007)<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbsnews.com-269">[269]</a></li> <li>2005 – <a href="/wiki/Steve_Lukert" title="Steve Lukert">Steve Lukert</a>, Kansas state representative<a href="#cite_note-commongroundcommonsense.org-270">[270]</a></li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/James_H._Webb_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James H. Webb Jr.">James Webb</a>, former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">United States Secretary of the Navy</a> (1987–1988), later U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> (2007–2013)</li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Mark_Parkinson_(Kansas_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Parkinson (Kansas politician)">Mark Parkinson</a>, Kansas state senator, later <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Kansas" title="Lieutenant Governor of Kansas">Lieutenant Governor of Kansas</a> (2007–2009) and <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Kansas">Governor of Kansas</a> (2009–2011)<a href="#cite_note-cbsnews.com-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a></li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barkley" title="Charles Barkley">Charles Barkley</a></li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Riley" title="Nancy Riley">Nancy Riley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma State Senate">Oklahoma State Senator</a></li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Kate_Witek" title="Kate Witek">Kate Witek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_State_Auditor" title="Nebraska State Auditor">Nebraska State Auditor</a> (1999–2007)<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a></li> <li>2006 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Kitzenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sam Kitzenberg (page does not exist)">Sam Kitzenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana_Senate" title="Montana Senate">Montana State Senator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a></li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Tom" title="Rodney Tom">Rodney Tom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington State House of Representatives">Washington State Representative</a></li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Diana_Urban" title="Diana Urban">Diana Urban</a>, Connecticut state representative</li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Cindy_Neighbor" title="Cindy Neighbor">Cindy Neighbor</a>, Kansas state representative</li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Davis_(politician)" title="Wendy Davis (politician)">Wendy Davis</a>, Member of the Fort Worth City Council, later Texas state senator and <a href="/wiki/Texas_gubernatorial_election,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas gubernatorial election, 2014">2014</a> Democratic nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a></li> <li>2007 – <a href="/wiki/Pete_McCloskey" title="Pete McCloskey">Pete McCloskey</a>, former U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> (1967–1983)<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-McCloskey,_P_2007-275">[275]</a></li> <li>2007 – <a href="/wiki/Walter_Boasso" title="Walter Boasso">Walter Boasso</a>, Louisiana state senator</li> <li>2007 – <a href="/wiki/Janet_DiFiore" title="Janet DiFiore">Janet DiFiore</a>, district attorney of <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County, New York</a><a href="#cite_note-DeAvila-276">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a></li> <li>2007 – <a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Froehlich" title="Paul D. Froehlich">Paul D. Froehlich</a>, Illinois state representative.<a href="#cite_note-Froehlich-38">[38]</a></li> <li>2007 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Garcia_(California_politician)" title="Robert Garcia (California politician)">Robert Garcia</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Long_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Long Beach">Mayor of</a> <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a></li> <li>2007 – <a href="/wiki/Mike_Spano" title="Mike Spano">Mike Spano</a>, New York state assemblyman</li> <li>2007 – <a href="/wiki/Chris_Koster" title="Chris Koster">Chris Koster</a>, Missouri state senator, later <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Attorney_General" title="Missouri Attorney General">Missouri Attorney General</a> (2009–2017) and <a href="/wiki/Missouri_gubernatorial_election,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri gubernatorial election, 2016">2016</a> Democratic nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Missouri">Governor of Missouri</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a></li> <li>2007 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirk_England&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirk England (page does not exist)">Kirk England</a>, Texas state representative<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a></li> <li>2007 – <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Bodine">Francis Bodine</a>, New Jersey state representative</li> <li>2007 – <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stafford" title="Debbie Stafford">Debbie Stafford</a>, Colorado state representative<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a></li> <li>2007 – <a href="/wiki/Fred_Jarrett" title="Fred Jarrett">Fred Jarrett</a>, Washington state representative<a href="#cite_note-:1-29">[29]</a></li> <li>2007 – <a href="/wiki/Karen_Awana" title="Karen Awana">Karen Awana</a>, Hawaii state representative<a href="#cite_note-Hawaii_1998-242">[242]</a></li> <li>2007 – <a href="/wiki/Mike_Gabbard" title="Mike Gabbard">Mike Gabbard</a>, Hawaii state senator<a href="#cite_note-Hawaii_1998-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a></li> <li>2008 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_L._Hogue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David L. Hogue (page does not exist)">David L. Hogue</a>, Utah state representative<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a></li> <li>2008 – <a href="/wiki/Stacey_Plaskett" title="Stacey Plaskett">Stacey Plaskett</a>, later served as <a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">Delegate</a> to the U.S. House of Representatives from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="United States Virgin Islands's at-large congressional district">United States Virgin Islands</a> (2015–present).<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a></li> <li>2008 – <a href="/wiki/Gil_Cisneros" title="Gil Cisneros">Gil Cisneros</a>, later served as U.S. Representative for <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> (2019–2021)<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a></li> <li>2008 – <a href="/wiki/Bill_Walters_(Arkansas_politician)" title="Bill Walters (Arkansas politician)">Bill Walters</a>, former Arkansas state representative<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a></li> <li>2009 – <a href="/wiki/Dale_Swenson" title="Dale Swenson">Dale Swenson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> State Representative<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010–2019_2">2010–2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 2010–2019">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Steve_Fox_(politician)" title="Steve Fox (politician)">Steve Fox</a>, California state assemblyman</li> <li>2011 – <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Murphy_(Florida_politician)" title="Patrick Murphy (Florida politician)">Patrick Murphy</a>, later served as U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> (2013–2017)</li> <li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/Ron_Erhardt_(politician)" title="Ron Erhardt (politician)">Ron Erhardt</a>, Minnesota state representative</li> <li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/Gil_Riviere" title="Gil Riviere">Gil Riviere</a>, while Hawaii state representative<a href="#cite_note-Hawaii_1998-242">[242]</a></li> <li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Koo" title="Peter Koo">Peter Koo</a>, New York City Councilman<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a></li> <li>2013 – <a href="/wiki/Jean_Schodorf" title="Jean Schodorf">Jean Schodorf</a>, Kansas state senator</li> <li>2013 – <a href="/wiki/Tom_O%27Halleran" title="Tom O'Halleran">Tom O'Halleran</a>, Arizona state senator, later U.S. Representative from Arizona (2017–2023).<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a></li> <li>2013 – <a href="/wiki/Brad_Ashford" title="Brad Ashford">Brad Ashford</a>, Nebraska state senator, later U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li>2013 – <a href="/wiki/John_Bohlinger" title="John Bohlinger">John Bohlinger</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Montana">lieutenant governor of Montana</a> (2005–2013)</li> <li>2013 – <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Fletcher" title="Nathan Fletcher">Nathan Fletcher</a>, California state assemblyman.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a></li> <li>2014 – <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Johanson" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron Johanson">Aaron Johanson</a>, Hawaii state representative<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a></li> <li>2014 – <a href="/wiki/Ana_Rivas_Logan" title="Ana Rivas Logan">Ana Rivas Logan</a>, previously a member of the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Senate" title="Florida Senate">Florida Senate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a></li> <li>2014 – <a href="/wiki/Sam_Satoru_Kong" title="Sam Satoru Kong">Sam Satoru Kong</a>, later a Hawaii state representative<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a></li> <li>2015 – <a href="/wiki/John_Ceretto" title="John Ceretto">John Ceretto</a>, New York state assemblyman</li> <li>2015 – <a href="/wiki/Jane_Castor" title="Jane Castor">Jane Castor</a>, later <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Tampa,_Florida" title="List of mayors of Tampa, Florida">Mayor of Tampa</a> (2019–present).<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a></li> <li>2016 – <a href="/wiki/Bill_Mundell" title="Bill Mundell">William Mundell</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Corporation_Commission" title="Arizona Corporation Commission">Arizona Corporation Commissioner</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a></li> <li>2017 – <a href="/wiki/Beth_Fukumoto" title="Beth Fukumoto">Beth Fukumoto</a>, Hawaii state representative and Republican Minority Leader.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Painter" title="Richard Painter">Richard Painter</a>, Chief White House Ethics Lawyer (2005–2007)<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Steve_Schmidt" title="Steve Schmidt">Steve Schmidt</a>, political strategist and operations chief for <a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">John McCain's 2008 presidential campaign</a>, as well as co-founder of <a href="/wiki/The_Lincoln_Project" title="The Lincoln Project">The Lincoln Project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Meagan_Simonaire" title="Meagan Simonaire">Meagan Simonaire</a>, Maryland State Delegate<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Grant_Woods" class="mw-redirect" title="Grant Woods">Grant Woods</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Attorney_General" title="Arizona Attorney General">attorney general of Arizona</a> (1991–1999)<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bollier" title="Barbara Bollier">Barbara Bollier</a>, Kansas state senator<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Joy_Koesten" title="Joy Koesten">Joy Koesten</a>, Kansas state representative<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Clayton" title="Stephanie Clayton">Stephanie Clayton</a>, Kansas state representative<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Dinah_Sykes" title="Dinah Sykes">Dinah Sykes</a>, Kansas state senator<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a></li> <li>2019 – <a href="/wiki/Brian_Maienschein" title="Brian Maienschein">Brian Maienschein</a>, while California state assemblyman<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a></li> <li>2019 – <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Addiego" title="Dawn Addiego">Dawn Addiego</a>, New Jersey state senator<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a></li> <li>2019 – <a href="/wiki/Andy_McKean" title="Andy McKean">Andy McKean</a>, Iowa state representative<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a></li> <li>2019 – <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Gilchrest" title="Wayne Gilchrest">Wayne Gilchrest</a>, former U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> (1991–2009).<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020–present_2">2020–present</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 2020–present">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>2020 – <a href="/wiki/Frank_Aguilar" title="Frank Aguilar">Frank Aguilar</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Cook_County_Board_of_Commissioners" title="Cook County Board of Commissioners">Cook County Board of Commissioners</a>. Previously served in the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">Illinois House of Representatives</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a></li> <li>2021 – <a href="/wiki/William_Marsh_(New_Hampshire_politician)" title="William Marsh (New Hampshire politician)">William Marsh</a>, New Hampshire state representative<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a></li> <li>2021 – <a href="/wiki/Joy_Hofmeister" title="Joy Hofmeister">Joy Hofmeister</a>, Oklahoma Superintendent of Public Instruction<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a></li> <li>2021 – <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_McCormick" title="Jennifer McCormick">Jennifer McCormick</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction" title="Indiana Superintendent of Public Instruction">Indiana Superintendent of Public Instruction</a> (2017–2021)<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a></li> <li>2022 – <a href="/wiki/Jim_Leach" title="Jim Leach">Jim Leach</a>, former U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> (1977–2007)<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a></li> <li>2022 – <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Priola" title="Kevin Priola">Kevin Priola</a>, Colorado state senator<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a></li> <li>2023 – <a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._Thompson" title="Samuel D. Thompson">Samuel D. Thompson</a>, New Jersey state senator<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a></li> <li>2023 – <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Henry" title="Michelle Henry">Michelle Henry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of Pennsylvania">Attorney General of Pennsylvania</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_to_other_(third)_party">Republican to other (third) party</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Republican to other (third) party">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1870 – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer" title="Joseph Pulitzer">Joseph Pulitzer</a>, founder and long-time newspaper publisher of the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch" title="St. Louis Post-Dispatch">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_World" title="New York World">The World</a>, served as a Republican representative for <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="New York's 9th congressional district">New York's Ninth District</a> before switching to the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican</a> party for the following four years.</li> <li>1891 – <a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James Weaver</a>, Republican turned <a href="/wiki/United_States_Greenback_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Greenback Party">Greenbacker</a>, later was a founder of the <a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">Populist Party</a> and ran for president on that party's ticket in 1892.</li> <li>1893 – <a href="/wiki/William_M._Stewart" title="William M. Stewart">William M. Stewart</a>, U.S. Senator from Nevada (1864–1875 and 1887–1905) switched to the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Party" title="Silver Party">Silver Party</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a></li> <li>1895 – <a href="/wiki/John_Percival_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="John Percival Jones">John P. Jones</a>, U.S. Senator from Nevada (1873–1903) switched to <a href="/wiki/Silver_Party" title="Silver Party">Silver Party</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a></li> <li>1896 – <a href="/wiki/Wharton_Barker" title="Wharton Barker">Wharton Barker</a> switched to the Populist Party.</li> <li>1896 – <a href="/wiki/Lee_Mantle" title="Lee Mantle">Lee Mantle</a>, U.S. Senator from Montana (1895–1899) switched to <a href="/wiki/Silver_Republican_Party" title="Silver Republican Party">Silver Republican Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a></li> <li>1896 – <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Pettigrew" title="Richard F. Pettigrew">Richard F. Pettigrew</a>, U.S. Senator from South Dakota (1889–1901) switched to <a href="/wiki/Silver_Republican_Party" title="Silver Republican Party">Silver Republican Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a></li> <li>1896 – <a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Cannon" title="Frank J. Cannon">Frank J. Cannon</a>, U.S. Senator from Utah (1896–1899) switched to <a href="/wiki/Silver_Republican_Party" title="Silver Republican Party">Silver Republican Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a></li> <li>1897 – <a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Teller" title="Henry M. Teller">Henry M. Teller</a>, U.S. Senator from Colorado (1876–1882 and 1885–1909) switched to <a href="/wiki/Silver_Republican_Party" title="Silver Republican Party">Silver Republican Party</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a></li> <li>1897 – <a href="/wiki/Fred_T._Dubois" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred T. Dubois">Fred T. Dubois</a>, U.S. Senator from Idaho (1891–1897 and 1901–1907) switched to <a href="/wiki/Silver_Republican_Party" title="Silver Republican Party">Silver Republican Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a></li> <li>1934 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette_Jr." title="Robert M. La Follette Jr.">Robert M. La Follette Jr.</a>, U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> (1925–1947) switched to the Progressive Party.<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a></li> <li>1937 – <a href="/wiki/Vito_Marcantonio" title="Vito Marcantonio">Vito Marcantonio</a>, U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> (1935–1937 and 1939–1951) switched to the American Labor Party</li> <li>2000 – <a href="/wiki/Rick_Jore" title="Rick Jore">Rick Jore</a>, Montana state representative to <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">U.S. Constitution Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a></li> <li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Mexico" title="Governor of New Mexico">governor of New Mexico</a> (1995–2003), switched to the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> and became their nominee for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> in both the <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 election</a> and <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 election</a>.</li> <li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer" title="Buddy Roemer">Buddy Roemer</a>, former <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Louisiana">governor of Louisiana</a> (1988–1992), switched to the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a>.</li> <li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/Daniel_P._Gordon" title="Daniel P. Gordon">Daniel P. Gordon</a>, Rhode Island state representative joined the Libertarian Party.<a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a></li> <li>2016 – <a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Bill Weld</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">governor of Massachusetts</a> (1991–1997), switched to the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></li> <li>2016 – <a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(Nevada_politician)" title="John Moore (Nevada politician)">John Moore</a>, Nevada Assemblyman switched to <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a></li> <li>2016 – <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ebke" title="Laura Ebke">Laura Ebke</a>, Nebraska state senator, switched to the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-platform-333">[333]</a></li> <li>2016 – <a href="/wiki/Mary_Matalin" title="Mary Matalin">Mary Matalin</a>, deputy campaign manager for <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1992 presidential campaign</a>, switched to <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes5May16-334">[334]</a></li> <li>2016 – <a href="/wiki/Mark_B._Madsen" title="Mark B. Madsen">Mark B. Madsen</a>, Utah state senator, switched to the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a></li> <li>2017 – <a href="/wiki/Caleb_Dyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Caleb Dyer">Caleb Dyer</a>, New Hampshire state representative switched to the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a><a href="#cite_note-reason.com-165">[165]</a></li> <li>2017 – <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Phinney" title="Brandon Phinney">Brandon Phinney</a>, New Hampshire state representative switched to the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Sam_McCann" title="Sam McCann">Sam McCann</a>, Illinois state senator switched to the Conservative Party.<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Dunn_Jr." title="Aubrey Dunn Jr.">Aubrey Dunn Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Commissioner_of_Public_Lands" title="New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands">New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands</a> switched to the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a></li> <li>2022 – <a href="/wiki/Christine_Todd_Whitman" title="Christine Todd Whitman">Christine Todd Whitman</a>, former Republican <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey" title="Governor of New Jersey">Governor of New Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency</a> switched to the <a href="/wiki/Forward_Party_(United_States)" title="Forward Party (United States)">Forward Party</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a></li> <li>2023 – <a href="/wiki/Jarrod_Sammis" title="Jarrod Sammis">Jarrod Sammis</a>, Vermont state representative switched to the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_to_independent">Republican to independent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Republican to independent">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1936 – <a href="/wiki/George_William_Norris" class="mw-redirect" title="George William Norris">George William Norris</a>, U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> (1913–1943)<a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a></li> <li>1980 – <a href="/wiki/John_Bayard_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Bayard Anderson">John Anderson</a>, U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> (1961–1981).</li> <li>1990 – <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Weicker" title="Lowell Weicker">Lowell Weicker</a>, former U.S. senator for <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> (1971–1989). Later Independent <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Connecticut" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Connecticut">Governor of Connecticut</a> (1991–1995)<a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a></li> <li>1994 – <a href="/wiki/Paul_Horcher" title="Paul Horcher">Paul Horcher</a>, California state representative<a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a></li> <li>2001 – <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">James M. Jeffords</a>, U.S. senator from <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> (1989–2007).<a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a></li> <li>2005 – <a href="/wiki/David_Durenberger" title="David Durenberger">David Durenberger</a>, former U.S. senator from Minnesota (1979–1995).<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a></li> <li>2007 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Singleton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rick Singleton (page does not exist)">Rick Singleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_House_of_Representatives" title="Rhode Island House of Representatives">Rhode Island State Representative</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a></li> <li>2007 – <a href="/wiki/Micheal_R._Williams" title="Micheal R. Williams">Micheal R. Williams</a>, Tennessee state senator<a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a></li> <li>2008 – <a href="/wiki/Ron_Erhardt_(politician)" title="Ron Erhardt (politician)">Ron Erhardt</a>, Minnesota state representative.<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a></li> <li>2009 – Jim Campbell, Maine state representative<a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a></li> <li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/Bruce_McPherson" title="Bruce McPherson">Bruce McPherson</a>, former California Secretary of State and State Assemblymember<a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a></li> <li>2014 – <a href="/wiki/Larry_Pressler" title="Larry Pressler">Larry Pressler</a>, former U.S. senator from South Dakota (1979–1997)<a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a></li> <li>2014 – <a href="/wiki/Sue_Wagner" title="Sue Wagner">Sue Wagner</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Nevada">lieutenant governor of Nevada</a> (1991–1995)<a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a></li> <li>2014 – <a href="/wiki/Bill_Walker_(American_politician)" title="Bill Walker (American politician)">Bill Walker</a>, later Independent <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Alaska">Governor of Alaska</a> (2014–2018)<a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a></li> <li>2015 – <a href="/wiki/Nate_Bell" title="Nate Bell">Nate Bell</a>, Arkansas state representative.<a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a></li> <li>2016 – <a href="/wiki/Tom_Campbell_(California_politician)" title="Tom Campbell (California politician)">Tom Campbell</a>, former U.S. Representative from California (1989–2001).<a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a></li> <li>2016 – <a href="/wiki/Larry_Dunphy" title="Larry Dunphy">Larry Dunphy</a>, Maine state representative<a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a></li> <li>2016 – <a href="/wiki/Gordon_J._Humphrey" title="Gordon J. Humphrey">Gordon J. Humphrey</a>, former U.S. senator from <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> (1979–1990)<a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a></li> <li>2016 – <a href="/wiki/David_Johnson_(Iowa_politician)" title="David Johnson (Iowa politician)">David Johnson</a>, Iowa state senator<a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a></li> <li>2016 – <a href="/wiki/Evan_McMullin" title="Evan McMullin">Evan McMullin</a>, Republican congressional staff member until July 2016, launched <a href="/wiki/Evan_McMullin_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Evan McMullin 2016 presidential campaign">an independent presidential campaign</a> in August 2016</li> <li>2016 – <a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">George Will</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a></li> <li>2017 – <a href="/wiki/Joe_Scarborough" title="Joe Scarborough">Joe Scarborough</a>, former U.S. Representative from Florida (1995–2001) and host of <a href="/wiki/Morning_Joe" title="Morning Joe">Morning Joe</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a></li> <li>2017 – <a href="/wiki/Rick_Wilson_(political_consultant)" title="Rick Wilson (political consultant)">Rick Wilson</a>, political strategist and operations chief for <a href="/wiki/Evan_McMullin_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Evan McMullin 2016 presidential campaign">Evan McMullin 2016 presidential campaign</a>, as well as co-founder of <a href="/wiki/The_Lincoln_Project" title="The Lincoln Project">The Lincoln Project</a>.</li> <li>2017 – Kevin Battle, Maine state representative<a href="#cite_note-Maine_2017-185">[185]</a></li> <li>2017 – Norm Higgins, Maine state representative<a href="#cite_note-Maine_2017-185">[185]</a></li> <li>2017 – <a href="/wiki/Chris_Vance_(politician)" title="Chris Vance (politician)">Chris Vance</a>, former Washington state representative and chair of the Washington Republican Party<a href="#cite_note-364">[364]</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Djou" title="Charles Djou">Charles Djou</a>, former U.S. Representative from Hawaii (2010–2011)<a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/John_Doll_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Doll (Kansas politician)">John Doll</a>, Kansas state senator<a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Steve_Poizner" title="Steve Poizner">Steve Poizner</a>, former <a href="/wiki/California_Insurance_Commissioner" title="California Insurance Commissioner">California Insurance Commissioner</a> (2007–2011)<a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Tani_Cantil-Sakauye" title="Tani Cantil-Sakauye">Tani Cantil-Sakauye</a>, Chief Justice of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">California Supreme Court</a> (2011–present)<a href="#cite_note-368">[368]</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/David_Jolly" title="David Jolly">David Jolly</a>, former U.S. congressman from Florida (2014–2017)<a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a></li> <li>2020 – <a href="/wiki/Joe_Walsh_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Walsh (American politician)">Joe Walsh</a>, former U.S. congressman from Illinois (2011–2013)</li> <li>2020 – <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mitchell_(politician)" title="Paul Mitchell (politician)">Paul Mitchell</a>, former U.S. congressman from Michigan (2017–2021)</li> <li>2021 – <a href="/wiki/Knute_Buehler" title="Knute Buehler">Knute Buehler</a>, former Oregon state senator and Oregon gubernatorial nominee in <a href="/wiki/2018_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="2018 Oregon gubernatorial election">2018</a></li> <li>2021 – <a href="/wiki/Phelps_Anderson" title="Phelps Anderson">Phelps Anderson</a>, New Mexico state representative<a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a></li> <li>2021 – <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Palacios" title="Arnold Palacios">Arnold Palacios</a>, Lieutenant Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands</li> <li>2021 – Joe Camacho, member of Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives<a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a></li> <li>2021 – <a href="/wiki/Jim_Hendren" title="Jim Hendren">Jim Hendren</a>, Arkansas state senator<a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a></li> <li>2021 – <a href="/wiki/Jim_Nussle" title="Jim Nussle">Jim Nussle</a>, former U.S. Representative from Iowa (1991–2007)<a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a></li> <li>2022 – <a href="/wiki/Rick_Becker" title="Rick Becker">Rick Becker</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_House_of_Representatives" title="North Dakota House of Representatives">North Dakota State Representative</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a></li> <li>2022 – <a href="/wiki/Denver_Riggleman" title="Denver Riggleman">Denver Riggleman</a>, former U.S. Representative from Virginia (2019–2021)<a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a></li> <li>2022 – <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Pyle" title="Dennis Pyle">Dennis Pyle</a>, Kansas state senator<a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a></li> <li>2023 – <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Hochman" title="Nathan Hochman">Nathan Hochman</a>, former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Attorney_General" title="United States Assistant Attorney General">U.S. Assistant Attorney General</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a></li> <li>2024 – <a href="/wiki/George_Santos" title="George Santos">George Santos</a>, former U.S. Representative from New York (2023)<a href="#cite_note-378">[378]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Switches_by_independents_or_other_parties">Switches by independents or other parties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Switches by independents or other parties">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_or_other_party_to_Democratic">Independent or other party to Democratic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Independent or other party to Democratic">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1874 – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer" title="Joseph Pulitzer">Joseph Pulitzer</a>, publisher of <a href="/wiki/The_World_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The World (newspaper)">The World</a> newspaper switched from the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican</a> party to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic party</a>, where he served as a representative for <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="New York's 9th congressional district">New York's Ninth District</a> as a Democrat until 1911.</li> <li>1969 – <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, later Member of the New Castle County Council from the 4th district (1971–1973), United States Senator from Delaware (1973–2009), <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (2009–2017), <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (2021–present), was previously registered as an independent<a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a></li> <li>1974 – <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Grijalva" title="Raúl Grijalva">Raúl Grijalva</a>, U.S. Representative from Arizona (2003–present), was previously a member of the <a href="/wiki/Raza_Unida_Party" title="Raza Unida Party">Raza Unida Party</a><a href="#cite_note-380">[380]</a></li> <li>1990s – <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schatz" title="Brian Schatz">Brian Schatz</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_House_of_Representatives" title="Hawaii House of Representatives">State Representative</a> (1998–2006), <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii Democratic Party</a> chair (2008–2010), <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Hawaii" title="Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii">Lieutenant Governor</a> (2010–2012), and U.S. Senator (2012–present) from Hawaii. Switched from the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a></li> <li>1996 – <a href="/wiki/Walt_Minnick" title="Walt Minnick">Walt Minnick</a>, staff assistant and deputy assistant director for the Office of Management and Budget for Richard Nixon, later Congressman from <a href="/wiki/Idaho%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Idaho's 1st congressional district">Idaho's 1st congressional district</a> (2009–2011)<a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a></li> <li>2002 – <a href="/wiki/Joe_Bertram_(Hawaii_politician)" title="Joe Bertram (Hawaii politician)">Joe Bertram</a>, switched from the Green Party.<a href="#cite_note-383">[383]</a></li> <li>2004 – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Clavelle" title="Peter Clavelle">Peter Clavelle</a>, while Mayor of Burlington left the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Progressive_Party" title="Vermont Progressive Party">Vermont Progressive Party</a>.</li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/David_Segal_(politician)" title="David Segal (politician)">David Segal</a>, initially elected as a Green to the <a href="/wiki/Providence_City_Council" title="Providence City Council">Providence City Council</a>, he joined the Democratic Party to run for the <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_House_of_Representatives" title="Rhode Island House of Representatives">Rhode Island House of Representatives</a>, where he served from 2007 to 2011.<a href="#cite_note-384">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a></li> <li>2009 – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Carroll_(politician)" title="Richard Carroll (politician)">Richard Carroll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_House_of_Representatives" title="Arkansas House of Representatives">Arkansas Representative</a>. At the time of his switch, he was the only <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green Party</a> state legislator in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-386">[386]</a></li> <li>2015 – <a href="/wiki/Ben_Chipman" title="Ben Chipman">Ben Chipman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine_House_of_Representatives" title="Maine House of Representatives">Maine State Representative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-387">[387]</a></li> <li>2023 – <a href="/wiki/Roy_Daryl_Adams" title="Roy Daryl Adams">Roy Daryl Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_House_of_Representatives" title="Louisiana House of Representatives">Louisiana State Representative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-388">[388]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_or_other_party_to_Republican">Independent or other party to Republican</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Independent or other party to Republican">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1941 – <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Shipstead" title="Henrik Shipstead">Henrik Shipstead</a>, while U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, switched from the <a href="/wiki/Farmer-Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmer-Labor Party">Farmer-Labor Party</a> to the Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-389">[389]</a></li> <li>2011 – <a href="/wiki/Joel_Robideaux" title="Joel Robideaux">Joel Robideaux</a>, while a Louisiana state representative. He was initially elected as an independent.<a href="#cite_note-390">[390]</a></li> <li>2016 – <a href="/wiki/Blake_Filippi" title="Blake Filippi">Blake Filippi</a>, Rhode Island state representative, switched from Independent to Republican; he had also been Republican previously until 2012.<a href="#cite_note-391">[391]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multiple_party_switches">Multiple party switches</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Multiple party switches">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_to_Republican_to_Democratic">Democratic to Republican to Democratic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Democratic to Republican to Democratic">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1854 – <a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair" title="Francis Preston Blair">Francis Preston Blair</a>, a supporter of presidents Andrew Jackson and Abraham Lincoln who became disillusioned with radical Reconstruction policies.</li> <li>1854 – <a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Francis Preston Blair Jr.</a>, Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States in 1868. His family had been unwavering supporters of Republican Abraham Lincoln, but he opposed the post-war Reconstruction policy. He had earlier been a friend of Democrat Thomas Hart Benton, and like his father he had also been a member of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a>.</li> <li>1854 – <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Blair" title="Montgomery Blair">Montgomery Blair</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a> for President Lincoln. His family left the Democratic Party to join the Republican Party, but he rejoined the Democratic Party after the war.</li> <li>1965 – <a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Arlen Specter</a>, U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (1981–2011). He was a Republican from 1965 to 2009 and a Democrat from 1951 to 1965 and 2009 to 2012.<a href="#cite_note-392">[392]</a></li> <li>2003 – <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Dickerson" title="Tommy Dickerson">Tommy Dickerson</a>, Mississippi state senator.<a href="#cite_note-393">[393]</a></li> <li>2003 – <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Ford" title="Johnny Ford">Johnny Ford</a>, Alabama state representative.<a href="#cite_note-394">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-395">[395]</a></li> <li>2008 – <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bradford_(politician)" title="Jim Bradford (politician)">Jim Bradford</a>, South Dakota state representative.</li> <li>2009 – <a href="/wiki/Parker_Griffith" title="Parker Griffith">Parker Griffith</a>, former U.S. Representative from Alabama (2009–2011). Joined the Republican Party in 2009, but returned to the Democratic Party in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-396">[396]</a></li> <li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/Artur_Davis" title="Artur Davis">Artur Davis</a>, former U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> (2003–2011). Joined the Republican Party in 2012, but returned to the Democratic Party in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-397">[397]</a></li> <li>2015 – <a href="/wiki/Joe_Baca" title="Joe Baca">Joe Baca</a>, former U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> (1999–2013). Joined the Republican Party in 2015, but returned to the Democratic Party in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-398">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[399]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_to_Democratic_to_Republican">Republican to Democratic to Republican</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Republican to Democratic to Republican">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1960 – <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Solomon">Jerry Solomon</a>, later U.S. Representative from New York (1979–1999)<a href="#cite_note-400">[400]</a></li> <li>1974 – <a href="/wiki/Matthew_G._Martinez" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew G. Martinez">Matthew G. Martinez</a>, U.S. Representative from California (1982–2001)<a href="#cite_note-401">[401]</a></li> <li>1992 – <a href="/wiki/Evan_Jenkins_(politician)" title="Evan Jenkins (politician)">Evan Jenkins</a>, West Virginia State Delegate. Later U.S. Representative for <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> (2015–2019)<a href="#cite_note-402">[402]</a></li> <li>1997 – <a href="/wiki/Betsy_McCaughey" title="Betsy McCaughey">Betsy McCaughey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_New_York" title="Lieutenant Governor of New York">Lieutenant Governor of New York</a> (1995–1998)</li> <li>2001 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Neall" title="Robert R. Neall">Robert R. Neall</a>, Maryland state senator.<a href="#cite_note-403">[403]</a></li> <li>2017 – <a href="/wiki/Jim_Justice" title="Jim Justice">Jim Justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of West Virginia">Governor of West Virginia</a> (2017–present).<a href="#cite_note-Barrow-404">[404]</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boman" title="Daniel Boman">Daniel Boman</a>, Alabama state representative.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_variations">Other variations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Other variations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1890 – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a> switched to the <a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">Populist Party</a>. Later U.S. Senator for <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> as a Democrat (1921–1922).</li> <li>1897 – <a href="/wiki/John_F._Shafroth" title="John F. Shafroth">John F. Shafroth</a>, U.S. representative (1895–1904), governor (1909–1913), and U.S. senator from Colorado (1913–1919). First elected as a Republican, became a <a href="/wiki/Silver_Republican_Party" title="Silver Republican Party">Silver Republican</a> in 1897, and a Democrat in 1903.<a href="#cite_note-405">[405]</a></li> <li>1908 – <a href="/wiki/Theodore_A._Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore A. Bell">Theodore A. Bell</a>, former U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> (1903–1905). He ran in several elections under different party's banners.</li> <li>1912 – <a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Costigan" title="Edward P. Costigan">Edward P. Costigan</a>, later a U.S. senator from Colorado (1931–1937). Initially a Republican, launched the <a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Progressive Party of Colorado</a> in 1912, and was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate in 1930.<a href="#cite_note-406">[406]</a></li> <li>1913 – <a href="/wiki/Miles_Poindexter" title="Miles Poindexter">Miles Poindexter</a>, U.S. Senator from Washington (1911–1923) switched to the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive Party</a> until rejoining the Republican Party two years later.<a href="#cite_note-407">[407]</a></li> <li>1920 – <a href="/wiki/Homer_Bone" title="Homer Bone">Homer Bone</a>, later a Washington state representative (1923–1925), U.S. senator from Washington (1933–1944) and judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a> (1944–1970). First a member of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a>, unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. House in 1920 with the <a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer-Labor Party</a> and was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Washington_House_of_Representatives" title="Washington House of Representatives">Washington House of Representatives</a> in 1923 with the Farmer-Labor Party, unsuccessfully ran for a U.S. House seat in 1928 as a Republican, and finally registered as a Democrat in 1932 to run for the U.S. Senate.<a href="#cite_note-408">[408]</a></li> <li>1932 – <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">United States Secretary of Agriculture</a> (1933–1940), <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1941–1945), <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">United States Secretary of Commerce</a> (1945–1946). He was a Republican, then a Democrat (1932–1947), then a Progressive (1947–1953)</li> <li>1952 – <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Morse" title="Wayne Morse">Wayne Morse</a>, U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> (1945–1969), changed from Republican to Independent in 1952<a href="#cite_note-filibuster-409">[409]</a> and Independent to Democrat on February 17, 1955<a href="#cite_note-410">[410]</a></li> <li>1974 – <a href="/wiki/D._French_Slaughter_Jr." title="D. French Slaughter Jr.">D. French Slaughter Jr.</a>, while serving in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> became an independent. Later elected to Congress as a Republican (1985–1991).</li> <li>1976 – <a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Silverman" title="Harold L. Silverman">Harold L. Silverman</a>, elected as a Republican to the <a href="/wiki/Maine_House_of_Representatives" title="Maine House of Representatives">Maine House of Representatives</a> (1973–1976), resigned to become a staffer to independent Governor <a href="/wiki/James_B._Longley" title="James B. Longley">James B. Longley</a>, elected as an independent to the <a href="/wiki/Maine_Senate" title="Maine Senate">Maine Senate</a> (1979–1980), Democratic nominee for <a href="/wiki/Maine%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Maine's 2nd congressional district">Maine's 2nd congressional district</a> in 1980.</li> <li>1986 – <a href="/wiki/Ray_Metcalfe" title="Ray Metcalfe">Ray Metcalfe</a>, former Alaska state representative (1979–1983) and activist. Republican until 1986, founded the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Moderate_Party_of_Alaska" title="Republican Moderate Party of Alaska">Republican Moderate Party of Alaska</a> that year, and became a Democrat in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-411">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-412">[412]</a></li> <li>1988 – <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a>, former U.S. Representative (1976–1977 and 1979–1985), ran for president as a Libertarian. He later returned to Congress as a Republican (1997–2012).</li> <li>1990 – <a href="/wiki/Wally_Hickel" title="Wally Hickel">Wally Hickel</a>, former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">United States Secretary of the Interior</a> (1969–1970) left Republican Party before his successful bid for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Alaska">Governor of Alaska</a> (1966–1969 and 1990–1994), as nominee of the <a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Independence_Party" title="Alaskan Independence Party">Alaskan Independence Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-413">[413]</a> He rejoined the Republican party in 1994.</li> <li>1994 – <a href="/wiki/Wes_Watkins" title="Wes Watkins">Wes Watkins</a>, Democratic U.S Congressman from <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> (1977–1991), Democratic (1990) & Independent (1994) candidate for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Oklahoma" title="Governor of Oklahoma">Governor of Oklahoma</a> and Republican U.S. Congressman from <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> (1997–2003)</li> <li>1995 – <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a>, former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> under <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2001–2005), former <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> under <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1989–1993), former National Security Advisor under <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1986–1989) switched from Independent to Republican in 1995. After <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">supporters of President Donald Trump stormed the U.S. Capitol</a> in January 2021, Powell said that he could no longer call himself a fellow Republican. He switched back to Independent.<a href="#cite_note-nolongerconsider-414">[414]</a></li> <li>1999 – <a href="/wiki/Bob_Smith_(New_Hampshire_politician)" title="Bob Smith (New Hampshire politician)">Bob Smith</a>, U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> (1990–2003), left the Republican Party on July 13, 1999, while running for the party's presidential nomination; became an independent and declared himself a candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">U.S. Taxpayers Party</a> presidential nomination and an independent candidate. On November 1, 1999, he returned to the Republican Party when a Senate committee chairmanship became open.<a href="#cite_note-415">[415]</a></li> <li>1999 – <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, businessman and real-estate developer, later 45th (2017–2021) and 47th (2025–) President of the United States, has been at various times a Republican, Democratic, Independent, and Reform Party member.</li> <li>1999 – <a href="/wiki/Joel_Giambra" title="Joel Giambra">Joel Giambra</a>, city comptroller of <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a> (1990–1999), County Executive of <a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_New_York" title="Erie County, New York">Erie County, New York</a> (2000–2007). He joined the Republican Party in 1999. In 2018, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Reform Party of New York State">Reform Party of New York State</a> to run for governor.<a href="#cite_note-416">[416]</a></li> <li>2000 – <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode" title="Virgil Goode">Virgil Goode</a>, former U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> (1997–2009). Initially a Democrat, he sat as an Independent and later a Republican during his time in Congress. After Congress, he switched to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a> and became their nominee for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-417">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-418">[418]</a></li> <li>2001 – <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a>, was a Democrat before running for <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Mayor of New York City</a> as a Republican. He later became an independent before rejoining the Democratic Party in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-419">[419]</a></li> <li>2002 – <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Kiscaden" title="Sheila Kiscaden">Sheila Kiscaden</a>, Elected as Republican to the Minnesota state senate. She joined and won reelection as the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Party of Minnesota">Independence Party of Minnesota</a> candidate before accepting an invitation to join the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party</a> in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Minnesota_Party_Jumpers-52">[52]</a></li> <li>2004 – <a href="/wiki/Kyrsten_Sinema" title="Kyrsten Sinema">Kyrsten Sinema</a>, U.S. Senator from Arizona (2019–present) and former U.S. Representative from Arizona (2013–2019), left the Green Party in 2004 to join the Democratic Party, then later became an independent.<a href="#cite_note-:4-420">[420]</a></li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Kari_Lake" title="Kari Lake">Kari Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/2022_Arizona_gubernatorial_election" title="2022 Arizona gubernatorial election">nominee for Governor of Arizona in 2022</a> and <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arizona" title="2024 United States Senate election in Arizona">candidate for Senate in 2024</a>, switched from Republican to Independent in 2006, became a Democrat in 2008, and returned to the Republican party in 2012<a href="#cite_note-421">[421]</a></li> <li>2007 – <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee" title="Lincoln Chafee">Lincoln Chafee</a>, former Independent and Democratic <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Rhode_Island" title="Governor of Rhode Island">Governor of Rhode Island</a> (2011–2015), former Republican U.S. Senator for <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> (1999–2007), switched from Republican to Independent in 2007, switched from Independent to Democrat in 2013 while serving as Governor of Rhode Island, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Lincoln Chafee 2016 presidential campaign">ran for President</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a>, switched to <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> in 2019<a href="#cite_note-chafee-422">[422]</a></li> <li>2008 – <a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel" title="Mike Gravel">Mike Gravel</a>, former U.S. senator from <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> (1969–1981) and 2008 presidential candidate switched from Democratic to Libertarian before returning to the Democratic Party in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-423">[423]</a></li> <li>2009 – <a href="/wiki/Jared_Kushner" title="Jared Kushner">Jared Kushner</a>, former Senior Advisor to the President (2017–2021) and Director of the Office of American Innovation (2017–2021), has been at various times a Democrat, Independent, and Republican.</li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Crist" title="Charlie Crist">Charlie Crist</a>, former Republican <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Florida">governor of Florida</a> (2007–2011) and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Florida,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Florida, 2010">Independent senatorial candidate in 2010</a>, switched to Democrat, then elected as Democratic U.S. Congressman (2017–2022).<a href="#cite_note-424">[424]</a></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Tom_Tancredo" title="Tom Tancredo">Tom Tancredo</a>, former U.S. Representative from <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> (1999–2009), switched to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a> to run for <a href="/wiki/Colorado_gubernatorial_election,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado gubernatorial election, 2010">Governor of Colorado</a>, returned to Republican Party in 2011, became an Independent in 2015, returned to the Republican Party again in 2017</li> <li>2017 – <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Mejia" title="Kenneth Mejia">Kenneth Mejia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Controller" title="Los Angeles City Controller">Los Angeles City Controller</a> (2022–present) switched from Democratic to Green in 2017 before switching back to the Democratic Party in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-425">[425]</a></li> <li>2017 – <a href="/wiki/Bob_Krist" title="Bob Krist">Bob Krist</a>, Nebraska state senator was elected as a Republican, switched to an Independent and then a Democrat to run for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Nebraska">Governor of Nebraska</a>, then returned to the Republican party.<a href="#cite_note-426">[426]</a></li> <li>2019 – <a href="/wiki/S._Marshall_Wilson" title="S. Marshall Wilson">S. Marshall Wilson</a>, then member of the <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="West Virginia House of Delegates">West Virginia House of Delegates</a>, changed his party affiliation from Republican to Independent in 2019, then to the third party America Coming Together in 2022, and then to the US Constitution Party in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-427">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-428">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-429">[429]</a></li> <li>2021 – <a href="/wiki/Malinda_White" title="Malinda White">Malinda White</a>, while a Louisiana state representative, switched from Independent to Republican; she had been a Democrat until 2021.</li> <li>2022 – <a href="/wiki/Miles_Taylor_(security_expert)" title="Miles Taylor (security expert)">Miles Taylor</a>, former Chief of Staff of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">United States Department of Homeland Security</a> left the Republican Party to become an independent, then joined the <a href="/wiki/Forward_Party_(United_States)" title="Forward Party (United States)">Forward Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-430">[430]</a></li> <li>2024 – <a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Justin Amash</a>, representative for <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 3rd congressional district">Michigan's 3rd congressional district</a> (2011–2021), left the Republican Party in 2019 to become an Independent, joined the Libertarian Party in 2020, then rejoined the Republican Party in 2024<a href="#cite_note-431">[431]</a></li> <li>2024 – <a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Gabbard" title="Tulsi Gabbard">Tulsi Gabbard</a>, former representative for <a href="/wiki/Hawaii%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Hawaii's 2nd congressional district">Hawaii's 2nd congressional district</a> (2013–2021) and candidate in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_presidential_primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Democratic presidential primaries">2020 Democratic presidential primaries</a>, left the Democratic Party in 2022 and joined the Republican Party in 2024<a href="#cite_note-432">[432]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Within_other_parties">Within other parties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Within other parties">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>2000 – <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Jesse Ventura</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota" title="Governor of Minnesota">governor of Minnesota</a>, left the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Party USA">Reform Party</a>, along with most of his supporters, to re-found the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Party of Minnesota">Independence Party of Minnesota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-433">[433]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_politicians_who_switched_parties_in_office" title="List of American politicians who switched parties in office">List of American politicians who switched parties in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_who_switched_parties" title="List of United States representatives who switched parties">List of United States representatives who switched parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_who_switched_parties" title="List of United States senators who switched parties">List of United States senators who switched parties</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGieskeKeillor1995" class="citation book cs1">Gieske, Millard L.; Keillor, Steven James (1995). Norwegian Yankee: Knute Nelson and the failure of American politics, 1860 - 1923. Biographical series / Norwegian-American Historical Association. Northfield, Minn: Norwegian-American Historical Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87732-083-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87732-083-8"><bdi>978-0-87732-083-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norwegian+Yankee%3A+Knute+Nelson+and+the+failure+of+American+politics%2C+1860+-+1923&rft.place=Northfield%2C+Minn&rft.series=Biographical+series+%2F+Norwegian-American+Historical+Association&rft.pub=Norwegian-American+Historical+Association&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-87732-083-8&rft.aulast=Gieske&rft.aufirst=Millard+L.&rft.au=Keillor%2C+Steven+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/D000495">"Bioguide Search"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bioguide+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fsearch%2Fbio%2FD000495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesselus2002" class="citation book cs1">Kesselus, Kenneth (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alvinwirtzsenato0000kess">Alvin Wirtz : the Senator, LBJ, and LCRA</a>. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. p. 19. Retrieved November 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alvin+Wirtz+%3A+the+Senator%2C+LBJ%2C+and+LCRA&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Eakin+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Kesselus&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falvinwirtzsenato0000kess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=L000101">"Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>. Retrieved April 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Octaviano+Ambrosio+Larrazolo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DL000101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1975/02/19/archives/raymond-moley-roosevelt-aide-dies-brain-trust-leader-coined-new.html">"Raymond Moley, Roosevelt Aide, Dies; Brain Trust Leader Coined 'New Deal'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>. February 19, 1975. Retrieved April 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Raymond+Moley%2C+Roosevelt+Aide%2C+Dies%3B+Brain+Trust+Leader+Coined+%27New+Deal%27&rft.date=1975-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1975%2F02%2F19%2Farchives%2Fraymond-moley-roosevelt-aide-dies-brain-trust-leader-coined-new.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoe2013" class="citation book cs1">Moe, Richard (2013). Roosevelt's SecondAct. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-998191-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-998191-5"><bdi>978-0-19-998191-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roosevelt%27s+SecondAct&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-998191-5&rft.aulast=Moe&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lubbock-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Lubbock_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/6243584/">"GOP Senate Nominee is Named: H. J. Porter is to Make Race"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lubbock_Avalanche-Journal" title="Lubbock Avalanche-Journal">Lubbock Evening Journal</a>. Lubbock, TX. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. September 16, 1948. pp. II 1, 9 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lubbock+Evening+Journal&rft.atitle=GOP+Senate+Nominee+is+Named%3A+H.+J.+Porter+is+to+Make+Race&rft.pages=II+1%2C+9&rft.date=1948-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F6243584%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000124">"Rudolph G. Tenerowicz"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>. Retrieved April 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Rudolph+G.+Tenerowicz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DT000124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gwu.edu/~erpapers/mep/displaydoc.cfm?docid=erpn-johroo">"John Aspinwall Roosevelt (1916–1981)"</a>. Retrieved June 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Aspinwall+Roosevelt+%281916%E2%80%931981%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gwu.edu%2F~erpapers%2Fmep%2Fdisplaydoc.cfm%3Fdocid%3Derpn-johroo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000297">"Joseph A. McArdle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>. Retrieved April 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Joseph+A.+McArdle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DM000297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000749">Rush D. Holt Sr.</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Billy Hathorn, "Cramer v. Kirk: The Florida Republican Schism of 1970," The Florida Historical Quarterly, LXVII, No. 4 (April 1990), p. 404 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1977" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Griffin (January 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/little-big-man-2/">"Little Big Man"</a>. Texas Monthly. Retrieved January 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texas+Monthly&rft.atitle=Little+Big+Man&rft.date=1977-01&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Griffin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasmonthly.com%2Farticles%2Flittle-big-man-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030207111828/http://www.house.gov/hyde/bio.htm">"Congressman Henry J. Hyde"</a>. www.house.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.house.gov/hyde/bio.htm">the original</a> on February 7, 2003. Retrieved June 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.house.gov&rft.atitle=Congressman+Henry+J.+Hyde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.house.gov%2Fhyde%2Fbio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPleasants1997" class="citation journal cs1">Pleasants, Julian M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4190&context=fhq">"Claude Pepper, Strom Thurmond, and the 1948 Presidential Election in Florida"</a>. Florida Historical Quarterly. 76 (4): 19. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Claude+Pepper%2C+Strom+Thurmond%2C+and+the+1948+Presidential+Election+in+Florida&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Pleasants&rft.aufirst=Julian+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstars.library.ucf.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D4190%26context%3Dfhq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoravsky2001" class="citation news cs1">Joravsky, Ben (April 12, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/backstabbers/Content?oid=905119">"Backstabbers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Reader" title="Chicago Reader">Chicago Reader</a>. Retrieved July 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Reader&rft.atitle=Backstabbers&rft.date=2001-04-12&rft.aulast=Joravsky&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagoreader.com%2Fchicago%2Fbackstabbers%2FContent%3Foid%3D905119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.9news.com/article/news/local/politics/former-florida-gov-claude-kirk-dies-at-85/73-334725438">"Former Florida. Gov. Claude Kirk dies at 85"</a>. 9 News. September 28, 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=9+News&rft.atitle=Former+Florida.+Gov.+Claude+Kirk+dies+at+85&rft.date=2011-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.9news.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fpolitics%2Fformer-florida-gov-claude-kirk-dies-at-85%2F73-334725438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Schneider" class="citation web cs1">A. Schneider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/news/specials/obits/reagan/">"Ronald Reagan, 1911–2004"</a>. NPR. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ronald+Reagan%2C+1911%E2%80%932004&rft.pub=NPR&rft.au=A.+Schneider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fnews%2Fspecials%2Fobits%2Freagan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/23/us/howard-h-callaway-strategist-who-helped-gop-rise-in-south-dies-at-86.html?rref=obituaries&module=Ribbon&version=origin&region=Header&action=click&contentCollection=Obituaries&pgtype=article">"Howard H. Callaway, Strategist Who Helped G.O.P. Rise in South, Dies at 86 (Published 2014)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. March 22, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Howard+H.+Callaway%2C+Strategist+Who+Helped+G.O.P.+Rise+in+South%2C+Dies+at+86+%28Published+2014%29&rft.date=2014-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F03%2F23%2Fus%2Fhoward-h-callaway-strategist-who-helped-gop-rise-in-south-dies-at-86.html%3Frref%3Dobituaries%26module%3DRibbon%26version%3Dorigin%26region%3DHeader%26action%3Dclick%26contentCollection%3DObituaries%26pgtype%3Darticle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senators_changed_parties.htm#14">"J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina"</a>. Senators Who Changed Parties During Senate Service (Since 1890). <a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States Senate">The United States Senate</a>. Retrieved June 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senators+Who+Changed+Parties+During+Senate+Service+%28Since+1890%29&rft.atitle=J.+Strom+Thurmond+of+South+Carolina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2Fsenators_changed_parties.htm%2314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1998/11/05/virginia-politician-guy-o-farley-jr-dies-at-66/c15c0b1f-a7c0-49fa-af9d-8d8689735caf/">VIRGINIA POLITICIAN GUY O. FARLEY JR. DIES AT 66</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=VIRGINIA+POLITICIAN+GUY+O.+FARLEY+JR.+DIES+AT+66&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flocal%2F1998%2F11%2F05%2Fvirginia-politician-guy-o-farley-jr-dies-at-66%2Fc15c0b1f-a7c0-49fa-af9d-8d8689735caf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalbfingerGettleman2002" class="citation news cs1">Halbfinger, David M.; Gettleman, Jeffrey (December 15, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/15/us/in-lott-s-life-long-shadows-of-segregation.html">"In Lott's Life, Long Shadows of Segregation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved July 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Lott%27s+Life%2C+Long+Shadows+of+Segregation&rft.date=2002-12-15&rft.aulast=Halbfinger&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Gettleman%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F12%2F15%2Fus%2Fin-lott-s-life-long-shadows-of-segregation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OAC-23"><a href="#cite_ref-OAC_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt3199r7x0/admin/">"Guide to the Samuel I. Hayakawa Papers"</a>. Online Archive of California. Retrieved June 24, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Samuel+I.+Hayakawa+Papers&rft.pub=Online+Archive+of+California&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oac.cdlib.org%2Ffindaid%2Fark%3A%2F13030%2Fkt3199r7x0%2Fadmin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6pQ1AAAAIBAJ&pg=4476,2090478&dq=john+jarman&hl=en">"Congressman leaves Democratic Party"</a>. Lodi News-Sentinel. Lodi, California. United Press International. January 24, 1975. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lodi+News-Sentinel&rft.atitle=Congressman+leaves+Democratic+Party&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1975-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D6pQ1AAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4476%2C2090478%26dq%3Djohn%2Bjarman%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey_Gruson1991" class="citation news cs1">Lindsey Gruson (August 10, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/10/nyregion/decade-of-rep-smith-fluke-to-tactician.html?pagewanted=2">"Decade of Rep. Smith: Fluke to Tactician – Page 2 – New York Times"</a>. The New York Times. New Jersey; United States. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Decade+of+Rep.+Smith%3A+Fluke+to+Tactician+%E2%80%93+Page+2+%E2%80%93+New+York+Times&rft.date=1991-08-10&rft.au=Lindsey+Gruson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F08%2F10%2Fnyregion%2Fdecade-of-rep-smith-fluke-to-tactician.html%3Fpagewanted%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ocregister.com/2016/09/09/mike-pence-explains-how-ronald-reagan-made-him-a-republican/">Mike Pence explains how Ronald Reagan made him a Republican </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_W._Dillard" class="citation web cs1">Tom W. Dillard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/frank-durward-white-125/">"Frank Durward White (1933–2003)"</a>. Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved June 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arkansas&rft.atitle=Frank+Durward+White+%281933%E2%80%932003%29&rft.au=Tom+W.+Dillard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediaofarkansas.net%2Fentries%2Ffrank-durward-white-125%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/10/14/Maverick-Democratic-Rep-Eugene-Atkinson-of-Pennsylvania-who/6392371880000/">Maverick Democratic Rep. Eugene Atkinson of Pennsylvania – who...</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leg.wa.gov/History/Legislative/Documents/MembersOfLeg2011.pdf">"State of Washington: Members of the Legislature, 1889–2011"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Legislature" title="Washington State Legislature">Washington State Legislature</a>. May 1, 2012. p. 8. Retrieved November 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+State+Legislature&rft.atitle=State+of+Washington%3A+Members+of+the+Legislature%2C+1889%E2%80%932011&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2012-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleg.wa.gov%2FHistory%2FLegislative%2FDocuments%2FMembersOfLeg2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalz2000" class="citation news cs1">Balz, Dan (August 1, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/08/01/the-republicans-showcase-a-rising-star/430295bb-7c08-4c39-b7ab-36a0a3de8c57/">"The Republicans Showcase a Rising Star"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Republicans+Showcase+a+Rising+Star&rft.date=2000-08-01&rft.aulast=Balz&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F2000%2F08%2F01%2Fthe-republicans-showcase-a-rising-star%2F430295bb-7c08-4c39-b7ab-36a0a3de8c57%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1993" class="citation web cs1">Porter, Kit (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kpvcollection.com/uploads/8/3/2/8/83288656/starting_nmc_a_negotiation_perspective__harvard_dissertation_.pdf">"Starting Northern Marianas College: A Negotiation Perspective"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Starting+Northern+Marianas+College%3A+A+Negotiation+Perspective&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Kit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kpvcollection.com%2Fuploads%2F8%2F3%2F2%2F8%2F83288656%2Fstarting_nmc_a_negotiation_perspective__harvard_dissertation_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/193/000023124/#FN1">"Jeane Kirkpatrick"</a>. Nndb.com. February 20, 1955. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jeane+Kirkpatrick&rft.pub=Nndb.com&rft.date=1955-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndb.com%2Fpeople%2F193%2F000023124%2F%23FN1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZezima2006" class="citation news cs1">Zezima, Katie (September 19, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103073845/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/19/obituaries/19king.html?ref=michaelsdukakis">"Ex-Gov. Edward J. King, 81, Who Defeated Dukakis, Dies"</a>. The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/19/obituaries/19king.html?ref=michaelsdukakis">the original</a> on November 3, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-Gov.+Edward+J.+King%2C+81%2C+Who+Defeated+Dukakis%2C+Dies&rft.date=2006-09-19&rft.aulast=Zezima&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F09%2F19%2Fobituaries%2F19king.html%3Fref%3Dmichaelsdukakis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/06/27/bill-bennett-finally-turns-republican/17bdfe0c-9490-44b5-80db-17e9744e0132/">"Bill Bennett Finally Turns Republican"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Bill+Bennett+Finally+Turns+Republican&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1986%2F06%2F27%2Fbill-bennett-finally-turns-republican%2F17bdfe0c-9490-44b5-80db-17e9744e0132%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHevesi1991" class="citation news cs1">Hevesi, Dennis (July 17, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/17/obituaries/frank-rizzo-of-philadelphia-dies-at-70-a-hero-and-villain.html">"Frank Rizzo of Philadelphia Dies at 70; A 'Hero' and 'Villain'"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Frank+Rizzo+of+Philadelphia+Dies+at+70%3B+A+%27Hero%27+and+%27Villain%27&rft.date=1991-07-17&rft.aulast=Hevesi&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F07%2F17%2Fobituaries%2Ffrank-rizzo-of-philadelphia-dies-at-70-a-hero-and-villain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridges2019" class="citation news cs1">Bridges, Tyler (February 23, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theadvocate.com/article_b16a6f9c-37bf-11e9-9ec2-f3e2947132c7.html">"Louisiana Political Hall of Fame inducts 6 in Lafayette"</a>. The Advocate. Retrieved February 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Advocate&rft.atitle=Louisiana+Political+Hall+of+Fame+inducts+6+in+Lafayette&rft.date=2019-02-23&rft.aulast=Bridges&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theadvocate.com%2Farticle_b16a6f9c-37bf-11e9-9ec2-f3e2947132c7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE1DB1730F935A2575AC0A961948260">Ex-Leader of Democrats in Chicago Switches Party</a><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, September 16, 1987. </li> <li id="cite_note-Froehlich-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Froehlich_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Froehlich_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelzer2017" class="citation news cs1">Pelzer, Jeremy (June 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sj-r.com/article/20070626/NEWS/306269946">"State Rep. Paul Froelich to abandon GOP for Democrats"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_State_Journal-Register" title="The State Journal-Register">The State Journal-Register</a>. Retrieved December 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+State+Journal-Register&rft.atitle=State+Rep.+Paul+Froelich+to+abandon+GOP+for+Democrats&rft.date=2017-06-26&rft.aulast=Pelzer&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sj-r.com%2Farticle%2F20070626%2FNEWS%2F306269946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19890207&id=t2cfAAAAIBAJ&pg=1273,962524&hl=en">"Gadsden Times –Google News Archive Search"</a>. news.google.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.google.com&rft.atitle=Gadsden+Times+%E2%80%93Google+News+Archive+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1891%26dat%3D19890207%26id%3Dt2cfAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1273%2C962524%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenning2010" class="citation news cs1">Benning, Tom (February 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100223160631/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/politics/state/stories/022110dnpol50thingsperry.1320b32fa.html">"50 things you need to know about Rick Perry"</a>. The Dallas Morning News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/politics/state/stories/022110dnpol50thingsperry.1320b32fa.html">the original</a> on February 23, 2010. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=50+things+you+need+to+know+about+Rick+Perry&rft.date=2010-02-19&rft.aulast=Benning&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dallasnews.com%2Fsharedcontent%2Fdws%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fstate%2Fstories%2F022110dnpol50thingsperry.1320b32fa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_Writer1989" class="citation web cs1">Staff Writer (November 1, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goupstate.com/story/news/1989/11/02/state-gop-head-expects-switch/29518412007/">"State GOP head expects switch at council level"</a>. Spartanburg Herald Journal. Retrieved November 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spartanburg+Herald+Journal&rft.atitle=State+GOP+head+expects+switch+at+council+level&rft.date=1989-11-01&rft.au=Staff+Writer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goupstate.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F1989%2F11%2F02%2Fstate-gop-head-expects-switch%2F29518412007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcneil2008" class="citation news cs1">Mcneil, Kate (October 19, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090121131154/http://www.heraldextra.com/content/view/285061/1/">"3D: chaffetz profile"</a>. Daily Herald. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldextra.com/content/view/285061/1/">the original</a> on January 21, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=3D%3A+chaffetz+profile&rft.date=2008-10-19&rft.aulast=Mcneil&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldextra.com%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F285061%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Howard E. Covington Jr. and Marion A. Ellis, Terry Sanford: Politics, Progress, and Outrageous Ambitions. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999, 489 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJason_Berry1991" class="citation web cs1">Jason Berry (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/how-david-duke-and-born-agains-wrecked-louisianas-gop">"How David Duke and the Born-Agains Wrecked Louisiana's GOP"</a>. Retrieved November 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+David+Duke+and+the+Born-Agains+Wrecked+Louisiana%27s+GOP&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Jason+Berry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faliciapatterson.org%2Fstories%2Fhow-david-duke-and-born-agains-wrecked-louisianas-gop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCord2019" class="citation web cs1">McCord, Susan (May 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/politics/elections/local/2019/05/29/aiken-business-owner-cody-anderson-announces-run-for-youngs-sc-house-seat/5035964007/">"Anderson first to announce run for SC House seat"</a>. The Augusta Chronicle. Retrieved November 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Augusta+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Anderson+first+to+announce+run+for+SC+House+seat&rft.date=2019-05-29&rft.aulast=McCord&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.augustachronicle.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Felections%2Flocal%2F2019%2F05%2F29%2Faiken-business-owner-cody-anderson-announces-run-for-youngs-sc-house-seat%2F5035964007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lrl.texas.gov/legeleaders/members/memberdisplay.cfm?memberID=305">"Legislative Reference Library | Legislators and Leaders | Member profile"</a>. lrl.texas.gov. Retrieved December 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lrl.texas.gov&rft.atitle=Legislative+Reference+Library+%7C+Legislators+and+Leaders+%7C+Member+profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flrl.texas.gov%2Flegeleaders%2Fmembers%2Fmemberdisplay.cfm%3FmemberID%3D305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmons2006" class="citation web cs1">Ammons, David (April 17, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seattlepi.com/seattlenews/article/gop-defector-says-party-is-out-of-touch-1201201.php">"GOP defector says party is 'out of touch'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" title="Seattle Post-Intelligencer">Seattle Post-Intelligencer</a>. Retrieved November 28, 2023. <q>"No party fits any area perfectly," said Sen. Bill Finkbeiner, of Kirkland, who shifted to the Republicans in 1994 and whose vote helped put the gay rights bill over the top this year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Post-Intelligencer&rft.atitle=GOP+defector+says+party+is+%27out+of+touch%27&rft.date=2006-04-17&rft.aulast=Ammons&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Fseattlenews%2Farticle%2Fgop-defector-says-party-is-out-of-touch-1201201.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_FratesCarrie_Budoff_Brown2010" class="citation news cs1">Chris Frates; Carrie Budoff Brown (February 2, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2010/02/tauzin-to-step-down-from-phrma-032879">"Tauzin to step down from PhRMA"</a>. Politico. Retrieved March 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Tauzin+to+step+down+from+PhRMA&rft.date=2010-02-02&rft.au=Chris+Frates&rft.au=Carrie+Budoff+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2010%2F02%2Ftauzin-to-step-down-from-phrma-032879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/12/us/mississippi-congressman-switches-parties.html">"Mississippi Congressman Switches Parties"</a>. New York Times. November 12, 1995. p. 30. Retrieved March 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mississippi+Congressman+Switches+Parties&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1995-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F11%2F12%2Fus%2Fmississippi-congressman-switches-parties.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCope2014" class="citation web cs1">Cope, Cassie (June 22, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islandpacket.com/news/state/south-carolina/article33580887.html">"Controversies over sex ed, Democratic past ripple through race for SC schools chief"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Island_Packet" title="The Island Packet">The Island Packet</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Island+Packet&rft.atitle=Controversies+over+sex+ed%2C+Democratic+past+ripple+through+race+for+SC+schools+chief&rft.date=2014-06-22&rft.aulast=Cope&rft.aufirst=Cassie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islandpacket.com%2Fnews%2Fstate%2Fsouth-carolina%2Farticle33580887.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090504213222/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-18817665.html">"50th Democrat State Legislator Switches to GOP; Georgia Rep., County Officials Join Republican Party"</a>. www.encyclopedia.com. U.S. Newswire. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-18817665.html">the original</a> on May 4, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=50th+Democrat+State+Legislator+Switches+to+GOP%3B+Georgia+Rep.%2C+County+Officials+Join+Republican+Party&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-18817665.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minnesota_Party_Jumpers-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Minnesota_Party_Jumpers_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minnesota_Party_Jumpers_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minnesota_Party_Jumpers_52-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrow2009" class="citation news cs1">Grow, Doug (April 28, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/04/minnesotans-whove-switched-can-relate-specters-decision">"Minnesotans who've 'switched' can relate to Specter's decision"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Des_Moines_Register" title="The Des Moines Register">The Des Moines Register</a>. Retrieved April 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Des+Moines+Register&rft.atitle=Minnesotans+who%27ve+%27switched%27+can+relate+to+Specter%27s+decision&rft.date=2009-04-28&rft.aulast=Grow&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minnpost.com%2Fpolitics-policy%2F2009%2F04%2Fminnesotans-whove-switched-can-relate-specters-decision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2021" class="citation web cs1">Staff (November 12, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wrdw.com/2021/11/12/sc-state-sen-hugh-leatherman-dies/">"Powerful longtime S.C. state Sen. Hugh Leatherman dies at 90"</a>. WRDW. Retrieved November 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WRDW&rft.atitle=Powerful+longtime+S.C.+state+Sen.+Hugh+Leatherman+dies+at+90&rft.date=2021-11-12&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrdw.com%2F2021%2F11%2F12%2Fsc-state-sen-hugh-leatherman-dies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aa-54"><a href="#cite_ref-aa_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.kitsapsun.com/news/local/businessman-politician-zellinsky-dies-at-82-ep-1264000532-354493631.html/">"Businessman, politician Zellinsky dies at 82"</a>. kitsapsun.com. Retrieved October 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kitsapsun.com&rft.atitle=Businessman%2C+politician+Zellinsky+dies+at+82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.kitsapsun.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fbusinessman-politician-zellinsky-dies-at-82-ep-1264000532-354493631.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheatley2009" class="citation news cs1">Wheatley, Thomas (June 10, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativeloafing.com/content-210799-harpers-give-former-state-sen-charles-walker">"Harpers: Give former state Sen. Charles Walker justice"</a>. Creative Loafing Atlanta. Retrieved September 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Creative+Loafing+Atlanta&rft.atitle=Harpers%3A+Give+former+state+Sen.+Charles+Walker+justice&rft.date=2009-06-10&rft.aulast=Wheatley&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcreativeloafing.com%2Fcontent-210799-harpers-give-former-state-sen-charles-walker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyerle" class="citation web cs1">Beyerle, Dana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gadsdentimes.com/article/20010907/NEWS/109070308">"Galliher makes party switch official"</a>. Retrieved December 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Galliher+makes+party+switch+official&rft.aulast=Beyerle&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gadsdentimes.com%2Farticle%2F20010907%2FNEWS%2F109070308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandler2007" class="citation book cs1">Sandler, Lauren (2007). Righteous: Dispatches from the Evangelical Youth Movement. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311237-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311237-2"><bdi>978-0-14-311237-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righteous%3A+Dispatches+from+the+Evangelical+Youth+Movement&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311237-2&rft.aulast=Sandler&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_Writer" class="citation web cs1">Staff Writer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goupstate.com/story/news/2001/07/16/long-fight-ahead-redistricting-battles-show-signs-of-a-lengthy-ugly-war/29635151007/">"Long fight ahead, Redistricting battles show signs of a lengthy, ugly war"</a>. Spartanburg Herald Journal. Retrieved November 28, 2023. <q>A third sign was the defection last week of Rep. Greg Delleney from the Democratic Party to the Republicans. Delleney said he switched in part to protect Chester County's House district during reapportionment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spartanburg+Herald+Journal&rft.atitle=Long+fight+ahead%2C+Redistricting+battles+show+signs+of+a+lengthy%2C+ugly+war&rft.au=Staff+Writer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goupstate.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2001%2F07%2F16%2Flong-fight-ahead-redistricting-battles-show-signs-of-a-lengthy-ugly-war%2F29635151007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackel" class="citation news cs1">Mackel, Travers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180711040141/http://www.msnewsnow.com/story/1033991/lt-governor-amy-tuck-switches-to-gop">"Lt. Governor Amy Tuck Switches to GOP"</a>. MS News Now. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msnewsnow.com/story/1033991/lt-governor-amy-tuck-switches-to-gop">the original</a> on July 11, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MS+News+Now&rft.atitle=Lt.+Governor+Amy+Tuck+Switches+to+GOP&rft.aulast=Mackel&rft.aufirst=Travers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnewsnow.com%2Fstory%2F1033991%2Flt-governor-amy-tuck-switches-to-gop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burton_and_Carmichael-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burton_and_Carmichael_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burton_and_Carmichael_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.franklincountytimes.com/2002/12/30/state-sen-burton-makes-switch-to-the-gop/">"State Sen. Burton makes switch to the GOP –Franklin County Times"</a>. www.franklincountytimes.com. December 30, 2002. Retrieved December 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.franklincountytimes.com&rft.atitle=State+Sen.+Burton+makes+switch+to+the+GOP+%E2%80%93Franklin+County+Times&rft.date=2002-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.franklincountytimes.com%2F2002%2F12%2F30%2Fstate-sen-burton-makes-switch-to-the-gop%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wxxinews.org/government/2019-12-11/state-sen-joe-robach-will-not-run-for-re-election">"State Sen. Joe Robach will not run for re-election"</a>. WXXI News. December 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WXXI+News&rft.atitle=State+Sen.+Joe+Robach+will+not+run+for+re-election&rft.date=2019-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wxxinews.org%2Fgovernment%2F2019-12-11%2Fstate-sen-joe-robach-will-not-run-for-re-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tate_Record_2003-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tate_Record_2003_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tate_Record_2003_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tate_Record_2003_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tate_Record_2003_62-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tate_Record_2003_62-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taterecord.com/contentitem/358429/2368/baker-switches-to-republican-party">"Tate Record, Baker switches to Republican party"</a>. www.taterecord.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.taterecord.com&rft.atitle=Tate+Record%2C+Baker+switches+to+Republican+party&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taterecord.com%2Fcontentitem%2F358429%2F2368%2Fbaker-switches-to-republican-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees2003" class="citation web cs1">Rees, Chris (September 16, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wistv.com/story/1444616/ware-shoals-senator-odell-switches-parties-now-republican">"Ware Shoals Senator O'Dell switches parties, now Republican"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WIS_(TV)" title="WIS (TV)">WIS</a>. Retrieved December 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIS.&rft.atitle=Ware+Shoals+Senator+O%27Dell+switches+parties%2C+now+Republican&rft.date=2003-09-16&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wistv.com%2Fstory%2F1444616%2Fware-shoals-senator-odell-switches-parties-now-republican&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726044655/http://ncseonline.org/Updates/RS/updates_page_fid%3D3362.cfm">"Ranking Democrat on House Science Committee Will Switch Parties"</a>. ncseonline.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncseonline.org/Updates/RS/updates_page_fid=3362.cfm">the original</a> on July 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ncseonline.org&rft.atitle=Ranking+Democrat+on+House+Science+Committee+Will+Switch+Parties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncseonline.org%2FUpdates%2FRS%2Fupdates_page_fid%3D3362.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://listserv.umd.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0401&L=esanews&D=1&P=56">"ESANEWS archives – January 2004 (#1)"</a>. Listserv.umd.edu. January 9, 2004. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ESANEWS+archives+%E2%80%93+January+2004+%28%231%29&rft.pub=Listserv.umd.edu&rft.date=2004-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flistserv.umd.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fwa%3FA2%3Dind0401%26L%3Desanews%26D%3D1%26P%3D56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/08/07/congress.switch/index.html">"Democratic representative switches party"</a>. CNN. August 7, 2004. Retrieved May 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Democratic+representative+switches+party&rft.date=2004-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2004%2FALLPOLITICS%2F08%2F07%2Fcongress.switch%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goupstate.com/story/news/2004/03/17/myrtle-beach-senator-joins-republican-party/29709952007/">"Myrtle Beach senator joins Republican Party"</a>. Spartanburg Herald Journal. March 16, 2004. Retrieved November 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spartanburg+Herald+Journal&rft.atitle=Myrtle+Beach+senator+joins+Republican+Party&rft.date=2004-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goupstate.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2004%2F03%2F17%2Fmyrtle-beach-senator-joins-republican-party%2F29709952007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn2006" class="citation web cs1">Glenn, Lori (April 21, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moultrieobserver.com/news/local_news/royal-chooses-change/article_9d833b50-4f2d-5c10-b412-fbdfb7a83be8.html">"Royal chooses change"</a>. Moultrie Observer. Retrieved November 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Moultrie+Observer&rft.atitle=Royal+chooses+change&rft.date=2006-04-21&rft.aulast=Glenn&rft.aufirst=Lori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moultrieobserver.com%2Fnews%2Flocal_news%2Froyal-chooses-change%2Farticle_9d833b50-4f2d-5c10-b412-fbdfb7a83be8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive.montgomeryadvertiser.com-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archive.montgomeryadvertiser.com_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-archive.montgomeryadvertiser.com_69-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://archive.montgomeryadvertiser.com/article/20100411/NEWS02/4110326/GOP-welcomes-new-members-says-goodbye-others">http://archive.montgomeryadvertiser.com/article/20100411/NEWS02/4110326/GOP-welcomes-new-members-says-goodbye-others</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080422213942/http://www.ajc.com/metro/content/shared-blogs/ajc/politicalinsider/entries/2007/06/19/state_rep_mike_jacobs_switches.html">"State Rep. Mike Jacobs switches, Democrat to Republican"</a>. www.ajc.com. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. June 19, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajc.com/metro/content/shared-blogs/ajc/politicalinsider/entries/2007/06/19/state_rep_mike_jacobs_switches.html">the original</a> on April 22, 2008. Retrieved June 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ajc.com&rft.atitle=State+Rep.+Mike+Jacobs+switches%2C+Democrat+to+Republican&rft.date=2007-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.com%2Fmetro%2Fcontent%2Fshared-blogs%2Fajc%2Fpoliticalinsider%2Fentries%2F2007%2F06%2F19%2Fstate_rep_mike_jacobs_switches.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsey2008" class="citation web cs1">Ramsey, Ross (January 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.texastribune.org/2008/01/07/the-annotated-ballot/">"The Annotated Ballot"</a>. The Texas Tribune. Retrieved December 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Texas+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+Annotated+Ballot&rft.date=2008-01-07&rft.aulast=Ramsey&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texastribune.org%2F2008%2F01%2F07%2Fthe-annotated-ballot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cottonmouthblog.blogspot.com/2008/01/nolan-mettetal-takes-final-step.html">http://cottonmouthblog.blogspot.com/2008/01/nolan-mettetal-takes-final-step.html</a>. Retrieved May 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcottonmouthblog.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F01%2Fnolan-mettetal-takes-final-step.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/News/Blogs/index.html/objID905714/blogID/">"Austin News, Events, Restaurants, Music"</a>. The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Austin+News%2C+Events%2C+Restaurants%2C+Music&rft.pub=The+Austin+Chronicle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austinchronicle.com%2Fgyrobase%2FNews%2FBlogs%2Findex.html%2FobjID905714%2FblogID%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090526113600/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2009/03/18/state_of_the_gop/index.html?source=rss&aim=%2Fnews%2Ffeature">"Just how bad off is the Republican Party (Part 2)?"</a>. Salon.com. March 18, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2009/03/18/state_of_the_gop/index.html?source=rss&aim=/news/feature">the original</a> on May 26, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=Just+how+bad+off+is+the+Republican+Party+%28Part+2%29%3F&rft.date=2009-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2F2009%2F03%2F18%2Fstate_of_the_gop%2Findex.html%3Fsource%3Drss%26aim%3D%2Fnews%2Ffeature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090914114743/http://www.timesargus.com/article/20090909/NEWS01/909090336/1002/NEWS01">"Vermont auditor Tom Salmon switches parties, joins GOP: Times Argus Online"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesargus.com/article/20090909/NEWS01/909090336/1002/NEWS01">the original</a> on September 14, 2009. Retrieved September 19, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vermont+auditor+Tom+Salmon+switches+parties%2C+joins+GOP%3A+Times+Argus+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesargus.com%2Farticle%2F20090909%2FNEWS01%2F909090336%2F1002%2FNEWS01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamoreau2009" class="citation news cs1">Lamoreau, Kevin (October 16, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asmainegoes.com/content/metamorphosis-complete-tom-saviello-running-state-senate-republican">"Metamorphosis complete? Tom Saviello running for the State Senate... as a Republican"</a>. As Maine Goes... Retrieved August 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=As+Maine+Goes...&rft.atitle=Metamorphosis+complete%3F+Tom+Saviello+running+for+the+State+Senate...+as+a+Republican&rft.date=2009-10-16&rft.aulast=Lamoreau&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asmainegoes.com%2Fcontent%2Fmetamorphosis-complete-tom-saviello-running-state-senate-republican&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2010" class="citation news cs1">Peters, Jeremy W. (March 17, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/18/nyregion/18levy.html">"Planned Switch to G.O.P. Stirs New York Governor Race"</a>. New York Times. Retrieved March 19, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Planned+Switch+to+G.O.P.+Stirs+New+York+Governor+Race&rft.date=2010-03-17&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F03%2F18%2Fnyregion%2F18levy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neshobademocrat.com/Content/NEWS/News/Article/Bounds-makes-switch-to-GOP/2/297/21019">"Bounds makes switch to GOP –The Neshoba Democrat –Philadelphia, Mississippi"</a>. The Neshoba Democrat –Philadelphia, Mississippi. Retrieved December 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Neshoba+Democrat+%E2%80%93Philadelphia%2C+Mississippi&rft.atitle=Bounds+makes+switch+to+GOP+%E2%80%93The+Neshoba+Democrat+%E2%80%93Philadelphia%2C+Mississippi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neshobademocrat.com%2FContent%2FNEWS%2FNews%2FArticle%2FBounds-makes-switch-to-GOP%2F2%2F297%2F21019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010_4_AL_Reps_Switch-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2010_4_AL_Reps_Switch_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010_4_AL_Reps_Switch_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010_4_AL_Reps_Switch_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010_4_AL_Reps_Switch_79-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler2010" class="citation news cs1">Chandler, Kim (November 22, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2010/11/four_state_reps_switch_from_de.html">"4 members of the Alabama House of Representatives switch from Democratic Party to GOP"</a>. AL.com. Retrieved May 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AL.com&rft.atitle=4+members+of+the+Alabama+House+of+Representatives+switch+from+Democratic+Party+to+GOP&rft.date=2010-11-22&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.al.com%2Fspotnews%2F2010%2F11%2Ffour_state_reps_switch_from_de.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches_80-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches_80-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches_80-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches_80-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches_80-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches_80-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches_80-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches_80-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches_80-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches_80-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches_80-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches_80-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches_80-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches_80-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010_List_of_D_to_R_Switches_80-17">r</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeraghty2010" class="citation web cs1">Geraghty, Jim (December 30, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/the-campaign-spot/25-democrat-state-lawmakers-have-flipped-parties-jim-geraghty/">"25 Democrat State Lawmakers Have Flipped Parties"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>. Retrieved May 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=25+Democrat+State+Lawmakers+Have+Flipped+Parties&rft.date=2010-12-30&rft.aulast=Geraghty&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Fthe-campaign-spot%2F25-democrat-state-lawmakers-have-flipped-parties-jim-geraghty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GOP_Takes_LA_House-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GOP_Takes_LA_House_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GOP_Takes_LA_House_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GOP_Takes_LA_House_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GOP_Takes_LA_House_81-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GOP_Takes_LA_House_81-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrow2010" class="citation news cs1">Barrow, Bill (December 17, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130130103104/http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2010/12/louisiana_republicans_take_fir.html">"Louisiana Republicans take first House majority since Reconstruction with latest party switch"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times-Picayune" class="mw-redirect" title="The Times-Picayune">The Times-Picayune</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2010/12/louisiana_republicans_take_fir.html">the original</a> on January 30, 2013. Retrieved May 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times-Picayune&rft.atitle=Louisiana+Republicans+take+first+House+majority+since+Reconstruction+with+latest+party+switch&rft.date=2010-12-17&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nola.com%2Fpolitics%2Findex.ssf%2F2010%2F12%2Flouisiana_republicans_take_fir.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.al.com/breaking/2011/12/former_sen_tom_butler_appeals.html">"Former Sen. Tom Butler appeals to state GOP after being barred from primary ballot"</a>. The Huntsville Times. December 23, 2011. Retrieved October 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Former+Sen.+Tom+Butler+appeals+to+state+GOP+after+being+barred+from+primary+ballot&rft.date=2011-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.al.com%2Fbreaking%2F2011%2F12%2Fformer_sen_tom_butler_appeals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseley2017" class="citation news cs1">Moseley, Brandon (September 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alreporter.com/2017/09/19/former-state-senate-majority-leader-tom-butler-run-state-senate/">"Former state Senate Majority Leader Tom Butler to run for State Senate"</a>. Alabama Political Reporter. Retrieved May 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alabama+Political+Reporter&rft.atitle=Former+state+Senate+Majority+Leader+Tom+Butler+to+run+for+State+Senate&rft.date=2017-09-19&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alreporter.com%2F2017%2F09%2F19%2Fformer-state-senate-majority-leader-tom-butler-run-state-senate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110206173231/http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/02/attorney_general_buddy_caldwel_3.html">"Attorney General Buddy Caldwell switches to Republican"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times-Picayune" class="mw-redirect" title="The Times-Picayune">The Times-Picayune</a>. February 2, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/02/attorney_general_buddy_caldwel_3.html">the original</a> on February 6, 2011. Retrieved May 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times-Picayune&rft.atitle=Attorney+General+Buddy+Caldwell+switches+to+Republican&rft.date=2011-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nola.com%2Fpolitics%2Findex.ssf%2F2011%2F02%2Fattorney_general_buddy_caldwel_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010-2012_State_Legislative_Party_Switchers-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2010-2012_State_Legislative_Party_Switchers_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010-2012_State_Legislative_Party_Switchers_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010-2012_State_Legislative_Party_Switchers_85-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010-2012_State_Legislative_Party_Switchers_85-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010-2012_State_Legislative_Party_Switchers_85-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010-2012_State_Legislative_Party_Switchers_85-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010-2012_State_Legislative_Party_Switchers_85-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010-2012_State_Legislative_Party_Switchers_85-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010-2012_State_Legislative_Party_Switchers_85-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010-2012_State_Legislative_Party_Switchers_85-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gopac.org/2012/05/michigan-house-democrat-switches-to-gop/">"Michigan House Democrat Switches to GOP"</a>. GOPAC. May 16, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michigan+House+Democrat+Switches+to+GOP&rft.pub=GOPAC&rft.date=2012-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gopac.org%2F2012%2F05%2Fmichigan-house-democrat-switches-to-gop%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett_Kittredge2011" class="citation web cs1">Brett Kittredge (April 17, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221085113/http://majorityinms.com/2011/02/17/sen-ezell-lee-qualifies-as-a-republican/">"Sen. Ezell Lee Qualifies As A Republican"</a>. majorityinms.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://majorityinms.com/2011/02/17/sen-ezell-lee-qualifies-as-a-republican">the original</a> on February 21, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sen.+Ezell+Lee+Qualifies+As+A+Republican&rft.place=majorityinms.com&rft.date=2011-04-17&rft.au=Brett+Kittredge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmajorityinms.com%2F2011%2F02%2F17%2Fsen-ezell-lee-qualifies-as-a-republican&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2011" class="citation news cs1">Talbot, George (July 28, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.al.com/live/2011/07/graddick_launches_bid_for_supr.html">"Charlie Graddick says he's 'running to win' in Supreme Court chief justice race"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Press-Register" class="mw-redirect" title="The Press-Register">The Press-Register</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Press-Register&rft.atitle=Charlie+Graddick+says+he%27s+%27running+to+win%27+in+Supreme+Court+chief+justice+race&rft.date=2011-07-28&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.al.com%2Flive%2F2011%2F07%2Fgraddick_launches_bid_for_supr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairbanks,_Phil2010" class="citation news cs1">Fairbanks, Phil (November 11, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buffalonews.com/city/capital-connection/albany/article249184.ece">"Grisanti's Loyalties Lean Toward Senate GOP – Democrat Could Hold Key to Albany Power"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a>. Retrieved June 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=Grisanti%27s+Loyalties+Lean+Toward+Senate+GOP+%26ndash%3B+Democrat+Could+Hold+Key+to+Albany+Power&rft.date=2010-11-11&rft.au=Fairbanks%2C+Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buffalonews.com%2Fcity%2Fcapital-connection%2Falbany%2Farticle249184.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/09/former_state_rep_jim_slezak_sw.html">"Former state Rep. Jim Slezak switches parties; announces run for U.S. Rep. Dale Kildee's seat"</a>. MLive.com. September 21, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MLive.com&rft.atitle=Former+state+Rep.+Jim+Slezak+switches+parties%3B+announces+run+for+U.S.+Rep.+Dale+Kildee%27s+seat&rft.date=2011-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fpolitics%2Findex.ssf%2F2011%2F09%2Fformer_state_rep_jim_slezak_sw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MS_Switches_Gulf_Live-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MS_Switches_Gulf_Live_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MS_Switches_Gulf_Live_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MS_Switches_Gulf_Live_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MS_Switches_Gulf_Live_90-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MS_Switches_Gulf_Live_90-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociated_Press2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> (September 26, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.gulflive.com/mississippi-press-news/2014/09/state_rep_randall_patterson_of.html">"State Rep. Randall Patterson of Biloxi switches to Republican Party"</a>. Gulf Live. Retrieved May 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gulf+Live&rft.atitle=State+Rep.+Randall+Patterson+of+Biloxi+switches+to+Republican+Party&rft.date=2014-09-26&rft.au=Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.gulflive.com%2Fmississippi-press-news%2F2014%2F09%2Fstate_rep_randall_patterson_of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRick" class="citation web cs1">Rick, Spruill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caller.com/news/2012/mar/05/one-term-democrat-jm-lozano-plans-to-file-to-run/">"One-term Democrat J.M. Lozano plans to file to run as Republican"</a>. Retrieved April 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One-term+Democrat+J.M.+Lozano+plans+to+file+to+run+as+Republican&rft.aulast=Rick&rft.aufirst=Spruill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caller.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2Fmar%2F05%2Fone-term-democrat-jm-lozano-plans-to-file-to-run%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGehrke2013" class="citation news cs1">Gehrke, Robert (August 6, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=55425209&itype=CMSID">"After losing Utah election, Watkins breaks with Democratic Party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune" title="The Salt Lake Tribune">The Salt Lake Tribune</a>. Retrieved May 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=After+losing+Utah+election%2C+Watkins+breaks+with+Democratic+Party&rft.date=2013-08-06&rft.aulast=Gehrke&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.sltrib.com%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D55425209%26itype%3DCMSID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msgop.org/state-rep-jason-white-joins-republican-party">"State Rep. Jason White Joins Republican Party"</a>. Mississippi Republican Party. December 11, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Rep.+Jason+White+Joins+Republican+Party&rft.pub=Mississippi+Republican+Party&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsgop.org%2Fstate-rep-jason-white-joins-republican-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.al.com/wire/2012/02/alabama_rep_alan_harper_switch.html">"Alabama Rep. Alan Harper switching to Republican Party"</a>. February 7, 2012. Retrieved December 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alabama+Rep.+Alan+Harper+switching+to+Republican+Party&rft.date=2012-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.al.com%2Fwire%2F2012%2F02%2Falabama_rep_alan_harper_switch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims" class="citation news cs1">Sims, Cliff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yellowhammernews.com/alabama-house-senate-races-watch-2014/">"These are the Alabama House and Senate races to watch in 2014"</a>. Yellowhammer News. Retrieved May 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yellowhammer+News&rft.atitle=These+are+the+Alabama+House+and+Senate+races+to+watch+in+2014&rft.aulast=Sims&rft.aufirst=Cliff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyellowhammernews.com%2Falabama-house-senate-races-watch-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2013" class="citation news cs1">Eaton, Daysha (June 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alaskapublic.org/2013/06/04/recall-lindsey-holmes-campaign-gets-ready-to-submit-application-2/">"Recall Lindsey Holmes Campaign Gets Ready to Submit Application"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Public_Media" title="Alaska Public Media">Alaska Public Media</a>. Retrieved May 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alaska+Public+Media&rft.atitle=Recall+Lindsey+Holmes+Campaign+Gets+Ready+to+Submit+Application&rft.date=2013-06-04&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Daysha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alaskapublic.org%2F2013%2F06%2F04%2Frecall-lindsey-holmes-campaign-gets-ready-to-submit-application-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPender2013" class="citation web cs1">Pender, Geoff (March 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.clarionledger.com/politics/2013/03/26/sen-browning-switches-to-republican">"Sen. Browning switches to Republican"</a>. Clarion-Ledger. Retrieved March 27, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sen.+Browning+switches+to+Republican&rft.pub=Clarion-Ledger&rft.date=2013-03-26&rft.aulast=Pender&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.clarionledger.com%2Fpolitics%2F2013%2F03%2F26%2Fsen-browning-switches-to-republican&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baton_Rouge_Advocate_2013-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baton_Rouge_Advocate_2013_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baton_Rouge_Advocate_2013_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baton_Rouge_Advocate_2013_98-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapitol_News_Bureau2013" class="citation news cs1">Capitol News Bureau (August 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/politics/article_4c2c0472-2345-5955-85be-36fd4ad7902b.html">"State senator Rick Ward III switches parties"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Advocate_(Louisiana)" title="The Advocate (Louisiana)">The Advocate</a>. Retrieved May 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Advocate&rft.atitle=State+senator+Rick+Ward+III+switches+parties&rft.date=2013-08-14&rft.au=Capitol+News+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theadvocate.com%2Fbaton_rouge%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Farticle_4c2c0472-2345-5955-85be-36fd4ad7902b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerrell2013" class="citation news cs1">Terrell, Steve (August 6, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/legislature/ex-legislator-nu-ez-becomes-republican-for-state-house-bid/article_471dbece-61ca-539a-bb0d-3aaa47bee0f8.html">"Ex-legislator Nuñez becomes Republican for state House bid"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia_Public_Radio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Virginia Public Radio (page does not exist)">West Virginia Public Radio</a>. Retrieved May 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=West+Virginia+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=Ex-legislator+Nu%C3%B1ez+becomes+Republican+for+state+House+bid&rft.date=2013-08-06&rft.aulast=Terrell&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.santafenewmexican.com%2Fnews%2Flegislature%2Fex-legislator-nu-ez-becomes-republican-for-state-house-bid%2Farticle_471dbece-61ca-539a-bb0d-3aaa47bee0f8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarra2013" class="citation news cs1">Marra, Ashton (November 25, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wvpublic.org/post/delegate-switches-parties-run-state-senate">"Delegate Switches Parties to Run for State Senate"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia_Public_Radio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Virginia Public Radio (page does not exist)">West Virginia Public Radio</a>. Retrieved May 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=West+Virginia+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=Delegate+Switches+Parties+to+Run+for+State+Senate&rft.date=2013-11-25&rft.aulast=Marra&rft.aufirst=Ashton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwvpublic.org%2Fpost%2Fdelegate-switches-parties-run-state-senate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/2014/02/07/charles-newton-longtime-democratic-representative-switches-to-gop/5279027/">"Charles Newton, longtime Democratic representative, switches to GOP"</a>. Retrieved December 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Newton%2C+longtime+Democratic+representative%2C+switches+to+GOP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.montgomeryadvertiser.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2014%2F02%2F07%2Fcharles-newton-longtime-democratic-representative-switches-to-gop%2F5279027%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichbach2011" class="citation web cs1">Reichbach, Matthew (January 26, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110130114456/http://newmexicoindependent.com/68686/andy-nunez-becomes-an-independent">"Andy Nuñez Becomes an Independent"</a>. newmexicoindependent.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newmexicoindependent.com/68686/andy-nunez-becomes-an-independent">the original</a> on January 30, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newmexicoindependent.com&rft.atitle=Andy+Nu%C3%B1ez+Becomes+an+Independent&rft.date=2011-01-26&rft.aulast=Reichbach&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewmexicoindependent.com%2F68686%2Fandy-nunez-becomes-an-independent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2014" class="citation news cs1">Beck, Erin (November 5, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141106082840/http://www.wvgazette.com/article/20141105/GZ01/141109630/1419">"Party switch gives GOP control of W.Va. Senate, as well as House"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Charleston Gazette">Charleston Gazette</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvgazette.com/article/20141105/GZ01/141109630/1419">the original</a> on November 6, 2014. Retrieved November 6, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Charleston+Gazette&rft.atitle=Party+switch+gives+GOP+control+of+W.Va.+Senate%2C+as+well+as+House&rft.date=2014-11-05&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvgazette.com%2Farticle%2F20141105%2FGZ01%2F141109630%2F1419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmbc.com/article/missouri-lawmaker-announces-plans-to-switch-parties/3685287">"Missouri lawmaker announces plans to switch parties"</a>. KMBC News 9. November 5, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Missouri+lawmaker+announces+plans+to+switch+parties&rft.date=2014-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kmbc.com%2Farticle%2Fmissouri-lawmaker-announces-plans-to-switch-parties%2F3685287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208020803/http://www.thenewstribune.com/2014/03/06/3082010_former-democrat-mark-miloscia.html">"Former Democrat Mark Miloscia to run for Senate as Republican"</a>. thenewstribune.com. March 6, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenewstribune.com/2014/03/06/3082010_former-democrat-mark-miloscia.html">the original</a> on February 8, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Former+Democrat+Mark+Miloscia+to+run+for+Senate+as+Republican&rft.pub=thenewstribune.com&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewstribune.com%2F2014%2F03%2F06%2F3082010_former-democrat-mark-miloscia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-http://www.sunherald.com/2014/02/28/5377861/moore-will-run-again-for-congress.html-106"><a href="#cite_ref-http://www.sunherald.com/2014/02/28/5377861/moore-will-run-again-for-congress.html_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228234922/http://www.sunherald.com/2014/02/28/5377861/moore-will-run-again-for-congress.html">"Palazzo welcomes Taylor to race | Elections | the Sun Herald"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunherald.com/2014/02/28/5377861/moore-will-run-again-for-congress.html">the original</a> on February 28, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palazzo+welcomes+Taylor+to+race+%26%23124%3B+Elections+%26%23124%3B+the+Sun+Herald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunherald.com%2F2014%2F02%2F28%2F5377861%2Fmoore-will-run-again-for-congress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley" class="citation web cs1">Riley, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2015/01/15/sandra-doorley-district-attorney-switch-political-parties-democrat-republican-monroe-county/21814631/">"DA Sandra Doorley confirms switch to GOP"</a>. Democrat & Chronicle. Retrieved September 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Democrat+%26+Chronicle&rft.atitle=DA+Sandra+Doorley+confirms+switch+to+GOP&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.democratandchronicle.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2015%2F01%2F15%2Fsandra-doorley-district-attorney-switch-political-parties-democrat-republican-monroe-county%2F21814631%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSara_Janak2015" class="citation news cs1">Sara Janak (August 20, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2015/aug/20/state-rep-change-party-affiliation-republican/">"Pine Bluff representative leaves Democratic Party"</a>. Arkansas Online. Retrieved August 22, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pine+Bluff+representative+leaves+Democratic+Party&rft.date=2015-08-20&rft.au=Sara+Janak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkansasonline.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2Faug%2F20%2Fstate-rep-change-party-affiliation-republican%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-gaymarriage-kentucky-idUSKCN0RP20M20150925">"Kentucky clerk in gay marriage dispute switches to Republican Party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. September 23, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Kentucky+clerk+in+gay+marriage+dispute+switches+to+Republican+Party&rft.date=2015-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-gaymarriage-kentucky-idUSKCN0RP20M20150925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoff_Pender2015" class="citation news cs1">Geoff Pender (November 5, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/politics/politicalledger/2015/11/05/quik-flip-steverson-switch-gop-gives-supermajority/75217770/">"Quick flip: Steverson switch to GOP gives supermajority"</a>. Jackson Clarion-Ledger. Retrieved November 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Quick+flip%3A+Steverson+switch+to+GOP+gives+supermajority&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft.au=Geoff+Pender&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarionledger.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fpoliticalledger%2F2015%2F11%2F05%2Fquik-flip-steverson-switch-gop-gives-supermajority%2F75217770%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerthBailey2015" class="citation news cs1">Gerth, Joseph; Bailey, Phillip M. (November 19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/politics/2015/11/19/house-democrat-switches-parties/76040968/">"House Democrat from Louisville switches parties"</a>. Louisville Courier-Journal. Retrieved November 23, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=House+Democrat+from+Louisville+switches+parties&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft.aulast=Gerth&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Bailey%2C+Phillip+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courier-journal.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2F11%2F19%2Fhouse-democrat-switches-parties%2F76040968%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles2015" class="citation news cs1">Giles, Ben (November 23, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azcapitoltimes.com/news/2015/11/23/another-blow-for-arizona-democrats-state-sen-carlyle-begay-switches-parties/">"Another blow for Democrats: State Sen. Carlyle Begay switches parties"</a>. Arizona Capitol Times. Retrieved November 23, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Another+blow+for+Democrats%3A+State+Sen.+Carlyle+Begay+switches+parties&rft.date=2015-11-23&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fazcapitoltimes.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F11%2F23%2Fanother-blow-for-arizona-democrats-state-sen-carlyle-begay-switches-parties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheatley2015" class="citation news cs1">Wheatley, Keven (December 28, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mycn2.com/politics/rep-jim-gooch-becomes-second-democrat-to-join-house-gop-pushing-democrats-to-50-48-majority">"Rep. Jim Gooch becomes second Democrat to join House GOP, pushing Democrats to 50-48 majority"</a>. Time Warner Cable. Retrieved December 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rep.+Jim+Gooch+becomes+second+Democrat+to+join+House+GOP%2C+pushing+Democrats+to+50-48+majority&rft.date=2015-12-28&rft.aulast=Wheatley&rft.aufirst=Keven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmycn2.com%2Fpolitics%2Frep-jim-gooch-becomes-second-democrat-to-join-house-gop-pushing-democrats-to-50-48-majority&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieb2018" class="citation news cs1">Lieb, David A. (May 14, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/greitens-displayed-ambition-from-childhood-through-career/2018/05/14/f7e7d85e-57de-11e8-9889-07bcc1327f4b_story.html?noredirect=on">"Greitens' displayed ambition, from childhood through career"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. Retrieved May 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Greitens%27+displayed+ambition%2C+from+childhood+through+career&rft.date=2018-05-14&rft.aulast=Lieb&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Fgreitens-displayed-ambition-from-childhood-through-career%2F2018%2F05%2F14%2Ff7e7d85e-57de-11e8-9889-07bcc1327f4b_story.html%3Fnoredirect%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiaritelli2017" class="citation web cs1">Giaritelli, Anna (January 4, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/why-omarosa-abandoned-democrats-to-become-a-trumplican/article/2610932">"Why Omarosa abandoned Democrats to become a 'Trumplican'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Examiner" class="mw-redirect" title="The Washington Examiner">The Washington Examiner</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170311053454/http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/why-omarosa-abandoned-democrats-to-become-a-trumplican/article/2610932">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Examiner&rft.atitle=Why+Omarosa+abandoned+Democrats+to+become+a+%27Trumplican%27&rft.date=2017-01-04&rft.aulast=Giaritelli&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonexaminer.com%2Fwhy-omarosa-abandoned-democrats-to-become-a-trumplican%2Farticle%2F2610932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonnis2016" class="citation news cs1">Donnis, Ian (March 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ripr.org/post/cumberland-state-rep-karen-macbeth-becoming-republican#stream/0">"Cumberland State Rep. Karen MacBeth Is Becoming a Republican"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island Public Radio">Rhode Island Public Radio</a>. Retrieved May 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhode+Island+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=Cumberland+State+Rep.+Karen+MacBeth+Is+Becoming+a+Republican&rft.date=2016-03-28&rft.aulast=Donnis&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fripr.org%2Fpost%2Fcumberland-state-rep-karen-macbeth-becoming-republican%23stream%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Andrew Shain, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestate.com/news/politics-government/politics-columns-blogs/the-buzz/article67393422.html">EXCLUSIVE: Former Lt. Gov. McGill running for governor as a Republican</a>, The State (March 21, 2016). </li> <li id="cite_note-Arkansas_2016_Switchers-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arkansas_2016_Switchers_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arkansas_2016_Switchers_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arkansas_2016_Switchers_118-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrawner2016" class="citation news cs1">Brawner, Steve (December 9, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://talkbusiness.net/2016/12/rep-jett-switches-to-gop-democrats-lose-lone-committee-majority/">"Rep. Jett switches to GOP; Democrats lose lone committee majority"</a>. Talk Business & Politics. Retrieved May 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Talk+Business+%26+Politics&rft.atitle=Rep.+Jett+switches+to+GOP%3B+Democrats+lose+lone+committee+majority&rft.date=2016-12-09&rft.aulast=Brawner&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftalkbusiness.net%2F2016%2F12%2Frep-jett-switches-to-gop-democrats-lose-lone-committee-majority%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floridapolitics.com/archives/232722-michelle-rehwinkel-vasilinda-republican">"Surprise (or not): Michelle Rehwinkel Vasilinda joins the Republican Party –Florida Politics"</a>. floridapolitics.com. February 24, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=floridapolitics.com&rft.atitle=Surprise+%28or+not%29%3A+Michelle+Rehwinkel+Vasilinda+joins+the+Republican+Party+%E2%80%93Florida+Politics&rft.date=2017-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffloridapolitics.com%2Farchives%2F232722-michelle-rehwinkel-vasilinda-republican&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unionleader.com/article/20170422/NEWS06/170429838/0/FRONTPAGE">"Nashua state representative switches party affiliation to Republican –New Hampshire"</a>. Retrieved December 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nashua+state+representative+switches+party+affiliation+to+Republican+%E2%80%93New+Hampshire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unionleader.com%2Farticle%2F20170422%2FNEWS06%2F170429838%2F0%2FFRONTPAGE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/politics-columns-blogs/under-the-dome/article180794221.html">"An NC House Democrat switches to the GOP"</a>. newsobserver. Retrieved October 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=newsobserver&rft.atitle=An+NC+House+Democrat+switches+to+the+GOP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsobserver.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-government%2Fpolitics-columns-blogs%2Funder-the-dome%2Farticle180794221.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2017" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Shauna (January 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wvmetronews.com/2017/01/26/logan-county-delegate-leaves-democratic-party/">"Logan County delegate leaves Democratic Party"</a>. WV MetroNews. West Virginia. Retrieved January 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WV+MetroNews&rft.atitle=Logan+County+delegate+leaves+Democratic+Party&rft.date=2017-01-26&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Shauna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwvmetronews.com%2F2017%2F01%2F26%2Flogan-county-delegate-leaves-democratic-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyman2018" class="citation news cs1">Lyman, Brian (February 24, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/politics/southunionstreet/2018/02/24/bobby-bright-stay-gop-primary-ballot/370662002/">"Bobby Bright will stay on GOP primary ballot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Advertiser" title="Montgomery Advertiser">Montgomery Advertiser</a>. Retrieved April 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Montgomery+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Bobby+Bright+will+stay+on+GOP+primary+ballot&rft.date=2018-02-24&rft.aulast=Lyman&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.montgomeryadvertiser.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fsouthunionstreet%2F2018%2F02%2F24%2Fbobby-bright-stay-gop-primary-ballot%2F370662002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/Ken_Luttrell">"Ken Luttrell"</a>. Ballotpedia. Retrieved March 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ballotpedia&rft.atitle=Ken+Luttrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fballotpedia.org%2FKen_Luttrell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.city-sentinel.com/2018/12/as-democratic-rural-losses-increase-state-rep-tadlock-says-he-is-changing-parties-not-changing-sides/">"As Democratic rural losses increase, state Rep. Tadlock says he is changing Parties, not changing sides –The City Sentinel"</a>. December 10, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+Democratic+rural+losses+increase%2C+state+Rep.+Tadlock+says+he+is+changing+Parties%2C+not+changing+sides+%E2%80%93The+City+Sentinel&rft.date=2018-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.city-sentinel.com%2F2018%2F12%2Fas-democratic-rural-losses-increase-state-rep-tadlock-says-he-is-changing-parties-not-changing-sides%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2019" class="citation web cs1">Harrison, Bobby (March 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mississippitoday.org/2019/03/06/analysis-republicans-in-strong-position-to-hold-maybe-increase-legislative-majorities/">"Analysis: Republicans in strong position to hold, maybe increase, legislative majorities"</a>. Mississippi Today. Retrieved March 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mississippi+Today&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+Republicans+in+strong+position+to+hold%2C+maybe+increase%2C+legislative+majorities&rft.date=2019-03-06&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Bobby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmississippitoday.org%2F2019%2F03%2F06%2Fanalysis-republicans-in-strong-position-to-hold-maybe-increase-legislative-majorities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/elections/results/new-jersey-house-district-2">"New Jersey Election Results: Second House District"</a>. The New York Times. January 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Jersey+Election+Results%3A+Second+House+District&rft.date=2019-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Felections%2Fresults%2Fnew-jersey-house-district-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kywnewsradio.radio.com/articles/news/likely-successor-puerto-ricos-disgraced-governor-crosshairs-wary-protesters">"Likely successor of Puerto Rico's disgraced governor in crosshairs of wary protesters"</a>. Radio.com. July 25, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio.com&rft.atitle=Likely+successor+of+Puerto+Rico%27s+disgraced+governor+in+crosshairs+of+wary+protesters&rft.date=2019-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkywnewsradio.radio.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2Flikely-successor-puerto-ricos-disgraced-governor-crosshairs-wary-protesters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/puerto-rico-gov-vazquez-outlines-plans-for-island-after-political-turmoil/124485/">"Puerto Rico Gov. Vázquez Outlines Plans for Island After Political Turmoil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WTVJ" title="WTVJ">NBC Miami</a>. August 20, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+Miami&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico+Gov.+V%C3%A1zquez+Outlines+Plans+for+Island+After+Political+Turmoil&rft.date=2019-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcmiami.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fpuerto-rico-gov-vazquez-outlines-plans-for-island-after-political-turmoil%2F124485%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/nota/wandavazquezfuepartedelaasociaciondesecretariosdejusticiadelosdemocratas-2513050/">"Wanda Vázquez fue parte de la Asociación de Secretarios de Justicia de los demócratas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Nuevo_D%C3%ADa" title="El Nuevo Día">El Nuevo Día</a> (in Spanish). August 21, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Nuevo+D%C3%ADa&rft.atitle=Wanda+V%C3%A1zquez+fue+parte+de+la+Asociaci%C3%B3n+de+Secretarios+de+Justicia+de+los+dem%C3%B3cratas&rft.date=2019-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elnuevodia.com%2Fnoticias%2Flocales%2Fnota%2Fwandavazquezfuepartedelaasociaciondesecretariosdejusticiadelosdemocratas-2513050%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElhinny2020" class="citation news cs1">McElhinny, Brad (December 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wvmetronews.com/2020/12/11/w-va-house-gop-supermajority-gains-another-member-as-delegate-jason-barrett-switches-parties/">"W.Va. House GOP supermajority gains another member as Delegate Jason Barrett switches parties"</a>. Metro News. Retrieved December 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metro+News&rft.atitle=W.Va.+House+GOP+supermajority+gains+another+member+as+Delegate+Jason+Barrett+switches+parties&rft.date=2020-12-11&rft.aulast=McElhinny&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwvmetronews.com%2F2020%2F12%2F11%2Fw-va-house-gop-supermajority-gains-another-member-as-delegate-jason-barrett-switches-parties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2021" class="citation news cs1">Harrison, Bobby (November 1, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mississippitoday.org/2021/11/01/jon-lancaster-party-switch-mississippi-legislature/">"Another Democratic defection adds to Republican supermajority in Legislature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Today" title="Mississippi Today">Mississippi Today</a>. Retrieved April 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mississippi+Today&rft.atitle=Another+Democratic+defection+adds+to+Republican+supermajority+in+Legislature&rft.date=2021-11-01&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Bobby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmississippitoday.org%2F2021%2F11%2F01%2Fjon-lancaster-party-switch-mississippi-legislature%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemon2021" class="citation news cs1">Lemon, Jason (January 6, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/georgia-state-rep-vernon-jones-announces-hes-joined-gop-been-fighting-demon-democrats-1559375">"Georgia State Rep. Vernon Jones Announces He's Joined GOP, Been Fighting 'Demon Democrats'"</a>. Newsweek. Retrieved January 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Georgia+State+Rep.+Vernon+Jones+Announces+He%27s+Joined+GOP%2C+Been+Fighting+%27Demon+Democrats%27&rft.date=2021-01-06&rft.aulast=Lemon&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fgeorgia-state-rep-vernon-jones-announces-hes-joined-gop-been-fighting-demon-democrats-1559375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Sebelius2021" class="citation web cs1">Steve Sebelius (April 6, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reviewjournal.com/news/politics-and-government/north-las-vegas-mayor-john-lee-says-hes-becoming-a-republican-2323125/">"North Las Vegas Mayor John Lee says he's becoming a Republican"</a>. Las Vegas Review Journal. Retrieved April 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Review+Journal&rft.atitle=North+Las+Vegas+Mayor+John+Lee+says+he%27s+becoming+a+Republican&rft.date=2021-04-06&rft.au=Steve+Sebelius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reviewjournal.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-government%2Fnorth-las-vegas-mayor-john-lee-says-hes-becoming-a-republican-2323125%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwriter2021" class="citation web cs1">writer, Lacie Pierson Staff (May 12, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wvgazettemail.com/news/politics/raleigh-delegate-bates-switches-party-affiliation-to-gop/article_6e1d181b-3135-5725-846b-2a362545eb3f.html">"Raleigh Delegate Bates switches party affiliation to GOP"</a>. Charleston Gazette-Mail. Retrieved May 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charleston+Gazette-Mail&rft.atitle=Raleigh+Delegate+Bates+switches+party+affiliation+to+GOP&rft.date=2021-05-12&rft.aulast=writer&rft.aufirst=Lacie+Pierson+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvgazettemail.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fraleigh-delegate-bates-switches-party-affiliation-to-gop%2Farticle_6e1d181b-3135-5725-846b-2a362545eb3f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2021" class="citation news cs1">Robinson, Heather (May 26, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jns.org/fed-up-with-socialism-and-anti-semitism-attorney-seeks-to-clean-up-new-york-city/">"Fed up with socialism and anti-Semitism, attorney seeks to clean up New York City"</a>. Jewish News Syndicate. Retrieved November 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fed+up+with+socialism+and+anti-Semitism%2C+attorney+seeks+to+clean+up+New+York+City&rft.date=2021-05-26&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jns.org%2Ffed-up-with-socialism-and-anti-semitism-attorney-seeks-to-clean-up-new-york-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvitek2021" class="citation news cs1">Svitek, Patrick (November 15, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.texastribune.org/2021/11/15/ryan-guillen-texas-house-switch-party/">"State Rep. Ryan Guillen switches to GOP in latest blow to South Texas Democrats"</a>. The Texas Tribune. Retrieved November 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Texas+Tribune&rft.atitle=State+Rep.+Ryan+Guillen+switches+to+GOP+in+latest+blow+to+South+Texas+Democrats&rft.date=2021-11-15&rft.aulast=Svitek&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texastribune.org%2F2021%2F11%2F15%2Fryan-guillen-texas-house-switch-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark-Miller2022" class="citation web cs1">Stark-Miller, Ethan (December 5, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amny.com/politics/brooklyn-ari-kagan-switching-gop-challenge-justin-brannan/">"Brooklyn Council Member Ari Kagan switching to GOP, challenging Justin Brannan in 2023 general election"</a>. amNewYork. Retrieved December 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amNewYork&rft.atitle=Brooklyn+Council+Member+Ari+Kagan+switching+to+GOP%2C+challenging+Justin+Brannan+in+2023+general+election&rft.date=2022-12-05&rft.aulast=Stark-Miller&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amny.com%2Fpolitics%2Fbrooklyn-ari-kagan-switching-gop-challenge-justin-brannan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2022/02/06/brooklyn-democrat-brook-krasny-switches-to-gop-as-he-eyes-assembly-run/">"Brooklyn Democrat Brook-Krasny switches to GOP as he eyes Assembly run"</a>. February 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brooklyn+Democrat+Brook-Krasny+switches+to+GOP+as+he+eyes+Assembly+run&rft.date=2022-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2F2022%2F02%2F06%2Fbrooklyn-democrat-brook-krasny-switches-to-gop-as-he-eyes-assembly-run%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yidinfo.net/dov-hikind-flips-parties/">"Dov Hikind Flips Parties"</a>. July 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dov+Hikind+Flips+Parties&rft.date=2023-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyidinfo.net%2Fdov-hikind-flips-parties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://louisianaradionetwork.com/2023/03/17/lifelong-democrat-rep-thompson-switches-to-the-republican-party/">"Lifelong Democrat, Rep. Francis Thompson switches to the Republican Party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Radio_Network" title="Louisiana Radio Network">Louisiana Radio Network</a>. March 17, 2023. Retrieved April 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Louisiana+Radio+Network&rft.atitle=Lifelong+Democrat%2C+Rep.+Francis+Thompson+switches+to+the+Republican+Party&rft.date=2023-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flouisianaradionetwork.com%2F2023%2F03%2F17%2Flifelong-democrat-rep-thompson-switches-to-the-republican-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoranSpechtLeslie2023" class="citation news cs1">Doran, Will; Specht, Paul; Leslie, Laura (April 4, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wral.com/story/democrat-cotham-defects-giving-gop-veto-proof-majority-in-nc-house/20796429">"Democrat Cotham defects, giving GOP veto-proof majority in NC House"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WRAL-TV" title="WRAL-TV">WRAL-TV</a>. Retrieved April 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WRAL-TV&rft.atitle=Democrat+Cotham+defects%2C+giving+GOP+veto-proof+majority+in+NC+House&rft.date=2023-04-04&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=Specht%2C+Paul&rft.au=Leslie%2C+Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wral.com%2Fstory%2Fdemocrat-cotham-defects-giving-gop-veto-proof-majority-in-nc-house%2F20796429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie2023" class="citation news cs1">Gillespie, Brandon (April 10, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/democrats-another-blow-lawmaker-leaves-party-switches-republican">"Democrats dealt another blow: third lawmaker leaves party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. Retrieved April 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Democrats+dealt+another+blow%3A+third+lawmaker+leaves+party&rft.date=2023-04-10&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fdemocrats-another-blow-lawmaker-leaves-party-switches-republican&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/west-virginia-lawmaker-elliott-pritt-switches-democrat-to-republican/">"West Virginia lawmaker Elliott Pritt switches from Dem to GOP"</a>. CBS News. April 17, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=West+Virginia+lawmaker+Elliott+Pritt+switches+from+Dem+to+GOP&rft.date=2023-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fpittsburgh%2Fnews%2Fwest-virginia-lawmaker-elliott-pritt-switches-democrat-to-republican%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2023" class="citation web cs1">Morris, Kyle (July 11, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/georgia-democrat-defects-gop-after-she-says-dems-crucified-abandoned-her">"Georgia Democrat defects to GOP after she says Dems 'crucified' and 'abandoned' her"</a>. Fox News. Retrieved July 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Georgia+Democrat+defects+to+GOP+after+she+says+Dems+%27crucified%27+and+%27abandoned%27+her&rft.date=2023-07-11&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fgeorgia-democrat-defects-gop-after-she-says-dems-crucified-abandoned-her&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2023/09/22/dallas-mayor-eric-johnson-republican-party-00117671">"Dallas mayor Eric Johnson says he is joining the Republican Party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. September 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Dallas+mayor+Eric+Johnson+says+he+is+joining+the+Republican+Party&rft.date=2023-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F09%2F22%2Fdallas-mayor-eric-johnson-republican-party-00117671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamSextonWMUR2024" class="citation web cs1">@AdamSextonWMUR (February 8, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/AdamSextonWMUR/status/1755596443572899925">"This morning the @NHHouseGOP is announcing that Rep. Matt Coker of Meredith has switched party affiliation from (D) to (R) #NHPolitics #WMUR"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+morning+the+%40NHHouseGOP+is+announcing+that+Rep.+Matt+Coker+of+Meredith+has+switched+party+affiliation+from+%28D%29+to+%28R%29+%23NHPolitics+%23WMUR&rft.date=2024-02-08&rft.au=AdamSextonWMUR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FAdamSextonWMUR%2Fstatus%2F1755596443572899925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein2024" class="citation web cs1">Weinstein, Ethan (May 24, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vtdigger.org/2024/05/24/former-democratic-lawmaker-john-rodgers-to-run-for-lieutenant-governor-as-a-republican/">"Former Democratic lawmaker John Rodgers to run for lieutenant governor as a Republican"</a>. VTDigger. Retrieved June 26, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VTDigger&rft.atitle=Former+Democratic+lawmaker+John+Rodgers+to+run+for+lieutenant+governor+as+a+Republican&rft.date=2024-05-24&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvtdigger.org%2F2024%2F05%2F24%2Fformer-democratic-lawmaker-john-rodgers-to-run-for-lieutenant-governor-as-a-republican%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/california-district-4-sen-marie-alvarado-gil-switches-to-republican-party/">"California District 4 Sen. Marie Alvarado-Gil switches to Republican party - CBS Sacramento"</a>. www.cbsnews.com. August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=California+District+4+Sen.+Marie+Alvarado-Gil+switches+to+Republican+party+-+CBS+Sacramento&rft.date=2024-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fsacramento%2Fnews%2Fcalifornia-district-4-sen-marie-alvarado-gil-switches-to-republican-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScherer2024" class="citation web cs1">Scherer, Jasper (August 30, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.texastribune.org/2024/08/30/shawn-thierry-texas-house-party-switch/">"State Rep. Shawn Thierry switches to GOP, says Democratic Party has "lost its way""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Texas_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Tribune">Texas Tribune</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Tribune&rft.atitle=State+Rep.+Shawn+Thierry+switches+to+GOP%2C+says+Democratic+Party+has+%22lost+its+way%22&rft.date=2024-08-30&rft.aulast=Scherer&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texastribune.org%2F2024%2F08%2F30%2Fshawn-thierry-texas-house-party-switch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/house/members/member.aspx?pid=10833">"Representative Sherry Gould (R)"</a>. The General Court of New Hampshire. Retrieved July 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+General+Court+of+New+Hampshire&rft.atitle=Representative+Sherry+Gould+%28R%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gencourt.state.nh.us%2Fhouse%2Fmembers%2Fmember.aspx%3Fpid%3D10833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarter" class="citation web cs1">Harter, Clara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailynews.com/2024/09/04/gloria-romero-former-democratic-state-senate-leader-joins-republican-party/">"Gloria Romero, former Democratic State Senate leader, joins Republican Party"</a>. Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved September 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Gloria+Romero%2C+former+Democratic+State+Senate+leader%2C+joins+Republican+Party&rft.aulast=Harter&rft.aufirst=Clara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynews.com%2F2024%2F09%2F04%2Fgloria-romero-former-democratic-state-senate-leader-joins-republican-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarcy_G._Richardson2004" class="citation book cs1">Darcy G. Richardson (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DBTF6X7WYb0C&pg=PA513">Others: Third Party Politics from the Nation's Founding to the Rise and Fall of the Greenback-Labor Party</a>. iUniverse. pp. 513–514. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-31723-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-31723-3"><bdi>978-0-595-31723-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Others%3A+Third+Party+Politics+from+the+Nation%27s+Founding+to+the+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Greenback-Labor+Party&rft.pages=513-514&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-595-31723-3&rft.au=Darcy+G.+Richardson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDBTF6X7WYb0C%26pg%3DPA513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joincalifornia.com/candidate/4454">"JoinCalifornia - Dom Cortese"</a>. www.joincalifornia.com. Retrieved December 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.joincalifornia.com&rft.atitle=JoinCalifornia+-+Dom+Cortese&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joincalifornia.com%2Fcandidate%2F4454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuit1998" class="citation news cs1">Shuit, Douglas (September 24, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-sep-24-me-26017-story.html">"Green Party Candidate Campaigns for Change"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Des_Moines_Register" title="The Des Moines Register">The Des Moines Register</a>. Retrieved April 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Des+Moines+Register&rft.atitle=Green+Party+Candidate+Campaigns+for+Change&rft.date=1998-09-24&rft.aulast=Shuit&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1998-sep-24-me-26017-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_Vecchio2000" class="citation news cs1">Del Vecchio, Rick (March 3, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Audie-Bock-s-Iconoclastic-Assembly-Tenure-2771237.php">"Audie Bock's Iconoclastic Assembly Tenure; Legislator faces strong challenger"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a>. Retrieved April 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Audie+Bock%27s+Iconoclastic+Assembly+Tenure%3B+Legislator+faces+strong+challenger&rft.date=2000-03-03&rft.aulast=Del+Vecchio&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2FAudie-Bock-s-Iconoclastic-Assembly-Tenure-2771237.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050305033419/http://www.sfbg.com/News/35/07/07oped.html">"Why I Turned Green"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Guardian" title="San Francisco Bay Guardian">San Francisco Bay Guardian</a>. November 15, 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfbg.com/News/35/07/07oped.html">the original</a> on March 5, 2005. Retrieved October 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+I+Turned+Green&rft.pub=San+Francisco+Bay+Guardian&rft.date=2000-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfbg.com%2FNews%2F35%2F07%2F07oped.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ballot-access.org/2003/0201.html#4">"Ballot Access News – February 1, 2003"</a>. Ballot-access.org. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ballot+Access+News+%E2%80%93+February+1%2C+2003&rft.pub=Ballot-access.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ballot-access.org%2F2003%2F0201.html%234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoon2009" class="citation news cs1">Koon, David (January 29, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arktimes.com/arkansas/mr-carroll-goes-to-little-rock/Content?oid=934230">"Mr. Carroll goes to Little Rock"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a>. Retrieved April 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Mr.+Carroll+goes+to+Little+Rock&rft.date=2009-01-29&rft.aulast=Koon&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arktimes.com%2Farkansas%2Fmr-carroll-goes-to-little-rock%2FContent%3Foid%3D934230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews_interviews_U.S._Green_Party_presidential_candidate_Cynthia_McKinney">"Wikinews interviews U.S. Green Party presidential candidate Cynthia McKinney"</a>. Wikinews. March 7, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wikinews&rft.atitle=Wikinews+interviews+U.S.+Green+Party+presidential+candidate+Cynthia+McKinney&rft.date=2008-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikinews.org%2Fwiki%2FWikinews_interviews_U.S._Green_Party_presidential_candidate_Cynthia_McKinney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlana_Semuels2014" class="citation news cs1">Alana Semuels (May 17, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/la-na-fred-smith-arkansas-20140518-story.html">"Fred Smith runs for reelection, redemption with Arkansas Democrats"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Fred+Smith+runs+for+reelection%2C+redemption+with+Arkansas+Democrats&rft.date=2014-05-17&rft.au=Alana+Semuels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnation%2Fpolitics%2Fla-na-fred-smith-arkansas-20140518-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2017" class="citation news cs1">Shepherd, Michael (November 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stateandcapitol.bangordailynews.com/2017/11/22/nibble-on-these-maine-political-morsels-before-the-big-meal/">"Nibble on these Maine political morsels before the big meal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangor_Daily_News" title="Bangor Daily News">Bangor Daily News</a>. Retrieved April 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangor+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Nibble+on+these+Maine+political+morsels+before+the+big+meal&rft.date=2017-11-22&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstateandcapitol.bangordailynews.com%2F2017%2F11%2F22%2Fnibble-on-these-maine-political-morsels-before-the-big-meal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrahant2018" class="citation news cs1">Trahant, Mark (March 14, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/politics/nativevote18-candidates-boosted-electorate-ready-change/">"#NativeVote18 Candidates Boosted By An Electorate Ready For Change"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Country_Today" title="Indian Country Today">Indian Country Today</a>. Retrieved April 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Country+Today&rft.atitle=%23NativeVote18+Candidates+Boosted+By+An+Electorate+Ready+For+Change&rft.date=2018-03-14&rft.aulast=Trahant&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiancountrymedianetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fnativevote18-candidates-boosted-electorate-ready-change%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCousins,_Christopher2017" class="citation web cs1">Cousins, Christopher (September 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bangordailynews.com/2017/09/22/politics/lawmakers-party-switch-gives-greens-a-seat-in-the-maine-house/">"Lawmaker's party switch gives Greens a seat in the Maine House"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangor_Daily_News" title="Bangor Daily News">Bangor Daily News</a>. Retrieved November 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bangor+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Lawmaker%27s+party+switch+gives+Greens+a+seat+in+the+Maine+House&rft.date=2017-09-22&rft.au=Cousins%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbangordailynews.com%2F2017%2F09%2F22%2Fpolitics%2Flawmakers-party-switch-gives-greens-a-seat-in-the-maine-house%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reason.com-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reason.com_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reason.com_165-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty2017" class="citation news cs1">Doherty, Brian (May 27, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/blog/2017/05/26/libertarian-party-now-has-two-sitting-le">"Libertarian Party Now Has Two Sitting Legislators in New Hampshire"</a>. Reason.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason.com&rft.atitle=Libertarian+Party+Now+Has+Two+Sitting+Legislators+in+New+Hampshire&rft.date=2017-05-27&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Fblog%2F2017%2F05%2F26%2Flibertarian-party-now-has-two-sitting-le&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180113092950/http://www.lamonitor.com/content/sandra-jeff-run-libertarian-sec-state">"Sandra Jeff to run as Libertarian for sec. of state"</a>. January 12, 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lamonitor.com/content/sandra-jeff-run-libertarian-sec-state">the original</a> on January 13, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sandra+Jeff+to+run+as+Libertarian+for+sec.+of+state&rft.date=2018-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lamonitor.com%2Fcontent%2Fsandra-jeff-run-libertarian-sec-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSukharev2018" class="citation news cs1">Sukharev, Nickolai (November 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200616203920/https://mont.thesentinel.com/2018/11/21/outgoing-delegate-switches-to-green-party/">"Outgoing delegate switches to Green Party"</a>. Montgomery County Sentinel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mont.thesentinel.com/2018/11/21/outgoing-delegate-switches-to-green-party/">the original</a> on June 16, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Montgomery+County+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Outgoing+delegate+switches+to+Green+Party&rft.date=2018-11-21&rft.aulast=Sukharev&rft.aufirst=Nickolai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmont.thesentinel.com%2F2018%2F11%2F21%2Foutgoing-delegate-switches-to-green-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2021" class="citation news cs1">Yang, Andrew (October 4, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.andrewyang.com/blog/breaking-up-with-the-democratic-party">"Breaking up with the Democratic Party"</a>. Retrieved October 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Breaking+up+with+the+Democratic+Party&rft.date=2021-10-04&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.andrewyang.com%2Fblog%2Fbreaking-up-with-the-democratic-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whyy.org/articles/joe-sestak-christine-todd-whitman-join-forward-party-a-new-third-political-party">"Joe Sestak, Christine Todd Whitman join Forward Party, a new third political party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WHYY-FM" title="WHYY-FM">WHYY</a>. August 2, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHYY&rft.atitle=Joe+Sestak%2C+Christine+Todd+Whitman+join+Forward+Party%2C+a+new+third+political+party&rft.date=2022-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhyy.org%2Farticles%2Fjoe-sestak-christine-todd-whitman-join-forward-party-a-new-third-political-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senators_changed_parties.htm#15">"Harry F. Byrd, Jr., of Virginia"</a>. Senators Who Changed Parties During Senate Service (Since 1890). <a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States Senate">The United States Senate</a>. Retrieved June 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senators+Who+Changed+Parties+During+Senate+Service+%28Since+1890%29&rft.atitle=Harry+F.+Byrd%2C+Jr.%2C+of+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2Fsenators_changed_parties.htm%2315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrammolinoIngram1991" class="citation web cs1">Frammolino, Ralph; Ingram, Carl (August 20, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-20-mn-1239-story.html">"Democrat Killea Will Become an Independent"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Democrat+Killea+Will+Become+an+Independent&rft.date=1991-08-20&rft.aulast=Frammolino&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft.au=Ingram%2C+Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-08-20-mn-1239-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senators_changed_parties.htm#20">"Joseph I. Lieberman of Connecticut"</a>. Senators Who Changed Parties During Senate Service (Since 1890). <a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States Senate">The United States Senate</a>. Retrieved June 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senators+Who+Changed+Parties+During+Senate+Service+%28Since+1890%29&rft.atitle=Joseph+I.+Lieberman+of+Connecticut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2Fsenators_changed_parties.htm%2320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blueoregon.com/2006/07/senator_avel_go/">"Senator Avel Gordly renounces party politics"</a>. BlueOregon. Retrieved July 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senator+Avel+Gordly+renounces+party+politics&rft.pub=BlueOregon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueoregon.com%2F2006%2F07%2Fsenator_avel_go%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150920214119/http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/2007/06/sen_gordly_not_running_for_ree.php">"Sen. Gordly Not Running For Reelection"</a>. Portland Mercury. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/2007/06/sen_gordly_not_running_for_ree.php">the original</a> on September 20, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sen.+Gordly+Not+Running+For+Reelection&rft.pub=Portland+Mercury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogtown.portlandmercury.com%2F2007%2F06%2Fsen_gordly_not_running_for_ree.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstes2009" class="citation news cs1">Estes, Andrea (July 7, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/07/07/cahill_plans_to_leave_democratic_party_bid_for_governor_still_uncertain/">"Cahill prepares to leave his party"</a>. The Boston Globe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Cahill+prepares+to+leave+his+party&rft.date=2009-07-07&rft.aulast=Estes&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmassachusetts%2Farticles%2F2009%2F07%2F07%2Fcahill_plans_to_leave_democratic_party_bid_for_governor_still_uncertain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2009" class="citation news cs1">Sanders, Jim (August 13, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090827030426/http://www.sacbee.com/static/weblogs/capitolalertlatest/024668.html">"Arambula ousted as Public Safety chair"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sacramento_Bee" title="The Sacramento Bee">The Sacramento Bee</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacbee.com/static/weblogs/capitolalertlatest/024668.html">the original</a> on August 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arambula+ousted+as+Public+Safety+chair&rft.date=2009-08-13&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacbee.com%2Fstatic%2Fweblogs%2Fcapitolalertlatest%2F024668.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoover2012" class="citation news cs1">Hoover, Tim (July 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/thespot/2012/07/26/state-rep-kathleen-curry-hd-61-ballot-unaffiliated-candidate/77406/">"Former state Rep. Kathleen Curry makes HD 61 ballot as an unaffiliated candidate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Denver_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver Post">Denver Post</a>. Retrieved April 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Denver+Post&rft.atitle=Former+state+Rep.+Kathleen+Curry+makes+HD+61+ballot+as+an+unaffiliated+candidate&rft.date=2012-07-26&rft.aulast=Hoover&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.denverpost.com%2Fthespot%2F2012%2F07%2F26%2Fstate-rep-kathleen-curry-hd-61-ballot-unaffiliated-candidate%2F77406%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrn.com/2010/11/ziegelbauer-reelected-as-independent">"Ziegelbauer reelected as Independent"</a>. Wisconsin Radio Network. November 3, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wisconsin+Radio+Network&rft.atitle=Ziegelbauer+reelected+as+Independent&rft.date=2010-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrn.com%2F2010%2F11%2Fziegelbauer-reelected-as-independent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2013" class="citation news cs1">Talbot, George (February 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.al.com/wire/2013/02/alabama_democrats_rebuke_party.html">"Alabama Democrats rebuke party switcher for offensive email"</a>. Alabama Media Group. Retrieved April 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alabama+Media+Group&rft.atitle=Alabama+Democrats+rebuke+party+switcher+for+offensive+email&rft.date=2013-02-09&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.al.com%2Fwire%2F2013%2F02%2Falabama_democrats_rebuke_party.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2017" class="citation news cs1">Shepherd, Michael (September 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bangordailynews.com/2017/04/14/politics/in-a-surprise-maines-independent-treasurer-files-for-2018-gubernatorial-race/">"In a surprise, Maine's independent treasurer files for 2018 gubernatorial race"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangor_Daily_News" title="Bangor Daily News">Bangor Daily News</a>. Retrieved April 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangor+Daily+News&rft.atitle=In+a+surprise%2C+Maine%27s+independent+treasurer+files+for+2018+gubernatorial+race&rft.date=2017-09-06&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbangordailynews.com%2F2017%2F04%2F14%2Fpolitics%2Fin-a-surprise-maines-independent-treasurer-files-for-2018-gubernatorial-race%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150127202054/http://www.ksdk.com/story/news/politics/2015/01/27/keith-english-becomes-independent-piper/22415511/">"Florissant Democrat switches to independent"</a>. January 27, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksdk.com/story/news/politics/2015/01/27/keith-english-becomes-independent-piper/22415511/">the original</a> on January 27, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Florissant+Democrat+switches+to+independent&rft.date=2015-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksdk.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2F01%2F27%2Fkeith-english-becomes-independent-piper%2F22415511%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wral.com/lawmaker-leaves-democrats-to-work-with-legislative-majority/14336126/">WRAL.com: Lawmaker leaves Democrats to work with legislative majority</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkers2017" class="citation news cs1">Akers, Mary Ann (August 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/08/02/neo-confederacy-dukes-of-hazzard-cooters-last-stand-215450">"How a Goofy Southern Sitcom Became the Vanguard of the Neo-Confederacy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/POLITICO" class="mw-redirect" title="POLITICO">POLITICO</a>. Retrieved April 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=How+a+Goofy+Southern+Sitcom+Became+the+Vanguard+of+the+Neo-Confederacy&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft.aulast=Akers&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2017%2F08%2F02%2Fneo-confederacy-dukes-of-hazzard-cooters-last-stand-215450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2016" class="citation news cs1">Anderson, Patrick (December 19, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.argusleader.com/story/news/city/2016/12/19/live-230-huether-news-conference-personal-announcement/95616108/">"Huether dumps Dems amid speculation of statewide run"</a>. Argus Leader. South Dakota. Retrieved March 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Argus+Leader&rft.atitle=Huether+dumps+Dems+amid+speculation+of+statewide+run&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.argusleader.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fcity%2F2016%2F12%2F19%2Flive-230-huether-news-conference-personal-announcement%2F95616108%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maine_2017-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maine_2017_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maine_2017_185-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maine_2017_185-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maine_2017_185-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThistle2017" class="citation news cs1">Thistle, Scott (October 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressherald.com/2017/10/17/republican-lawmaker-norm-higgins-leaves-party/">"Republican lawmaker Norm Higgins to leave party"</a>. The Press Herald. Retrieved April 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Press+Herald&rft.atitle=Republican+lawmaker+Norm+Higgins+to+leave+party&rft.date=2017-10-17&rft.aulast=Thistle&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressherald.com%2F2017%2F10%2F17%2Frepublican-lawmaker-norm-higgins-leaves-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Kevin2017" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Kevin (May 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pressherald.com/2017/05/26/two-democratic-lawmakers-drop-from-party/">"Two Democratic lawmakers drop out of party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Portland_Press_Herald" title="Portland Press Herald">Portland Press Herald</a>. Retrieved November 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portland+Press+Herald&rft.atitle=Two+Democratic+lawmakers+drop+out+of+party&rft.date=2017-05-26&rft.au=Miller%2C+Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressherald.com%2F2017%2F05%2F26%2Ftwo-democratic-lawmakers-drop-from-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-copolitics-187"><a href="#cite_ref-copolitics_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoey_Bunch2017" class="citation news cs1">Joey Bunch (December 29, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coloradopolitics.com/state-sen-cheri-jahn-switches/">"State Sen. Cheri Jahn switches from Democrat to unaffiliated legislator"</a>. Colorado Politics. Retrieved December 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=State+Sen.+Cheri+Jahn+switches+from+Democrat+to+unaffiliated+legislator&rft.date=2017-12-29&rft.au=Joey+Bunch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoloradopolitics.com%2Fstate-sen-cheri-jahn-switches%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilliard" class="citation web cs1">Hilliard, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/11/04/metro/quincys-longest-serving-mayor-faces-off-with-repeat-challenger-tuesday/">"Quincy's longest-serving mayor faces off with repeat challenger Tuesday"</a>. Boston Globe. Retrieved September 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Quincy%27s+longest-serving+mayor+faces+off+with+repeat+challenger+Tuesday&rft.aulast=Hilliard&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2F2023%2F11%2F04%2Fmetro%2Fquincys-longest-serving-mayor-faces-off-with-repeat-challenger-tuesday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPender" class="citation web cs1">Pender, Geoff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/politics/2018/03/05/vicksburg-mayor-flaggs-switches-democratic-independent/396731002/">"Vicksburg Mayor George Flaggs switching from Democrat to independent"</a>. The Clarion-Ledger. Retrieved June 26, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Clarion-Ledger&rft.atitle=Vicksburg+Mayor+George+Flaggs+switching+from+Democrat+to+independent&rft.aulast=Pender&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarionledger.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F03%2F05%2Fvicksburg-mayor-flaggs-switches-democratic-independent%2F396731002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_190-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBobby_Harrison2019" class="citation news cs1">Bobby Harrison (March 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mississippitoday.org/2019/03/06/analysis-republicans-in-strong-position-to-hold-maybe-increase-legislative-majorities/">"Analysis: Republicans in strong position to hold, maybe increase, legislative majorities"</a>. Mississippi Today. Retrieved September 25, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+Republicans+in+strong+position+to+hold%2C+maybe+increase%2C+legislative+majorities&rft.date=2019-03-06&rft.au=Bobby+Harrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmississippitoday.org%2F2019%2F03%2F06%2Fanalysis-republicans-in-strong-position-to-hold-maybe-increase-legislative-majorities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penncapital-star.com/government-politics/veteran-dem-pa-sen-john-yudichak-says-hes-becoming-an-independent/">"Veteran Dem Pa. Sen. John Yudichak says he's becoming an independent"</a>. Pennsylvania Capital-Star. November 19, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pennsylvania+Capital-Star&rft.atitle=Veteran+Dem+Pa.+Sen.+John+Yudichak+says+he%27s+becoming+an+independent&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penncapital-star.com%2Fgovernment-politics%2Fveteran-dem-pa-sen-john-yudichak-says-hes-becoming-an-independent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/102593368/statesman-journal/">"Sen. Johnson to run for Oregon governor in independent campaign"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statesman_Journal" title="Statesman Journal">Statesman Journal</a>. October 16, 2021. p. A2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526195840/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/102593368/statesman-journal/">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved May 26, 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statesman+Journal&rft.atitle=Sen.+Johnson+to+run+for+Oregon+governor+in+independent+campaign&rft.pages=A2&rft.date=2021-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F102593368%2Fstatesman-journal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TW-16Apr2022Pruit-193"><a href="#cite_ref-TW-16Apr2022Pruit_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrehbiel2022" class="citation news cs1">Krehbiel, Randy (April 16, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tulsaworld.com/news/local/former-epa-chief-oklahoma-attorney-general-scott-pruitt-resurfaces-files-for-u-s-senate/article_58308736-bccd-11ec-b28a-63b3ab07a0a9.html">"Former EPA chief, Oklahoma attorney general Scott Pruitt resurfaces, files for U.S. Senate"</a>. Tulsa World. Retrieved April 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Former+EPA+chief%2C+Oklahoma+attorney+general+Scott+Pruitt+resurfaces%2C+files+for+U.S.+Senate&rft.date=2022-04-16&rft.aulast=Krehbiel&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftulsaworld.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fformer-epa-chief-oklahoma-attorney-general-scott-pruitt-resurfaces-files-for-u-s-senate%2Farticle_58308736-bccd-11ec-b28a-63b3ab07a0a9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2022" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Melissa (November 9, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/politics/2022/11/09/tennessee-general-assembly-contested-middle-tennessee-legislative-races-on-nov-8/69631193007/">"Here's who won in contested Middle Tennessee legislative races on Nov. 8"</a>. The Tennessean. Retrieved November 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tennessean&rft.atitle=Here%27s+who+won+in+contested+Middle+Tennessee+legislative+races+on+Nov.+8&rft.date=2022-11-09&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennessean.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2F11%2F09%2Ftennessee-general-assembly-contested-middle-tennessee-legislative-races-on-nov-8%2F69631193007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/06/07/metro/nh-lawmaker-leaves-democratic-caucus-over-first-nation-primary-lgbtq-rights/">"N.H. lawmaker leaves Democratic caucus over first in the nation primary and LGBTQ rights"</a>. www.bostonglobe.com. Retrieved August 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bostonglobe.com&rft.atitle=N.H.+lawmaker+leaves+Democratic+caucus+over+first+in+the+nation+primary+and+LGBTQ+rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2F2023%2F06%2F07%2Fmetro%2Fnh-lawmaker-leaves-democratic-caucus-over-first-nation-primary-lgbtq-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.postandcourier.com/politics/state-sen-mia-mcleod-abruptly-quits-sc-democratic-party/article_d3e4ca48-9109-11ed-aa12-0bc446b7e268.html">"State Sen. Mia McLeod abruptly quits SC Democratic Party"</a>. Post and Courier. Retrieved September 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Post+and+Courier&rft.atitle=State+Sen.+Mia+McLeod+abruptly+quits+SC+Democratic+Party&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.postandcourier.com%2Fpolitics%2Fstate-sen-mia-mcleod-abruptly-quits-sc-democratic-party%2Farticle_d3e4ca48-9109-11ed-aa12-0bc446b7e268.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunker2023" class="citation web cs1">Dunker, Chris (May 5, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journalstar.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/nebraska-sen-megan-hunt-ditches-democratic-label-registers-as-nonpartisan/article_e0867446-eab8-11ed-bdb3-7397dd2abc3e.html">"Nebraska Sen. Megan Hunt ditches Democratic label, registers as nonpartisan"</a>. Lincoln Journal Star. Retrieved May 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lincoln+Journal+Star&rft.atitle=Nebraska+Sen.+Megan+Hunt+ditches+Democratic+label%2C+registers+as+nonpartisan&rft.date=2023-05-05&rft.aulast=Dunker&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournalstar.com%2Fnews%2Fstate-and-regional%2Fgovt-and-politics%2Fnebraska-sen-megan-hunt-ditches-democratic-label-registers-as-nonpartisan%2Farticle_e0867446-eab8-11ed-bdb3-7397dd2abc3e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin2024" class="citation web cs1">Irwin, Lauren (May 31, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/4696125-manchin-independent-leaves-democrats/">"Joe Manchin leaves Democratic Party, files as independent"</a>. The Hill. Retrieved May 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Joe+Manchin+leaves+Democratic+Party%2C+files+as+independent&rft.date=2024-05-31&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fsenate%2F4696125-manchin-independent-leaves-democrats%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1867/10/10/79354995.pdf">Newspaper article, Massachusetts Politics: John Quincy Adams Accepts the Democratic Nomination for Governor</a>, New York Times, October 10, 1867 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor,_Nikki2013" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Nikki (2013). America's First Black Socialist:The Radical Life of Peter H. Clark. University Press of Kentucky. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813140773" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813140773"><bdi>978-0813140773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+First+Black+Socialist%3AThe+Radical+Life+of+Peter+H.+Clark&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0813140773&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Nikki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Short Review of the Career of the Late C.H.J. Taylor and Favorable Mention of His Widow, Mrs. Julia A. Taylor". Broad Ax (Salt Lake City). January 2, 1904.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broad+Ax+%28Salt+Lake+City%29&rft.atitle=Short+Review+of+the+Career+of+the+Late+C.H.J.+Taylor+and+Favorable+Mention+of+His+Widow%2C+Mrs.+Julia+A.+Taylor&rft.date=1904-01-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> For Labor, Race, and Liberty: George Edwin Taylor, his historic run for the White House, and the making of Independent Black Politics, by Bruce L. Mouser (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2012). </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady2007" class="citation book cs1">Brady, Tim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HejHPrsZXeQC&q=Frank+Wheaton&pg=PA65">"A Spectacular Career"</a>. Gopher Gold: Legendary Figures, Brilliant Blunders, and Amazing Feats at the University of Minnesota. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society" title="Minnesota Historical Society">Minnesota Historical Society</a>. pp. 65–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-601-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-601-3"><bdi>978-0-87351-601-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/123968274">123968274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Spectacular+Career&rft.btitle=Gopher+Gold%3A+Legendary+Figures%2C+Brilliant+Blunders%2C+and+Amazing+Feats+at+the+University+of+Minnesota&rft.pages=65-69&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F123968274&rft.isbn=978-0-87351-601-3&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHejHPrsZXeQC%26q%3DFrank%2BWheaton%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowalewski2017" class="citation book cs1">Kowalewski, Albin J., ed. (December 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc226/pdf/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc226.pdf">Asian and Pacific Islander Americans in Congress 1900–2017</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160943683" title="Special:BookSources/9780160943683"><bdi>9780160943683</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 16, 2023. <q>Kuhio's perennial opponent was Lincoln McCandless, who abandoned the Republican Party for the Democrats in 1908.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+and+Pacific+Islander+Americans+in+Congress+1900%E2%80%932017&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=United+States+House+of+Representatives&rft.date=2017-12-22&rft.isbn=9780160943683&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CDOC-108hdoc226%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CDOC-108hdoc226.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkelman2009-205"><a href="#cite_ref-Finkelman2009_205-0">^</a> Finkelman, Paul, ed. Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-first Century. Oxford University Press, 2009. pp. 137–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F00EFDE1338EE3ABC4052DFB0668383629EDE&legacy=true">"Senator Copeland Dies In Washington. Overwork Factor. Suffered Circulatory Collapse After Leaving Floor Just Before Adjournment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>. June 18, 1938.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Senator+Copeland+Dies+In+Washington.+Overwork+Factor.+Suffered+Circulatory+Collapse+After+Leaving+Floor+Just+Before+Adjournment&rft.date=1938-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9F00EFDE1338EE3ABC4052DFB0668383629EDE%26legacy%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierson1922" class="citation book cs1">Pierson, David Lawrence (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-s8wAQAAMAAJ">History of the Oranges to 1921 Volume 4</a>. Vol. 4. Lewis Historical Publishing Company. p. 120. Retrieved February 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Oranges+to+1921+Volume+4&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Lewis+Historical+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Pierson&rft.aufirst=David+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-s8wAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060312033755/http://www.njstatelib.org/NJ_Information/Digital_Collections/Governors_of_New_Jersey/GEDIS.pdf">"GEDIS.pdf"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.njstatelib.org/NJ_Information/Digital_Collections/Governors_of_New_Jersey/GEDIS.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 12, 2006. Retrieved September 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GEDIS.pdf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.njstatelib.org%2FNJ_Information%2FDigital_Collections%2FGovernors_of_New_Jersey%2FGEDIS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Weiss, Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/farewelltopartyo00weis/page/142">Nancy Joan Weiss, Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: Black politics in the age of FDR</a>, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983, p. 142 </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/flood-moton-cac/">"WGBH American Experience . Fatal Flood | PBS"</a>. American Experience. Retrieved January 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Experience&rft.atitle=WGBH+American+Experience+.+Fatal+Flood+%7C+PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fgeneral-article%2Fflood-moton-cac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.house.gov/People/Detail?id=18340">"Mitchell, Arthur Wergs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>. Retrieved April 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mitchell%2C+Arthur+Wergs&rft.pub=United+States+House+of+Representatives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FPeople%2FDetail%3Fid%3D18340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillard2007" class="citation book cs1">Dillard, Angela D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc8QY2WLZHUC&pg=PP1">Faith in the City: Preaching Radical Social Change in Detroit</a>. University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472032075" title="Special:BookSources/978-0472032075"><bdi>978-0472032075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+in+the+City%3A+Preaching+Radical+Social+Change+in+Detroit&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0472032075&rft.aulast=Dillard&rft.aufirst=Angela+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQc8QY2WLZHUC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss_Malkiel" class="citation book cs1">Weiss Malkiel, Nancy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/farewelltopartyo00weis/page/92/mode/2up">Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: Black Politics in the Age of FDR</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 92. Retrieved March 19, 2024. <q>'Mr. Vare thinks Negroes in this city don't have enough sense to switch parties and now is the time to show him that he is mistaken.' The black press took up Shepard's theme: if the Republicans failed to give adequate political recognition, blacks would vote Democratic. Shepard himself led the way: in 1934, he won election to the Pennsylvania legislature as a Democrat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farewell+to+the+Party+of+Lincoln%3A+Black+Politics+in+the+Age+of+FDR&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.aulast=Weiss+Malkiel&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffarewelltopartyo00weis%2Fpage%2F92%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-08-28-mn-24997-story.html">"Ex-Lt. Gov. Ellis E. Patterson, 87, Dies of Cancer"</a>. Los Angeles Times. August 28, 1985. Retrieved October 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-Lt.+Gov.+Ellis+E.+Patterson%2C+87%2C+Dies+of+Cancer&rft.date=1985-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1985-08-28-mn-24997-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiceTedesco2015" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Connie Price; Tedesco, Marie, eds. (2015). Women of the Mountain South. Athens: Ohio University Press. p. 374.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+Mountain+South&rft.place=Athens&rft.pages=374&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Lucas, M. Lois. (2006) African American Women's Activism in West Virginia. University of Kentucky, ProQuest Dissertation Publishing. pp. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-Manning_28–72-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manning_28–72_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning_28–72_218-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManning2009" class="citation journal cs1">Manning, Christopher (Spring 2009). "God Didn't Curse Me When He Made Me Black". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 102 (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>: 28–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F27740147">10.2307/27740147</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27740147">27740147</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142095395">142095395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Illinois+State+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=God+Didn%27t+Curse+Me+When+He+Made+Me+Black&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-72&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142095395%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27740147%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F27740147&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1943" class="citation news cs1">Brooks, Denton J. (October 2, 1943). "'Bad Breaks' Prove Boon To Wimbish Career". Chicago Defender – via <a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a>. <q>When Kelly recognized Dawson as the ward committeeman, Wimbish joined forces with him.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Defender&rft.atitle=%27Bad+Breaks%27+Prove+Boon+To+Wimbish+Career&rft.date=1943-10-02&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Denton+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitman1975" class="citation news cs1">Whitman, Alden (March 17, 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/17/archives/reigned-for-30-years-perle-mesta-hostess-to-the-politically-famous.html">"Reigned for Thirty Years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>. Retrieved April 24, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Reigned+for+Thirty+Years&rft.date=1975-03-17&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=Alden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1975%2F03%2F17%2Farchives%2Freigned-for-30-years-perle-mesta-hostess-to-the-politically-famous.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Jr.1997" class="citation news cs1">Thomas Jr., Robert (September 15, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/15/us/george-w-crockett-dies-at-88-was-a-civil-rights-crusader.html">"George W. Crockett Dies at 88; Was a Civil Rights Crusader"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=George+W.+Crockett+Dies+at+88%3B+Was+a+Civil+Rights+Crusader&rft.date=1997-09-15&rft.aulast=Thomas+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F09%2F15%2Fus%2Fgeorge-w-crockett-dies-at-88-was-a-civil-rights-crusader.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Edward J. (ed.). "Members of Sixtieth General Assembly-Biographies and Portraits". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idaillinois.org/digital/collection/bb/id/19311">Illinois Blue Book 1937-1938</a>. Springfield, Illinois: Illinois Secretary of State. p. 139. Retrieved December 15, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Members+of+Sixtieth+General+Assembly-Biographies+and+Portraits&rft.btitle=Illinois+Blue+Book+1937-1938&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Illinois+Secretary+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idaillinois.org%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fbb%2Fid%2F19311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Political Information". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idaillinois.org/digital/collection/bb/id/17251">Illinois Blue Book 1945-1946</a>. p. 754. Retrieved December 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Political+Information&rft.btitle=Illinois+Blue+Book+1945-1946&rft.pages=754&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idaillinois.org%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fbb%2Fid%2F17251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobel1978" class="citation book cs1">Sobel, Robert (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicaldire0003sobe/">Biographical directory of the governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol. III</a>. Meckler Books. p. 1287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780930466008" title="Special:BookSources/9780930466008"><bdi>9780930466008</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 25, 2023. <q>Changing his party affiliation from Republican to Democrat, Holmes was elected to the State Senate in 1948.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+directory+of+the+governors+of+the+United+States%2C+1789-1978%2C+Vol.+III&rft.pages=1287&rft.pub=Meckler+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780930466008&rft.aulast=Sobel&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiographicaldire0003sobe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/O000074">"Bioguide Search"</a>. bioguide.congress.gov. Retrieved March 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bioguide.congress.gov&rft.atitle=Bioguide+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fsearch%2Fbio%2FO000074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClymer2015" class="citation news cs1">Clymer, Adam (October 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/03/us/politics/don-edwards-congressman-who-championed-civil-rights-dies-at-100.html">"Don Edwards, Congressman Who Championed Civil Rights, Dies at 100"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Don+Edwards%2C+Congressman+Who+Championed+Civil+Rights%2C+Dies+at+100&rft.date=2015-10-02&rft.aulast=Clymer&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F10%2F03%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fdon-edwards-congressman-who-championed-civil-rights-dies-at-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarrett1977" class="citation news cs1">Jarrett, Vernon (February 4, 1977). "A Democrat can always switch". <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. p. B4 – via <a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=A+Democrat+can+always+switch&rft.pages=B4&rft.date=1977-02-04&rft.aulast=Jarrett&rft.aufirst=Vernon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2015" class="citation news cs1">Staff (January 3, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/us-sen-jay-rockefeller-heads-into-retirement/147985/">"U.S. Sen. Jay Rockefeller Heads into Retirement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Retrieved January 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=U.S.+Sen.+Jay+Rockefeller+Heads+into+Retirement&rft.date=2015-01-03&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcwashington.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fus-sen-jay-rockefeller-heads-into-retirement%2F147985%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvarez1998" class="citation news cs1">Alvarez, Lizette (August 26, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/26/us/floyd-haskell-82-ex-senator-from-colorado.html">"Floyd Haskell, 82, Ex-Senator From Colorado"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Floyd+Haskell%2C+82%2C+Ex-Senator+From+Colorado&rft.date=1998-08-26&rft.aulast=Alvarez&rft.aufirst=Lizette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F08%2F26%2Fus%2Ffloyd-haskell-82-ex-senator-from-colorado.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeise1983" class="citation news cs1">Heise, Kenan (February 27, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1987/02/27/lawmaker-real-estate-developer-william-barr/">"Lawmaker, Real Estate Developer William Barr"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. Retrieved July 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Lawmaker%2C+Real+Estate+Developer+William+Barr&rft.date=1983-02-27&rft.aulast=Heise&rft.aufirst=Kenan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F1987%2F02%2F27%2Flawmaker-real-estate-developer-william-barr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilian1970" class="citation news cs1">Kilian, Michael (May 27, 1970). "Twin Switch of Party Labels Leaves House Tally the Same". <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. p. 1 – via <a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Twin+Switch+of+Party+Labels+Leaves+House+Tally+the+Same&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1970-05-27&rft.aulast=Kilian&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212064553/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/#title">"1971 Year in Review – Part 1"</a>. www.upi.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/">the original</a> on February 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.upi.com&rft.atitle=1971+Year+in+Review+%E2%80%93+Part+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FAudio%2FYear_in_Review%2FEvents-of-1971%2F12295509436546-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140605051411/http://www.sptimes.com/2002/08/21/SouthPinellas/Herman_Goldner_dubbed.shtml">"Scott Taylor Hartzell, "Herman Goldner dubbed a 'pre-eminent mayor", August 21, 2002"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times" title="Tampa Bay Times">St. Petersburg Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sptimes.com/2002/08/21/SouthPinellas/Herman_Goldner_dubbed.shtml">the original</a> on June 5, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scott+Taylor+Hartzell%2C+%22Herman+Goldner+dubbed+a+%27pre-eminent+mayor%22%2C+August+21%2C+2002&rft.pub=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sptimes.com%2F2002%2F08%2F21%2FSouthPinellas%2FHerman_Goldner_dubbed.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safeschoolscoalition.org/HarveyMilkDay/Biography.html">"Harvey Milk Biography – California Safe Schools Coalition and Friends – Safe Schools Coalition"</a>. www.safeschoolscoalition.org. Retrieved April 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.safeschoolscoalition.org&rft.atitle=Harvey+Milk+Biography+%E2%80%93+California+Safe+Schools+Coalition+and+Friends+%E2%80%93+Safe+Schools+Coalition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.safeschoolscoalition.org%2FHarveyMilkDay%2FBiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=233856">"Our Campaigns – Candidate – Howard K. Oda"</a>. www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourcampaigns.com&rft.atitle=Our+Campaigns+%E2%80%93+Candidate+%E2%80%93+Howard+K.+Oda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FCandidateDetail.html%3FCandidateID%3D233856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaiselForman2001" class="citation book cs1">Maisel, Louis Sandy; Forman, Ira N. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewsinamericanpo0000unse/page/440/mode/2up">Jews in American Politics</a>. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Retrieved April 3, 2024. <q>In the fall of 1976, the longtime Republican switched parties and was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate. Zorinsky's party switch was tactical, as it became apparent he would not win the Republican nomination to the Senate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+in+American+Politics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Maisel&rft.aufirst=Louis+Sandy&rft.au=Forman%2C+Ira+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewsinamericanpo0000unse%2Fpage%2F440%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraun2009" class="citation news cs1">Braun, Stephen (July 7, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-robert-mcnamara7-2009jul07-story.html">"Robert S. McNamara dies at 93; architect of the Vietnam War"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Robert+S.+McNamara+dies+at+93%3B+architect+of+the+Vietnam+War&rft.date=2009-07-07&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Fla-me-robert-mcnamara7-2009jul07-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2011" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Emma (June 28, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/charles-w-whalen-jr-6-term-ohio-gop-congressman-dies-at-90/2011/06/28/AGxrbqpH_story.html">"Charles W. Whalen Jr., 6-term Ohio GOP congressman, dies at 90"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved November 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Charles+W.+Whalen+Jr.%2C+6-term+Ohio+GOP+congressman%2C+dies+at+90&rft.date=2011-06-28&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Fcharles-w-whalen-jr-6-term-ohio-gop-congressman-dies-at-90%2F2011%2F06%2F28%2FAGxrbqpH_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wave3.com/story/5649027/yarmuth-agonized-over-decision-to-run-for-office/">"Yarmuth Agonized Over Decision to Run for Office"</a>. Wave 3 News. November 8, 2006. Retrieved March 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wave+3+News&rft.atitle=Yarmuth+Agonized+Over+Decision+to+Run+for+Office&rft.date=2006-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wave3.com%2Fstory%2F5649027%2Fyarmuth-agonized-over-decision-to-run-for-office%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsenstadt2010" class="citation news cs1">Isenstadt, Alex (May 4, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2010/05/coons-took-bearded-marxist-turn-036726">"Coons took 'bearded Marxist' turn"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. Retrieved October 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Coons+took+%27bearded+Marxist%27+turn&rft.date=2010-05-04&rft.aulast=Isenstadt&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2010%2F05%2Fcoons-took-bearded-marxist-turn-036726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronin1993" class="citation book cs1">Cronin, Thomas F. (September 1, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coloradopolitics0000cron">Colorado Politics & Government: Governing the Centennial State</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln, Nebraska</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803214514" title="Special:BookSources/9780803214514"><bdi>9780803214514</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colorado+Politics+%26+Government%3A+Governing+the+Centennial+State&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1993-09-01&rft.isbn=9780803214514&rft.aulast=Cronin&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoloradopolitics0000cron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawaii_1998-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hawaii_1998_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawaii_1998_242-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawaii_1998_242-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawaii_1998_242-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawaii_1998_242-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffries2017" class="citation web cs1">Jeffries, Adrianne (March 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theoutline.com/post/1270/the-republican-party-is-dying-in-hawaii-beth-fukumoto?zd=1&zi=xzv3fk3w">"The Republican Party Is Dying in Hawaii"</a>. The Outline. Retrieved May 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Outline&rft.atitle=The+Republican+Party+Is+Dying+in+Hawaii&rft.date=2017-03-22&rft.aulast=Jeffries&rft.aufirst=Adrianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheoutline.com%2Fpost%2F1270%2Fthe-republican-party-is-dying-in-hawaii-beth-fukumoto%3Fzd%3D1%26zi%3Dxzv3fk3w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/opinion/editorials/article/Milton-Marks-1920-1998-2975196.php">"Milton Marks: 1920–1998"</a>. SFGate. December 5, 1998. Retrieved March 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SFGate&rft.atitle=Milton+Marks%3A+1920%E2%80%931998&rft.date=1998-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fopinion%2Feditorials%2Farticle%2FMilton-Marks-1920-1998-2975196.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kos2-244"><a href="#cite_ref-Kos2_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailykos.com/special/about2#mmz">"About Daily Kos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Kos" title="Daily Kos">Daily Kos</a>. Retrieved August 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Daily+Kos&rft.pub=Daily+Kos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailykos.com%2Fspecial%2Fabout2%23mmz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin2015" class="citation news cs1">Austin, Paige (May 14, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patch.com/california/studiocity/rep-loretta-sanchez-aims-become-first-latina-senator">"Rep. Loretta Sanchez Aims to Become First Latina Senator"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Patch_Media" title="Patch Media">Studio City Patch</a>. Retrieved April 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studio+City+Patch&rft.atitle=Rep.+Loretta+Sanchez+Aims+to+Become+First+Latina+Senator&rft.date=2015-05-14&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Paige&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatch.com%2Fcalifornia%2Fstudiocity%2Frep-loretta-sanchez-aims-become-first-latina-senator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doyle_Pecora-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doyle_Pecora_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doyle_Pecora_246-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZito2015" class="citation news cs1">Zito, Salena (January 11, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://triblive.com/politics/politicalheadlines/7501606-74/doyle-republican-seat">"Senior Democrat Doyle anchors Pennsylvania delegation in U.S. House"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Tribune-Review" title="Pittsburgh Tribune-Review">Pittsburgh Tribune-Review</a>. Retrieved April 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Tribune-Review&rft.atitle=Senior+Democrat+Doyle+anchors+Pennsylvania+delegation+in+U.S.+House&rft.date=2015-01-11&rft.aulast=Zito&rft.aufirst=Salena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftriblive.com%2Fpolitics%2Fpoliticalheadlines%2F7501606-74%2Fdoyle-republican-seat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1992" class="citation news cs1">Hoffman, Geoffrey J. (October 21, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1992/10/21/harvard-grad-turns-democrat-to-win/?print=1">"Harvard Grad Turns Democrat to Win Votes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a>. Retrieved July 17, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Crimson&rft.atitle=Harvard+Grad+Turns+Democrat+to+Win+Votes&rft.date=1992-10-21&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle%2F1992%2F10%2F21%2Fharvard-grad-turns-democrat-to-win%2F%3Fprint%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrl.state.tx.us/mobile/memberDisplay.cfm?memberID=292">"Texas Legislators Past & Present: Bernard Erickson"</a>. Texas Legislative Reference Library. Retrieved April 29, 2018. <q>(1) Party switch from Republican to Democrat on 12/31/1993. Dallas Morning News 1/1/1994, "Legislator finds new party for new year." Legislative Clipping Service.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Texas+Legislators+Past+%26+Present%3A+Bernard+Erickson&rft.pub=Texas+Legislative+Reference+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrl.state.tx.us%2Fmobile%2FmemberDisplay.cfm%3FmemberID%3D292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/10/elizabeth-warren-once-a-republican/">"Elizabeth Warren Once a Republican – ABC News"</a>. Abcnews.go.com. October 25, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+Warren+Once+a+Republican+%E2%80%93+ABC+News&rft.pub=Abcnews.go.com&rft.date=2011-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2Fblogs%2Fpolitics%2F2011%2F10%2Felizabeth-warren-once-a-republican%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2002" class="citation news cs1">Lambert, Bruce (October 15, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/15/nyregion/huntington-town-supervisor-switches-to-the-democrats.html">"Huntington Town Supervisor Switches to the Democrats"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved April 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Huntington+Town+Supervisor+Switches+to+the+Democrats&rft.date=2002-10-15&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F10%2F15%2Fnyregion%2Fhuntington-town-supervisor-switches-to-the-democrats.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Ronald Brownstein, The Second Civil War, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/mm2004085115">Russell W Peterson papers, 1917–2004</a>. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russell+W+Peterson+papers%2C+1917%E2%80%932004&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flccn.loc.gov%2Fmm2004085115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerez-Pena1997" class="citation news cs1">Perez-Pena, Richard (May 15, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/15/nyregion/assemblywoman-switches-to-democratic-party.html">"Assemblywoman Switches to Democratic Party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>. Retrieved June 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Assemblywoman+Switches+to+Democratic+Party&rft.date=1997-05-15&rft.aulast=Perez-Pena&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F05%2F15%2Fnyregion%2Fassemblywoman-switches-to-democratic-party.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/07/us/harley-rouda-congress-republican.html">"He's a Former Republican Taking On Dana Rohrabacher. Can He Win?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. September 7, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=He%27s+a+Former+Republican+Taking+On+Dana+Rohrabacher.+Can+He+Win%3F&rft.date=2018-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F09%2F07%2Fus%2Fharley-rouda-congress-republican.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-prospect.org-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prospect.org_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prospect.org_255-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=party_of_lincoln">"Party of Lincoln"</a>. Prospect.org. October 29, 2002. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Party+of+Lincoln&rft.pub=Prospect.org&rft.date=2002-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospect.org%2Fcs%2Farticles%3Farticle%3Dparty_of_lincoln&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAskill2011" class="citation news cs1">McAskill, Ewen (January 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/09/gabrielle-giffords-profile-liberal-gun">"Gabrielle Giffords profile: liberal, but a pro-gun pragmatist"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved January 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Gabrielle+Giffords+profile%3A+liberal%2C+but+a+pro-gun+pragmatist&rft.date=2011-01-09&rft.aulast=McAskill&rft.aufirst=Ewen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fjan%2F09%2Fgabrielle-giffords-profile-liberal-gun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=20000514&id=8TodAAAAIBAJ&pg=6317,2061664&hl=en">"The Tuscaloosa News – Google News Archive Search"</a>. news.google.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.google.com&rft.atitle=The+Tuscaloosa+News+%E2%80%93+Google+News+Archive+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1817%26dat%3D20000514%26id%3D8TodAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6317%2C2061664%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrl.mn.gov/history/smajmin">"Senate majority and minority leaders, 1933 – present – Minnesota Legislative Reference Library"</a>. www.lrl.mn.gov. Retrieved March 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lrl.mn.gov&rft.atitle=Senate+majority+and+minority+leaders%2C+1933+%E2%80%93+present+%E2%80%93+Minnesota+Legislative+Reference+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrl.mn.gov%2Fhistory%2Fsmajmin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrygstad2018" class="citation news cs1">Trygstad, Kyle (March 17, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollcall.com/news/mark-desaulnier-george-miller-congress">"A California Freshman With Soles of His Own"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roll_Call" title="Roll Call">Roll Call</a>. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Roll+Call&rft.atitle=A+California+Freshman+With+Soles+of+His+Own&rft.date=2018-03-17&rft.aulast=Trygstad&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollcall.com%2Fnews%2Fmark-desaulnier-george-miller-congress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gamble_Whatley-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gamble_Whatley_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gamble_Whatley_260-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirestone2000" class="citation news cs1">Firestone, David (April 16, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/16/us/gop-in-the-south-leaves-little-room-for-moderates.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">"G.O.P. in the South Leaves Little Room for Moderates"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=G.O.P.+in+the+South+Leaves+Little+Room+for+Moderates&rft.date=2000-04-16&rft.aulast=Firestone&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F04%2F16%2Fus%2Fgop-in-the-south-leaves-little-room-for-moderates.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26src%3Dpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnelly2005" class="citation news cs1">Connelly, Joel (February 2, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/tv/210307_joel02.html">"In the Northwest: Liberal voices turning up the volume on the radio"</a>. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved October 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Post-Intelligencer&rft.atitle=In+the+Northwest%3A+Liberal+voices+turning+up+the+volume+on+the+radio&rft.date=2005-02-02&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Ftv%2F210307_joel02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaffaele2001" class="citation news cs1">Raffaele, Martha (December 30, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/regionstate/20011230jubelirer1230p7.asp">"Court rejects suit challenging Jubelirer's role"</a>. Pittsburgh Post Gazette. PG Publishing. <q>Lawless, a Montgomery County lawmaker who switched his party affiliation from Republican to Democrat in November [2001].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post+Gazette&rft.atitle=Court+rejects+suit+challenging+Jubelirer%27s+role&rft.date=2001-12-30&rft.aulast=Raffaele&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fregionstate%2F20011230jubelirer1230p7.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBode2002" class="citation news cs1">Bode, Gus (October 30, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailyegyptian.com/31625/archives/goforth-is-fighting-two-tough-battles/">"Goforth is fighting two tough battles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Egyptian" title="The Daily Egyptian">The Daily Egyptian</a>. Retrieved June 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Egyptian&rft.atitle=Goforth+is+fighting+two+tough+battles&rft.date=2002-10-30&rft.aulast=Bode&rft.aufirst=Gus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailyegyptian.com%2F31625%2Farchives%2Fgoforth-is-fighting-two-tough-battles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNitkin2002" class="citation news cs1">Nitkin, David (November 6, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bal-te.md.defeat06nov06-story.html">"Townsend never shook off lightweight label"</a>. Baltimore Sun. Retrieved April 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Townsend+never+shook+off+lightweight+label&rft.date=2002-11-06&rft.aulast=Nitkin&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fmaryland%2Fbal-te.md.defeat06nov06-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Toole2003" class="citation news cs1">O'Toole, James (December 31, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/localnews/20031231haferlocal3p3.asp">"Barbara Hafer makes it official: She's a Democrat again"</a>. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Barbara+Hafer+makes+it+official%3A+She%27s+a+Democrat+again&rft.date=2003-12-31&rft.aulast=O%27Toole&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Flocalnews%2F20031231haferlocal3p3.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laconiadailysun.com/news/local/gop-loses-two-reps-in-n-h-house/article_11962ea9-de42-59b0-ae13-08b46a2e0a45.html">"GOP loses two Reps. in N.H. House"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Laconia_Daily_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Laconia Daily Sun">Laconia Daily Sun</a>, May 30, 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2013" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Tony (August 28, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hcn.org/issues/45.14/the-right-wing-heiress-who-changed-course-in-the-desert">"The right-wing heiress who changed course in the desert"</a>. High Country News. Retrieved December 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=High+Country+News&rft.atitle=The+right-wing+heiress+who+changed+course+in+the+desert&rft.date=2013-08-28&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcn.org%2Fissues%2F45.14%2Fthe-right-wing-heiress-who-changed-course-in-the-desert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221220108/http://uspolitics.about.com/b/2007/09/16/party-swapping-in-the-heartland.htm">"Party-Swapping In The Heartland"</a>. Uspolitics.about.com. September 9, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uspolitics.about.com/b/2007/09/16/party-swapping-in-the-heartland.htm">the original</a> on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Party-Swapping+In+The+Heartland&rft.pub=Uspolitics.about.com&rft.date=2007-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuspolitics.about.com%2Fb%2F2007%2F09%2F16%2Fparty-swapping-in-the-heartland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbsnews.com-269">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbsnews.com_269-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbsnews.com_269-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilburn2006" class="citation news cs1">Milburn, John (May 30, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090504213616/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/05/30/ap/politics/mainD8HUAFSO0.shtml">"Ex-Kansas GOP Chair Switches Affiliation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/05/30/ap/politics/mainD8HUAFSO0.shtml">the original</a> on May 4, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ex-Kansas+GOP+Chair+Switches+Affiliation&rft.date=2006-05-30&rft.aulast=Milburn&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2006%2F05%2F30%2Fap%2Fpolitics%2FmainD8HUAFSO0.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-commongroundcommonsense.org-270"><a href="#cite_ref-commongroundcommonsense.org_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928112043/http://www.commongroundcommonsense.org/forums/lofiversion/index.php/t57489.html">"Candidates say recruitment helped with decision to run"</a>. www.commongroundcommonsense.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commongroundcommonsense.org/forums/lofiversion/index.php/t57489.html">the original</a> on September 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.commongroundcommonsense.org&rft.atitle=Candidates+say+recruitment+helped+with+decision+to+run&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commongroundcommonsense.org%2Fforums%2Flofiversion%2Findex.php%2Ft57489.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlevin2006" class="citation news cs1">Slevin, Peter (October 19, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/18/AR2006101801679.html">"Moderates in Kansas Decide They're Not in GOP Anymore"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved May 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Moderates+in+Kansas+Decide+They%27re+Not+in+GOP+Anymore&rft.date=2006-10-19&rft.aulast=Slevin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F10%2F18%2FAR2006101801679.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton2006" class="citation web cs1">Walton, Don (August 17, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journalstar.com/articles/2006/08/18/local/doc44e4ec82f05ef356242183.txt">"Witek leaves GOP"</a>. Lincoln Journal Star. Lincoln, Nebraska: Journalstar.com. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lincoln+Journal+Star&rft.atitle=Witek+leaves+GOP&rft.date=2006-08-17&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalstar.com%2Farticles%2F2006%2F08%2F18%2Flocal%2Fdoc44e4ec82f05ef356242183.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061130071536/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20061118/ap_on_re_us/montana_senate_switch">"Montana politician changes parties"</a>. news.yahoo.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20061118/ap_on_re_us/montana_senate_switch">the original</a> on November 30, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.yahoo.com&rft.atitle=Montana+politician+changes+parties&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fs%2Fap%2F20061118%2Fap_on_re_us%2Fmontana_senate_switch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Lisa Vorderbrueggen,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cctextra.com/blogs/politicsblog/2007/04/mccloskey_leaves_republican_pa.html">McCloskey leaves Republican Party</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070419144806/http://www.cctextra.com/blogs/politicsblog/2007/04/mccloskey_leaves_republican_pa.html">Archived</a> April 19, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Contra Costa Times Politics Weblog, April 16, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-McCloskey,_P_2007-275"><a href="#cite_ref-McCloskey,_P_2007_275-0">^</a> McCloskey, P. "Another Point of View: What Happened to the Party of Ford & Eisenhower?". (Auburn, Calif.) Sentinel, April 27, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-DeAvila-276"><a href="#cite_ref-DeAvila_276-0">^</a> Joseph De Avila, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/westchester-d-a-is-nominated-to-be-states-top-judge-1448991363">Westchester D.A. Is Nominated to Be State's Top Judge</a>, Wall Street Journal (December 1, 2015). </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Fernanda Santos, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/08/16/westchester-district-attorney-switches-political-parties/">Westchester District Attorney Switches Political Parties</a>, New York Times (August 16, 2007). </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbreport.com/news/sep05/lbgop.htm">"LB Young Republicans Launch New Local Chapter, Plan To Build Political Voice For Long Term"</a>. LBReport.com. September 1, 2005. Retrieved December 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LBReport.com&rft.atitle=LB+Young+Republicans+Launch+New+Local+Chapter%2C+Plan+To+Build+Political+Voice+For+Long+Term&rft.date=2005-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbreport.com%2Fnews%2Fsep05%2Flbgop.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2007" class="citation news cs1">Simon, Stephanie (September 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-sep-03-na-koster3-story.html">"When moderates feel lost in the GOP"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=When+moderates+feel+lost+in+the+GOP&rft.date=2007-09-03&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2007-sep-03-na-koster3-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickey2007" class="citation web cs1">Dickey, Kirk (September 28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222205127/http://www.pegasusnews.com/news/2007/sep/28/state-representative-kirk-england-switches-democra/">"State Representative Kirk England switches to Democratic Party"</a>. www.pegasusnews.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pegasusnews.com/news/2007/sep/28/state-representative-kirk-england-switches-democra/">the original</a> on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Representative+Kirk+England+switches+to+Democratic+Party&rft.pub=www.pegasusnews.com&rft.date=2007-09-28&rft.aulast=Dickey&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pegasusnews.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2Fsep%2F28%2Fstate-representative-kirk-england-switches-democra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090307030441/http://cbs4denver.com/local/aurora.colorado.rep.2.562605.html">"Debbie Stafford Switches to Democratic Party"</a>. cbs4denver.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbs4denver.com/local/aurora.colorado.rep.2.562605.html">the original</a> on March 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cbs4denver.com&rft.atitle=Debbie+Stafford+Switches+to+Democratic+Party&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbs4denver.com%2Flocal%2Faurora.colorado.rep.2.562605.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAu2007" class="citation cs2">Au, Laurie (August 31, 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/08/31/news/story03.html">"Signing ceremony turns Gabbard into Democrat"</a>, Honolulu Star-Bulletin, retrieved April 28, 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Honolulu+Star-Bulletin&rft.atitle=Signing+ceremony+turns+Gabbard+into+Democrat&rft.date=2007-08-31&rft.aulast=Au&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.starbulletin.com%2F2007%2F08%2F31%2Fnews%2Fstory03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiatt2008" class="citation news cs1">Piatt, Richard (March 17, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=2877559">"Former Republican legislator files as a Democrat"</a>. KSL Broadcasting. Retrieved May 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KSL+Broadcasting&rft.atitle=Former+Republican+legislator+files+as+a+Democrat&rft.date=2008-03-17&rft.aulast=Piatt&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksl.com%2F%3Fnid%3D148%26sid%3D2877559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stcroixsource.com/2013/11/23/stacey-plaskett-running-delegate/">"Stacey Plaskett Running for Delegate"</a>. St. Croix Source. November 23, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Croix+Source&rft.atitle=Stacey+Plaskett+Running+for+Delegate&rft.date=2013-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstcroixsource.com%2F2013%2F11%2F23%2Fstacey-plaskett-running-delegate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/lottery-winner-challenge-royce">"Lottery Winner to Challenge Royce in California"</a>. Rollcall.com. July 17, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lottery+Winner+to+Challenge+Royce+in+California&rft.pub=Rollcall.com&rft.date=2017-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollcall.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Flottery-winner-challenge-royce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrantley2008" class="citation web cs1">Brantley, Max (March 6, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arktimes.com/arkansas-blog/2008/03/06/party-switcher-draws-opponent">"Party switcher draws opponent"</a>. Arkansas Times. Retrieved November 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arkansas+Times&rft.atitle=Party+switcher+draws+opponent&rft.date=2008-03-06&rft.aulast=Brantley&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farktimes.com%2Farkansas-blog%2F2008%2F03%2F06%2Fparty-switcher-draws-opponent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2009/jan/12/republican-lawmaker-wichita-switches-democratic-pa/">"Republican lawmaker from Wichita switches to Democratic Party right after being sworn in / LJWorld.com"</a>. .ljworld.com. January 12, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Republican+lawmaker+from+Wichita+switches+to+Democratic+Party+right+after+being+sworn+in+%2F+LJWorld.com&rft.pub=.ljworld.com&rft.date=2009-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ljworld.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2Fjan%2F12%2Frepublican-lawmaker-wichita-switches-democratic-pa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> Wichita Eagle, October 16, 2010; Sedgwick County Election Commissioner, November 8, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColangelo2012" class="citation news cs1">Colangelo, Lisa L. (January 23, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/queens/city-councilman-peter-koo-flushing-defect-democratic-party-article-1.1009456">"Queens Councilman Peter Koo flips from Republican to Democrat"</a>. Daily News. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=Queens+Councilman+Peter+Koo+flips+from+Republican+to+Democrat&rft.date=2012-01-23&rft.aulast=Colangelo&rft.aufirst=Lisa+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnew-york%2Fqueens%2Fcity-councilman-peter-koo-flushing-defect-democratic-party-article-1.1009456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Halleran2016" class="citation interview cs1">O'Halleran, Tom (January 17, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zonapolitics.com/zona-politics-meet-congressional-candidate-tom-ohalleran/">"Meet Congressional Candidate Tom O'Halleran"</a>. Zona Politics (Interview). Interviewed by Jim Nintzel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zona+Politics&rft.atitle=Meet+Congressional+Candidate+Tom+O%27Halleran&rft.date=2016-01-17&rft.aulast=O%27Halleran&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzonapolitics.com%2Fzona-politics-meet-congressional-candidate-tom-ohalleran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.10news.com/news/politics/former-assemblyman-san-diego-mayoral-candidate-nathan-fletcher-joining-democratic-party-05042013">"Former assemblyman, San Diego mayoral candidate Nathan Fletcher joining Democratic Party"</a>. ABC 10 News. May 4, 2013. Retrieved November 3, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+10+News&rft.atitle=Former+assemblyman%2C+San+Diego+mayoral+candidate+Nathan+Fletcher+joining+Democratic+Party&rft.date=2013-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.10news.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fformer-assemblyman-san-diego-mayoral-candidate-nathan-fletcher-joining-democratic-party-05042013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathan_Eagle2014" class="citation news cs1">Nathan Eagle (December 29, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilbeat.com/2014/12/state-rep-johanson-leaves-republican-party-joins-democrats/">"State Rep. Johanson Leaves Republican Party, Joins Democrats"</a>. Honolulu Civil Beat. Retrieved December 30, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=State+Rep.+Johanson+Leaves+Republican+Party%2C+Joins+Democrats&rft.date=2014-12-29&rft.au=Nathan+Eagle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilbeat.com%2F2014%2F12%2Fstate-rep-johanson-leaves-republican-party-joins-democrats%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/02/10/ana-rivas-logan_n_4759605.html">"Former Florida State Rep. Ana Rivas Logan Leaves GOP Over Immigration, Becomes A Democrat"</a>. Huffington Post. February 10, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Former+Florida+State+Rep.+Ana+Rivas+Logan+Leaves+GOP+Over+Immigration%2C+Becomes+A+Democrat&rft.date=2014-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2014%2F02%2F10%2Fana-rivas-logan_n_4759605.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathleen" class="citation web cs1">Kathleen, McGrory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2014/02/former-republican-state-rep-ana-rivas-logan-joining-democratic-party.html">"Former Republican state Rep. Ana Rivas Logan joining Democratic Party"</a>. Miami Herald. Retrieved February 10, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Former+Republican+state+Rep.+Ana+Rivas+Logan+joining+Democratic+Party&rft.pub=Miami+Herald&rft.aulast=Kathleen&rft.aufirst=McGrory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiamiherald.typepad.com%2Fnakedpolitics%2F2014%2F02%2Fformer-republican-state-rep-ana-rivas-logan-joining-democratic-party.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNone2014" class="citation web cs1">None (June 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.staradvertiser.com/2014/06/18/hawaii-news/marriage-debate-drives-many-key-races/">"Marriage debate drives many key races"</a>. Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Retrieved November 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Honolulu+Star-Advertiser&rft.atitle=Marriage+debate+drives+many+key+races&rft.date=2014-06-18&rft.au=None&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.staradvertiser.com%2F2014%2F06%2F18%2Fhawaii-news%2Fmarriage-debate-drives-many-key-races%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlton2016" class="citation news cs1">Carlton, Sue (May 26, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/ex-top-cop-jane-castor-as-tampas-next-mayor-could-happen/2279125/">"Ex-top cop Jane Castor as Tampa's next mayor? It could happen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times" title="Tampa Bay Times">Tampa Bay Times</a>. Retrieved December 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tampa+Bay+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-top+cop+Jane+Castor+as+Tampa%27s+next+mayor%3F+It+could+happen&rft.date=2016-05-26&rft.aulast=Carlton&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fex-top-cop-jane-castor-as-tampas-next-mayor-could-happen%2F2279125%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/William_Mundell">"William Mundell"</a>. Ballotpedia. Retrieved March 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ballotpedia&rft.atitle=William+Mundell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fballotpedia.org%2FWilliam_Mundell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2017/0323/Hawaii-s-Beth-Fukumoto-is-quitting-the-GOP.-Whose-defection-is-it">"Hawaii's Beth Fukumoto is quitting the GOP. Whose defection is it?"</a>. Christian Science Monitor. March 23, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Hawaii%27s+Beth+Fukumoto+is+quitting+the+GOP.+Whose+defection+is+it%3F&rft.date=2017-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FPolitics%2F2017%2F0323%2FHawaii-s-Beth-Fukumoto-is-quitting-the-GOP.-Whose-defection-is-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElaine_Godfrey2018" class="citation web cs1">Elaine Godfrey (March 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/03/richard-painter-trump-senate-ethics/555128/">"The Radicalization of Richard Painter: The former White House ethics lawyer is considering turning his anti-Trump crusade into a Senate campaign"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheAtlantic.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheAtlantic.com">TheAtlantic.com</a>. Retrieved March 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheAtlantic.com&rft.atitle=The+Radicalization+of+Richard+Painter%3A+The+former+White+House+ethics+lawyer+is+considering+turning+his+anti-Trump+crusade+into+a+Senate+campaign.&rft.date=2018-03-07&rft.au=Elaine+Godfrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2018%2F03%2Frichard-painter-trump-senate-ethics%2F555128%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> Paul Walsh, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startribune.com/former-george-w-bush-ethics-lawyer-to-run-for-u-s-senate-as-a-democrat/481182291/">Former George W. Bush ethics lawyer ditches GOP, to seek U.S. Senate in Minn. as Democrat</a>, Star Tribune (April 29, 2018). </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayley_Miller2018" class="citation news cs1">Hayley Miller (June 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/steve-schmidt-renounces-gop_us_5b2a4ce8e4b05d6c16c96a05">"GOP Strategist Quits 'Corrupt' Party Of 'Feckless Cowards,' Will Vote For Democrats"</a>. Huffington Post. Retrieved June 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=GOP+Strategist+Quits+%27Corrupt%27+Party+Of+%27Feckless+Cowards%2C%27+Will+Vote+For+Democrats&rft.date=2018-06-20&rft.au=Hayley+Miller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fsteve-schmidt-renounces-gop_us_5b2a4ce8e4b05d6c16c96a05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/MarylandDemocraticParty/videos/we-are-live-at-the-maryland-state-board-of-elections-as-delegate-meagan-simonair/261837204471732/">Maryland Democratic Party on Facebook Watch</a>, retrieved March 21, 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maryland+Democratic+Party+on+Facebook+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FMarylandDemocraticParty%2Fvideos%2Fwe-are-live-at-the-maryland-state-board-of-elections-as-delegate-meagan-simonair%2F261837204471732%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ktar.com/story/2300490/former-republican-arizona-ag-grant-woods-is-now-a-registered-democrat/">"Former Republican Arizona AG Grant Woods is now a registered Democrat"</a>. KTAR. November 9, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Former+Republican+Arizona+AG+Grant+Woods+is+now+a+registered+Democrat&rft.pub=KTAR&rft.date=2018-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fktar.com%2Fstory%2F2300490%2Fformer-republican-arizona-ag-grant-woods-is-now-a-registered-democrat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shawneemissionpost.com/2018/12/12/sen-barbara-bollier-changes-party-affiliation-to-democrat-says-republican-party-morally-not-going-where-my-compass-resides-75694/">"Sen. Barbara Bollier changes party affiliation to Democrat"</a>. Shawnee Mission Post – Community news and events for northern Johnson County. December 12, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shawnee+Mission+Post+%E2%80%93+Community+news+and+events+for+northern+Johnson+County&rft.atitle=Sen.+Barbara+Bollier+changes+party+affiliation+to+Democrat&rft.date=2018-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshawneemissionpost.com%2F2018%2F12%2F12%2Fsen-barbara-bollier-changes-party-affiliation-to-democrat-says-republican-party-morally-not-going-where-my-compass-resides-75694%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kansascity.com/opinion/opn-columns-blogs/steve-kraske/article223056210.html">The Kansas City Star</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181216073900/https://www.kansascity.com/opinion/opn-columns-blogs/steve-kraske/article223056210.html">Archived</a> 2018-12-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShorman,_Jon2018" class="citation web cs1">Shorman, Jon [@jonshorman] (December 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/jonshorman/status/1075395154889109505">"NEW – Rep. Stephanie Clayton (@SSCJoCoKs ) will switch parties and be a Democrat when the Legislature reconvenes in January, she says in statement #ksleg"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NEW+%E2%80%93+Rep.+Stephanie+Clayton+%28%40SSCJoCoKs+%29+will+switch+parties+and+be+a+Democrat+when+the+Legislature+reconvenes+in+January%2C+she+says+in+statement+%23ksleg&rft.date=2018-12-19&rft.au=Shorman%2C+Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fjonshorman%2Fstatus%2F1075395154889109505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShorman,_Jon2018" class="citation web cs1">Shorman, Jon [@jonshorman] (December 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/jonshorman/status/1075395776946335745">"Sen. Dinah Sykes has also confirmed to me she is switching parties. #ksleg"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sen.+Dinah+Sykes+has+also+confirmed+to+me+she+is+switching+parties.+%23ksleg&rft.date=2018-12-19&rft.au=Shorman%2C+Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fjonshorman%2Fstatus%2F1075395776946335745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/San-Diego-Assemblyman-Brian-Maienschein-Switches-Parties-Republican-to-Democrat-504825592.html">"Assemblyman Brian Maienschein Switches Parties, From Republican to Democrat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KNSD" title="KNSD">KNSD</a> (<a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> San Diego). January 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Assemblyman+Brian+Maienschein+Switches+Parties%2C+From+Republican+to+Democrat&rft.date=2019-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcsandiego.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2FSan-Diego-Assemblyman-Brian-Maienschein-Switches-Parties-Republican-to-Democrat-504825592.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/article225024295.html">"California Republican Party gets even smaller: A GOP lawmaker defects to the Democrats"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sacramento_Bee" title="The Sacramento Bee">The Sacramento Bee</a>. January 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sacramento+Bee&rft.atitle=California+Republican+Party+gets+even+smaller%3A+A+GOP+lawmaker+defects+to+the+Democrats&rft.date=2019-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacbee.com%2Fnews%2Fstate%2Fcalifornia%2Farticle225024295.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newjerseyglobe.com/congress/addiego-now-longer-threatens-kim-re-election/">"Addiego No Longer Threatens Kim Re-election"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jersey Globe">New Jersey Globe</a>. January 28, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Addiego+No+Longer+Threatens+Kim+Re-election&rft.date=2010-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewjerseyglobe.com%2Fcongress%2Faddiego-now-longer-threatens-kim-re-election%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2019" class="citation news cs1">Stevens, Matt (April 25, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505235640/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/24/us/politics/andy-mckean-iowa-trump.html">"Andy McKean, Iowa's Longest-Serving Republican, Switches Parties Because of Trump"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/24/us/politics/andy-mckean-iowa-trump.html">the original</a> on May 5, 2019. Retrieved May 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Andy+McKean%2C+Iowa%27s+Longest-Serving+Republican%2C+Switches+Parties+Because+of+Trump&rft.date=2019-04-25&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F24%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fandy-mckean-iowa-trump.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodricks2020" class="citation web cs1">Rodricks, Dan (February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/columnists/dan-rodricks/bs-md-rodricks-0202-20200201-lweu73ko25dmnk25vhugrb3phy-story.html">"Former GOP congressman: 'Republicans have thrown acid on the Constitution'"</a>. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved September 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Former+GOP+congressman%3A+%27Republicans+have+thrown+acid+on+the+Constitution%27&rft.date=2020-02&rft.aulast=Rodricks&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Fdan-rodricks%2Fbs-md-rodricks-0202-20200201-lweu73ko25dmnk25vhugrb3phy-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinton2020" class="citation news cs1">Hinton, Rachel (April 16, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicago.suntimes.com/politics/2020/4/16/21224262/closed-door-democrats-tobolski-successor-aguilar-preckwinkle-berwyn-cicero">"Mystery shrouds closed-door vote on Tobolski successor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a>. Retrieved April 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Mystery+shrouds+closed-door+vote+on+Tobolski+successor&rft.date=2020-04-16&rft.aulast=Hinton&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicago.suntimes.com%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2F4%2F16%2F21224262%2Fclosed-door-democrats-tobolski-successor-aguilar-preckwinkle-berwyn-cicero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortier2021" class="citation news cs1">Fortier, Marc (September 14, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/lawmaker-switches-from-republican-to-democrat-due-to-nh-gops-anti-vaccine-stance/2491873/">"Lawmaker Switches From Republican to Democrat Due to NH GOP's Anti-Vaccine Stance"</a>. nbcboston.com. Retrieved June 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=nbcboston.com&rft.atitle=Lawmaker+Switches+From+Republican+to+Democrat+Due+to+NH+GOP%27s+Anti-Vaccine+Stance&rft.date=2021-09-14&rft.aulast=Fortier&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcboston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Flawmaker-switches-from-republican-to-democrat-due-to-nh-gops-anti-vaccine-stance%2F2491873%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgerKrehbiel2021" class="citation web cs1">Eger, Andrea; Krehbiel, Randy (October 6, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tulsaworld.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/joy-hofmeister-to-flip-parties-challenge-kevin-stitt-for-governor-in-2022/article_2393799a-263a-11ec-93c6-8fcf1a60c90c.html">"Joy Hofmeister to flip parties, challenge Kevin Stitt for governor in 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tulsa_World" title="Tulsa World">Tulsa World</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tulsa+World&rft.atitle=Joy+Hofmeister+to+flip+parties%2C+challenge+Kevin+Stitt+for+governor+in+2022&rft.date=2021-10-06&rft.aulast=Eger&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Krehbiel%2C+Randy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftulsaworld.com%2Fnews%2Fstate-and-regional%2Fgovt-and-politics%2Fjoy-hofmeister-to-flip-parties-challenge-kevin-stitt-for-governor-in-2022%2Farticle_2393799a-263a-11ec-93c6-8fcf1a60c90c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wthr.com/article/news/local/jennifer-mccormick-considers-run-for-indiana-governor-former-superintendent-of-public-instruction/531-72dc7927-f537-4afa-9196-f08bf49ccdd8">"Jennifer McCormick considers run for Indiana governor"</a>. November 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jennifer+McCormick+considers+run+for+Indiana+governor&rft.date=2022-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wthr.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fjennifer-mccormick-considers-run-for-indiana-governor-former-superintendent-of-public-instruction%2F531-72dc7927-f537-4afa-9196-f08bf49ccdd8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2022" class="citation web cs1">Watson, Sarah (July 27, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qctimes.com/news/local/government-and-politics/elections/a-former-30-year-republican-iowa-congressman-is-endorsing-democrats-in-2022-heres-why/article_730ae674-84d6-5882-98c8-4aeb5b58da4d.html">"A former 30-year Republican Iowa Congressman is endorsing Democrats in 2022. Here's why"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quad_City_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad City Times">Quad City Times</a>. Retrieved July 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+former+30-year+Republican+Iowa+Congressman+is+endorsing+Democrats+in+2022.+Here%27s+why.&rft.pub=Quad+City+Times&rft.date=2022-07-27&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqctimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fgovernment-and-politics%2Felections%2Fa-former-30-year-republican-iowa-congressman-is-endorsing-democrats-in-2022-heres-why%2Farticle_730ae674-84d6-5882-98c8-4aeb5b58da4d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFmarianne.goodland@coloradopolitics.com2022" class="citation web cs1">marianne.goodland@coloradopolitics.com, MARIANNE GOODLAND (August 22, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coloradopolitics.com/elections/sen-kevin-priola-to-switch-party-bolstering-democrats-in-colorados-senate/article_9bf27350-2229-11ed-95c7-8fe529896062.html">"Sen. Kevin Priola to switch party, bolstering Democrats in Colorado's Senate"</a>. Colorado Politics. Retrieved August 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colorado+Politics&rft.atitle=Sen.+Kevin+Priola+to+switch+party%2C+bolstering+Democrats+in+Colorado%27s+Senate&rft.date=2022-08-22&rft.aulast=marianne.goodland%40coloradopolitics.com&rft.aufirst=MARIANNE+GOODLAND&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coloradopolitics.com%2Felections%2Fsen-kevin-priola-to-switch-party-bolstering-democrats-in-colorados-senate%2Farticle_9bf27350-2229-11ed-95c7-8fe529896062.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildstein2023" class="citation web cs1">Wildstein, David (February 13, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newjerseyglobe.com/legislature/sam-thompson-will-switch-parties-and-seek-re-election-to-n-j-senate-as-a-democrat/">"Sam Thompson will switch parties and seek re-election to N.J. Senate as a Democrat"</a>. New Jersey Globe. Retrieved February 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Jersey+Globe&rft.atitle=Sam+Thompson+will+switch+parties+and+seek+re-election+to+N.J.+Senate+as+a+Democrat&rft.date=2023-02-13&rft.aulast=Wildstein&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewjerseyglobe.com%2Flegislature%2Fsam-thompson-will-switch-parties-and-seek-re-election-to-n-j-senate-as-a-democrat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/pennsylvania-attorney-general-michelle-henry-local-roots-to-job/">"Pennsylvania Attorney General Michelle Henry brings local roots to her new job"</a>. CBS News. Retrieved March 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Pennsylvania+Attorney+General+Michelle+Henry+brings+local+roots+to+her+new+job&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fpittsburgh%2Fnews%2Fpennsylvania-attorney-general-michelle-henry-local-roots-to-job%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senators_changed_parties.htm#1">"William M. Stewart of Nevada"</a>. Senators Who Changed Parties During Senate Service (Since 1890). <a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States Senate">The United States Senate</a>. Retrieved June 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senators+Who+Changed+Parties+During+Senate+Service+%28Since+1890%29&rft.atitle=William+M.+Stewart+of+Nevada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2Fsenators_changed_parties.htm%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senators_changed_parties.htm#2">"John P. Jones of Nevada"</a>. Senators Who Changed Parties During Senate Service (Since 1890). <a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States Senate">The United States Senate</a>. Retrieved June 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senators+Who+Changed+Parties+During+Senate+Service+%28Since+1890%29&rft.atitle=John+P.+Jones+of+Nevada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2Fsenators_changed_parties.htm%232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senators_changed_parties.htm#4">"Lee Mantle of Montana"</a>. Senators Who Changed Parties During Senate Service (Since 1890). <a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States Senate">The United States Senate</a>. Retrieved June 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senators+Who+Changed+Parties+During+Senate+Service+%28Since+1890%29&rft.atitle=Lee+Mantle+of+Montana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2Fsenators_changed_parties.htm%234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senators_changed_parties.htm#5">"Richard F. Pettigrew of South Dakota"</a>. Senators Who Changed Parties During Senate Service (Since 1890). <a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States Senate">The United States Senate</a>. Retrieved June 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senators+Who+Changed+Parties+During+Senate+Service+%28Since+1890%29&rft.atitle=Richard+F.+Pettigrew+of+South+Dakota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2Fsenators_changed_parties.htm%235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senators_changed_parties.htm#6">"Frank J. Cannon of Utah"</a>. Senators Who Changed Parties During Senate Service (Since 1890). <a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States Senate">The United States Senate</a>. Retrieved June 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senators+Who+Changed+Parties+During+Senate+Service+%28Since+1890%29&rft.atitle=Frank+J.+Cannon+of+Utah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2Fsenators_changed_parties.htm%236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senators_changed_parties.htm#3">"Henry M. Teller of Colorado"</a>. Senators Who Changed Parties During Senate Service (Since 1890). <a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States Senate">The United States Senate</a>. Retrieved June 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senators+Who+Changed+Parties+During+Senate+Service+%28Since+1890%29&rft.atitle=Henry+M.+Teller+of+Colorado&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2Fsenators_changed_parties.htm%233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senators_changed_parties.htm#7">"Fred T. Dubois of Idaho"</a>. Senators Who Changed Parties During Senate Service (Since 1890). <a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States Senate">The United States Senate</a>. Retrieved June 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senators+Who+Changed+Parties+During+Senate+Service+%28Since+1890%29&rft.atitle=Fred+T.+Dubois+of+Idaho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2Fsenators_changed_parties.htm%237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senators_changed_parties.htm#10">"Robert M. La Follette Jr., of Wisconsin"</a>. Senators Who Changed Parties During Senate Service (Since 1890). <a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States Senate">The United States Senate</a>. Retrieved June 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senators+Who+Changed+Parties+During+Senate+Service+%28Since+1890%29&rft.atitle=Robert+M.+La+Follette+Jr.%2C+of+Wisconsin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2Fsenators_changed_parties.htm%2310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061009212910/http://www.mhrn.org/newsarchive/1200elections.html">"They're Back: The Monntana Legislature's Right-Wing Presence"</a>. www.mhrn.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhrn.org/newsarchive/1200elections.html">the original</a> on October 9, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mhrn.org&rft.atitle=They%27re+Back%3A+The+Monntana+Legislature%27s+Right-Wing+Presence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhrn.org%2Fnewsarchive%2F1200elections.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928052243/http://www.wpri.com/dpp/news/local_news/rhode-island-lawmaker-expelled-from-gop-caucus">"Rep. Gordon expelled from GOP caucus"</a>. wpri.com. September 8, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wpri.com/dpp/news/local_news/rhode-island-lawmaker-expelled-from-gop-caucus">the original</a> on September 28, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rep.+Gordon+expelled+from+GOP+caucus&rft.date=2011-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wpri.com%2Fdpp%2Fnews%2Flocal_news%2Frhode-island-lawmaker-expelled-from-gop-caucus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ballot-access.org/2012/11/29/november-2012-ballot-access-news-print-edition/">[1]</a><a href="/wiki/Richard_Winger" title="Richard Winger">Winger, Richard</a>. "INCUMBENT LEGISLATOR TRIES TO RUN FOR RE-ELECTION AS A LIBERTARIAN" <a href="/wiki/Ballot_Access_News" title="Ballot Access News">Ballot Access News</a> November 29, 2012 (Volume 28, Number 6) </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lp.org/news/press-releases/nevada-state-assemblyman-john-moore-joins-libertarian-party">"Nevada State Assemblyman John Moore Joins Libertarian Party"</a>. Libertarian Party. January 8, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Libertarian+Party&rft.atitle=Nevada+State+Assemblyman+John+Moore+Joins+Libertarian+Party&rft.date=2016-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lp.org%2Fnews%2Fpress-releases%2Fnevada-state-assemblyman-john-moore-joins-libertarian-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-platform-333"><a href="#cite_ref-platform_333-0">^</a> Szalewski, Susan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omaha.com/news/legislature/responding-to-ricketts-platform-republicans-comment-nebraska-lawmakers-call-for/article_cb639d05-3bb6-557e-8112-7734457c9cea.html">"Responding to Ricketts' 'platform Republicans' comment, 13 Nebraska lawmakers call for nonpartisanship".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omaha.com/">Omaha World-Herald.</a> June 1, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes5May16-334"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes5May16_334-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="nyt" class="citation news cs1">Mele, Christopher (May 5, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/06/us/mary-matalin-republican-strategist-and-pundit-changes-political-parties.html">"Mary Matalin, Republican Strategist and Pundit, Changes Political Parties"</a>. <a href="/wiki/N._Y._Times" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Y. Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved May 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mary+Matalin%2C+Republican+Strategist+and+Pundit%2C+Changes+Political+Parties&rft.date=2016-05-05&rft.aulast=Mele&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F05%2F06%2Fus%2Fmary-matalin-republican-strategist-and-pundit-changes-political-parties.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Doherty_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Doherty (journalist)">Doherty, Brian</a> (July 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/blog/2016/07/25/utah-state-sen-mark-madsen-switching-par">"Utah State Sen. Mark Madsen Switching Parties from Republican to Libertarian, Endorsing Gary Johnson for President"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=Utah+State+Sen.+Mark+Madsen+Switching+Parties+from+Republican+to+Libertarian%2C+Endorsing+Gary+Johnson+for+President&rft.date=2016-07-25&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Fblog%2F2016%2F07%2F25%2Futah-state-sen-mark-madsen-switching-par&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty,_Brian2017" class="citation web cs1">Doherty, Brian (June 29, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/blog/2017/06/29/new-hampshire-now-has-third-sitting-libe">"New Hampshire Now Has Third Sitting Libertarian Party Legislator"</a>. Reason. Retrieved June 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Hampshire+Now+Has+Third+Sitting+Libertarian+Party+Legislator&rft.pub=Reason&rft.date=2017-06-29&rft.au=Doherty%2C+Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Fblog%2F2017%2F06%2F29%2Fnew-hampshire-now-has-third-sitting-libe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2018" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Rich (April 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://capitolfax.com/2018/04/19/sen-sam-mccann-announces-for-governor-as-conservative-party-candidate/">"Sen. Sam McCann announces for governor as Conservative Party candidate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Fax" title="Capitol Fax">Capitol Fax</a>. Retrieved April 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Capitol+Fax&rft.atitle=Sen.+Sam+McCann+announces+for+governor+as+Conservative+Party+candidate&rft.date=2018-04-19&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Rich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcapitolfax.com%2F2018%2F04%2F19%2Fsen-sam-mccann-announces-for-governor-as-conservative-party-candidate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Oxford,_The_New_Mexican2018" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Oxford, The New Mexican (January 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/legislature/dunn-switches-to-libertarian-party/article_d7738457-695b-5b9b-a529-d6b424501be7.html">"Dunn switches to Libertarian Party"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dunn+switches+to+Libertarian+Party&rft.date=2018-01-27&rft.au=Andrew+Oxford%2C+%27%27The+New+Mexican%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.santafenewmexican.com%2Fnews%2Flegislature%2Fdunn-switches-to-libertarian-party%2Farticle_d7738457-695b-5b9b-a529-d6b424501be7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nmpoliticalreport.com/800361/libertarian-party-gets-a-boost-in-nm">"Libertarian Party gets a boost in NM – The NM Political Report"</a>. nmpoliticalreport.com. January 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nmpoliticalreport.com&rft.atitle=Libertarian+Party+gets+a+boost+in+NM+%E2%80%93+The+NM+Political+Report&rft.date=2018-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnmpoliticalreport.com%2F800361%2Flibertarian-party-gets-a-boost-in-nm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jul/27/forward-republicans-democrats-new-third-political-party">"Centrists to launch Forward, new third US political party"</a>. the Guardian. July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Centrists+to+launch+Forward%2C+new+third+US+political+party&rft.date=2022-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2022%2Fjul%2F27%2Fforward-republicans-democrats-new-third-political-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDritschilo2023" class="citation web cs1">Dritschilo, Gordon (May 3, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rutlandherald.com/news/local/sammis-makes-party-switch-official/article_761e2d22-f09e-54c0-8e44-db2d91079169.html">"Sammis makes party switch official"</a>. Rutland Online Herald. Retrieved May 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rutland+Online+Herald&rft.atitle=Sammis+makes+party+switch+official&rft.date=2023-05-03&rft.aulast=Dritschilo&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rutlandherald.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fsammis-makes-party-switch-official%2Farticle_761e2d22-f09e-54c0-8e44-db2d91079169.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senators_changed_parties.htm#11">"George W. Norris of Nebraska"</a>. Senators Who Changed Parties During Senate Service (Since 1890). <a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States Senate">The United States Senate</a>. Retrieved June 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senators+Who+Changed+Parties+During+Senate+Service+%28Since+1890%29&rft.atitle=George+W.+Norris+of+Nebraska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2Fsenators_changed_parties.htm%2311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/07/nyregion/a-connecticut-party-endorses-lieberman.html">"A Connecticut Party Endorses Lieberman – New York Times"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Connecticut. July 7, 1994. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Connecticut+Party+Endorses+Lieberman+%E2%80%93+New+York+Times&rft.date=1994-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F07%2F07%2Fnyregion%2Fa-connecticut-party-endorses-lieberman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVassar2017" class="citation web cs1">Vassar, Alex (December 29, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://capitolweekly.net/where-are-they-now-paul-horcher/">"Where are they now? Paul Horcher"</a>. Capitol Weekly. Retrieved December 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Capitol+Weekly&rft.atitle=Where+are+they+now%3F+Paul+Horcher&rft.date=2017-12-29&rft.aulast=Vassar&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcapitolweekly.net%2Fwhere-are-they-now-paul-horcher%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senators_changed_parties.htm#19">"James Jeffords of Vermont"</a>. Senators Who Changed Parties During Senate Service (Since 1890). <a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States Senate">The United States Senate</a>. Retrieved June 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senators+Who+Changed+Parties+During+Senate+Service+%28Since+1890%29&rft.atitle=James+Jeffords+of+Vermont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2Fsenators_changed_parties.htm%2319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130920005509/http://jb-williams.com/5-12-05.htm">"A Party on the Brink of Extinction? by JB Williams – political writer"</a>. Jb-williams.com. May 12, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jb-williams.com/5-12-05.htm">the original</a> on September 20, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Party+on+the+Brink+of+Extinction%3F+by+JB+Williams+%E2%80%93+political+writer&rft.pub=Jb-williams.com&rft.date=2005-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jb-williams.com%2F5-12-05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scaredmonkeys.com/2005/04/20/jumping-jim-jeffords-jumping-ship-for-good/">"Jumping Jim Jeffords, Jumping Ship for Good"</a>. Scared Monkeys. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jumping+Jim+Jeffords%2C+Jumping+Ship+for+Good&rft.pub=Scared+Monkeys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscaredmonkeys.com%2F2005%2F04%2F20%2Fjumping-jim-jeffords-jumping-ship-for-good%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://insideminnesotapolitics.blogspot.com/2005/07/sen-dave-durenberger-pt-2.html">"Senator Dave Durenberger Pt 2"</a>. Inside Minnesota Politics. July 20, 2005. Retrieved April 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senator+Dave+Durenberger+Pt+2&rft.pub=Inside+Minnesota+Politics&rft.date=2005-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finsideminnesotapolitics.blogspot.com%2F2005%2F07%2Fsen-dave-durenberger-pt-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinsel" class="citation web cs1">Reinsel, Pamela. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212092529/http://www.beloblog.com/ProJo_Blogs/politics/2007/09/anger-over-bush.html">"Anger over Bush, D.C. Republicans prompts Rep. Singleton to bolt party – Projo Politics Blog"</a>. Beloblog.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beloblog.com/ProJo_Blogs/politics/2007/09/anger-over-bush.html">the original</a> on February 12, 2012. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anger+over+Bush%2C+D.C.+Republicans+prompts+Rep.+Singleton+to+bolt+party+%E2%80%93+Projo+Politics+Blog&rft.pub=Beloblog.com&rft.aulast=Reinsel&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beloblog.com%2FProJo_Blogs%2Fpolitics%2F2007%2F09%2Fanger-over-bush.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehouse" class="citation web cs1">Whitehouse, Ken. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110107081309/http://www.nashvillepost.com/news?id=26608">"GOP State Senator bolts party"</a>. www.nashvillepost.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nashvillepost.com/news?id=26608">the original</a> on January 7, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nashvillepost.com&rft.atitle=GOP+State+Senator+bolts+party&rft.aulast=Whitehouse&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nashvillepost.com%2Fnews%3Fid%3D26608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2008/07/11/erhardt/">"GOP lawmaker to run as independent | Minnesota Public Radio News"</a>. Minnesota.publicradio.org. July 11, 2008. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GOP+lawmaker+to+run+as+independent+%26%23124%3B+Minnesota+Public+Radio+News&rft.pub=Minnesota.publicradio.org&rft.date=2008-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminnesota.publicradio.org%2Fdisplay%2Fweb%2F2008%2F07%2F11%2Ferhardt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402214226/http://news.bostonherald.com/news/national/northeast/view/20091218maine_house_republican_drops_party_affiliation/srvc%3Dhome%26position%3Drecent">"Maine House Republican drops party affiliation – BostonHerald.com"</a>. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bostonherald.com/news/national/northeast/view/20091218maine_house_republican_drops_party_affiliation/srvc%3Dhome%26position%3Drecent">the original</a> on April 2, 2012. Retrieved December 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maine+House+Republican+drops+party+affiliation+%E2%80%93+BostonHerald.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bostonherald.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fnortheast%2Fview%2F20091218maine_house_republican_drops_party_affiliation%2Fsrvc%253Dhome%2526position%253Drecent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkelton2012" class="citation news cs1">Skelton, George (June 25, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120629013520/http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-cap-mcpherson-20120625,0,4266891,full.column">"California GOP sinking into third-party status"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-cap-mcpherson-20120625,0,4266891,full.column">the original</a> on June 29, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=California+GOP+sinking+into+third-party+status&rft.date=2012-06-25&rft.aulast=Skelton&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fla-me-cap-mcpherson-20120625%2C0%2C4266891%2Cfull.column&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140505162909/http://archive.argusleader.com/article/20131227/NEWS/312270007/Independent-voice-needed-Larry-Pressler-says">"Independent voice needed, Larry Pressler says"</a>. Argus Leader. December 27, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.argusleader.com/article/20131227/NEWS/312270007/Independent-voice-needed-Larry-Pressler-says">the original</a> on May 5, 2014. Retrieved May 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Independent+voice+needed%2C+Larry+Pressler+says&rft.date=2013-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.argusleader.com%2Farticle%2F20131227%2FNEWS%2F312270007%2FIndependent-voice-needed-Larry-Pressler-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140211171844/http://www.rgj.com/article/20140129/NEWS19/140129006/Ray-Hagar-Washoe-GOP-chairman-resigns-while-former-Lt-Gov-Wagner-leaves-Republican-Party-?nclick_check=1">"Ray Hagar: Washoe GOP chairman resigns while former Lt. Gov. Wagner l..."</a> archive.ph. February 11, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rgj.com/article/20140129/NEWS19/140129006/Ray-Hagar-Washoe-GOP-chairman-resigns-while-former-Lt-Gov-Wagner-leaves-Republican-Party-?nclick_check=1">the original</a> on February 11, 2014. Retrieved March 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.ph&rft.atitle=Ray+Hagar%3A+Washoe+GOP+chairman+resigns+while+former+Lt.+Gov.+Wagner+l...&rft.date=2014-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rgj.com%2Farticle%2F20140129%2FNEWS19%2F140129006%2FRay-Hagar-Washoe-GOP-chairman-resigns-while-former-Lt-Gov-Wagner-leaves-Republican-Party-%3Fnclick_check%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauer2014" class="citation news cs1">Mauer, Richard (September 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adn.com/article/20140901/walker-mallott-join-forces-governors-race">"Walker, Mallott to join forces in governor's race"</a>. Alaska Dispatch News. Retrieved September 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alaska+Dispatch+News&rft.atitle=Walker%2C+Mallott+to+join+forces+in+governor%27s+race&rft.date=2014-09-01&rft.aulast=Mauer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adn.com%2Farticle%2F20140901%2Fwalker-mallott-join-forces-governors-race&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyon,_John2015" class="citation web cs1">Lyon, John (June 3, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arkansasnews.com/news/arkansas/rep-nate-bell-drops-gop-affiliation-now-independent">"Rep. Nate Bell drops GOP affiliation; now independent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stephens_Media_(newspapers)" title="Stephens Media (newspapers)">Arkansas News</a>. Retrieved July 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rep.+Nate+Bell+drops+GOP+affiliation%3B+now+independent&rft.pub=Arkansas+News&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft.au=Lyon%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farkansasnews.com%2Fnews%2Farkansas%2Frep-nate-bell-drops-gop-affiliation-now-independent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiders2018" class="citation web cs1">Siders, David (June 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://politi.co/2kM9eRp">"'The race for governor has turned into a scam'"</a>. POLITICO. Retrieved March 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=%27The+race+for+governor+has+turned+into+a+scam%27&rft.date=2018-06-04&rft.aulast=Siders&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoliti.co%2F2kM9eRp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoretto,_Mario2015" class="citation web cs1">Moretto, Mario (July 22, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bangordailynews.com/2015/07/22/politics/maine-lawmaker-leaves-gop-citing-undue-influence-of-parties/">"Maine lawmaker leaves GOP, citing undue influence of parties"</a>. Retrieved July 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maine+lawmaker+leaves+GOP%2C+citing+undue+influence+of+parties&rft.date=2015-07-22&rft.au=Moretto%2C+Mario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbangordailynews.com%2F2015%2F07%2F22%2Fpolitics%2Fmaine-lawmaker-leaves-gop-citing-undue-influence-of-parties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphrey" class="citation web cs1">Humphrey, Gordon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2018/03/20/conor-lamb-got-my-first-donation-democrat-50-years-stop-trump-column/439101002/">"Conor Lamb got my first donation to a Democrat in 50 years. It's time to stop Donald Trump"</a>. USA TODAY. Retrieved March 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=Conor+Lamb+got+my+first+donation+to+a+Democrat+in+50+years.+It%27s+time+to+stop+Donald+Trump.&rft.aulast=Humphrey&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fopinion%2F2018%2F03%2F20%2Fconor-lamb-got-my-first-donation-democrat-50-years-stop-trump-column%2F439101002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/politics/2017/12/11/state-sen-david-johnson-run-independent-2018/940413001/">"State Sen. David Johnson to run as independent in 2018"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Des_Moines_Register" title="The Des Moines Register">The Des Moines Register</a>. December 11, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Des+Moines+Register&rft.atitle=State+Sen.+David+Johnson+to+run+as+independent+in+2018&rft.date=2017-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.desmoinesregister.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2017%2F12%2F11%2Fstate-sen-david-johnson-run-independent-2018%2F940413001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2016/06/26/george_will_on_republican_exit_like_reagan_said_i_didnt_leave_the_party_the_party_left_me.html">"George Will on Republican Exit: Like Reagan Said, I Didn't Leave The Party, The Party Left Me"</a>. June 26, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Will+on+Republican+Exit%3A+Like+Reagan+Said%2C+I+Didn%27t+Leave+The+Party%2C+The+Party+Left+Me&rft.date=2016-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearpolitics.com%2Fvideo%2F2016%2F06%2F26%2Fgeorge_will_on_republican_exit_like_reagan_said_i_didnt_leave_the_party_the_party_left_me.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2017" class="citation web cs1">Cummings, William (July 11, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2017/07/12/morning-joe-scarborough-leaving-republican-party/470584001/">"'Morning Joe' Scarborough is leaving the Republican Party"</a>. USA Today.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=%27Morning+Joe%27+Scarborough+is+leaving+the+Republican+Party&rft.date=2017-07-11&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fonpolitics%2F2017%2F07%2F12%2Fmorning-joe-scarborough-leaving-republican-party%2F470584001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson" class="citation web cs1">Jackson, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crosscut.com/2017/11/washington-independents-new-political-group-pac-chris-vance-moderate-republican-democrat">"A new political group will target the forgotten voters | Crosscut"</a>. crosscut.com. Retrieved December 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=crosscut.com&rft.atitle=A+new+political+group+will+target+the+forgotten+voters+%7C+Crosscut&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrosscut.com%2F2017%2F11%2Fwashington-independents-new-political-group-pac-chris-vance-moderate-republican-democrat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2018" class="citation news cs1">Staff (March 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/03/19/breaking-news/djou-abandons-republican-party-because-of-trump/">"Djou abandons Republican Party because of Trump"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Advertiser" title="Honolulu Star-Advertiser">Honolulu Star-Advertiser</a>. Retrieved April 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Honolulu+Star-Advertiser&rft.atitle=Djou+abandons+Republican+Party+because+of+Trump&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.staradvertiser.com%2F2018%2F03%2F19%2Fbreaking-news%2Fdjou-abandons-republican-party-because-of-trump%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.kansascity.com/livegraphics/2018/pdf/SenJohnDoll-Letter.pdf">"Notice of Change of Party Affiliation Per §22 of the Rules of the Kansas State Senate"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notice+of+Change+of+Party+Affiliation+Per+%C2%A722+of+the+Rules+of+the+Kansas+State+Senate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.kansascity.com%2Flivegraphics%2F2018%2Fpdf%2FSenJohnDoll-Letter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2018/02/12/top-california-republican-to-run-statewide-as-an-independent-406171">"Top California Republican to run statewide as an independent"</a>. POLITICO. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=Top+California+Republican+to+run+statewide+as+an+independent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2018%2F02%2F12%2Ftop-california-republican-to-run-statewide-as-an-independent-406171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicago.suntimes.com/politics/republican-california-chief-justice-gives-up-affiliation-switches-to-no-party/">"Republican California chief justice gives up affiliation, switches to 'no party'"</a>. December 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Republican+California+chief+justice+gives+up+affiliation%2C+switches+to+%27no+party%27&rft.date=2018-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicago.suntimes.com%2Fpolitics%2Frepublican-california-chief-justice-gives-up-affiliation-switches-to-no-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinion2018" class="citation news cs1">Binion, Billy (October 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2018/10/david-jolly-leaves-republican-party-bill-maher-msnbc-video-1202477694/">"Ex-GOP Rep. David Jolly Tells Bill Maher He's Left The Republican Party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood" title="Deadline Hollywood">Deadline Hollywood</a>. Retrieved January 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deadline+Hollywood&rft.atitle=Ex-GOP+Rep.+David+Jolly+Tells+Bill+Maher+He%27s+Left+The+Republican+Party&rft.date=2018-10-05&rft.aulast=Binion&rft.aufirst=Billy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2018%2F10%2Fdavid-jolly-leaves-republican-party-bill-maher-msnbc-video-1202477694%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChacónMexican2021" class="citation web cs1">Chacón, Daniel J.; Mexican, Santa Fe New (February 6, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nmpoliticalreport.com/2021/02/06/lawmaker-leaves-republican-party-becomes-independent/">"Lawmaker leaves Republican Party, becomes an independent"</a>. The NM Political Report. Retrieved March 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+NM+Political+Report&rft.atitle=Lawmaker+leaves+Republican+Party%2C+becomes+an+independent&rft.date=2021-02-06&rft.aulast=Chac%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft.au=Mexican%2C+Santa+Fe+New&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnmpoliticalreport.com%2F2021%2F02%2F06%2Flawmaker-leaves-republican-party-becomes-independent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mvariety.com/news/rep-joel-camacho-quits-gop/article_9d262a62-4aa9-11ec-9498-d737c8908b12.html">"Rep. Joel Camacho quits GOP | News | mvariety.com"</a>. November 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rep.+Joel+Camacho+quits+GOP+%7C+News+%7C+mvariety.com&rft.date=2021-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmvariety.com%2Fnews%2Frep-joel-camacho-quits-gop%2Farticle_9d262a62-4aa9-11ec-9498-d737c8908b12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://talkbusiness.net/2021/02/sen-hendren-leaves-gop-for-independent-status-forms-new-common-ground-effort/">"Sen. Hendren leaves GOP for Independent status; forms new 'Common Ground' effort"</a>. Talk Business & Politics. February 18, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Talk+Business+%26+Politics&rft.atitle=Sen.+Hendren+leaves+GOP+for+Independent+status%3B+forms+new+%27Common+Ground%27+effort&rft.date=2021-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftalkbusiness.net%2F2021%2F02%2Fsen-hendren-leaves-gop-for-independent-status-forms-new-common-ground-effort%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfannenstiel2021" class="citation news cs1">Pfannenstiel, Brianne (January 7, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/politics/2021/01/07/former-iowa-u-s-rep-jim-nussle-i-no-longer-claim-am-republican-capitol-riots-donald-trump/6583079002/">"Former Iowa Congressman Jim Nussle: 'I will no longer claim I am a Republican' after Capitol riots"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="Des Moines Register">Des Moines Register</a>. Retrieved November 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Des+Moines+Register&rft.atitle=Former+Iowa+Congressman+Jim+Nussle%3A+%27I+will+no+longer+claim+I+am+a+Republican%27+after+Capitol+riots&rft.date=2021-01-07&rft.aulast=Pfannenstiel&rft.aufirst=Brianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.desmoinesregister.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2021%2F01%2F07%2Fformer-iowa-u-s-rep-jim-nussle-i-no-longer-claim-am-republican-capitol-riots-donald-trump%2F6583079002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/elections-legislature-bismarck-north-dakota-john-hoeven-1238553951574d6a994bf7117bfdbd22">"North Dakota's Becker to seek Hoeven's Senate seat after all"</a>. AP NEWS. August 15, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920181241/https://apnews.com/article/elections-legislature-bismarck-north-dakota-john-hoeven-1238553951574d6a994bf7117bfdbd22">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved September 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=North+Dakota%27s+Becker+to+seek+Hoeven%27s+Senate+seat+after+all&rft.date=2022-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Felections-legislature-bismarck-north-dakota-john-hoeven-1238553951574d6a994bf7117bfdbd22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/05/politics/denver-riggleman-republican-party-cnntv/index.html">"Former Virginia Rep. Denver Riggleman says he's no longer a Republican: 'I think the party left me some time ago'"</a>. June 5, 2022. Retrieved June 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Former+Virginia+Rep.+Denver+Riggleman+says+he%27s+no+longer+a+Republican%3A+%27I+think+the+party+left+me+some+time+ago%27&rft.date=2022-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F06%2F05%2Fpolitics%2Fdenver-riggleman-republican-party-cnntv%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kansasreflector.com/2022/08/01/kansas-state-senator-delivers-signatures-needed-to-enter-governors-race-as-independent/">Kansas state senator delivers signatures needed to enter governor's race as independent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Reflector" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas Reflector">Kansas Reflector</a>, Sherman Smith, August 1, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abc7.com/george-gascon-la-county-district-attorney-election/13080113/">"Former US Assistant Attorney General Nathan Hochman enters LA County DA's race"</a>. April 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Former+US+Assistant+Attorney+General+Nathan+Hochman+enters+LA+County+DA%27s+race&rft.date=2023-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabc7.com%2Fgeorge-gascon-la-county-district-attorney-election%2F13080113%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin2024" class="citation news cs1">Irwin, Lauren (March 22, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4550246-santos-gop-new-york-independent-house-race/">"Santos says he's leaving GOP, will run as independent in New York House race"</a>. The Hill. Retrieved March 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Santos+says+he%27s+leaving+GOP%2C+will+run+as+independent+in+New+York+House+race&rft.date=2024-03-22&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fhouse%2F4550246-santos-gop-new-york-independent-house-race%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=nGrB-5ieeMU">"Joe Biden Answers the Web's Most Searched Questions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Joe+Biden+Answers+the+Web%27s+Most+Searched+Questions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DnGrB-5ieeMU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKammer2009" class="citation web cs1">Kammer, Jerry (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cis.org/grijalva">"Raul Grijalva: From Chicano Radical to Congressman"</a>. Center for Immigration Studies. Retrieved July 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raul+Grijalva%3A+From+Chicano+Radical+to+Congressman&rft.pub=Center+for+Immigration+Studies&rft.date=2009-10&rft.aulast=Kammer&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cis.org%2Fgrijalva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchatz2018" class="citation web cs1">Schatz, Brian (November 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/brianschatz/status/1058443160475467776">"Brian Schatz on Twitter: "I didn't vote in every election when I was young. Also, I was briefly a Green Party member. Since then I've devoted a lot of my professional life to climate action. So let me say this plainly: The most important thing you can do for the climate is vote Tuesday." / Twitter"</a>. Twitter. Retrieved May 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft.atitle=Brian+Schatz+on+Twitter%3A+%22I+didn%27t+vote+in+every+election+when+I+was+young.+Also%2C+I+was+briefly+a+Green+Party+member.+Since+then+I%27ve+devoted+a+lot+of+my+professional+life+to+climate+action.+So+let+me+say+this+plainly%3A+The+most+important+thing+you+can+do+for+the+climate+is+vote+Tuesday.%22+%2F+Twitter&rft.date=2018-11-02&rft.aulast=Schatz&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fbrianschatz%2Fstatus%2F1058443160475467776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> Broder, David S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/07/AR2009010702644.html">Tales From Longworth.</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 8 January 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons2008" class="citation news cs1">Parsons, Rob (July 17, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mauitime.com/best-of-maui/best-maui-politics-community-and-environment/mauitime-best-of-maui-2008-best-political-activist-on-maui-joe-bertram/">"MauiTime Best of Maui 2008: Best Political Activist on Maui: Joe Bertram"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maui_Time_Weekly" title="Maui Time Weekly">Maui Time Weekly</a>. Retrieved May 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maui+Time+Weekly&rft.atitle=MauiTime+Best+of+Maui+2008%3A+Best+Political+Activist+on+Maui%3A+Joe+Bertram&rft.date=2008-07-17&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmauitime.com%2Fbest-of-maui%2Fbest-maui-politics-community-and-environment%2Fmauitime-best-of-maui-2008-best-political-activist-on-maui-joe-bertram%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKee2002" class="citation news cs1">McKee, Tim (November 10, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesunchronicle.com/letter-thanks-from-green-party/article_0ea2d041-8d10-56f2-a9da-1670b51a3215.html">"Letter: Thanks from Green Party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Chronicle" title="The Sun Chronicle">The Sun Chronicle</a>. Retrieved April 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sun+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Letter%3A+Thanks+from+Green+Party&rft.date=2002-11-10&rft.aulast=McKee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesunchronicle.com%2Fletter-thanks-from-green-party%2Farticle_0ea2d041-8d10-56f2-a9da-1670b51a3215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregg2017" class="citation news cs1">Gregg, Katherine (September 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.providencejournal.com/news/20170907/gerrymandering-case-reopens-old-wounds-for-ri-lawmakers">"Gerrymandering case reopens old wounds for R.I. lawmakers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Chronicle" title="The Sun Chronicle">The Sun Chronicle</a>. Retrieved April 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sun+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Gerrymandering+case+reopens+old+wounds+for+R.I.+lawmakers&rft.date=2017-09-07&rft.aulast=Gregg&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.providencejournal.com%2Fnews%2F20170907%2Fgerrymandering-case-reopens-old-wounds-for-ri-lawmakers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arkansasnews.com/2009/04/29/state%E2%80%99s-first-green-party-legislator-to-switch-parties/">Lyon, John. "State's first Green Party legislator to switch parties" Arkansas News Bureau, 29 April 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090722175819/http://arkansasnews.com/2009/04/29/state%E2%80%99s-first-green-party-legislator-to-switch-parties/">Archived</a> July 22, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCousins,_Christopher2015" class="citation web cs1">Cousins, Christopher (September 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bangordailynews.com/2015/09/04/politics/state-house/independent-maine-lawmaker-joins-democrats/">"Independent Maine lawmaker joins Democrats"</a>. Bangor Daily News. Retrieved July 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Independent+Maine+lawmaker+joins+Democrats&rft.pub=Bangor+Daily+News&rft.date=2015-09-04&rft.au=Cousins%2C+Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbangordailynews.com%2F2015%2F09%2F04%2Fpolitics%2Fstate-house%2Findependent-maine-lawmaker-joins-democrats%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brproud.com/news/your-local-election-hq/louisiana-state-representative-changes-political-parties/">"Louisiana state representative changes political parties"</a>. April 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louisiana+state+representative+changes+political+parties&rft.date=2023-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brproud.com%2Fnews%2Fyour-local-election-hq%2Flouisiana-state-representative-changes-political-parties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senators_changed_parties.htm#12">"Henrik Shipstead of Minnesota"</a>. Senators Who Changed Parties During Senate Service (Since 1890). <a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States Senate">The United States Senate</a>. Retrieved June 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senators+Who+Changed+Parties+During+Senate+Service+%28Since+1890%29&rft.atitle=Henrik+Shipstead+of+Minnesota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2Fsenators_changed_parties.htm%2312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://house.louisiana.gov/H_PDFdocs/HouseMembership_History_CURRENT.pdf">"Membership in the Louisiana House of Representatives, 1812–2016"</a> (PDF). house.louisiana.gov. Retrieved April 23, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Membership+in+the+Louisiana+House+of+Representatives%2C+1812%E2%80%932016&rft.pub=house.louisiana.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhouse.louisiana.gov%2FH_PDFdocs%2FHouseMembership_History_CURRENT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.providencejournal.com/news/20161127/political-scene-ri-treasurer-plans-no-rash-moves-on-investments-in-trump-era">"Political Scene: R.I. treasurer plans no rash moves on investments in Trump era"</a>. Retrieved December 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Political+Scene%3A+R.I.+treasurer+plans+no+rash+moves+on+investments+in+Trump+era&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.providencejournal.com%2Fnews%2F20161127%2Fpolitical-scene-ri-treasurer-plans-no-rash-moves-on-investments-in-trump-era&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/us/former-sen-specter-dies-at-82-switched-parties-hailed-by-washington-leaders/">"Former Sen. Specter dies at 82, switched parties, hailed by Washington leaders"</a>. Fox News. October 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Former+Sen.+Specter+dies+at+82%2C+switched+parties%2C+hailed+by+Washington+leaders&rft.date=2012-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fus%2Fformer-sen-specter-dies-at-82-switched-parties-hailed-by-washington-leaders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshinaka2015" class="citation book cs1">Yoshinaka, Antoine (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UXDjCgAAQBAJ&q=tommy+dickerson+mississippi+party+switch&pg=PA87">Crossing the Aisle: Party Switching by U.S. Legislators in the Postwar Era</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107115897" title="Special:BookSources/9781107115897"><bdi>9781107115897</bdi></a>. Retrieved December 20, 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossing+the+Aisle%3A+Party+Switching+by+U.S.+Legislators+in+the+Postwar+Era&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781107115897&rft.aulast=Yoshinaka&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUXDjCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtommy%2Bdickerson%2Bmississippi%2Bparty%2Bswitch%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_6_103/ai_97235720/">"Tuskegee's Johnny Ford switches to Republican Party"</a>. Jet. 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jet&rft.atitle=Tuskegee%27s+Johnny+Ford+switches+to+Republican+Party&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m1355%2Fis_6_103%2Fai_97235720%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshinaka2015" class="citation book cs1">Yoshinaka, Antoine (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UXDjCgAAQBAJ&q=johnny+ford+party+switch+2003&pg=PA88">Crossing the Aisle: Party Switching by U.S. Legislators in the Postwar Era</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107115897" title="Special:BookSources/9781107115897"><bdi>9781107115897</bdi></a>. Retrieved December 20, 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossing+the+Aisle%3A+Party+Switching+by+U.S.+Legislators+in+the+Postwar+Era&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781107115897&rft.aulast=Yoshinaka&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUXDjCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Djohnny%2Bford%2Bparty%2Bswitch%2B2003%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2014" class="citation web cs1">Doyle, Steve (February 7, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.al.com/breaking/2014/02/former_gop_congressman_parker.html">"Former GOP Congressman Parker Griffith will run for Alabama governor as Democrat (updated)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AL.com" class="mw-redirect" title="AL.com">AL.com</a>. Retrieved February 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AL.com&rft.atitle=Former+GOP+Congressman+Parker+Griffith+will+run+for+Alabama+governor+as+Democrat+%28updated%29&rft.date=2014-02-07&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.al.com%2Fbreaking%2F2014%2F02%2Fformer_gop_congressman_parker.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2012" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Artur (May 29, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120530201143/http://www.officialarturdavis.com/2012/05/a-response-to-political-rumors/">"A Response to Political Rumors"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.officialarturdavis.com/2012/05/a-response-to-political-rumors/">the original</a> on May 30, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Response+to+Political+Rumors&rft.date=2012-05-29&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Artur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialarturdavis.com%2F2012%2F05%2Fa-response-to-political-rumors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2015" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Joe (June 12, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbsun.com/government-and-politics/20150612/former-blue-dog-rep-joe-baca-goes-republican">"Former 'Blue Dog' Rep. Joe Baca goes Republican"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_San_Bernardino_Sun" title="The San Bernardino Sun">The San Bernardino Sun</a>. Retrieved June 14, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+San+Bernardino+Sun&rft.atitle=Former+%27Blue+Dog%27+Rep.+Joe+Baca+goes+Republican&rft.date=2015-06-12&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbsun.com%2Fgovernment-and-politics%2F20150612%2Fformer-blue-dog-rep-joe-baca-goes-republican&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorseman2018" class="citation news cs1">Horseman, Jeff (February 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pe.com/2018/02/27/switching-parties-again-joe-baca-wants-back-in-congress/">"Switching parties again, Joe Baca wants back in Congress"</a>. The Press-Enterprise. Retrieved April 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Press-Enterprise&rft.atitle=Switching+parties+again%2C+Joe+Baca+wants+back+in+Congress&rft.date=2018-02-27&rft.aulast=Horseman&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pe.com%2F2018%2F02%2F27%2Fswitching-parties-again-joe-baca-wants-back-in-congress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/347123827/">"Supervisor Solomon Deserts Democrats; Enrolls in GOP"</a>. Glens Falls Post-Star. Glens Falls, NY. February 28, 1968 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glens+Falls+Post-Star&rft.atitle=Supervisor+Solomon+Deserts+Democrats%3B+Enrolls+in+GOP&rft.date=1968-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F347123827%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2000" class="citation news cs1">Simon, Richard (July 27, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-jul-27-me-60105-story.html">"Martinez Switches to GOP in His Final Term"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Retrieved April 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Martinez+Switches+to+GOP+in+His+Final+Term&rft.date=2000-07-27&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2000-jul-27-me-60105-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingston2013" class="citation web cs1">Livingston, Abby (July 31, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130802075059/http://atr.rollcall.com/democrat-switches-parties-to-challenge-rahall/">"Democrat Switches Parties to Challenge Rahall #WV03"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roll_Call" title="Roll Call">Roll Call</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atr.rollcall.com/democrat-switches-parties-to-challenge-rahall/">the original</a> on August 2, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roll+Call&rft.atitle=Democrat+Switches+Parties+to+Challenge+Rahall+%23WV03&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft.aulast=Livingston&rft.aufirst=Abby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatr.rollcall.com%2Fdemocrat-switches-parties-to-challenge-rahall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/16dhmh/html/msa11605.html">"MARYLAND DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH: SECRETARY: ROBERT R. NEALL, Secretary of Health"</a>. Maryland Manual On-Line: A Guide to Maryland and Its Government. State of Maryland. Retrieved April 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maryland+Manual+On-Line%3A+A+Guide+to+Maryland+and+Its+Government&rft.atitle=MARYLAND+DEPARTMENT+OF+HEALTH%3A+SECRETARY%3A+ROBERT+R.+NEALL%2C+Secretary+of+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmsa%2Fmdmanual%2F16dhmh%2Fhtml%2Fmsa11605.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrow-404"><a href="#cite_ref-Barrow_404-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrow2017" class="citation news cs1">Barrow, Bill (August 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/west-virginia-governor-democrat-switch-republican-204707424.html/">"West Virginia governor, a Democrat, to switch to Republican"</a>. Associated Press. Retrieved August 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=West+Virginia+governor%2C+a+Democrat%2C+to+switch+to+Republican&rft.date=2017-08-03&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fwest-virginia-governor-democrat-switch-republican-204707424.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/S000279">"Bioguide Search"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bioguide+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fsearch%2Fbio%2FS000279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.colorado.edu/repositories/2/resources/392">"Collection: Edward P. Costigan papers | Rare and Distinctive Collections – University of Colorado Boulder"</a>. archives.colorado.edu. Retrieved March 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archives.colorado.edu&rft.atitle=Collection%3A+Edward+P.+Costigan+papers+%7C+Rare+and+Distinctive+Collections+%E2%80%93+University+of+Colorado+Boulder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.colorado.edu%2Frepositories%2F2%2Fresources%2F392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senators_changed_parties.htm#8">"Miles Poindexter of Washington"</a>. Senators Who Changed Parties During Senate Service (Since 1890). <a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States Senate">The United States Senate</a>. Retrieved June 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senators+Who+Changed+Parties+During+Senate+Service+%28Since+1890%29&rft.atitle=Miles+Poindexter+of+Washington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2Fsenators_changed_parties.htm%238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historylink.org/File/5628">"Bone, Homer Truett (1883-1970)"</a>. www.historylink.org. Retrieved March 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historylink.org&rft.atitle=Bone%2C+Homer+Truett+%281883-1970%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylink.org%2FFile%2F5628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-filibuster-409"><a href="#cite_ref-filibuster_409-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenate_Historical_Office" class="citation web cs1">Senate Historical Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/filibusters-cloture/wayne-morse-sets-filibuster-record.htm">"U.S. Senate: Wayne Morse Sets Filibuster Record"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>. Retrieved May 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Senate&rft.atitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+Wayne+Morse+Sets+Filibuster+Record&rft.au=Senate+Historical+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fabout%2Fpowers-procedures%2Ffilibusters-cloture%2Fwayne-morse-sets-filibuster-record.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/history/one_item_and_teasers/partydiv.htm">"U.S. Senate: Art & History Home > Origins & Development > Party Division"</a>. Senate.gov. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+Art+%26+History+Home+%3E+Origins+%26+Development+%3E+Party+Division&rft.pub=Senate.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fpagelayout%2Fhistory%2Fone_item_and_teasers%2Fpartydiv.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theolympian.com/news/nation-world/national/article25301974.html">"Democrat wants to stiffen political corruption laws"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Democrat+wants+to+stiffen+political+corruption+laws&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theolympian.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fnational%2Farticle25301974.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ontheissues.org/Archive_AK.htm">"Alaska Archives"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alaska+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fontheissues.org%2FArchive_AK.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauer1990" class="citation news cs1">Mauer, Richard (November 13, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE2DD123CF930A25752C1A966958260&sec=&spon=">"On 4th Try, a Victory for Ex-Governor of Alaska"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved May 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+4th+Try%2C+a+Victory+for+Ex-Governor+of+Alaska&rft.date=1990-11-13&rft.aulast=Mauer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9C0CE2DD123CF930A25752C1A966958260%26sec%3D%26spon%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nolongerconsider-414"><a href="#cite_ref-nolongerconsider_414-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitofsky2021" class="citation news cs1">Pitofsky, Marina (January 10, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/news/533575-colin-powell-i-can-no-longer-call-myself-a-fellow-republican">"Colin Powell: 'I can no longer call myself a fellow Republican'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. Retrieved January 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Colin+Powell%3A+%27I+can+no+longer+call+myself+a+fellow+Republican%27&rft.date=2021-01-10&rft.aulast=Pitofsky&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fnews%2F533575-colin-powell-i-can-no-longer-call-myself-a-fellow-republican&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senators_changed_parties.htm#18">"Robert Smith of New Hampshire"</a>. Senators Who Changed Parties During Senate Service (Since 1890). <a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States Senate">The United States Senate</a>. Retrieved June 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senators+Who+Changed+Parties+During+Senate+Service+%28Since+1890%29&rft.atitle=Robert+Smith+of+New+Hampshire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2Fsenators_changed_parties.htm%2318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovett2018" class="citation news cs1">Lovett, Kenneth (March 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/giambra-nys-conservative-party-dragging-republicans-article-1.3882236">"Giambra: NYS Conservative Party dragging Republicans down"</a>. New York Daily News. Retrieved April 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Giambra%3A+NYS+Conservative+Party+dragging+Republicans+down&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft.aulast=Lovett&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fgiambra-nys-conservative-party-dragging-republicans-article-1.3882236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425201242/http://www.c-span.org/Events/C-SPAN-Event/10737430045/">"Constitution Party Selects Presidential Nominee"</a>. <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>. April 21, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/Events/C-SPAN-Event/10737430045/">the original</a> on April 25, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+Party+Selects+Presidential+Nominee&rft.pub=C-SPAN&rft.date=2012-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2FEvents%2FC-SPAN-Event%2F10737430045%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRetting,_Arielle2012" class="citation web cs1">Retting, Arielle (April 21, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120908195419/http://www.roanoke.com/news/breaking/wb/307795">"Goode gets Constitution Party's nomination for president"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Roanoke_Times" title="The Roanoke Times">The Roanoke Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roanoke.com/news/breaking/wb/307795">the original</a> on September 8, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Roanoke+Times&rft.atitle=Goode+gets+Constitution+Party%27s+nomination+for+president&rft.date=2012-04-21&rft.au=Retting%2C+Arielle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roanoke.com%2Fnews%2Fbreaking%2Fwb%2F307795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2018" class="citation news cs1">Stewart, Emily (October 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/10/10/17959224/michael-bloomberg-democrat-republican-2020-donald-trump">"Michael Bloomberg is a Democrat again, fueling speculation about 2020 aspirations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vox_Media" title="Vox Media">Vox</a>. Retrieved October 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Michael+Bloomberg+is+a+Democrat+again%2C+fueling+speculation+about+2020+aspirations&rft.date=2018-10-10&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fpolicy-and-politics%2F2018%2F10%2F10%2F17959224%2Fmichael-bloomberg-democrat-republican-2020-donald-trump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-420"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_420-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinema2022" class="citation web cs1">Sinema, Kyrsten (December 9, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azcentral.com/story/opinion/op-ed/2022/12/09/sen-kyrsten-sinema-of-arizona-why-im-registering-as-an-independent/69712395007/">"Sen. Kyrsten Sinema: Why I'm registering as an independent"</a>. The Arizona Republic. Retrieved December 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=Sen.+Kyrsten+Sinema%3A+Why+I%27m+registering+as+an+independent&rft.date=2022-12-09&rft.aulast=Sinema&rft.aufirst=Kyrsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fstory%2Fopinion%2Fop-ed%2F2022%2F12%2F09%2Fsen-kyrsten-sinema-of-arizona-why-im-registering-as-an-independent%2F69712395007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResnik" class="citation web cs1">Resnik, Brahm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.12news.com/article/news/politics/kari-lake-is-running-for-governor-as-a-republican-but-has-also-been-a-registered-democrat/75-550469a9-0665-404c-84b0-7548d5681a41">"Before she embraced Donald Trump, Kari Lake signed on with Democrats as Barack Obama's fortunes soared"</a>. 12News. Retrieved March 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=12News&rft.atitle=Before+she+embraced+Donald+Trump%2C+Kari+Lake+signed+on+with+Democrats+as+Barack+Obama%27s+fortunes+soared&rft.aulast=Resnik&rft.aufirst=Brahm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.12news.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fkari-lake-is-running-for-governor-as-a-republican-but-has-also-been-a-registered-democrat%2F75-550469a9-0665-404c-84b0-7548d5681a41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chafee-422"><a href="#cite_ref-chafee_422-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.necn.com/local/ex-rhode-island-politician-changes-political-parties-again/219654/">"Ex-RI Politician Changes Political Parties – Again"</a>. NECN. June 6, 2019. Retrieved December 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NECN&rft.atitle=Ex-RI+Politician+Changes+Political+Parties+%E2%80%93+Again&rft.date=2019-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.necn.com%2Flocal%2Fex-rhode-island-politician-changes-political-parties-again%2F219654%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/mike-gravel-switches-to-libertarian-party/">"Mike Gravel Switches To Libertarian Party"</a>. CBS News. March 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Mike+Gravel+Switches+To+Libertarian+Party&rft.date=2008-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fmike-gravel-switches-to-libertarian-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2012" class="citation news cs1">Staff, NBC News (December 7, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/12/08/15764792-former-florida-gov-charlie-crist-becomes-a-democrat?lite">"Former Florida Gov. Charlie Crist becomes a Democrat"</a>. NBC. Florida.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC&rft.atitle=Former+Florida+Gov.+Charlie+Crist+becomes+a+Democrat&rft.date=2012-12-07&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=NBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnbcpolitics.nbcnews.com%2F_news%2F2012%2F12%2F08%2F15764792-former-florida-gov-charlie-crist-becomes-a-democrat%3Flite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knock-la.com/kenneth-mejia-progressive-city-controller-candidate/">"Kenneth Mejia Wants You to Know How LA is Spending Your Tax Dollars"</a>. Knock LA. April 13, 2022. Retrieved April 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Knock+LA&rft.atitle=Kenneth+Mejia+Wants+You+to+Know+How+LA+is+Spending+Your+Tax+Dollars&rft.date=2022-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknock-la.com%2Fkenneth-mejia-progressive-city-controller-candidate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton2022" class="citation news cs1">Walton, Don (February 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theindependent.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/former-democratic-governor-candidate-bob-krist-returns-to-gop-to-support-lindstrom-for-governor/article_d97b80f3-8201-5525-8d9b-f118924d2cd0.html">"Former Democratic governor candidate Bob Krist returns to GOP to support Lindstrom for governor"</a>. The Grand Island Independent. Retrieved February 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Grand+Island+Independent&rft.atitle=Former+Democratic+governor+candidate+Bob+Krist+returns+to+GOP+to+support+Lindstrom+for+governor&rft.date=2022-02-21&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheindependent.com%2Fnews%2Fstate-and-regional%2Fgovt-and-politics%2Fformer-democratic-governor-candidate-bob-krist-returns-to-gop-to-support-lindstrom-for-governor%2Farticle_d97b80f3-8201-5525-8d9b-f118924d2cd0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-427"><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsandsentinel.com/news/local-news/2019/12/del-wilson-switches-from-republican-to-independent/">"Del. Wilson switches from Republican to independent"</a>. newsandsentinel.com/. Retrieved June 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newsandsentinel.com%2F&rft.atitle=Del.+Wilson+switches+from+Republican+to+independent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsandsentinel.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2F2019%2F12%2Fdel-wilson-switches-from-republican-to-independent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-428"><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElhinny2022" class="citation web cs1">McElhinny, Brad (November 29, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wvmetronews.com/2022/11/29/moore-capito-whose-name-likely-rings-a-bell-says-hes-running-for-west-virginia-governor/">"Moore Capito, whose name likely rings a bell, says he's running for West Virginia governor"</a>. WV MetroNews. Retrieved June 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WV+MetroNews&rft.atitle=Moore+Capito%2C+whose+name+likely+rings+a+bell%2C+says+he%27s+running+for+West+Virginia+governor&rft.date=2022-11-29&rft.aulast=McElhinny&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwvmetronews.com%2F2022%2F11%2F29%2Fmoore-capito-whose-name-likely-rings-a-bell-says-hes-running-for-west-virginia-governor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-429"><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinger2023" class="citation news cs1">Winger, Richard (September 5, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballot-access.org/2023/09/05/leaders-of-the-west-virginia-americans-coming-together-party-join-the-constitution-party/">"Leaders of the West Virginia Americans Coming Together Party Join the Constitution Party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ballot_Access_News" title="Ballot Access News">Ballot Access News</a>. Retrieved October 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ballot+Access+News&rft.atitle=Leaders+of+the+West+Virginia+Americans+Coming+Together+Party+Join+the+Constitution+Party&rft.date=2023-09-05&rft.aulast=Winger&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fballot-access.org%2F2023%2F09%2F05%2Fleaders-of-the-west-virginia-americans-coming-together-party-join-the-constitution-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-430"><a href="#cite_ref-430">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2022" class="citation news cs1">Reid, Tim (July 28, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us/exclusive-former-republicans-democrats-form-new-third-us-political-party-2022-07-27/">"Former Republicans and Democrats form new third U.S. political party"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved August 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Former+Republicans+and+Democrats+form+new+third+U.S.+political+party&rft.date=2022-07-28&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fus%2Fexclusive-former-republicans-democrats-form-new-third-us-political-party-2022-07-27%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-431"><a href="#cite_ref-431">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomez" class="citation web cs1">Gomez, Henry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/justin-amash-michigan-gop-senate-primary-rcna141175">"Former Rep. Justin Amash enters Michigan's jumbled GOP Senate primary"</a>. NBC News. Retrieved September 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Former+Rep.+Justin+Amash+enters+Michigan%27s+jumbled+GOP+Senate+primary&rft.aulast=Gomez&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2F2024-election%2Fjustin-amash-michigan-gop-senate-primary-rcna141175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-432"><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortinsky" class="citation web cs1">Fortinsky, Sarah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4948241-tulsi-gabbard-joining-gop-trump-rally-in-north-carolina/">"Tulsi Gabbard says she's joining the GOP at Trump rally in North Carolina"</a>. The Hill. Retrieved October 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Tulsi+Gabbard+says+she%27s+joining+the+GOP+at+Trump+rally+in+North+Carolina&rft.aulast=Fortinsky&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fcampaign%2F4948241-tulsi-gabbard-joining-gop-trump-rally-in-north-carolina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-433"><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111062331/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/election2000/states/minnesota/ventura.html">"Ventura Leaves Reform Party"</a>. www.pbs.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/election2000/states/minnesota/ventura.html">the original</a> on November 11, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=Ventura+Leaves+Reform+Party&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Felection2000%2Fstates%2Fminnesota%2Fventura.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+party+switchers+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&oldid=1258911689">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&oldid=1258911689</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_politics-related_lists" title="Category:United States politics-related lists">United States politics-related lists</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2017">Articles with dead external links from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_title" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing title">CS1 errors: missing title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_bare_URL" title="Category:CS1 errors: bare URL">CS1 errors: bare URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2016" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2016">Articles with dead external links from April 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2021">Articles with dead external links from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_August_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from August 2023">Use mdy dates from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2017">Articles needing additional references from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dynamic_lists" title="Category:Dynamic lists">Dynamic lists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 09:05 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-dtnhv","wgBackendResponseTime":180,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.450","walltime":"3.667","ppvisitednodes":{"value":23203,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":818944,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":23496,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1521559,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3145.568 1 -total"," 73.48% 2311.356 1 Template:Reflist"," 29.60% 931.164 209 Template:Cite_web"," 26.49% 833.251 165 Template:Cite_news"," 6.09% 191.586 20 Template:Cite_book"," 5.47% 171.948 19 Template:Citation_needed"," 5.15% 161.928 1 Template:Party_politics"," 5.06% 159.106 1 Template:Politics_series_sidebar"," 5.02% 157.984 22 Template:Fix"," 4.94% 155.509 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.223","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9492524,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","280","12.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","280","12.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","8.8"],["?","160","7.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","160","7.1"],["type","120","5.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","5.3"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1\u003E","100","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","3.5"],["[others]","640","28.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.main-6696b4cc84-ncfvp","timestamp":"20241122152118","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"List of party switchers in the United States","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q55619463","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q55619463","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2018-04-21T21:57:56Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T09:05:18Z","headline":"Wikimedia list article"}</script> </body> </html>