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id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observaci%C3%B3_d%27ones_gravitacionals" title="Observació d'ones gravitacionals – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Observació d'ones gravitacionals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravita%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_astronomie" title="Gravitační astronomie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gravitační astronomie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitationswellenastronomie" title="Gravitationswellenastronomie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gravitationswellenastronomie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronom%C3%ADa_de_onda_gravitacional" title="Astronomía de onda gravitacional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Astronomía de onda gravitacional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="اخترشناسی موج گرانشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اخترشناسی موج گرانشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie_gravitationnelle" title="Astronomie gravitationnelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Astronomie gravitationnelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5%ED%8C%8C%EC%B2%9C%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99" title="중력파천문학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중력파천문학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia_delle_onde_gravitazionali" title="Astronomia delle onde gravitazionali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Astronomia delle onde gravitazionali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94" title="אסטרונומיית גלי כבידה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסטרונומיית גלי כבידה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi_gelombang_kegravitian" title="Astronomi gelombang kegravitian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Astronomi gelombang kegravitian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E6%B3%A2%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="重力波天文学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="重力波天文学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitonastronomi" title="Gravitonastronomi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gravitonastronomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਗਰੈਵੀਟੇਸ਼ਨਲ ਤਰੰਗ ਖਗੋਲ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਰੈਵੀਟੇਸ਼ਨਲ ਤਰੰਗ ਖਗੋਲ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia_de_onda_gravitacional" title="Astronomia de onda gravitacional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Astronomia de onda gravitacional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гравитационно-волновая астрономия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of astronomy using gravitational waves</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LIGO_measurement_of_gravitational_waves.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/LIGO_measurement_of_gravitational_waves.png/330px-LIGO_measurement_of_gravitational_waves.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/LIGO_measurement_of_gravitational_waves.png/495px-LIGO_measurement_of_gravitational_waves.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/LIGO_measurement_of_gravitational_waves.png/660px-LIGO_measurement_of_gravitational_waves.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>Data about the <a href="/wiki/First_observation_of_gravitational_waves" title="First observation of gravitational waves">first observation of gravitational waves</a> from <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virgo_interferometer" title="Virgo interferometer">Virgo interferometer</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gravitational-wave astronomy</b> is a subfield of <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> concerned with the detection and study of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">gravitational waves</a> emitted by astrophysical sources.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gravitational waves are minute distortions or ripples in <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> caused by the acceleration of massive objects. They are produced by cataclysmic events such as the merger of <a href="/wiki/Binary_black_hole" title="Binary black hole">binary black holes</a>, the coalescence of <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">binary neutron stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> explosions and processes including those of the <a href="/wiki/Early_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Early universe">early universe</a> shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>. Studying them offers a new way to observe the universe, providing valuable insights into the behavior of matter under extreme conditions. Similar to electromagnetic radiation (such as light wave, radio wave, infrared radiation and X-rays) which involves transport of energy via propagation of electromagnetic field fluctuations, gravitational radiation involves fluctuations of the relatively weaker gravitational field. The existence of gravitational waves was first suggested by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a> in 1893 and then later conjectured by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a> in 1905 as the gravitational equivalent of electromagnetic waves before they were predicted by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> in 1916 as a corollary to his theory of <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>. </p><p>In 1978, <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Russell Alan Hulse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.</a> provided the first experimental evidence for the existence of gravitational waves by observing two neutron stars orbiting each other and won the 1993 Nobel Prize in physics for their work. In 2015, nearly a century after Einstein's forecast, the <a href="/wiki/First_observation_of_gravitational_waves" title="First observation of gravitational waves">first direct observation of gravitational waves</a> as a signal from the merger of two black holes confirmed the existence of these elusive phenomena and opened a new era in astronomy. Subsequent detections have included binary black hole mergers, neutron star collisions, and other violent cosmic events. Gravitational waves are now detected using <a href="/wiki/Laser_interferometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser interferometry">laser interferometry</a>, which measures tiny changes in the length of two perpendicular arms caused by passing waves. Observatories like <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory), <a href="/wiki/Virgo_interferometer" title="Virgo interferometer">Virgo</a> and <a href="/wiki/KAGRA" title="KAGRA">KAGRA</a> (Kamioka Gravitational Wave Detector) use this technology to capture the faint signals from distant cosmic events. LIGO co-founders <a href="/wiki/Barry_C._Barish" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry C. Barish">Barry C. Barish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kip_S._Thorne" class="mw-redirect" title="Kip S. Thorne">Kip S. Thorne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Rainer Weiss</a> were awarded the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics for their ground-breaking contributions in gravitational wave astronomy. </p><p>When distant astronomical objects are observed using electromagnetic waves, different phenomena like scattering, absorption, reflection, refraction, etc. causes information loss. There remains various regions in space only partially penetrable by photons, such as the insides of nebulae, the dense dust clouds at the galactic core, the regions near black holes, etc. Gravitational astronomy have the potential to be used parallelly with electromagnetic astronomy to study the universe at a better resolution. In an approach known as <a href="/wiki/Multi-messenger_astronomy" title="Multi-messenger astronomy">multi-messenger astronomy</a>, gravitational wave data is combined with data from other wavelengths to get a more complete picture of astrophysical phenomena. Gravitational wave astronomy helps understand the <a href="/wiki/Early_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Early universe">early universe</a>, test theories of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>, and reveal the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">dark matter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">dark energy</a>. Particularly, it can help find the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubble constant">Hubble constant</a>, which tells about the rate of accelerated expansion of the universe. All of these open doors to a <a href="/wiki/Physics_beyond_the_Standard_Model" title="Physics beyond the Standard Model">physics beyond the Standard Model</a> (BSM). </p><p>Challenges that remain in the field include noise interference, the lack of ultra-sensitive instruments, and the detection of low-frequency waves. Ground-based detectors face problems with seismic vibrations produced by environmental disturbances and the limitation of the arm length of detectors due to the curvature of the Earth’s surface. In the future, the field of gravitational wave astronomy will try develop upgraded detectors and next-generation observatories, along with possible space-based detectors such as LISA (<a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">Laser Interferometer Space Antenna</a>). LISA will be able to listen to distant sources like compact supermassive black holes in the galactic core and primordial black holes, as well as low-frequency sensitive signals sources such as binary white dwarf merger and sources from the early universe.<sup id="cite_ref-dalai_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalai-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitational-wave_astronomy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational wave</a></div> <p>Gravitational waves are waves of the intensity of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> generated by the accelerated masses of an orbital binary system that <a href="/wiki/Wave_propagation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave propagation">propagate as waves</a> outward from their source at the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>. They were first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a> in 1893 and then later by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a> in 1905 as waves similar to <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic waves</a> but the gravitational equivalent. </p><p>Gravitational waves were later <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave#History" title="Gravitational wave">predicted in 1916</a> by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> on the basis of his <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general theory of relativity</a> as ripples in <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a>. Later he refused to accept gravitational waves.<sup id="cite_ref-AS-201803_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS-201803-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gravitational waves transport energy as gravitational radiation, a form of <a href="/wiki/Radiant_energy" title="Radiant energy">radiant energy</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">Newton's law of universal gravitation</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">classical mechanics</a>, does not provide for their existence, since that law is predicated on the assumption that <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_gravity" title="Speed of gravity">physical interactions propagate instantaneously</a> (at infinite speed) – showing one of the ways the methods of Newtonian physics are unable to explain phenomena associated with relativity. </p><p>The first indirect evidence for the existence of gravitational waves came in 1974 from the observed orbital decay of the <a href="/wiki/Hulse%E2%80%93Taylor_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulse–Taylor binary">Hulse–Taylor binary pulsar</a>, which matched the decay predicted by general relativity as energy is lost to gravitational radiation. In 1993, <a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Hulse" class="mw-redirect" title="Russell A. Hulse">Russell A. Hulse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.</a> received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for this discovery. </p><p><a href="/wiki/First_observation_of_gravitational_waves" title="First observation of gravitational waves">Direct observation of gravitational waves</a> was not made until 2015, when a signal generated by the merger of two black holes was received by the <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave_detector" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational wave detector">gravitational wave detectors</a> in Livingston, Louisiana, and in Hanford, Washington. The 2017 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> was subsequently awarded to <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Rainer Weiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Kip Thorne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barry Barish</a> for their role in the direct detection of gravitational waves. </p><p>In <a class="mw-selflink selflink">gravitational-wave astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitational_wave_observations" title="List of gravitational wave observations">observations of gravitational waves</a> are used to infer data about the sources of gravitational waves. Sources that can be studied this way include <a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">binary star</a> systems composed of <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron stars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black holes</a>; events such as <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a>; and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe">early universe</a> shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments_and_challenges">Instruments and challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitational-wave_astronomy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Instruments and challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitational_wave_observations" title="List of gravitational wave observations">List of gravitational wave observations</a></div><p>Collaboration between detectors aids in collecting unique and valuable information, owing to different specifications and sensitivity of each. There are several ground-based <a href="/wiki/Michelson_interferometer" title="Michelson interferometer">laser interferometers</a> which span several miles/kilometers, including: the two <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory</a> (LIGO) detectors in WA and LA, USA; <a href="/wiki/Virgo_interferometer" title="Virgo interferometer">Virgo</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/European_Gravitational_Observatory" title="European Gravitational Observatory">European Gravitational Observatory</a> in Italy; <a href="/wiki/GEO600" title="GEO600">GEO600</a> in Germany, and the <a href="/wiki/KAGRA" title="KAGRA">Kamioka Gravitational Wave Detector</a> (KAGRA) in Japan. While LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA have made joint observations to date, GEO600 is currently utilized for trial and test runs, due to lower sensitivity of its instruments, and has not participated in joint runs with the others recently.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gravitational-wave_detector_sensitivities_and_astrophysical_gravitational-wave_sources.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gravitational-wave_detector_sensitivities_and_astrophysical_gravitational-wave_sources.png/440px-Gravitational-wave_detector_sensitivities_and_astrophysical_gravitational-wave_sources.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gravitational-wave_detector_sensitivities_and_astrophysical_gravitational-wave_sources.png/660px-Gravitational-wave_detector_sensitivities_and_astrophysical_gravitational-wave_sources.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gravitational-wave_detector_sensitivities_and_astrophysical_gravitational-wave_sources.png/880px-Gravitational-wave_detector_sensitivities_and_astrophysical_gravitational-wave_sources.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption> Noise curves for a selection of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational-wave_detector" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational-wave detector">gravitational-wave detectors</a> as a function of frequency. At very low frequencies are <a href="/wiki/Pulsar_timing_array" title="Pulsar timing array">pulsar timing arrays</a>, at low frequencies are space-borne detectors, and at high frequencies are ground-based detectors. The characteristic strain of potential astrophysical sources are also shown. To be detectable the characteristic strain of a signal must be above the noise curve.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_frequency">High frequency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitational-wave_astronomy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: High frequency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> project was the first to <a href="/wiki/First_observation_of_gravitational_waves" title="First observation of gravitational waves">directly observe</a> gravitational waves using laser interferometers.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20160211-db_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160211-db-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20160211-lk_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160211-lk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LIGO detectors observed gravitational waves from the merger of two <a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass_black_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar mass black hole">stellar-mass black holes</a>, matching predictions of <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pretorius2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pretorius2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CampanelliLousto2006_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CampanelliLousto2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BakerCentrella2006_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BakerCentrella2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These observations demonstrated the existence of binary stellar-mass black hole systems, and were the first direct detection of gravitational waves and the first observation of a binary black hole merger.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This finding has been characterized as revolutionary to science, because of the verification of our ability to use gravitational-wave astronomy to progress in our search and exploration of <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">dark matter</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">big bang</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low_frequency">Low frequency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitational-wave_astronomy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Low frequency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An alternative means of observation is using <a href="/wiki/Pulsar_timing_array" title="Pulsar timing array">pulsar timing arrays</a> (PTAs). There are three consortia, the <a href="/wiki/European_Pulsar_Timing_Array" title="European Pulsar Timing Array">European Pulsar Timing Array</a> (EPTA), the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Nanohertz_Observatory_for_Gravitational_Waves" title="North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves">North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves</a> (NANOGrav), and the <a href="/wiki/Parkes_Observatory" title="Parkes Observatory">Parkes Pulsar Timing Array</a> (PPTA), which co-operate as the <a href="/wiki/International_Pulsar_Timing_Array" title="International Pulsar Timing Array">International Pulsar Timing Array</a>. These use existing radio telescopes, but since they are sensitive to frequencies in the nanohertz range, many years of observation are needed to detect a signal and detector sensitivity improves gradually. Current bounds are approaching those expected for astrophysical sources.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Correlation_vs_angular_separation_between_pulsars.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Correlation_vs_angular_separation_between_pulsars.svg/330px-Correlation_vs_angular_separation_between_pulsars.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Correlation_vs_angular_separation_between_pulsars.svg/495px-Correlation_vs_angular_separation_between_pulsars.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Correlation_vs_angular_separation_between_pulsars.svg/660px-Correlation_vs_angular_separation_between_pulsars.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Plot of correlation between pulsars observed by NANOGrav (2023) vs angular separation between pulsars, compared with a theoretical <i>Hellings-Downs</i> model (dashed purple) and if there were no gravitational wave background (solid green)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In June 2023, four PTA collaborations, the three mentioned above and the Chinese Pulsar Timing Array, delivered independent but similar evidence for a <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave_background" title="Gravitational wave background">stochastic background</a> of nanohertz gravitational waves.<sup id="cite_ref-Quanta_2023-06-28_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quanta_2023-06-28-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each provided an independent first measurement of the theoretical <a href="/wiki/Hellings-Downs_curve" title="Hellings-Downs curve"><i>Hellings-Downs</i> curve</a>, i.e., the quadrupolar correlation between two pulsars as a function of their angular separation in the sky, which is a telltale sign of the gravitational wave origin of the observed background.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sources of this background remain to be identified, although binaries of <a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">supermassive black holes</a> are the most likely candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intermediate_frequencies">Intermediate frequencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitational-wave_astronomy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Intermediate frequencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Further in the future, there is the possibility of space-borne detectors. The <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> has selected a gravitational-wave mission for its L3 mission, due to launch 2034, the current concept is the <a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna</a> (eLISA).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in development is the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Deci-hertz_Interferometer_Gravitational_wave_Observatory" title="Deci-hertz Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory">Deci-hertz Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory</a> (DECIGO). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_value">Scientific value</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitational-wave_astronomy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Scientific value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a> has traditionally relied on <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>. Originating with the visible band, as technology advanced, it became possible to observe other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">radio</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_astronomy" title="Gamma-ray astronomy">gamma rays</a>. Each new frequency band gave a new perspective on the Universe and heralded new discoveries.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 20th century, indirect and later direct <a href="/wiki/Cosmic-ray_observatory" title="Cosmic-ray observatory">measurements of high-energy, massive particles</a> provided an additional window into the cosmos. Late in the 20th century, the detection of <a href="/wiki/Solar_neutrino" title="Solar neutrino">solar neutrinos</a> founded the field of <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_astronomy" title="Neutrino astronomy">neutrino astronomy</a>, giving an insight into previously inaccessible phenomena, such as the inner workings of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The observation of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">gravitational waves</a> provides a further means of making astrophysical observations. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Russell Hulse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.">Joseph Taylor</a> were awarded the 1993 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for showing that the orbital decay of a pair of neutron stars, one of them a pulsar, fits general relativity's predictions of gravitational radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-npp1993_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npp1993-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, many other binary pulsars (including one <a href="/wiki/PSR_J0737-3039" class="mw-redirect" title="PSR J0737-3039">double pulsar system</a>) have been observed, all fitting gravitational-wave predictions.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Rainer Weiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Kip Thorne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barry Barish</a> for their role in the first detection of gravitational waves.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-20171003_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-20171003-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20171003_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20171003-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20171003dk_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20171003dk-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gravitational waves provide complementary information to that provided by other means. By combining observations of a single event made using different means, it is possible to gain a more complete understanding of the source's properties. This is known as <a href="/wiki/Multi-messenger_astronomy" title="Multi-messenger astronomy">multi-messenger astronomy</a>. Gravitational waves can also be used to observe systems that are invisible (or almost impossible to detect) by any other means. For example, they provide a unique method of measuring the properties of black holes. </p><p>Gravitational waves can be emitted by many systems, but, to produce detectable signals, the source must consist of extremely massive objects moving at a significant fraction of the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>. The main source is a binary of two <a href="/wiki/Compact_object" title="Compact object">compact objects</a>. Example systems include: </p> <ul><li>Compact binaries made up of two closely orbiting stellar-mass objects, such as <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron stars</a> or <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black holes</a>. Wider binaries, which have lower orbital frequencies, are a source for detectors like <a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Closer binaries produce a signal for ground-based detectors like <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ground-based detectors could potentially detect binaries containing an <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_mass_black_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate mass black hole">intermediate mass black hole</a> of several hundred solar masses.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">Supermassive black hole</a> binaries, consisting of two black holes with masses of 10<sup>5</sup>–10<sup>9</sup> <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">solar masses</a>. Supermassive black holes are found at the centre of galaxies. When galaxies merge, it is expected that their central supermassive black holes merge too.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are potentially the loudest gravitational-wave signals. The most massive binaries are a source for <a href="/wiki/Pulsar_timing_array" title="Pulsar timing array">PTAs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less massive binaries (about a million solar masses) are a source for space-borne detectors like <a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eLISA/NGO_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eLISA/NGO-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_mass_ratio_inspiral" title="Extreme mass ratio inspiral">Extreme-mass-ratio</a> systems of a stellar-mass compact object orbiting a supermassive black hole.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are sources for detectors like <a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eLISA/NGO_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eLISA/NGO-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Systems with highly <a href="/wiki/Eccentricity_(mathematics)" title="Eccentricity (mathematics)">eccentric</a> orbits produce a burst of gravitational radiation as they pass through the point of closest approach;<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> systems with near-circular orbits, which are expected towards the end of the inspiral, emit continuously within LISA's frequency band.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extreme-mass-ratio inspirals can be observed over many orbits. This makes them excellent probes of the background <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> geometry, allowing for precision tests of <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In addition to binaries, there are other potential sources: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernovae</a> generate high-frequency bursts of gravitational waves that could be detected with <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virgo_interferometer" title="Virgo interferometer">Virgo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rotating neutron stars are a source of continuous high-frequency waves if they possess axial asymmetry.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Early universe processes, such as <a href="/wiki/Inflationary_epoch" title="Inflationary epoch">inflation</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase transition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_string" title="Cosmic string">Cosmic strings</a> could also emit gravitational radiation if they do exist.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discovery of these gravitational waves would confirm the existence of cosmic strings.</li></ul> <p>Gravitational waves interact only weakly with matter. This is what makes them difficult to detect. It also means that they can travel freely through the Universe, and are not <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)" title="Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)">absorbed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scattering" title="Scattering">scattered</a> like electromagnetic radiation. It is therefore possible to see to the center of dense systems, like the cores of <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">Galactic Center</a>. It is also possible to see further back in time than with electromagnetic radiation, as the <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe">early universe</a> was opaque to light prior to <a href="/wiki/Recombination_(cosmology)" title="Recombination (cosmology)">recombination</a>, but transparent to gravitational waves.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_Holes,_Cosmic_Collisions_and_the_Rippling_of_Spacetime_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Holes,_Cosmic_Collisions_and_the_Rippling_of_Spacetime-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ability of gravitational waves to move freely through matter also means that <a href="/wiki/Gravitational-wave_detector" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational-wave detector">gravitational-wave detectors</a>, unlike <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescopes</a>, are not pointed to observe a single <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a> but observe the entire sky. Detectors are more sensitive in some directions than others, which is one reason why it is beneficial to have a network of detectors.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Directionalization is also poor, due to the small number of detectors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_cosmic_inflation">In cosmic inflation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitational-wave_astronomy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In cosmic inflation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation (cosmology)">Cosmic inflation</a>, a hypothesized period when the universe rapidly expanded during the first 10<sup>−36</sup> seconds after the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>, would have given rise to gravitational waves; that would have left a characteristic imprint in the <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarization</a> of the CMB radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible to calculate the properties of the primordial gravitational waves from measurements of the patterns in the <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> radiation, and use those calculations to learn about the early universe. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (August 2017)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitational-wave_astronomy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LIGO_control.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/LIGO_control.jpg/230px-LIGO_control.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/LIGO_control.jpg/345px-LIGO_control.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/LIGO_control.jpg/460px-LIGO_control.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The LIGO Hanford Control Room</figcaption></figure> <p>As a young area of research, gravitational-wave astronomy is still in development; however, there is consensus within the astrophysics community that this field will evolve to become an established component of 21st century <a href="/wiki/Multi-messenger_astronomy" title="Multi-messenger astronomy">multi-messenger astronomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LIGO_plan_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LIGO_plan-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gravitational-wave observations complement observations in the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LIGO_plan_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LIGO_plan-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These waves also promise to yield information in ways not possible via detection and analysis of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves can be absorbed and re-radiated in ways that make extracting information about the source difficult. Gravitational waves, however, only interact weakly with matter, meaning that they are not scattered or absorbed. This should allow astronomers to view the center of a supernova, stellar nebulae, and even colliding galactic cores in new ways. </p><p>Ground-based detectors have yielded new information about the inspiral phase and mergers of binary systems of two <a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">stellar mass black holes</a>, and merger of two <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron stars</a>. They could also detect signals from <a href="/wiki/Core-collapse_supernova" class="mw-redirect" title="Core-collapse supernova">core-collapse supernovae</a>, and from periodic sources such as pulsars with small deformations. If there is truth to speculation about certain kinds of <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase transitions</a> or kink bursts from long <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_string" title="Cosmic string">cosmic strings</a> in the very early universe (at <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_time" title="Cosmic time">cosmic times</a> around 10<sup>−25</sup> seconds), these could also be detectable.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Space-based detectors like LISA should detect objects such as binaries consisting of two <a href="/wiki/White_dwarfs" class="mw-redirect" title="White dwarfs">white dwarfs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AM_CVn_star" class="mw-redirect" title="AM CVn star">AM CVn stars</a> (a <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a> accreting matter from its binary partner, a low-mass helium star), and also observe the mergers of <a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">supermassive black holes</a> and the inspiral of smaller objects (between one and a thousand <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">solar masses</a>) into such black holes. LISA should also be able to listen to the same kind of sources from the early universe as ground-based detectors, but at even lower frequencies and with greatly increased sensitivity.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Detecting emitted gravitational waves is a difficult endeavor. It involves ultra-stable high-quality lasers and detectors calibrated with a sensitivity of at least 2·10<sup>−22</sup> Hz<sup>−1/2</sup> as shown at the ground-based detector, GEO600.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been proposed that even from large astronomical events, such as supernova explosions, these waves are likely to degrade to vibrations as small as an atomic diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pinpointing the location of where the gravitational waves comes from is also a challenge. But deflected waves through <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">gravitational lensing</a> combined with machine learning could make it easier and more accurate.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just as the light from the <a href="/wiki/SN_Refsdal" title="SN Refsdal">SN Refsdal</a> supernova was detected a second time almost a year after it was first discovered, due to gravitational lensing sending some of the light on a different path through the universe, the same approach could be used for gravitational waves.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While still at an early stage, a technique similar to the triangulation used by cell phones to determine their location in relation to GPS satellites, will help astronomers tracking down the origin of the waves.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitational-wave_astronomy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitational-wave_astronomy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_R._BradyJolien_D.E._Creighton2003" class="citation cs2">Patrick R. 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"A CMB polarization primer". <i>New Astronomy</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 323–344. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9706147">astro-ph/9706147</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997NewA....2..323H">1997NewA....2..323H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1384-1076%2897%2900022-5">10.1016/S1384-1076(97)00022-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11977065">11977065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Astronomy&rft.atitle=A+CMB+polarization+primer&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=323-344&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9706147&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11977065%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1384-1076%2897%2900022-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997NewA....2..323H&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft.au=White%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravitational-wave+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamionkowskiStebbins,_AlbertStebbins1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kamionkowski, Marc; Stebbins, Albert; Stebbins, Albert (1997). "Statistics of cosmic microwave background polarization". <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>55</b> (12): 7368–7388. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9611125">astro-ph/9611125</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PhRvD..55.7368K">1997PhRvD..55.7368K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.55.7368">10.1103/PhysRevD.55.7368</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14018215">14018215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Statistics+of+cosmic+microwave+background+polarization&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=7368-7388&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9611125&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14018215%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.55.7368&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997PhRvD..55.7368K&rft.aulast=Kamionkowski&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Stebbins%2C+Albert&rft.au=Stebbins%2C+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravitational-wave+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LIGO_plan-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LIGO_plan_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LIGO_plan_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ligo.org/science/Publication-ObservingScenario/index.php">"PLANNING FOR A BRIGHT TOMORROW: PROSPECTS FOR GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE ASTRONOMY WITH ADVANCED LIGO AND ADVANCED VIRGO"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LIGO_Scientific_Collaboration" title="LIGO Scientific Collaboration">LIGO Scientific Collaboration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PLANNING+FOR+A+BRIGHT+TOMORROW%3A+PROSPECTS+FOR+GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE+ASTRONOMY+WITH+ADVANCED+LIGO+AND+ADVANCED+VIRGO&rft.pub=LIGO+Scientific+Collaboration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ligo.org%2Fscience%2FPublication-ObservingScenario%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravitational-wave+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2015" class="citation journal cs1">Price, Larry (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ligo.org/magazine/LIGO-magazine-issue-7.pdf#page=10">"Looking for the Afterglow: The LIGO Perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>LIGO Magazine</i> (7): 10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LIGO+Magazine&rft.atitle=Looking+for+the+Afterglow%3A+The+LIGO+Perspective&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2015-09&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ligo.org%2Fmagazine%2FLIGO-magazine-issue-7.pdf%23page%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravitational-wave+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFCutlerThorne2002">Cutler & Thorne 2002</a>, sec. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFCutlerThorne2002">Cutler & Thorne 2002</a>, sec. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFSeifert_F.,_et_al.2006">Seifert F., et al. 2006</a>, sec. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFGolmPotsdam2013">Golm & Potsdam 2013</a>, sec. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpg.de/annualproject2024">With Einstein on crooked paths</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg26234911-400-we-are-about-to-hear-echoes-in-the-fabric-of-space-for-the-first-time/">We are about to hear echoes in the fabric of space for the first time</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universetoday.com/166988/gravitational-lenses-could-pin-down-black-hole-mergers-with-unprecedented-accuracy/">Gravitational Lenses Could Pin Down Black Hole Mergers with Unprecedented Accuracy</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitational-wave_astronomy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutlerThorne2002" class="citation cs2">Cutler, Curt; Thorne, Kip S. (2002), "An overview of gravitational-wave sources", in Bishop, Nigel; Maharaj, Sunil D. (eds.), <i>Proceedings of 16th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation (GR16)</i>, World Scientific, p. 4090, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0204090">gr-qc/0204090</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002gr.qc.....4090C">2002gr.qc.....4090C</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-238-171-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-238-171-2"><bdi>978-981-238-171-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+overview+of+gravitational-wave+sources&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+16th+International+Conference+on+General+Relativity+and+Gravitation+%28GR16%29&rft.pages=4090&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fgr-qc%2F0204090&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002gr.qc.....4090C&rft.isbn=978-981-238-171-2&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=Curt&rft.au=Thorne%2C+Kip+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravitational-wave+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorne1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne, Kip S.</a> (1995), "Gravitational radiation", <i>Particle and Nuclear Astrophysics and Cosmology in the Next Millennium</i>: 160, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9506086">gr-qc/9506086</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995pnac.conf..160T">1995pnac.conf..160T</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Particle+and+Nuclear+Astrophysics+and+Cosmology+in+the+Next+Millennium&rft.atitle=Gravitational+radiation&rft.pages=160&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fgr-qc%2F9506086&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995pnac.conf..160T&rft.aulast=Thorne&rft.aufirst=Kip+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravitational-wave+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolmPotsdam2013" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130206024717/http://www.einstein-online.info/elementary/gravWav"><i>Gravitational Wave Astronomy</i></a>, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.einstein-online.info/elementary/gravWav">the original</a> on 6 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gravitational+Wave+Astronomy&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+Gravitational+Physics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einstein-online.info%2Felementary%2FgravWav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravitational-wave+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchutz1999" class="citation cs2">Schutz, B. F. (1999), "Gravitational wave astronomy", <i>Classical and Quantum Gravity</i>, <b>16</b> (12A): A131–A156, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9911034">gr-qc/9911034</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999CQGra..16A.131S">1999CQGra..16A.131S</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0264-9381%2F16%2F12A%2F307">10.1088/0264-9381/16/12A/307</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19021009">19021009</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+and+Quantum+Gravity&rft.atitle=Gravitational+wave+astronomy&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=12A&rft.pages=A131-A156&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fgr-qc%2F9911034&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19021009%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0264-9381%2F16%2F12A%2F307&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999CQGra..16A.131S&rft.aulast=Schutz&rft.aufirst=B.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravitational-wave+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ligo.org/magazine/"><i>LIGO Magazine</i></a>, LIGO Scientific Collaboration</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LIGO+Magazine&rft.pub=LIGO+Scientific+Collaboration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ligo.org%2Fmagazine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravitational-wave+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeifert_F.,_et_al.2006" class="citation cs2">Seifert F.; Kwee P.; Heurs M.; Willke B.; Danzmann K. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091223034000/http://www.geo600.org/research-highlights/geo600-has-reached-a-sensitivity-of-2b710-22-221ahz-1"><i>GEO600 Sensetivity</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo600.org/research-highlights/geo600-has-reached-a-sensitivity-of-2b710-22-221ahz-1">the original</a> on 23 December 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GEO600+Sensetivity&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Seifert+F.&rft.au=Kwee+P.&rft.au=Heurs+M.&rft.au=Willke+B.&rft.au=Danzmann+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo600.org%2Fresearch-highlights%2Fgeo600-has-reached-a-sensitivity-of-2b710-22-221ahz-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravitational-wave+astronomy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitational-wave_astronomy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010813031657/http://www.ligo.org/">LIGO Scientific Collaboration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/astrogravs/">AstroGravS: Astrophysical Gravitational-Wave Sources Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/12/science/ligo-gravitational-waves-black-holes-einstein.html">Video (04:36) – Detecting a gravitational wave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Overbye" title="Dennis Overbye">Dennis Overbye</a>, <a href="/wiki/NYT" class="mw-redirect" title="NYT">NYT</a> (11 February 2016).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vy5vDtviIz0">Video (71:29) – Press Conference announcing discovery: "LIGO detects gravitational waves"</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (11 February 2016).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gravitationalwaveastronomy.org/">Gravitational Wave Astronomy</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gravitational-wave_observatory#Weber_bars" title="Gravitational-wave observatory">Resonant mass<br /> antennas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NAUTILUS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NAUTILUS (page does not exist)">NAUTILUS</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Gravitational_Event_Collaboration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Gravitational Event Collaboration (page does not exist)">IGEC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AURIGA" title="AURIGA">AURIGA</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Gravitational_Event_Collaboration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Gravitational Event Collaboration (page does not exist)">IGEC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniGrail" title="MiniGrail">MiniGRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Schenberg_(Gravitational_Wave_Detector)" title="Mario Schenberg (Gravitational Wave Detector)">Mario Schenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EXPLORER&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EXPLORER (page does not exist)">EXPLORER</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Gravitational_Event_Collaboration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Gravitational Event Collaboration (page does not exist)">IGEC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegro_gravitational-wave_detector" title="Allegro gravitational-wave detector">ALLEGRO</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Gravitational_Event_Collaboration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Gravitational Event Collaboration (page does not exist)">IGEC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIOBE" title="NIOBE">NIOBE</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Gravitational_Event_Collaboration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Gravitational Event Collaboration (page does not exist)">IGEC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_gravitational_wave_detector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanford gravitational wave detector (page does not exist)">Stanford gravitational wave detector</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALTAIR_(gravitational_wave_detector)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ALTAIR (gravitational wave detector) (page does not exist)">ALTAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GEOGRAV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GEOGRAV (page does not exist)">GEOGRAV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AGATA_(gravitational_wave_detector)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AGATA (gravitational wave detector) (page does not exist)">AGATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weber_bar" title="Weber bar">Weber bar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torsion-bar_antenna" title="Torsion-bar antenna">TOBA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MiniGrail" title="MiniGrail">GRAIL</a> (downsized to <a href="/wiki/MiniGrail" title="MiniGrail">MiniGRAIL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Truncated_Icosahedral_Gravitational_Wave_Antenna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Truncated Icosahedral Gravitational Wave Antenna (page does not exist)">TIGA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SFERA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SFERA (page does not exist)">SFERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Schenberg_(Gravitational_Wave_Detector)" title="Mario Schenberg (Gravitational Wave Detector)">Graviton</a> (downsized to <a href="/wiki/Mario_Schenberg_(Gravitational_Wave_Detector)" title="Mario Schenberg (Gravitational Wave Detector)">Mario Schenberg</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground-based_interferometric_gravitational-wave_search" title="Ground-based interferometric gravitational-wave search"> Ground-based<br />interferometers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIGO" title="AIGO">AIGO</a> (<a href="/wiki/ACIGA" title="ACIGA">ACIGA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLIO" title="CLIO">CLIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holometer" title="Holometer">Fermilab holometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEO600" title="GEO600">GEO600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">Advanced LIGO</a> (<a href="/wiki/LIGO_Scientific_Collaboration" title="LIGO Scientific Collaboration">LIGO Scientific Collaboration</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KAGRA" title="KAGRA">KAGRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgo_interferometer" title="Virgo interferometer">Advanced Virgo</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Gravitational_Observatory" title="European Gravitational Observatory">European Gravitational Observatory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAMA_300" title="TAMA 300">TAMA 300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAMA_300" title="TAMA 300">TAMA 20, later known as LISM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TENKO-100&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TENKO-100 (page does not exist)">TENKO-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIGO#Background" title="LIGO">Caltech 40m interferometer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Initiative_in_Gravitational-wave_Observations" title="Indian Initiative in Gravitational-wave Observations">INDIGO (LIGO-India)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Explorer_(gravitational_wave_observatory)" title="Cosmic Explorer (gravitational wave observatory)">Cosmic Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Telescope" title="Einstein Telescope">Einstein Telescope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LIGO-Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="LIGO-Australia">LIGO-Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space-based<br />interferometers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_Observer" title="Big Bang Observer">Big Bang Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deci-hertz_Interferometer_Gravitational_wave_Observatory" title="Deci-hertz Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory">DECIGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TianQin" title="TianQin">TianQin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_timing_array" title="Pulsar timing array">Pulsar timing arrays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Pulsar_Timing_Array" title="European Pulsar Timing Array">EPTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Pulsar_Timing_Array" title="International Pulsar Timing Array">IPTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Nanohertz_Observatory_for_Gravitational_Waves" title="North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves">NANOGrav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkes_Observatory" title="Parkes Observatory">PPTA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einstein@Home" title="Einstein@Home">Einstein@Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PyCBC" title="PyCBC">PyCBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooniverse" title="Zooniverse">Zooniverse</a>: Gravity Spy</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitational_wave_observations" title="List of gravitational wave observations">List of observations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_observation_of_gravitational_waves" title="First observation of gravitational waves">First observation (GW150914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW151226" title="GW151226">GW151226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW170104" title="GW170104">GW170104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW170608" title="GW170608">GW170608</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW170814" title="GW170814">GW170814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW170817" title="GW170817">GW170817</a> (first <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star_merger" title="Neutron star merger">neutron star merger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW190412" title="GW190412">GW190412</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW190521" title="GW190521">GW190521</a> (first-ever possible light from bh-bh merger)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW190814" title="GW190814">GW190814</a> (first-ever "mass gap" collision)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW200105&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW200105 (page does not exist)">GW200105</a> (first black hole - neutron star merger)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Direct detection <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interferometric_gravitational-wave_detector" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferometric gravitational-wave detector">Laser interferometers</a></li> <li>Resonant mass detectors</li> <li><i>Proposed: <a href="/wiki/Atom_interferometer" title="Atom interferometer">Atom interferometers</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Indirect detection <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background#B-modes" title="Cosmic microwave background">B-modes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">CMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_timing_array" title="Pulsar timing array">Pulsar timing array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_pulsar" title="Binary pulsar">Binary pulsar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity" title="Tests of general relativity">Tests of general relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_general_relativity" title="Alternatives to general relativity">Metric theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">Graviton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects / properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave#Effects_of_passing" title="Gravitational wave">Polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin-flip" title="Spin-flip">Spin-flip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">Redshift</a></li> <li>Travel with <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a></li> <li>h strain</li> <li>Chirp signal (<a href="/wiki/Chirp_mass" title="Chirp mass">chirp mass</a>)</li> <li>Carried <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave_background" title="Gravitational wave background">Gravitational wave background</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types / sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic" title="Stochastic">Stochastic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_inflation" title="Cosmic inflation">Cosmic inflation</a>-<a href="/wiki/Quantum_fluctuation" title="Quantum fluctuation">quantum fluctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">Phase transition</a></li></ul></li> <li>Binary inspiral <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">Supermassive black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_mass_ratio_inspiral" title="Extreme mass ratio inspiral">EMRI</a></li></ul></li> <li>Continuous <ul><li>Rotating neutron star</li></ul></li> <li>Burst <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> or from <i>unknown</i> sources</li></ul></li> <li>Hypothesis <ul><li>Colliding <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_string" title="Cosmic string">cosmic string</a> and <i>other unknown</i> sources</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Astronomy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Astronomy_navbox" title="Template:Astronomy navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Astronomy_navbox" title="Template talk:Astronomy navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Astronomy_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Astronomy navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Astronomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_astronomy" title="Outline of astronomy">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_astronomy" title="History of astronomy">History</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_astronomy" title="Timeline of astronomy">Timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">Astronomer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_symbols" title="Astronomical symbols">Astronomical symbols</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">Astronomical object</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy" title="Glossary of astronomy">Glossary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_in_space" title="List of topics in space">... in space</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Astronomy by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Manner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amateur_astronomy" title="Amateur astronomy">Amateur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Observational_astronomy" title="Observational astronomy">Observational</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_astronomy" title="Sidewalk astronomy">Sidewalk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Celestial subject</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Galactic_astronomy" title="Galactic astronomy">Galactic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Extragalactic_astronomy" title="Extragalactic astronomy">Extragalactic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Local system</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Solar</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">EM methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">Radio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Submillimetre_astronomy" title="Submillimetre astronomy">Submillimetre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Infrared_astronomy" title="Infrared astronomy">Infrared</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Far-infrared_astronomy" title="Far-infrared astronomy">Far-infrared</a></span>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Visible-light_astronomy" title="Visible-light astronomy">Visible-light <span style="font-size:85%;">(optical)</span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_astronomy" title="Ultraviolet astronomy">Ultraviolet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/X-ray_astronomy" title="X-ray astronomy">X-ray</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_X-ray_astronomy" title="History of X-ray astronomy">History</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_astronomy" title="Gamma-ray astronomy">Gamma-ray</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Other methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_astronomy" title="Neutrino astronomy">Neutrino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray_astronomy" title="Cosmic ray astronomy">Cosmic rays</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gravitational radiation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/High-energy_astronomy" title="High-energy astronomy">High-energy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radar_astronomy" title="Radar astronomy">Radar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spherical_astronomy" title="Spherical astronomy">Spherical</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Multi-messenger_astronomy" title="Multi-messenger astronomy">Multi-messenger</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_astronomy" title="Cultural astronomy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy" title="Australian Aboriginal astronomy">Australian Aboriginal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">Chinese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Egyptian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_astronomy" title="Inuit astronomy">Inuit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maya_astronomy" title="Maya astronomy">Maya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_astronomy" title="Persian astronomy">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_Serbia" title="Astronomy in Serbia">Serbian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Serbian_folk_astronomy" title="Serbian folk astronomy">folk</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_astronomy" title="Tibetan astronomy">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_telescope" title="Optical telescope">Optical<br />telescopes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_optical_telescopes" title="List of optical telescopes">List</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Telescopes" title="Category:Telescopes">Category</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Extremely_large_telescope" title="Extremely large telescope">Extremely large telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Extremely_Large_Telescope" title="Extremely Large Telescope">Extremely Large Telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gran_Telescopio_Canarias" title="Gran Telescopio Canarias">Gran Telescopio Canarias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hale_Telescope" title="Hale Telescope">Hale Telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">Keck Observatory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Large_Binocular_Telescope" title="Large Binocular Telescope">Large Binocular Telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Large_Telescope" title="Southern African Large Telescope">Southern African Large Telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">Very Large Telescope</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astroinformatics" title="Astroinformatics">Astroinformatics</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astrology_and_astronomy" title="Astrology and astronomy">Astrology and astronomy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">Astrometry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Astronomers_Monument" title="Astronomers Monument">Astronomers Monument</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astroparticle_physics" title="Astroparticle physics">Astroparticle physics</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Binoculars" title="Binoculars">Binoculars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IAU_designated_constellations" title="IAU designated constellations">IAU</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Photometry_(astronomy)" title="Photometry (astronomy)">Photometry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">Planetarium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_geology" title="Planetary geology">Planetary geology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">Physical cosmology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cosmology" title="Quantum cosmology">Quantum cosmology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronomers" title="List of astronomers">List of astronomers</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_astronomers" title="List of French astronomers">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world#Notable_astronomers" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_astronomers_and_astrophysicists" title="List of Russian astronomers and astrophysicists">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_astronomers" title="List of women astronomers">Women</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">Telescope</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/X-ray_telescope" title="X-ray telescope">X-ray telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telescope" title="History of the telescope">history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_telescopes" title="Lists of telescopes">lists</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">Zodiac</a></span></li></ul> 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