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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese philosophical dialogue</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">White Horse Dialogue</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">白馬論</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">白马论</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">white horse dialogue</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">báimǎ lùn</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lzh" class="center" style="margin: 0px;font-size:140%;">白</p><p style="margin: 0px;">white</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lzh" class="center" style="margin: 0px;font-size:140%;">馬</p><p style="margin: 0px;">horse</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lzh" class="center" style="margin: 0px;font-size:140%;">非</p><p style="margin: 0px;">is not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="lzh" class="center" style="margin: 0px;font-size:140%;">馬</p><p style="margin: 0px;">horse</p></div><p style="display: none;">白馬非馬</p><p style="display: none;">white horse {is not} horse</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<i><a href="/wiki/Gongsun_Longzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gongsun Longzi">Gongsun Longzi</a></i></cite></div> </div> <p>The <b>White Horse Dialogue</b> in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a> is a debate between two unnamed speakers on a proposition often translated as 'a white horse is not a horse'. It appears in the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> text <i>Gongsun Longzi</i> attributed to <a href="/wiki/Gongsun_Long" title="Gongsun Long">Gongsun Long</a>, grouped under the philosophical <a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">School of Names</a> in later taxonomies. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_original_text">The original text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Horse_Dialogue&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The original text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dialogue constitutes a chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Eponymous" class="mw-redirect" title="Eponymous">eponymous</a> <i>Gongsun Longzi</i>. The purported author, also known as "Master Gongsun Long" (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 284–259 BCE</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Ole_Thompson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ole_Thompson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was counted by later scholars among the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">School of Names</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought" title="Hundred Schools of Thought">Hundred Schools of Thought</a>. Most of Gongsun's writings have been lost; the received <i>Gongsun Longzi</i> text contains only six of the recorded fourteen original chapters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhou2020109_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhou2020109-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parts of the dialogue are dislocated and a small number of words are theorized to have been lost early in the text's transmission history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham1965134–138_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1965134–138-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, some commentators and translators rearrange some sentences for clarity. The dialogue is between two unnamed speakers: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WhiteHorse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A white horse grazing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/WhiteHorse.jpg/170px-WhiteHorse.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/WhiteHorse.jpg/255px-WhiteHorse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/WhiteHorse.jpg/340px-WhiteHorse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="1718" /></a><figcaption>Is this a horse?</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Is "a white horse is not a horse" assertible? </p><p>Advocate: It is. </p><p>Objector: How? </p><p>Advocate: "Horse" is that by means of which one names the shape. "White" is that by means of which one names the color. What names the color is not what names the shape. Hence, one may say "white horse is not horse". </p><p>Objector: If there are white horses, one cannot say that there are no horses. If one cannot say that there are no horses, doesn't that mean that there are horses? For there to be white horses is for there to be horses. How could it be that the white ones are not horses? </p><p> Advocate: If one wants horses, that extends to yellow or black horses. But if one wants white horses, that does not extend to yellow or black horses. Suppose that white horses were horses. Then what one wants [in the two cases] would be the same. If what one wants were the same, then 'white' would not differ from 'horse.' If what one wants does not differ, then how is it that yellow or black horses are acceptable in one case and unacceptable in the other case? It is clear that acceptable and unacceptable are mutually contrary. Hence, yellow and black horses are the same, one can respond that there are horses, but one cannot respond that there are white horses. Thus, it is evident that white horses are not horses.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=94040">"2: 白馬論"</a>, <i><span></span></i>公孫龍子<i><span></span></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+%E7%99%BD%E9%A6%AC%E8%AB%96&rft.btitle=%E5%85%AC%E5%AD%AB%E9%BE%8D%E5%AD%90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fwiki.pl%3Fif%3Dgb%26chapter%3D94040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Horse+Dialogue" class="Z3988"></span></cite></div></blockquote> <p>This dialogue continues with deliberations over colored and colorless horses and whether <i>white</i> and <i>horse</i> can be separated from <i>white horse</i>. </p><p>Other <i>Gongsun Longzi</i> chapters discuss "white horse"-related concepts of: <i>jian</i> <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A0%85#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:堅">堅</a></span> 'hard; hardness', and <i>bai</i> <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:白">白</a></span> 'white; whiteness', <i>ming</i> <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:名">名</a></span> 'name; term', <i>shi</i> <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AF%A6#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:實">實</a></span> 'solid; true, actual; fact, reality', the abstract <i>zhi</i> <span lang="zh-hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8C%87#Traditional_Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:指">指</a></span> 'finger; pointing; designation; <a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">universal</a>' (like "whiteness"), and the concrete <i>wu</i> <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:物">物</a></span> 'thing; object; <a href="/wiki/Particular" title="Particular">particular</a>' (like "a white horse"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations_and_proposed_solutions">Interpretations and proposed solutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Horse_Dialogue&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Interpretations and proposed solutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A common misunderstanding is that this paradox arises due to the lack of articles in the Chinese language. However, it is not exclusively associated with Chinese and can emerge in other languages as well. While the absence of articles in Chinese can make the interpretation of phrases more challenging, this paradox serves as an entry point for more profound philosophical explorations rather than being a straightforward result of Chinese grammar. Essentially, this paradox explores the ways in which human categorize and conceptualize "things" in minds and through language. The fact that all white horses are indeed horses does not imply that the term "horses" refers exclusively to white horses (it also includes horses of other colors, such as brown and black.). This paradox emphasizes the importance of the precision required in the language use and reveals how the complexity of language can lead to unexpected confusions.<sup id="cite_ref-Ole_Thompson_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ole_Thompson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/A._C._Graham" title="A. C. Graham">A. C. Graham</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Graham-studies334_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham-studies334-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this "A white horse is not a horse" paradox plays upon the ambiguity of whether the 'is' in the statement means: </p> <ol><li>"Is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Class_(philosophy)" title="Class (philosophy)">class</a> <var style="padding-right: 1px;">x</var>"; or</li> <li>"Is identical to <var style="padding-right: 1px;">x</var>".<sup id="cite_ref-Graham-studies334_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham-studies334-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>In other words, the expression "white horse is not horse" is ambiguous between "<i>white horse</i> is not <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/synonymous" class="extiw" title="wikt:synonymous">synonymous</a> with <i>horse</i>" (true because <i>white horse</i> is more specific than <i>horse</i>), versus "a white horse is not a member of the set of horses" (obviously false). The Advocate in the dialogue is asserting a lack of identity between horses and white horses, while the Objector is interpreting the Advocate's statement as a claim that the category of horses does not include white ones. </p><p>Beyond the inherent semantic ambiguities of "A white horse is not a horse," the first line of the White Horse Dialogue obscurely asks <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:可">可</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8E#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:乎">乎</a></span> ('Can it be that ...?'). This dialogue could be an attempted proof that a white horse is not a horse, or a question if such a statement is possible, or both. <a href="/wiki/Bryan_W._Van_Norden" title="Bryan W. Van Norden">Bryan W. Van Norden</a> suggests that "the Advocate is only arguing that 'a white horse is not a horse' <em>could</em> be true, given a certain interpretation. He might acknowledge that, in another interpretation, 'a white horse <em>is</em> a horse.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Norden_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Norden-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative interpretation is offered in <a href="/wiki/Feng_Youlan" title="Feng Youlan">Feng Youlan</a>'s <i>A History of Chinese Philosophy</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Strictly speaking, names or terms are divided into those that are abstract and those that are concrete. The abstract term denotes the universal, the concrete term the particular. The particular is the denotation, and the universal the connotation, of the term. In western inflected languages there is no difficulty in distinguishing between the particular ('white' or 'horse') and the abstract ('whiteness' or 'horseness'). In Chinese, however, as the written characters are ideographic and pictorial and lack all inflection, there is no possible way, as far as the form of individual words is concerned, of distinguishing between abstract and concrete terms. Thus in Chinese the word designating a particular horse and that designating the universal, 'horseness,' are written and pronounced in the same way. Similarly with other terms, so that such words as 'horse' and 'white', being used to designate both the concrete particular and the abstract universal, thus hold two values.</p></blockquote> <p>However, there are recent histories of Chinese philosophy that do not subscribe to Feng's interpretation. Other contemporary philosophers and sinologists who have analyzed the dialogue include A. C. Graham,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chad Hansen,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cristoph Harbsmeier,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kirill Ole Thompson,<sup id="cite_ref-Ole_Thompson_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ole_Thompson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Bryan W. Van Norden.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Norden_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Norden-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_influence">Historic influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Horse_Dialogue&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historic influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%A9%8D%E9%A8%B0%E8%90%AC%E9%87%8C%EF%BC%8C%E8%BC%89%E7%80%9B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%E9%A9%8D%E9%A8%B0%E8%90%AC%E9%87%8C%EF%BC%8C%E8%BC%89%E7%80%9B.jpg/170px-%E9%A9%8D%E9%A8%B0%E8%90%AC%E9%87%8C%EF%BC%8C%E8%BC%89%E7%80%9B.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%E9%A9%8D%E9%A8%B0%E8%90%AC%E9%87%8C%EF%BC%8C%E8%BC%89%E7%80%9B.jpg/255px-%E9%A9%8D%E9%A8%B0%E8%90%AC%E9%87%8C%EF%BC%8C%E8%BC%89%E7%80%9B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%E9%A9%8D%E9%A8%B0%E8%90%AC%E9%87%8C%EF%BC%8C%E8%BC%89%E7%80%9B.jpg/340px-%E9%A9%8D%E9%A8%B0%E8%90%AC%E9%87%8C%EF%BC%8C%E8%BC%89%E7%80%9B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A white horse drawn by Zai Ying</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Chinese philosophical tradition, the White Horse Dialogue's significance is evident from the number of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classic_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese classic texts">Chinese classic texts</a> directly or indirectly discussing it. The <i><a href="/wiki/Liezi" title="Liezi">Liezi</a></i>, which lists and criticizes the paradoxes of Gongsun Long as "perversions of reason and sense", explains "'A white horse is not a horse' because the name diverges from the shape."<sup id="cite_ref-Graham-studies80_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham-studies80-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two <i><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a></i> chapters (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%8E%8A%E5%AD%90/%E7%A7%8B%E6%B0%B4#秋水第十七" class="extiw" title="zh:s:莊子/秋水">17</a> and <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%8E%8A%E5%AD%90/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B#天下第三十三" class="extiw" title="zh:s:莊子/天下">33</a>) mock Gongsun Long, and another (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%8E%8A%E5%AD%90/%E9%BD%8A%E7%89%A9%E8%AB%96" class="extiw" title="zh:s:莊子/齊物論">2</a>) combines his <i>zhi</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">指</span></span> 'attribute' and <i>ma</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">馬</span></span> 'horse' notions in the same context:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To use an attribute to show that attributes are not attributes is not as good as using a nonattribute to show that attributes are not attributes. To use a horse to show that a horse is not a horse is not as good as using a non-horse to show that a horse is not a horse, Heaven and earth are one attribute; the ten thousand things are one horse.</p></blockquote> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Mengzi_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mengzi (book)">Mengzi</a></i> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90/%E5%91%8A%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8A#4" class="extiw" title="zh:s:孟子/告子上">6A4</a>) notes that <i>bai</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">白</span></span> 'white' has different connotations whether one is using it to refer to a graying person (who is worthy of respect because of his or her age) or a white horse (which should be treated like any other animal):<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a> said, 'There is no difference between our pronouncing a white horse to be white and our pronouncing a white man to be white. But is there no difference between the regard with which we acknowledge the age of an old horse and that with which we acknowledge the age of an old man? And what is it which is called righteousness? The fact of a man's being old? Or the fact of our giving honor to his age?'</p></blockquote> <p>Other early "a white horse is not a horse" references are found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Hanfeizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanfeizi">Hanfeizi</a></i> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E9%9F%93%E9%9D%9E%E5%AD%90/%E5%A4%96%E5%84%B2%E8%AA%AA%E5%B7%A6%E4%B8%8A" class="extiw" title="zh:s:韓非子/外儲說左上">32</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Mozi_(book)" title="Mozi (book)">Mozi</a></i> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%A2%A8%E5%AD%90/%E5%B0%8F%E5%8F%96" class="extiw" title="zh:s:墨子/小取">11B</a>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Zhanguoce" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhanguoce">Zhanguoce</a></i> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%88%B0%E5%9C%8B%E7%AD%96%E9%BB%83%E4%B8%95%E7%83%88%E6%9C%AD%E8%A8%98/%E8%B6%99/%E4%BA%8C#秦攻趙" class="extiw" title="zh:s:戰國策黃丕烈札記/趙/二">19.2</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Horse_Dialogue&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_horses_are_the_same_color" title="All horses are the same color">All horses are the same color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_man_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Third man argument">Third man argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use%E2%80%93mention_distinction" title="Use–mention distinction">Use–mention distinction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Horse_Dialogue&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Horse_Dialogue&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ole_Thompson-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ole_Thompson_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ole_Thompson_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ole_Thompson_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1995">Thompson (1995)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhou2020109-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhou2020109_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhou2020">Zhou (2020)</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1965134–138-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham1965134–138_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham1965">Graham (1965)</a>, pp. 134–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham-studies334-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Graham-studies334_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham-studies334_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham1990">Graham (1990)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TD43k809CT8C&pg=PA334">334</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Norden-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Norden_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Norden_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Norden2011">Van Norden (2011)</a>, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFengBodde1952">Feng & Bodde (1952)</a>, p. 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham1989">Graham (1989)</a>, pp. 75–95; <a href="#CITEREFGraham1990">Graham (1990)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TD43k809CT8C&pg=PA125">125–126</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansen1976">Hansen (1976)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHansen1983">Hansen (1983)</a>, p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarbsmeier1998">Harbsmeier (1998)</a>, pp. 298–321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham-studies80-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graham-studies80_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham1990">Graham (1990)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TD43k809CT8C&pg=PA80">80</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1964">Watson (1964)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IKLsWSbCAWQC&pg=PA35">35</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLegge1895">Legge (1895)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4L0TAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA398">398</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Horse_Dialogue&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFengBodde1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Feng_Youlan" title="Feng Youlan">Fung, Yu-lan</a> (1953) [1934]. <i>A History of Chinese Philosophy</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Derk_Bodde" title="Derk Bodde">Bodde, Derk</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3583254">3583254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chinese+Philosophy&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3583254&rft.aulast=Fung&rft.aufirst=Yu-lan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Horse+Dialogue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1965" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Angus_Charles_Graham" class="mw-redirect" title="Angus Charles Graham">Graham, Angus Charles</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1707DcZiLUh.pdf">"Two Dialogues in the <i>Kung-sun Lung Tzu</i>: 'White Horse' and 'Left and Right'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asia Major</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 128–152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Major&rft.atitle=Two+Dialogues+in+the+Kung-sun+Lung+Tzu%3A+%27White+Horse%27+and+%27Left+and+Right%27&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=128-152&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Angus+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw%2Ffile%2F1707DcZiLUh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Horse+Dialogue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Angus_Charles_Graham" class="mw-redirect" title="Angus Charles Graham">Graham, Angus Charles</a> (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/disputersoftaoph0000grah"><i>Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China</i></a></span>. La Salle, Illinois: Open Court Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9088-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9088-0"><bdi>978-0-8126-9088-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19554332">19554332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disputers+of+the+Tao%3A+Philosophical+Argument+in+Ancient+China&rft.place=La+Salle%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Open+Court+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19554332&rft.isbn=978-0-8126-9088-0&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Angus+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdisputersoftaoph0000grah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Horse+Dialogue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Angus_Charles_Graham" class="mw-redirect" title="Angus Charles Graham">Graham, Angus Charles</a> (1990). <i>Studies in Chinese Philosophy and Philosophical Literature</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791404492" title="Special:BookSources/9780791404492"><bdi>9780791404492</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21043695">21043695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Chinese+Philosophy+and+Philosophical+Literature&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21043695&rft.isbn=9780791404492&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Angus+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Horse+Dialogue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen1976" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, Chad (1976). "Mass Nouns and 'A White Horse Is Not a Horse'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_East_and_West" title="Philosophy East and West">Philosophy East and West</a></i>. <b>26</b> (2): 189–209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1398188">10.2307/1398188</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1398188">1398188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Mass+Nouns+and+%27A+White+Horse+Is+Not+a+Horse%27&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-209&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1398188&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1398188%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Chad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Horse+Dialogue" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIm2007" class="citation journal cs1">Im, Manyul (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3471791/">"Horse-parts, White-parts, and Naming: Semantics, Ontology, and Compound Terms in the White Horse Dialogue"</a>. <i>Dao</i>. <b>6</b>: 167–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11712-007-9010-4">10.1007/s11712-007-9010-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dao&rft.atitle=Horse-parts%2C+White-parts%2C+and+Naming%3A+Semantics%2C+Ontology%2C+and+Compound+Terms+in+the+White+Horse+Dialogue&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=167-185&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11712-007-9010-4&rft.aulast=Im&rft.aufirst=Manyul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3471791%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Horse+Dialogue" class="Z3988"></span> A rejoinder to Hansen.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen1983" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Chad (1983). <i>Language and Logic in Ancient China</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472100200" title="Special:BookSources/9780472100200"><bdi>9780472100200</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8590314">8590314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Logic+in+Ancient+China&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8590314&rft.isbn=9780472100200&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Chad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Horse+Dialogue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarbsmeier1998" class="citation book cs1">Harbsmeier, Christoph (1998). "Language and Logic in Traditional China". In <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Needham, Joseph</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Civilisation_in_China" title="Science and Civilisation in China"><i>Science and Civilisation in China, Vol. 7 Part I</i></a>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+and+Logic+in+Traditional+China&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%2C+Vol.+7+Part+I&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Harbsmeier&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Horse+Dialogue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvanhoeVan_Norden2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Ivanhoe" title="Philip J. Ivanhoe">Ivanhoe, Philip. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bryan_W._Van_Norden" title="Bryan W. Van Norden">Van Norden, Bryan W.</a> (2005). <i>Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy</i> (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780872207806" title="Special:BookSources/9780872207806"><bdi>9780872207806</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/440608439">440608439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+Classical+Chinese+Philosophy&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F440608439&rft.isbn=9780872207806&rft.aulast=Ivanhoe&rft.aufirst=Philip.+J.&rft.au=Van+Norden%2C+Bryan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Horse+Dialogue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegge1895" class="citation book cs1"><i>The Chinese Classics: A Translation, Vol. II: The Works of Mencius</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/James_Legge" title="James Legge">Legge, James</a> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1939 [1863]. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1041789022">1041789022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Classics%3A+A+Translation%2C+Vol.+II%3A+The+Works+of+Mencius&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1041789022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Horse+Dialogue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1995" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Kirill Ole (1995). "When a 'White Horse' Is Not a 'Horse<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>". <i>Philosophy East and West</i>. <b>45</b> (4): 481–499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1399790">10.2307/1399790</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399790">1399790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=When+a+%27White+Horse%27+Is+Not+a+%27Horse%27&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=481-499&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1399790&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1399790%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Kirill+Ole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Horse+Dialogue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Norden2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_W._Van_Norden" title="Bryan W. Van Norden">Van Norden, Bryan W.</a> (2005). "On the White Horse". In <a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Ivanhoe" title="Philip J. Ivanhoe">Ivanhoe, Philip J.</a>; Van Norden, Bryan W. (eds.). <i>Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy</i> (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. pp. 363–368.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+White+Horse&rft.btitle=Readings+in+Classical+Chinese+Philosophy&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=363-368&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Van+Norden&rft.aufirst=Bryan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Horse+Dialogue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Norden2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_W._Van_Norden" title="Bryan W. Van Norden">Van Norden, Bryan W.</a> (2011). "Language and Paradox in the 'School of Names'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy</i>. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. pp. 102–119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+and+Paradox+in+the+%27School+of+Names%27&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Classical+Chinese+Philosophy&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=102-119&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Van+Norden&rft.aufirst=Bryan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Horse+Dialogue" class="Z3988"></span> (Includes a section titled "On the White Horse".)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang_PingJohnston2019" class="citation book cs1">Wang Ping; Johnston, Ian, eds. (2019). <i>The Mingjia & Related Texts: Bilingual Edition</i>. Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. pp. 211–221, 275–287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789629967772" title="Special:BookSources/9789629967772"><bdi>9789629967772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mingjia+%26+Related+Texts%3A+Bilingual+Edition&rft.pages=211-221%2C+275-287&rft.pub=Chinese+University+of+Hong+Kong+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9789629967772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Horse+Dialogue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhou2020" class="citation book cs1">Zhōu Chāngzhōng 周昌忠 (2020). "The 'Discourse on the White Horse': A Concrete Analytical Philosophy of Language – with a Coda on the Authenticity of the Received <i>Gōngsūn Lóngzǐ</i>" [Translated by Zhang Yuheng, Yves Trachsel, Lisa Indraccolo, and Rafael Suter]. In Rafael Suter; Lisa Indraccolo; Wolfgang Behr (eds.). <i>The Gongsun Longzi and Other Neglected Texts: Aligning Philosophical and Philological Perspectives</i>. Welten Ostasiens, vol. 28. De Gruyter. pp. 87–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110587814-004">10.1515/9783110587814-004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110587814" title="Special:BookSources/9783110587814"><bdi>9783110587814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%27Discourse+on+the+White+Horse%27%3A+A+Concrete+Analytical+Philosophy+of+Language+%E2%80%93+with+a+Coda+on+the+Authenticity+of+the+Received+G%C5%8Dngs%C5%ABn+L%C3%B3ngz%C7%90&rft.btitle=The+Gongsun+Longzi+and+Other+Neglected+Texts%3A+Aligning+Philosophical+and+Philological+Perspectives&rft.series=Welten+Ostasiens%2C+vol.+28&rft.pages=87-113&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110587814-004&rft.isbn=9783110587814&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Changzhong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Horse+Dialogue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a> (1964). Watson, Burton (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)"><i>Zhuangzi: Basic Writings</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Burton_Watson" title="Burton Watson">Watson, Burton</a> (2003 ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/559127601">559127601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zhuangzi%3A+Basic+Writings&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2003&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F559127601&rft.au=Zhuangzi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Horse+Dialogue" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Horse_Dialogue&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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title="Paradox of analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buridan%27s_bridge" title="Buridan's bridge">Buridan's bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_argument" title="Dream argument">Dream argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurean_paradox" title="Epicurean paradox">Epicurean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_fiction" title="Paradox of fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitch%27s_paradox_of_knowability" title="Fitch's paradox of knowability">Fitch's knowability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_riddle_of_induction" title="New riddle of induction">Goodman's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_hedonism" title="Paradox of hedonism">Hedonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_paradox" title="Liberal paradox">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meno" title="Meno">Meno's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_paradox" title="Moore's paradox">Moore's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcomb%27s_paradox" title="Newcomb's paradox">Newcomb's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_nihilism" title="Paradox of nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preface_paradox" title="Preface paradox">Preface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittgenstein_on_Rules_and_Private_Language" title="Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language">Rule-following</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorites_paradox" title="Sorites paradox">Sorites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_Theseus" title="Ship of Theseus">Theseus' ship</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno%27s_paradoxes" title="Zeno's paradoxes">Zeno's</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Logical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barber_paradox" title="Barber paradox">Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_paradox" title="Berry paradox">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhartrhari%27s_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhartrhari's paradox">Bhartrhari's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burali-Forti_paradox" title="Burali-Forti paradox">Burali-Forti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_the_Court" title="Paradox of the Court">Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_dilemma" title="Crocodile dilemma">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry%27s_paradox" title="Curry's paradox">Curry's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimenides_paradox" title="Epimenides paradox">Epimenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_choice_inference" title="Free choice inference">Free choice paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grelling%E2%80%93Nelson_paradox" title="Grelling–Nelson paradox">Grelling–Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleene%E2%80%93Rosser_paradox" title="Kleene–Rosser paradox">Kleene–Rosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liar_paradox" title="Liar paradox">Liar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Card_paradox" title="Card paradox">Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%E2%80%93no_paradox" title="No–no paradox">No-no</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinocchio_paradox" title="Pinocchio paradox">Pinocchio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quine%27s_paradox" title="Quine's paradox">Quine's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yablo%27s_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Yablo's paradox">Yablo's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposite_Day" title="Opposite Day">Opposite Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradoxes_of_set_theory" title="Paradoxes of set theory">Paradoxes of set theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard%27s_paradox" title="Richard's paradox">Richard's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_paradox" title="Russell's paradox">Russell's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_know_that_I_know_nothing" title="I know that I know nothing">Socratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilbert%27s_paradox_of_the_Grand_Hotel" title="Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel">Hilbert's Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature_paradox" title="Temperature paradox">Temperature paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbershop_paradox" title="Barbershop paradox">Barbershop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch-22_(logic)" title="Catch-22 (logic)">Catch-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_or_the_egg" title="Chicken or the egg">Chicken or the egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinker_paradox" title="Drinker paradox">Drinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradoxes_of_material_implication" title="Paradoxes of material implication">Entailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lottery_paradox" title="Lottery paradox">Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_beard" title="Plato's beard">Plato's beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_paradox" title="Raven paradox">Raven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperative_logic#Ross's_paradox" title="Imperative logic">Ross's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexpected_hanging_paradox" title="Unexpected hanging paradox">Unexpected hanging</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_the_Tortoise_Said_to_Achilles" title="What the Tortoise Said to Achilles">What the Tortoise Said to Achilles</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_paradox" title="Heat death paradox">Heat death paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbers%27s_paradox" title="Olbers's paradox">Olbers's paradox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allais_paradox" title="Allais paradox">Allais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Antitrust_Paradox" title="The Antitrust Paradox">Antitrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_information_paradox" title="Arrow information paradox">Arrow information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_paradox_(economics)" title="Bertrand paradox (economics)">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braess%27s_paradox" title="Braess's paradox">Braess's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_competition" title="Paradox of competition">Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_and_fertility" title="Income and fertility">Income and fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downs%E2%80%93Thomson_paradox" title="Downs–Thomson paradox">Downs–Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easterlin_paradox" title="Easterlin paradox">Easterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_paradox" title="Edgeworth paradox">Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsberg_paradox" title="Ellsberg paradox">Ellsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_paradox" title="European paradox">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibson%27s_paradox" title="Gibson's paradox">Gibson's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giffen_good" title="Giffen good">Giffen good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarus_paradox" title="Icarus paradox">Icarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jevons_paradox" title="Jevons paradox">Jevons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontief_paradox" title="Leontief paradox">Leontief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerner_paradox" title="Lerner paradox">Lerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_paradox" title="Lucas paradox">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeville%27s_paradox" title="Mandeville's paradox">Mandeville's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayfield%27s_paradox" title="Mayfield's paradox">Mayfield's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metzler_paradox" title="Metzler paradox">Metzler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">Plenty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity_paradox" title="Productivity paradox">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_prosperity" title="Paradox of prosperity">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scitovsky_paradox" title="Scitovsky paradox">Scitovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_recovery_paradox" title="Service recovery paradox">Service recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_paradox" title="St. Petersburg paradox">St. Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_thrift" title="Paradox of thrift">Thrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_toil" title="Paradox of toil">Toil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullock_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Tullock paradox">Tullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_value" title="Paradox of value">Value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decision theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene_paradox" title="Abilene paradox">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_paradox" title="Apportionment paradox">Apportionment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_monotonicity" title="House monotonicity">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coherence_(fairness)" title="Coherence (fairness)">New states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-population_monotonicity" class="mw-redirect" title="State-population monotonicity">Population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_impossibility_theorem" title="Arrow's impossibility theorem">Arrow's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buridan%27s_ass" title="Buridan's ass">Buridan's ass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainstore_paradox" title="Chainstore paradox">Chainstore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Condorcet's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making_paradox" title="Decision-making paradox">Decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_voting" title="Paradox of voting">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsberg_paradox" title="Ellsberg paradox">Ellsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenno%27s_paradox" title="Fenno's paradox">Fenno's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredkin%27s_paradox" title="Fredkin's paradox">Fredkin's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Paradox" title="The Green Paradox">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog%27s_dilemma" title="Hedgehog's dilemma">Hedgehog's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventor%27s_paradox" title="Inventor's paradox">Inventor's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavka%27s_toxin_puzzle" title="Kavka's toxin puzzle">Kavka's toxin puzzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton%27s_fork" title="Morton's fork">Morton's fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_paradox" title="Navigation paradox">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcomb%27s_paradox" title="Newcomb's paradox">Newcomb's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrondo%27s_paradox" title="Parrondo's paradox">Parrondo's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preparedness_paradox" title="Preparedness paradox">Preparedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_paradox" title="Prevention paradox">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner%27s_dilemma" title="Prisoner's dilemma">Prisoner's dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_tolerance" title="Paradox of tolerance">Tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willpower_paradox" title="Willpower paradox">Willpower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_paradoxes" title="List of paradoxes">List</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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