Sensors | Special Issue : Sensing of Scent, Fragrance, Smell, and Odor Emissions from Biota Sources

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This special issue belongs to the section "<a href="/journal/sensors/sections/chemicalsensors">Chemical Sensors</a>".<span data-section-id="9"></span></p> <p style="padding:0.5em 0;"> <span class="si-deadline"> Deadline for manuscript submissions: <b>closed (31 August 2013)</b> | Viewed by 174735 </span> <br/> </p> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="sharingLinks"> <h2>Share This Special Issue</h2> <div class="social-media-links" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Sensing+of+Scent%2C+Fragrance%2C+Smell%2C+and+Odor+Emissions+from+Biota+Sources&hashtags=mdpisensors&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2Fsi%2F2245&via=Sensors_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); 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air quality & environmental engineering; material engineering; coordination polymers; metal-organic frameworks (mofs)"> <div class="editor-div__content smaller-pictures"> <div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop230' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> <div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/data/editors/editor_230.png?1722230806" style= "width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name"> Prof. Dr. Ki-Hyun Kim </span></div></div> </div> <div id="profile-card-drop230" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="profile-card__title "> <div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/data/editors/editor_230.png?1722230806" style= "width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name"> Prof. Dr. Ki-Hyun Kim </span></div></div> </div> <div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/77936?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Ki-Hyun%20Kim" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Ki-Hyun%20Kim&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ki-Hyun%20Kim" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a> </div> </div> <br class="show-for-small-only" /> <a title="Highly Cited - Clarivate Analytics (formerly Thomson Reuters) 2023, 2022, 2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href=" https://recognition.webofsciencegroup.com/awards/highly-cited/2020/ "> <i class="material-icons yellow-star">grade</i> </a> <a class="inline-spacer toEncode emailCaptcha" href="" data-editor-id="230">E-Mail</a> <a class="inline-spacer" href="http://civil.hanyang.ac.kr/eng/staff_view01.html?id_no=73&PHPSESSID=8320f1b708f5a15e2fe138bb30360252" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Website</a> <br/> <i>Guest Editor</i><br> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="editor-div__content smaller-pictures"> Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea<br> <b>Interests:</b> environmental & biomedical monitoring; air quality & environmental engineering; material engineering; coordination polymers; metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)<br> <a href="#" id="editor_contrib_230" onclick="div_toggle(this.id); return false;">Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals</a> <div id="div_editor_contrib_230" style="display: none"> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/odorous_compounds"> <i>Sensors</i>: Monitoring of Odorous Compounds in the Environment</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_sensing"> <i>Sensors</i>: Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/toxic_metal"> <i>Sensors</i>: Sensing of Toxic and Hazardous Metals in Various Environmental Media</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_detection"> <i>Sensors</i>: Odor Detection: Electronic Nose, Olfactometer, and Advanced Instrumentation</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/sensing-pollution"> <i>Sensors</i>: Modern Technologies for Sensing Pollution in Air, Water, and Soil</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/Materials_SensingApplications"> <i>Sensors</i>: The Use of New and/or Improved Materials for Sensing Applications</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/environments/special_issues/VOC"> <i>Environments</i>: Volatile Organic Compounds in Environment</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/environments/special_issues/odor"> <i>Environments</i>: Odor and VOCs: Human Perception, Sensing, and Treatment</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/MOFVSA"> <i>Sensors</i>: Metal-Organic Frameworks for Various Sensing Applications</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/applsci/special_issues/Advanced_or_Conventional_Materials_as_Sorbent"> <i>Applied Sciences</i>: Advanced or Conventional Materials as Sorbent</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/NEBM"> <i>Sensors</i>: Nanomaterials for Environmental and Biological Monitoring</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/applsci/special_issues/Conventional_Materials_as_Sorbent"> <i>Applied Sciences</i>: Advanced or Conventional Materials as Sorbent Ⅱ</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/nanomaterials/special_issues/mof_based"> <i>Nanomaterials</i>: MOF-Based Nanostructured Materials: Synthesis and Applications</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/SAHE6A0M7Q"> <i>Sensors</i>: Metal-Organic Frameworks Based Advanced Sensors for Pollutant Detection</a><br> Topics: <a href="/topics/Metals_Metal_Oxide">Synthesis and Applications of Nanostructured Metals and Metal Oxides</a><br> Topics: <a href="/topics/Advanced_Nanomaterials_for_Sensing">Advanced Nanomaterials for Sensing Applications</a><br> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2><a name="info"></a>Special Issue Information</h2> <div> <p>Dear Colleagues,</p> <p>Many types of scents, musk, fragrances, smells, odors, and pheromones are produced from various biota sources present in the biosphere, e.g., fauna, flora, bacteria, fruits, flowers, trees, meats, fresh/decaying foods, <em>etc</em>. In light of the environmental significance of the various odor types characterizing certain odorous events, it is crucially important to be able to describe, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the concentration levels and/or relative composition of both major and minor components giving rise to such odorous conditions. Despite many advances achieved in the last 10 years in the sensing, and instrumental techniques for odor quantitation, it still remains of utmost importance to expand our knowledge on the exact nature of various odor types and improve our odor detection abilities.</p> <p>Hence, this Special Issue is proposed to collate articles (to aid researchers) that focus principally on the most recent advances in: (1) sampling techniques for odor, fragrance, and related components, (2) olfactometry, (3) electronic noses, (4) advanced instrumentation (e.g., combination of thermal desorption with GC-MS or MS-MS, GC-GC, <em>etc.</em>), and (5) all other available or emerging tools for odor sensing.</p> <p>Prof. Dr. Ki-Hyun Kim<br /><em>Guest Editor</em></p> <p><p><strong>Manuscript Submission Information</strong><p> <p>Manuscripts should be submitted online at <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/">www.mdpi.com</a> by <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/user/register/">registering</a> and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/user/login/">logging in to this website</a>. Once you are registered, <a href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload/?journal=sensors">click here to go to the submission form</a>. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.</p> <p>Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors/instructions">Instructions for Authors</a> page. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors/"><em>Sensors</em></a> is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.</p> <p> Please visit the <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors/instructions">Instructions for Authors</a> page before submitting a manuscript. The <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/apc/">Article Processing Charge (APC)</a> for publication in this <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/openaccess/">open access</a> journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/authors/english">English editing service</a> prior to publication or during author revisions. </p><em><br /></em></p> </div> <h2><a name="keywords"></a>Keywords</h2> <div><ul> <li>fragrance</li> <li>odor</li> <li>sampling</li> <li>monitoring</li> <li>electronic nose</li> <li>instrumentation</li> <li>GC-MS</li> </ul></div> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><h2><a name="benefits"></a>Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue</h2> <ul> <li>Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.</li> <li>Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. 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return false;">Ok</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div style="clear: both"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item type-section" id=Editorial> <h2>Editorial</h2> <div style="margin-top: 15px;"> <p>Jump to: <a href="#Research">Research</a>, <a href="#Review">Review</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="34884" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 75 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/14/4/6567/pdf?version=1403352417" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Sensing of Scent, Fragrance, Smell, and Odor Emissions from Biota Sources" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Editorial</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/14/4/6567">Sensing of Scent, Fragrance, Smell, and Odor Emissions from Biota Sources</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ki-Hyun Kim</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2014</b>, <em>14</em>(4), 6567-6570; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s140406567">https://doi.org/10.3390/s140406567</a> - 9 Apr 2014 </div> Viewed by 6446 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> People encounter enormous numbers of chemicals present in the outdoor atmosphere and/or in the various facilities they use daily. Despite such diversity, not many of them have necessarily the potential to draw human’s nasal attraction if their perception thresholds are in general not <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/4/6567/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> People encounter enormous numbers of chemicals present in the outdoor atmosphere and/or in the various facilities they use daily. Despite such diversity, not many of them have necessarily the potential to draw human’s nasal attraction if their perception thresholds are in general not sufficiently low enough, regardless of abundance. In this sense, many types of scents, musks, fragrances, smells, odors, and pheromones are unique enough to draw a great deal of attention mainly by their presence at or near threshold levels which are far lower than those of common chemicals with poor odorant characteristics. It is known that most of the diverse characters of odor-related ingredients or expressions are commonly produced from various biota sources present in the biosphere, e.g., fauna, flora, bacteria, fruits, flowers, trees, meats, fresh/decaying foods,<i> etc. </i>[...] <a href="/1424-8220/14/4/6567">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/ssfso ">Sensing of Scent, Fragrance, Smell, and Odor Emissions from Biota Sources</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item type-section" id=Research> <h2>Research</h2> <div style="margin-top: 15px;"> <p>Jump to: <a href="#Editorial">Editorial</a>, <a href="#Review">Review</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="31101" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 732 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/13/12/16867/pdf?version=1403340257" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Application of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curves for Explosives Detection Using Different Sampling and Detection Techniques" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/13/12/16867">Application of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curves for Explosives Detection Using Different Sampling and Detection Techniques</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mimy Young</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wen Fan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anna Raeva</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jose Almirall</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2013</b>, <em>13</em>(12), 16867-16881; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s131216867">https://doi.org/10.3390/s131216867</a> - 6 Dec 2013 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/13/12/16867#metrics">Cited by 6</a> | Viewed by 7538 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Reported for the first time are receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves constructed to describe the performance of a sorbent-coated disk, planar solid phase microextraction (PSPME) unit for non-contact sampling of a variety of volatiles. The PSPME is coupled to ion mobility spectrometers (IMSs) <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/12/16867/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Reported for the first time are receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves constructed to describe the performance of a sorbent-coated disk, planar solid phase microextraction (PSPME) unit for non-contact sampling of a variety of volatiles. The PSPME is coupled to ion mobility spectrometers (IMSs) for the detection of volatile chemical markers associated with the presence of smokeless powders, model systems of explosives containing diphenylamine (DPA), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) and nitroglycerin (NG) as the target analytes. The performance of the PSPME-IMS was compared with the widely accepted solid-phase microextraction (SPME), coupled to a GC-MS. A set of optimized sampling conditions for different volume containers (1–45 L) with various sample amounts of explosives, were studied in replicates (<i>n</i> = 30) to determine the true positive rates (TPR) and false positive detection rates (FPR) for the different scenarios. These studies were obtained in order to construct the ROC curves for two IMS instruments (a bench-top and field-portable system) and a bench top GC-MS system in low and high clutter environments. Both static and dynamic PSPME sampling were studied in which 10–500 mg quantities of smokeless powders were detected within 10 min of static sampling and 1 min of dynamic sampling. <a href="/1424-8220/13/12/16867">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/ssfso ">Sensing of Scent, Fragrance, Smell, and Odor Emissions from Biota Sources</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/12/16867/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev31101"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next31101"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next31101" data-cycle-prev="#prev31101" data-cycle-progressive="#images31101" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-31101-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16867/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16867f1-1024.png?1403340263" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p></p></div><script id="images31101" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-31101-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16867/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16867f2-1024.png?1403340263'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-31101-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16867/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16867f3-1024.png?1403340264'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-31101-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16867/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16867f4-1024.png?1403340267'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-31101-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16867/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16867f1-1024.png?1403340263" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>True positive rates for the (<b>a</b>) portable and (<b>b</b>) benchtop IMS systems. Comparison of true positive rates for the two extraction methods are shown with varying alarm threshold.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/16867'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16867/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16867f2-1024.png?1403340263" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>SPME-GC-MS true positive rates with varying equivalent mass threshold for (<b>a</b>) NG, (<b>b</b>) DPA and (<b>c</b>) 2,4-DNT.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/16867'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16867/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16867f3-1024.png?1403340264" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Plasmagrams for dynamic PSPME sampling (1 min.) in cluttered environments from a local shipping facility. Sampling was performed in LD3 (4,500 L) containers and LD8 (6,880 L) containers as well as open air sampling of the location with indication of detection windows for NG and 2,4-DNT (drift time (t<sub>d</sub>) of 3.8 ms and 5.6 ms, respectively).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/16867'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16867/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16867f4-1024.png?1403340267" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>ROC curves for the portable PSPME-IMS (<b>a</b>), benchtop PSPME-IMS (<b>b</b>) and laboratory based SPME-GC-MS (<b>c</b>). These ROC curves were constructed using JMP software from 360 samples (140 samples for SPME-GC-MS) including all defined scenarios.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/16867'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="30968" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 1552 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/13/12/16591/pdf?version=1403339934" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Simultaneous Sampling of Flow and Odorants by Crustaceans can Aid Searches within a Turbulent Plume" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/13/12/16591">Simultaneous Sampling of Flow and Odorants by Crustaceans can Aid Searches within a Turbulent Plume</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Swapnil Pravin</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Matthew A. Reidenbach</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2013</b>, <em>13</em>(12), 16591-16610; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s131216591">https://doi.org/10.3390/s131216591</a> - 3 Dec 2013 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/13/12/16591#metrics">Cited by 12</a> | Viewed by 7025 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Crustaceans such as crabs, lobsters and crayfish use dispersing odorant molecules to determine the location of predators, prey, potential mates and habitat. Odorant molecules diffuse in turbulent flows and are sensed by the olfactory organs of these animals, often using a flicking motion <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/12/16591/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Crustaceans such as crabs, lobsters and crayfish use dispersing odorant molecules to determine the location of predators, prey, potential mates and habitat. Odorant molecules diffuse in turbulent flows and are sensed by the olfactory organs of these animals, often using a flicking motion of their antennules. These antennules contain both chemosensory and mechanosensory sensilla, which enable them to detect both flow and odorants during a flick. To determine how simultaneous flow and odorant sampling can aid in search behavior, a 3-dimensional numerical model for the near-bed flow environment was created. A stream of odorant concentration was released into the flow creating a turbulent plume, and both temporally and spatially fluctuating velocity and odorant concentration were quantified. The plume characteristics show close resemblance to experimental measurements within a large laboratory flume. Results show that mean odorant concentration and it’s intermittency, computed as <i>dc/dt</i>, increase towards the plume source, but the temporal and spatial rate of this increase is slow and suggests that long measurement times would be necessary to be useful for chemosensory guidance. Odorant fluxes measured transverse to the mean flow direction, quantified as the product of the instantaneous fluctuation in concentration and velocity, <i>v’c’</i>, do show statistically distinct magnitude and directional information on either side of a plume centerline over integration times of <0.5 s. Aquatic animals typically have neural responses to odorant and velocity fields at rates between 50 and 500 ms, suggesting this simultaneous sampling of both flow and concentration in a turbulent plume can aid in source tracking on timescales relevant to aquatic animals. <a href="/1424-8220/13/12/16591">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/ssfso ">Sensing of Scent, Fragrance, Smell, and Odor Emissions from Biota Sources</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/12/16591/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev30968"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next30968"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next30968" data-cycle-prev="#prev30968" data-cycle-progressive="#images30968" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-30968-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16591/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16591f1-1024.png?1403339941" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p></p></div><script id="images30968" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-30968-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16591/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16591f2-1024.png?1403339946'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-30968-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16591/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16591f3-1024.png?1403339946'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-30968-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16591/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16591f4-1024.png?1403339948'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-30968-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16591/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16591f5-1024.png?1403339949'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-30968-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16591/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16591f6-1024.png?1403339950'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-30968-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16591/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16591f7-1024.png?1403339950'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-30968-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16591/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16591f8-1024.png?1403339951'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-30968-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16591/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16591f9-1024.png?1403339951'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-30968-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16591/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16591f1-1024.png?1403339941" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) The freshwater crayfish, <span class="html-italic">Procambarus clarkii</span>, with lateral antennule labeled. Grid in the background is 1 × 1 cm; (<b>B</b>) Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of the lateral antennule with (a) chemosensory aesthetascs and (b) mechanosensory sensilla labeled (photo D. Mellon); (<b>C</b>) The spiny lobster, <span class="html-italic">Panulirus argus</span>, with the lateral antennule labeled; (<b>D</b>) SEM of the lateral antennule with (a) chemosensory aesthetascs; (b) mechanosensory sensilla and (c) guard hairs labeled (photo J.A. Goldman).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/16591'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16591/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16591f2-1024.png?1403339946" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Recirculating flume with PLIF/PIV laser system. A 532 nm laser was used for particle image velocimetry, while a 488 nm laser was used to excite fluorescein dye for use in PLIF imaging. Images were obtained 13 m downstream from the leading edge of the flume and 1 m downstream from the source release of fluorescein dye.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/16591'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16591/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16591f3-1024.png?1403339946" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Schematics of the CFD domain for flow simulation. The bottom surface of the three-dimensional domain has cubical roughness elements placed in a staggered fashion. Water enters from the left end and exits from the right. The roughness humps at the bottom, of side length 1cm and separated by 5 cm from each other, help trip the boundary layer and facilitate mixing leading to a turbulent flow downstream. A stream of odorants is released into the inflow at the odorant inlet on the left at an elevation of <span class="html-italic">z</span> = 0.5 cm. The cubical humps have a base area of 1 cm by 1 cm and a height of 0.5 cm to hydraulically reproduce a sand bed roughness.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/16591'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16591/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16591f4-1024.png?1403339948" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Image of particle-laden fluid used in the PIV analysis; (<b>B</b>) PLIF image of plume structure 1 m downstream of the source; (<b>C</b>) combined plume structure from PLIF and velocity vectors (shown as blue arrows) calculated from PIV cross-correlation analysis. Odorant was released 1 m upstream from the imaging area by emitting fluorescein dye from a 1 cm tygon tube embedded across the width of the flume in the sandy bed material. Flow is from left to right.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/16591'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16591/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16591f5-1024.png?1403339949" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Mean and fluctuating components of horizontal velocity within the laboratory flume from PIV. Fluctuating component computed as the root mean square (<span class="html-italic">rms</span>) of the horizontal velocity; (<b>B</b>) Mean and <span class="html-italic">rms</span> fluctuating component of normalized concentration from PLIF; (<b>C</b>) Mean horizontal turbulent flux (g cm<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>), computed as mean of the fluctuating horizontal velocity, <span class="html-italic">u′</span>, (in cm s<sup>−1</sup>), multiplied by the fluctuating normalized concentration, <span class="html-italic">c′</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/16591'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16591/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16591f6-1024.png?1403339950" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Side view of odorant concentration throughout the numerical flume. White squares are roughness elements along the bed; (<b>B</b>) Top-down view of odorant concentrations at an elevation of <span class="html-italic">z</span> = 0.5 cm. The plume of odorants is released into the flume through a circular point-source inlet located at <span class="html-italic">z</span> = 0.3 cm above the bed.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/16591'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16591/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16591f7-1024.png?1403339950" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Comparison of horizontal turbulence intensity within the flume experiments and numerical model. Measurements were obtained at 1 m downstream from the source.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/16591'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16591/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16591f8-1024.png?1403339951" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Instantaneous (<b>A</b>) odorant concentration; (<b>B</b>) horizontal velocity; and (<b>C</b>) transverse concentration flux (<span class="html-italic">v′c′</span>) at <span class="html-italic">z</span> = 1 cm above the flume bed, obtained at <span class="html-italic">t</span> = 10 s after initial release of odorant.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/16591'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16591/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16591f9-1024.png?1403339951" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Instantaneous (<b>A</b>) odorant concentration; (<b>B</b>) horizontal velocity; and (<b>C</b>) transverse concentration flux (<span class="html-italic">v′c′</span>) at <span class="html-italic">z</span> = 3 cm above the flume bed, obtained at <span class="html-italic">t</span> = 10 s after initial release of odorant.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/16591'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="30693" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 817 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/13/12/15968/pdf?version=1403339188" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Detection of Off-Flavor in Catfish Using a Conducting Polymer Electronic-Nose Technology" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/13/12/15968">Detection of Off-Flavor in Catfish Using a Conducting Polymer Electronic-Nose Technology</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alphus D. Wilson</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Charisse S. Oberle</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Daniel F. Oberle</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2013</b>, <em>13</em>(12), 15968-15984; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s131215968">https://doi.org/10.3390/s131215968</a> - 25 Nov 2013 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/13/12/15968#metrics">Cited by 37</a> | Viewed by 7682 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The Aromascan A32S conducting polymer electronic nose was evaluated for the capability of detecting the presence of off-flavor malodorous compounds in catfish meat fillets to assess meat quality for potential merchantability. Sensor array outputs indicated that the aroma profiles of good-flavor (on-flavor) and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/12/15968/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The Aromascan A32S conducting polymer electronic nose was evaluated for the capability of detecting the presence of off-flavor malodorous compounds in catfish meat fillets to assess meat quality for potential merchantability. Sensor array outputs indicated that the aroma profiles of good-flavor (on-flavor) and off-flavor fillets were strongly different as confirmed by a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and a Quality Factor value (QF > 7.9) indicating a significant difference at (P < 0.05). The A32S e-nose effectively discriminated between good-flavor and off-flavor catfish at high levels of accuracy (>90%) and with relatively low rates (≤5%) of unknown or indecisive determinations in three trials. This A32S e-nose instrument also was capable of detecting the incidence of mild off-flavor in fillets at levels lower than the threshold of human olfactory detection. Potential applications of e-nose technologies for pre- and post-harvest management of production and meat-quality downgrade problems associated with catfish off-flavor are discussed. <a href="/1424-8220/13/12/15968">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/ssfso ">Sensing of Scent, Fragrance, Smell, and Odor Emissions from Biota Sources</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/12/15968/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev30693"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next30693"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next30693" data-cycle-prev="#prev30693" data-cycle-progressive="#images30693" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-30693-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15968/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15968f1-1024.png?1403339191" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p></p></div><script id="images30693" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-30693-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15968/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15968f2-1024.png?1403339193'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-30693-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15968/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15968f3-1024.png?1403339194'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-30693-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15968/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15968f1-1024.png?1403339191" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Typical sensor output responses of all twenty sensors in the Aromascan A32S e-nose sensor array to headspace volatiles from catfish meat samples tested for the presence of off-flavor compounds by conductive polymer analyses (CPA). Data values for each graphed line indicate mean percentage change in sensor electrical resistance relative to baseline resistance (ΔR/R<sub>base</sub>%) with each colored line representing a separate sensor output from the sensor array.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/15968'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15968/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15968f2-1024.png?1403339193" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Aroma sensor responses of the A32S sensor array in difference mode. Sensor response percentage differences in e-nose sensor output intensities of individual numbered sensors are indicated for headspace volatiles of good-flavor minus off-flavor catfish meat samples presented as (<b>A</b>) bar graph (indicating differences in normalized sensor values) and (<b>B</b>) line-graph (indicating percent changes in sensor resistance responses relative to baseline resistance). Sensor element numbers represent individual numbered sensors in the e-nose sensor array.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/15968'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15968/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15968f3-1024.png?1403339194" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Aroma map of headspace volatiles from good-flavor <span class="html-italic">vs.</span> off-flavor catfish meat samples (aroma classes) based on principal component analysis (PCA). The percentages of the total variance, accounting for the variability explained by each orthogonal principal component (PC), are as follows: PC 1 = 88.9%, PC 2 = 8.8%, and PC 3 &lt; 0.5%. The Quality Factor (QF) value of significant difference between the aroma profiles of good-flavor <span class="html-italic">vs.</span> off-flavor catfish meat samples was QF = 7.922, indicating a significant statistical difference between these two aroma classes at P &lt; 0.05.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/15968'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="30692" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 847 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/13/12/15954/pdf?version=1403339170" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Quality Evaluation of Agricultural Distillates Using an Electronic Nose" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/13/12/15954">Quality Evaluation of Agricultural Distillates Using an Electronic Nose</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tomasz Dymerski</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jacek Gębicki</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Waldemar Wardencki</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jacek Namieśnik</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2013</b>, <em>13</em>(12), 15954-15967; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s131215954">https://doi.org/10.3390/s131215954</a> - 25 Nov 2013 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/13/12/15954#metrics">Cited by 35</a> | Viewed by 6788 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The paper presents the application of an electronic nose instrument to fast evaluation of agricultural distillates differing in quality. The investigations were carried out using a prototype of electronic nose equipped with a set of six semiconductor sensors by FIGARO Co., an electronic <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/12/15954/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The paper presents the application of an electronic nose instrument to fast evaluation of agricultural distillates differing in quality. The investigations were carried out using a prototype of electronic nose equipped with a set of six semiconductor sensors by FIGARO Co., an electronic circuit converting signal into digital form and a set of thermostats able to provide gradient temperature characteristics to a gas mixture. A volatile fraction of the agricultural distillate samples differing in quality was obtained by barbotage. Interpretation of the results involved three data analysis techniques: principal component analysis, single-linkage cluster analysis and cluster analysis with spheres method. The investigations prove the usefulness of the presented technique in the quality control of agricultural distillates. Optimum measurements conditions were also defined, including volumetric flow rate of carrier gas (15 L/h), thermostat temperature during the barbotage process (15 °C) and time of sensor signal acquisition from the onset of the barbotage process (60 s). <a href="/1424-8220/13/12/15954">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/ssfso ">Sensing of Scent, Fragrance, Smell, and Odor Emissions from Biota Sources</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/12/15954/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev30692"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next30692"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next30692" data-cycle-prev="#prev30692" data-cycle-progressive="#images30692" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-30692-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15954/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15954f1-1024.png?1403339177" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p></p></div><script id="images30692" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-30692-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15954/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15954f2-1024.png?1403339177'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-30692-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15954/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15954f3-1024.png?1403339178'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-30692-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15954/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15954f4-1024.png?1403339180'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-30692-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15954/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15954f5-1024.png?1403339183'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-30692-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15954/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15954f6-1024.png?1403339184'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-30692-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15954/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15954f7-1024.png?1403339185'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-30692-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15954/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15954f1-1024.png?1403339177" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Experimental set-up for analysis of volatile fraction of agricultural distillates consisting of: 1—bottle with carrier gas; 2—flow meter; 3—scrubber; 4—prototype of electronic nose; 5—PC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/15954'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15954/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15954f2-1024.png?1403339177" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>TGS sensors response signal <span class="html-italic">versus</span> time. Volumetric flow rate of carrier gas −15 L/h, thermostating temperature of sample subjected to barbotage process 15 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/15954'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15954/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15954f3-1024.png?1403339178" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>PCA results for samples of agricultural distillates obtained for different barbotage temperatures: (<b>A</b>) 35 °C; (<b>B</b>) 30 °C; (<b>C</b>) 25 °C; (<b>D</b>) 20 °C; (<b>E</b>) 15 °C; points: 1–6—high quality class distillates (green), 7–12—medium quality class distillates (yellow), 13–18—low quality class distillates (red).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/15954'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15954/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15954f4-1024.png?1403339180" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>PCA results for samples of agricultural distillates obtained for different volumetric flow rate: (<b>A</b>) 5 L/h; (<b>B</b>) 10 L/h; (<b>C</b>) 15 L/h; points: 1–6—high quality class distillates (green), 7–12—medium quality class distillates (yellow), 13–18—low quality class distillates (red).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/15954'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15954/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15954f5-1024.png?1403339183" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>PCA results of samples of agricultural distillates for different time of sensor signal acquisition since barbotage process onset: (<b>A</b>) 20 s; (<b>B</b>) 60 s; (<b>C</b>) 90 s; (<b>D</b>) 120 s; (<b>E</b>) 180 s; points: 1–6—high quality class distillates (green), 7–12—medium quality class distillates (yellow), 13–18—low quality class distillates (red).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/15954'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15954/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15954f6-1024.png?1403339184" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>PCA results for samples of agricultural distillates obtained for optimum conditions of barbotage process and optimum operation parameters of electronic nose prototype; points: 1–6—high quality class distillates (green), 7–12—medium quality class distillates (yellow), 13–18—low quality class distillates (red).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/15954'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15954/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15954f7-1024.png?1403339185" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Cluster diagram of single-linkage (nearest neighbor) clusters for samples of agricultural distillates; points: 1–6—high quality class distillates (green), 7–12—medium quality class distillates (yellow), 13–18—low quality class distillates (red).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/15954'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="30394" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 1170 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/13/11/15532/pdf?version=1403338478" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Discrimination Method of the Volatiles from Fresh Mushrooms by an Electronic Nose Using a Trapping System and Statistical Standardization to Reduce Sensor Value Variation" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/13/11/15532">Discrimination Method of the Volatiles from Fresh Mushrooms by an Electronic Nose Using a Trapping System and Statistical Standardization to Reduce Sensor Value Variation</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kouki Fujioka</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nobuo Shimizu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yoshinobu Manome</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Keiichi Ikeda</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kenji Yamamoto</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yasuko Tomizawa</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2013</b>, <em>13</em>(11), 15532-15548; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s131115532">https://doi.org/10.3390/s131115532</a> - 13 Nov 2013 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/13/11/15532#metrics">Cited by 19</a> | Viewed by 11621 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Electronic noses have the benefit of obtaining smell information in a simple and objective manner, therefore, many applications have been developed for broad analysis areas such as food, drinks, cosmetics, medicine, and agriculture. However, measurement values from electronic noses have a tendency to <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/11/15532/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Electronic noses have the benefit of obtaining smell information in a simple and objective manner, therefore, many applications have been developed for broad analysis areas such as food, drinks, cosmetics, medicine, and agriculture. However, measurement values from electronic noses have a tendency to vary under humidity or alcohol exposure conditions, since several types of sensors in the devices are affected by such variables. Consequently, we show three techniques for reducing the variation of sensor values: (1) using a trapping system to reduce the infering components; (2) performing statistical standardization (calculation of z-score); and (3) selecting suitable sensors. With these techniques, we discriminated the volatiles of four types of fresh mushrooms: golden needle (<i>Flammulina velutipes</i>), white mushroom (<i>Agaricus bisporus</i>), shiitake (<i>Lentinus edodes</i>), and eryngii (<i>Pleurotus eryngii</i>) among six fresh mushrooms (hen of the woods (<i>Grifola frondosa</i>), shimeji (<i>Hypsizygus marmoreus</i>) plus the above mushrooms). Additionally, we succeeded in discrimination of white mushroom, only comparing with artificial mushroom flavors, such as champignon flavor and truffle flavor. In conclusion, our techniques will expand the options to reduce variations in sensor values. <a href="/1424-8220/13/11/15532">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/ssfso ">Sensing of Scent, Fragrance, Smell, and Odor Emissions from Biota Sources</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/11/15532/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev30394"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next30394"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next30394" data-cycle-prev="#prev30394" data-cycle-progressive="#images30394" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-30394-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15532/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15532f1-1024.png?1403338506" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p></p></div><script id="images30394" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-30394-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15532/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15532f2-1024.png?1403338507'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-30394-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15532/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15532f3-1024.png?1403338510'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-30394-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15532/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15532f4a-1024.png?1403338512'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-30394-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15532/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15532f4b-1024.png?1403338517'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-30394-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15532/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15532f5-1024.png?1403338526'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-30394-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15532/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15532f6-1024.png?1403338531'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-30394-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15532/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15532f7-1024.png?1403338531'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-30394-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15532/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15532f1-1024.png?1403338506" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Approximately 30 g of mushrooms used for measurements (<b>a)</b>–(<b>c</b>) and the sample bag that was filled with dry nitrogen after placing the mushrooms inside (<b>d</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/11/15532'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15532/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15532f2-1024.png?1403338507" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>The measurement and analysis method scheme.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/11/15532'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15532/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15532f3-1024.png?1403338510" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Electrical resistance value data for each sample using the two types of measurement methods, direct mode (<b>a</b>) and capture mode (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/11/15532'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15532/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15532f4a-1024.png?1403338512" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Standardized values in (<b>a</b>) direct mode; (<b>b</b>) capture mode; (<b>c</b>) subtraction values. (Blue: 1st trial, Red: 2nd trial, Green: 3rd trial.)</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/11/15532'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15532/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15532f4b-1024.png?1403338517" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Standardized values in (<b>a</b>) direct mode; (<b>b</b>) capture mode; (<b>c</b>) subtraction values. (Blue: 1st trial, Red: 2nd trial, Green: 3rd trial.)</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/11/15532'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15532/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15532f5-1024.png?1403338526" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>A decision tree for categorizing four out of the six mushroom varieties using z-scores.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/11/15532'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15532/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15532f6-1024.png?1403338531" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Mushroom discrimination by principal component analysis. (<b>a</b>) Principal component analysis using all sensor values; (<b>b</b>) principal component analysis using Ch_7–10.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/11/15532'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-15532/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-15532f7-1024.png?1403338531" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Standardized values for two types of mushroom flavors, champignon flavor and truffle flavor in (<b>a</b>) Direct mode and (<b>b</b>) capture mode.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/11/15532'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="29580" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 314 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/13/10/13969/pdf?version=1403336513" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Identification of Volatiles Produced by Cladosporium cladosporioides CL-1, a Fungal Biocontrol Agent That Promotes Plant Growth" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/13/10/13969">Identification of Volatiles Produced by <i> Cladosporium</i> <i>cladosporioides</i> CL-1, a Fungal Biocontrol Agent That Promotes Plant Growth</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Diby Paul</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kyung Seok Park</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2013</b>, <em>13</em>(10), 13969-13977; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s131013969">https://doi.org/10.3390/s131013969</a> - 16 Oct 2013 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/13/10/13969#metrics">Cited by 63</a> | Viewed by 10644 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Certain microbial Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) have been reported to enhance the growth and development of plants. The biocontrol fungi, <i>Cladosporium cladosporioides </i>CL-1 significantly improved the growth of tobacco seedlings <i>in vitro</i> when they were co-cultivated without physical contact. SPME Quadrupole GC/MS/MS revealed <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/10/13969/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Certain microbial Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) have been reported to enhance the growth and development of plants. The biocontrol fungi, <i>Cladosporium cladosporioides </i>CL-1 significantly improved the growth of tobacco seedlings <i>in vitro</i> when they were co-cultivated without physical contact. SPME Quadrupole GC/MS/MS revealed that CL-1 emited the volatiles α-pinene, (−)-trans-caryophyllene, tetrahydro-2,2,5,5-tetramethylfuran, dehydroaromadendrene, and (+)-sativene. Potential roles of these volatiles in plant growth and development are discussed. Even though there were several fungal VOCs reported in the past that could influence plant growth, their exact mechanisms of action are not fully known. Fungal VOC-mediated plant growth promotion requires in-depth study in order for this technology to be used in large scale for crops, especially those grown under greenhouse conditions. <a href="/1424-8220/13/10/13969">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/ssfso ">Sensing of Scent, Fragrance, Smell, and Odor Emissions from Biota Sources</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/10/13969/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev29580"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next29580"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next29580" data-cycle-prev="#prev29580" data-cycle-progressive="#images29580" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-29580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-13969/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-13969f1-1024.png?1403336520" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p></p></div><script id="images29580" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-29580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-13969/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-13969f2-1024.png?1403336521'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-29580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-13969/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-13969f3-1024.png?1403336522'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-29580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-13969/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-13969f4-1024.png?1403336524'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-29580-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-13969/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-13969f1-1024.png?1403336520" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Tobacco growth promotion by volatiles produced by <span class="html-italic">Cladosporium cladosporioides</span> CL-1. (<b>A</b>) The I plate was used to co-culture tobacco seedlings and <span class="html-italic">C. cladosporioides</span> culture without physical contact; (<b>B</b>) 24-well culture plates were used to test the growth promoting effect of volatiles of <span class="html-italic">C. cladosporioides</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/10/13969'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-13969/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-13969f2-1024.png?1403336521" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Tobacco seedling growth promotion by volatiles of CL-1. Volatiles of CL-1 significantly enhanced growth of tobacco seedlings in terms of fresh weight.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/10/13969'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-13969/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-13969f3-1024.png?1403336522" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>SPME GC-MS spectrum of volatiles of CL-1. (Volatiles present at undetectable levels/low quantities were not considered in this study).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/10/13969'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-13969/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-13969f4-1024.png?1403336524" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Volatiles from CL-1 by SPME/Quadrupole GC/MS/MS.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/10/13969'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="28608" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 792 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/13/9/11899/pdf?version=1403333891" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Application of a Novel Tool for Diagnosing Bile Acid Diarrhoea" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/13/9/11899">Application of a Novel Tool for Diagnosing Bile Acid Diarrhoea</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>James A. Covington</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Eric W. Westenbrink</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nathalie Ouaret</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ruth Harbord</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Catherine Bailey</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nicola O'Connell</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>James Cullis</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nigel Williams</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chuka U. Nwokolo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Karna D. Bardhan</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ramesh P. Arasaradnam</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2013</b>, <em>13</em>(9), 11899-11912; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s130911899">https://doi.org/10.3390/s130911899</a> - 6 Sep 2013 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/13/9/11899#metrics">Cited by 66</a> | Viewed by 9827 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Bile acid diarrhoea (BAD) is a common disease that requires expensive imaging to diagnose. We have tested the efficacy of a new method to identify BAD, based on the detection of differences in volatile organic compounds (VOC) in urine headspace of BAD<i> vs</i> <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/9/11899/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Bile acid diarrhoea (BAD) is a common disease that requires expensive imaging to diagnose. We have tested the efficacy of a new method to identify BAD, based on the detection of differences in volatile organic compounds (VOC) in urine headspace of BAD<i> vs</i>. ulcerative colitis and healthy controls. A total of 110 patients were recruited; 23 with BAD, 42 with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 45 controls. Patients with BAD also received standard imaging (Se75HCAT) for confirmation. Urine samples were collected and the headspace analysed using an AlphaMOS Fox 4000 electronic nose in combination with an Owlstone Lonestar Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometer (FAIMS). A subset was also tested by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry (GCMS). Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) was used to explore both the electronic nose and FAIMS data. LDA showed statistical differences between the groups, with reclassification success rates (using an n-1 approach) at typically 83%. GCMS experiments confirmed these results and showed that patients with BAD had two chemical compounds, 2-propanol and acetamide, that were either not present or were in much reduced quantities in the ulcerative colitis and control samples. We believe that this work may lead to a new tool to diagnose BAD, which is cheaper, quicker and easier that current methods. <a href="/1424-8220/13/9/11899">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/ssfso ">Sensing of Scent, Fragrance, Smell, and Odor Emissions from Biota Sources</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/9/11899/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev28608"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next28608"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next28608" data-cycle-prev="#prev28608" data-cycle-progressive="#images28608" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-28608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-11899/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-11899f1-1024.png?1403333909" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p></p></div><script id="images28608" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-28608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-11899/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-11899f2-1024.png?1403333911'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-28608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-11899/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-11899f3a-1024.png?1403333912'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-28608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-11899/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-11899f3b-1024.png?1403333913'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-28608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-11899/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-11899f4-1024.png?1403333914'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-28608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-11899/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-11899f5-1024.png?1403333916'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-28608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-11899/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-11899f6a-1024.png?1403333917'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-28608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-11899/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-11899f6b-1024.png?1403333926'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-28608-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-11899/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-11899f1-1024.png?1403333909" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Raw electronic nose results showing the sensor responses to a BAD patient urine sample. (<b>b</b>) Raw data from the FAIMS instrument to a BAD patient urine sample. Intensity is in arbitrary units of ion count.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/9/11899'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-11899/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-11899f2-1024.png?1403333911" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Principal Component Analysis of AlphaMOS Fox 4000 results.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/9/11899'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-11899/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-11899f3a-1024.png?1403333912" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Linear Discriminant Analysis of AlphaMOS Fox 4000 results. (<b>b</b>) Associated loadings plot for LDA (DF is discriminant function).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/9/11899'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-11899/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-11899f3b-1024.png?1403333913" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Linear Discriminant Analysis of AlphaMOS Fox 4000 results. (<b>b</b>) Associated loadings plot for LDA (DF is discriminant function).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/9/11899'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-11899/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-11899f4-1024.png?1403333914" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Linear Discriminant Analysis of FAIMS data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/9/11899'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-11899/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-11899f5-1024.png?1403333916" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Section of a BAD sample GC Chromatogram showing unique peaks.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/9/11899'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-11899/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-11899f6a-1024.png?1403333917" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Comparison of BAD and Control Mass Spectra at similar Retention Times. (<b>a</b>) These spectra show similar mass ion ratios at 43 and 58, indicating the groups of Acetone. (<b>b</b>) These have similar mass ion peaks at and around 45, potentially indicating an alcohol as a common root. However, BAD yields much higher concentration, and there are extra mass ion peaks present in controls. (<b>c</b>) These have similar mass ion ratios for most significant peaks (42, 55, 41, <span class="html-italic">etc</span>.), indicating a common root. (<b>d</b>) This shows a unique set of mass ion ratios not found in controls, with a peak at 59 indicating an amide.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/9/11899'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-11899/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-11899f6b-1024.png?1403333926" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Comparison of BAD and Control Mass Spectra at similar Retention Times. (<b>a</b>) These spectra show similar mass ion ratios at 43 and 58, indicating the groups of Acetone. (<b>b</b>) These have similar mass ion peaks at and around 45, potentially indicating an alcohol as a common root. However, BAD yields much higher concentration, and there are extra mass ion peaks present in controls. (<b>c</b>) These have similar mass ion ratios for most significant peaks (42, 55, 41, <span class="html-italic">etc</span>.), indicating a common root. (<b>d</b>) This shows a unique set of mass ion ratios not found in controls, with a peak at 59 indicating an amide.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/9/11899'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="26904" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-26904" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-26904" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-26904" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/1424-8220/13/7/8523/s1?version=1403329433"> Supplementary File 1 (PDF, 174 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 217 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/13/7/8523/pdf?version=1403329433" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Major Odorants Released as Urinary Volatiles by Urinary Incontinent Patients" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/13/7/8523">Major Odorants Released as Urinary Volatiles by Urinary Incontinent Patients</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sudhir Kumar Pandey</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ki-Hyun Kim</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Si On Choi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>In Young Sa</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Soo Yeon Oh</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2013</b>, <em>13</em>(7), 8523-8533; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s130708523">https://doi.org/10.3390/s130708523</a> - 3 Jul 2013 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/13/7/8523#metrics">Cited by 9</a> | Viewed by 7129 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In this study, volatile urinary components were collected using three different types of samples from patients suffering from urinary incontinence (UI): (1) urine (A); (2) urine + non-used pad (B); and (3) urine + used pad (C). In addition, urine + non-used pad <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/7/8523/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In this study, volatile urinary components were collected using three different types of samples from patients suffering from urinary incontinence (UI): (1) urine (A); (2) urine + non-used pad (B); and (3) urine + used pad (C). In addition, urine + non-used pad (D) samples from non-patients were also collected as a reference. The collection of urinary volatiles was conducted with the aid of a glass impinger-based mini-chamber method. Each of the four sample types (A through D) was placed in a glass impinger and incubated for 4 hours at 37 °C. Ultra pure air was then passed through the chamber, and volatile urine gas components were collected into Tedlar bags at the other end. These bag samples were then analyzed for a wide range of VOCs and major offensive odorants (e.g., reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs), carbonyls, trimethylamine (TMA), ammonia, <i>etc</i>.). Among the various odorants, sulfur compounds (methanethiol and hydrogen sulfide) and aldehydes (acetaldehyde, butylaldehyde, and isovaleraldehyde) were detected above odor threshold and predicted to contribute most effectively to odor intensity of urine incontinence. <a href="/1424-8220/13/7/8523">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/ssfso ">Sensing of Scent, Fragrance, Smell, and Odor Emissions from Biota Sources</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/7/8523/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev26904"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next26904"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next26904" data-cycle-prev="#prev26904" data-cycle-progressive="#images26904" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-26904-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-08523/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-08523f1-1024.png?1403329435" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p></p></div><script id="images26904" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-26904-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-08523/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-08523f2a-1024.png?1403329436'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-26904-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-08523/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-08523f2b-1024.png?1403329437'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-26904-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-08523/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-08523f1-1024.png?1403329435" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Schematic for sampling procedure applied to collect urinary volatiles from incontinence patients. 1. ultra pure air; 2. flow control; 3. glass impinge; 4. sensor (temperature); 5. heater; 6. samples of (A) to (D) types; 7. bubbler; 8. temperature regulator; 9. tedlar bag to collect volatiles.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/7/8523'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-08523/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-08523f2a-1024.png?1403329436" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the mean concentration (ppb) of urinary volatiles between samples of different treatments (ACN = acetonitrile, Et-Al = ethyl alcohol, THF = tetrahydrofuran, DCM = dichloromethane, i-Pr-Al = isopropyl alcohol, EA = ethyl acetate, MC = methylene chloride, MPK = methyl propyl ketone, Pyr = pyrrole, and DPK = dipropylketone): (<b>a</b>) Offensive odorants listed by KMOE (acetone, acrolein, croton-A. CS<sub>2</sub>, Benz-A, and benzene are not in the list but are shown with their respective groups); and (<b>b</b>) All dominant VOCs determined with GC-MS in addition to the abovementioned offensive odorants.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/7/8523'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-08523/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-08523f2b-1024.png?1403329437" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the mean concentration (ppb) of urinary volatiles between samples of different treatments (ACN = acetonitrile, Et-Al = ethyl alcohol, THF = tetrahydrofuran, DCM = dichloromethane, i-Pr-Al = isopropyl alcohol, EA = ethyl acetate, MC = methylene chloride, MPK = methyl propyl ketone, Pyr = pyrrole, and DPK = dipropylketone): (<b>a</b>) Offensive odorants listed by KMOE (acetone, acrolein, croton-A. CS<sub>2</sub>, Benz-A, and benzene are not in the list but are shown with their respective groups); and (<b>b</b>) All dominant VOCs determined with GC-MS in addition to the abovementioned offensive odorants.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/7/8523'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="26585" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 1483 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/13/6/7939/pdf?version=1403328518" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Quantitative Analysis of Fragrance and Odorants Released from Fresh and Decaying Strawberries" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/13/6/7939">Quantitative Analysis of Fragrance and Odorants Released from Fresh and Decaying Strawberries</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yong-Hyun Kim</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ki-Hyun Kim</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jan E. Szulejko</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>David Parker</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2013</b>, <em>13</em>(6), 7939-7978; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s130607939">https://doi.org/10.3390/s130607939</a> - 20 Jun 2013 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/13/6/7939#metrics">Cited by 31</a> | Viewed by 9748 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The classes and concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOC) released from fresh and decaying strawberries were investigated and compared. In this study, a total of 147 strawberry volatiles were quantified before and after nine days of storage to explore differences in the aroma <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/6/7939/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The classes and concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOC) released from fresh and decaying strawberries were investigated and compared. In this study, a total of 147 strawberry volatiles were quantified before and after nine days of storage to explore differences in the aroma profile between fresh strawberries (storage days (SRD) of 0, 1, and 3) and those that had started to decay (SRD = 6 and 9). In terms of concentration, seven compounds dominated the aroma profile of fresh strawberries (relative composition (RC) up to 97.4% by mass, sum concentration): (1) ethyl acetate = 518 mg∙m<sup>−3</sup>, (2) methyl acetate = 239 mg∙m<sup>−3</sup>, (3) ethyl butyrate = 13.5 mg∙m<sup>−3</sup>, (4) methyl butyrate = 11.1 mg∙m<sup>−3</sup>, (5) acetaldehyde = 24.9 mg∙m<sup>−3</sup>, (6) acetic acid = 15.2 mg∙m<sup>−3</sup>, and (7) acetone = 13.9 mg∙m<sup>−3</sup>. In contrast, two alcohols dominated the aroma profile of decayed samples (RC up to 98.6%): (1) ethyl alcohol = 94.2 mg∙m<sup>−3</sup> and (2) isobutyl alcohol = 289 mg∙m<sup>−3</sup>. Alternatively; if the aroma profiles are re-evaluated by summing odor activity values (ΣOAV); four ester compounds ((1) ethyl butyrate (6,160); (2) ethyl hexanoate (3,608); (3) ethyl isovalerate (1,592); and (4) ethyl 2-methylbutyrate (942)) were identified as the key constituents of fresh strawberry aroma (SRD-0). As the strawberries began to decay; isobutyl alcohol recorded the maximum OAV of 114 (relative proportion (RP) (SRD = 6) = 58.3%). However, as the decay process continued, the total OAV dropped further by 3 to 4 orders of magnitude—decreasing to 196 on SRD = 6 to 7.37 on SRD = 9. The overall results of this study confirm dramatic changes in the aroma profile of strawberries over time, especially with the onset of decay. <a href="/1424-8220/13/6/7939">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/ssfso ">Sensing of Scent, Fragrance, Smell, and Odor Emissions from Biota Sources</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/6/7939/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev26585"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next26585"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next26585" data-cycle-prev="#prev26585" data-cycle-progressive="#images26585" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-26585-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07939/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07939f1-1024.png?1403328518" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p></p></div><script id="images26585" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-26585-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07939/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07939f2-1024.png?1403328518'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-26585-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07939/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07939f3a-1024.png?1403328518'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-26585-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07939/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07939f3b-1024.png?1403328518'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-26585-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07939/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07939f4-1024.png?1403328518'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-26585-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07939/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07939f5-1024.png?1403328518'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-26585-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07939/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07939f6-1024.png?1403328518'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-26585-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07939/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07939f7-1024.png?1403328518'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-26585-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07939/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07939f1-1024.png?1403328518" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Illustration of the impinger system for the collection of VOCs emitted from strawberry samples. Labels: (<b>1</b>) 10 L polyester aluminum bag filled with ultra-pure nitrogen; (<b>2</b>) Silicon tubing; (<b>3</b>) Impinger bottle; (<b>4</b>) Aluminum container; (<b>5</b>) Water heated to 25 °C; (<b>6</b>) Heater; (<b>7</b>) Sensor; (<b>8</b>) Temperature regulator; (<b>9</b>) Strawberry slices; (<b>10</b>) Sorbent tube; (<b>11</b>) Mini vacuum pump; and (<b>12</b>) Teflon tubing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/6/7939'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07939/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07939f2-1024.png?1403328518" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Comparison of frequency) pattern and log concentration of strawberry volatiles (compounds sorted by functional group).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/6/7939'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07939/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07939f3a-1024.png?1403328518" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Plots of correlation between molecular weight and log (odor thresholds (ppbv)) for alldata (n = 62) and optimal fit (n = 54) of the four major VOC groups (Ester, Alcohol, Aldehyde, and Ketone) emitted from strawberry samples.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/6/7939'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07939/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07939f3b-1024.png?1403328518" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Plots of correlation between molecular weight and log (odor thresholds (ppbv)) for alldata (n = 62) and optimal fit (n = 54) of the four major VOC groups (Ester, Alcohol, Aldehyde, and Ketone) emitted from strawberry samples.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/6/7939'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07939/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07939f4-1024.png?1403328518" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Comparison between (odor activity value) OAV and relative proportion (RP) of the major VOCs which had OAV and RP of above 100 and 5%, respectively at storagetime of 0, 1, 3, 6, and 9 days.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/6/7939'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07939/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07939f5-1024.png?1403328518" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>The linear regression analysis between the response factors (RF) and effective carbon number (ECN) for each atom and function group (e.g., C, H, O, &gt;C=O, -O-, and -CH<sub>3</sub>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/6/7939'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07939/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07939f6-1024.png?1403328518" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Photographs showing strawberry samples in impinge.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/6/7939'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07939/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07939f7-1024.png?1403328518" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Relationship between Σodor activity values (OAV) and dilution-to-threshold (D/T) ratio.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/6/7939'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="26526" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 598 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/13/6/7860/pdf?version=1403328445" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Recovery of Odorants from an Olfactometer Measured by Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/13/6/7860">Recovery of Odorants from an Olfactometer Measured by Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Michael Jørgen Hansen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anders Peter S. Adamsen</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anders Feilberg</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2013</b>, <em>13</em>(6), 7860-7871; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s130607860">https://doi.org/10.3390/s130607860</a> - 19 Jun 2013 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/13/6/7860#metrics">Cited by 26</a> | Viewed by 7892 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The aim of the present study was to examine the recovery of odorants during the dilution in an olfactometer designed according to the European standard for dynamic olfactometry. Nine odorants in the ppm<sub>v</sub>-range were examined including hydrogen sulfide, methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/6/7860/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The aim of the present study was to examine the recovery of odorants during the dilution in an olfactometer designed according to the European standard for dynamic olfactometry. Nine odorants in the ppm<sub>v</sub>-range were examined including hydrogen sulfide, methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, acetic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, trimethylamine, 3-methylphenol and <i>n</i>-butanol. Each odorant was diluted in six dilution steps in descending order from 4,096 to 128 times dilutions. The final recovery of dimethyl sulfide and <i>n</i>-butanol after a 60-second pulse was only slightly affected by the dilution, whereas the recoveries of the other odorants were significantly affected by the dilution. The final recoveries of carboxylic acids, trimethylamine and 3-methylphenol were affected by the pulse duration and the signals did not reach stable levels within the 60-second pulse, while sulfur compounds and <i>n</i>-butanol reach a stable signal within a few seconds. In conclusion, the dilution of odorants in an olfactometer has a high impact on the recovery of odorants and when olfactometry is used to estimate the odor concentration, the recoveries have to be taken into consideration for correct measurements. <a href="/1424-8220/13/6/7860">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/ssfso ">Sensing of Scent, Fragrance, Smell, and Odor Emissions from Biota Sources</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/6/7860/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev26526"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next26526"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next26526" data-cycle-prev="#prev26526" data-cycle-progressive="#images26526" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-26526-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07860/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07860f1-1024.png?1403328445" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p></p></div><script id="images26526" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-26526-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07860/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07860f2-1024.png?1403328445'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-26526-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07860/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07860f3-1024.png?1403328445'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-26526-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07860/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07860f4-1024.png?1403328451'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-26526-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07860/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07860f5-1024.png?1403328451'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-26526-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07860/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07860f1-1024.png?1403328445" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Schematic drawing of the experimental setup.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/6/7860'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07860/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07860f2-1024.png?1403328445" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Recovery of odorants in the outlet tubing of an olfactometer as a function of the dilution factor.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/6/7860'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07860/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07860f3-1024.png?1403328445" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Development in the recovery during a 60-second pulse for selected odorants in an olfactometer. The odorants were introduced to the olfactometer after 10 s and the pulse stopped after 70 s.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/6/7860'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07860/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07860f4-1024.png?1403328451" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>PTR-MS response time for individual odorants measured with a 1.2 m PEEK sampling line heated to 60 °C. The PTR-MS response time was defined as the time to reach 90% of the final concentration when changing from a highly diluted sample to an undiluted sample (relative time = 10 s).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/6/7860'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07860/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07860f5-1024.png?1403328451" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Correlation between the concentration of dimethyl sulfide measured in the outlet tubing from the olfactometer and in the nose cone where the human nose is placed.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/6/7860'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="22525" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 309 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/13/1/463/pdf?version=1403321381" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="What is a Fresh Scent in Perfumery? Perceptual Freshness is Correlated with Substantivity" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/13/1/463">What is a Fresh Scent in Perfumery? Perceptual Freshness is Correlated with Substantivity</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Manuel Zarzo</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2013</b>, <em>13</em>(1), 463-483; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s130100463">https://doi.org/10.3390/s130100463</a> - 28 Dec 2012 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/13/1/463#metrics">Cited by 20</a> | Viewed by 10617 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Perfumes are manufactured by mixing odorous materials with different volatilities. The parameter that measures the lasting property of a material when applied on the skin is called substantivity or tenacity. It is well known by perfumers that citrus and green notes are perceived <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/1/463/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Perfumes are manufactured by mixing odorous materials with different volatilities. The parameter that measures the lasting property of a material when applied on the skin is called substantivity or tenacity. It is well known by perfumers that citrus and green notes are perceived as fresh and they tend to evaporate quickly, while odors most dissimilar to ‘fresh’ (e.g., oriental, powdery, erogenic and animalic scents) are tenacious. However, studies aimed at quantifying the relationship between fresh odor quality and substantivity have not received much attention. In this work, perceptual olfactory ratings on a fresh scale, estimated in a previous study, were compared with substantivity parameters and antierogenic ratings from the literature. It was found that the correlation between fresh odor character and odorant substantivity is quite strong (<i>r</i> = −0.85). ‘Fresh’ is sometimes interpreted in perfumery as ‘cool’ and the opposite of ‘warm’. This association suggests that odor freshness might be somehow related to temperature. Assuming that odor perception space was shaped throughout evolution in temperate climates, results reported here are consistent with the hypothesis that ‘fresh’ evokes scents typically encountered in the cool season, while ‘warm’ would be evoked by odors found in nature during summer. This hypothesis is rather simplistic but it may provide a new insight to better understand the perceptual space of scents. <a href="/1424-8220/13/1/463">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/ssfso ">Sensing of Scent, Fragrance, Smell, and Odor Emissions from Biota Sources</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/1/463/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev22525"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next22525"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next22525" data-cycle-prev="#prev22525" data-cycle-progressive="#images22525" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-22525-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-00463/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-00463-ag-550.jpg?1580942610" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images22525" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-22525-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-00463/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-00463f1-1024.png?1403321384'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-22525-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-00463/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-00463f2-1024.png?1403321385'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-22525-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-00463/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-00463f3-1024.png?1403321385'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-22525-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-00463/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-00463f4-1024.png?1403321385'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-22525-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-00463/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-00463f5-1024.png?1403321385'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-22525-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-00463/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-00463-ag-550.jpg?1580942610" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/1/463'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-00463/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-00463f1-1024.png?1403321384" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Loading plot (p<sub>2</sub><span class="html-italic">vs.</span> p<sub>1</sub>) of the database obtained by Boelens &amp; Haring [<a href="#b12-sensors-13-00463" class="html-bibr">12</a>] (white triangles). Data were mean-centered and scaled to unit variance prior to the PCA. Thiboud's fragrance map [<a href="#b1-sensors-13-00463" class="html-bibr">1</a>] is superimposed (filled diamonds; labels in italics) after being properly scaled and rotated (DIM1 and DIM2 stand for dimension 1 and 2, respectively, in the original publication). Dotted lines group the floral descriptors. Equivalent or related odor attributes located close to each other are joined with dashed lines.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/1/463'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-00463/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-00463f2-1024.png?1403321385" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Plot of fitted regression analysis of <span class="html-italic">p<sub>[1]</sub></span> (projections on the first factorial axis) from the Firmenich database analyzed by Chastrette <span class="html-italic">et al.</span>[<a href="#b13-sensors-13-00463" class="html-bibr">13</a>]<span class="html-italic">vs.</span> p<sub>1</sub> of the B-H database. Empty diamonds correspond to pairs of similar descriptors (e.g., ‘acidic—sourish’ are assumed to be equivalent attributes in the Firmenich and the B-H databases, respectively).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/1/463'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-00463/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-00463f3-1024.png?1403321385" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>(<b>left</b>) Olfactory representation adapted from the Rosace of Firmenich [<a href="#b14-sensors-13-00463" class="html-bibr">14</a>]. (<b>right</b>) Projections of dots over the solid line (S<sub>freshness</sub>) are compared with p<sub>1</sub> loadings of equivalent attributes in the B-H database.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/1/463'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-00463/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-00463f4-1024.png?1403321385" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Plot of fitted regression analysis of α<sub>Jaubert</sub> (angular coordinate of odor classes in the semicircular Field of Odors [<a href="#b15-sensors-13-00463" class="html-bibr">15</a>], measured in degrees) <span class="html-italic">vs.</span> p<sub>1</sub> loadings of equivalent descriptors in the B-H database.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/1/463'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-00463/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-00463f5-1024.png?1403321385" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Relationship between fresh odor character and substantivity of reference materials used by Boelens and Haring [<a href="#b12-sensors-13-00463" class="html-bibr">12</a>]: scatterplot of p<sub>1</sub> (loadings in the formation of PC1) <span class="html-italic">vs.</span> antierogenic index (AI) and substantivity parameters: SI, S<sub>GS</sub> and EI (values in <a href="#t2-sensors-13-00463" class="html-table">Table 2</a>). AI, S<sub>GS</sub> and EI were conveniently transformed as indicated in the legend to range approximately on a 0–100 scale. The fitted regression line (<span class="html-italic">r</span> = −0.81) was obtained after discarding 8 outliers (filled points, highlighted in bold in <a href="#t2-sensors-13-00463" class="html-table">Table 2</a>). Dashed lines: prediction limits with a confidence level of 95%.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/1/463'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item type-section" id=Review> <h2>Review</h2> <div style="margin-top: 15px;"> <p>Jump to: <a href="#Editorial">Editorial</a>, <a href="#Research">Research</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="33706" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 987 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/14/3/4428/pdf?version=1403349236" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Analytical Methods for Chemical and Sensory Characterization of Scent-Markings in Large Wild Mammals: A Review" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/14/3/4428">Analytical Methods for Chemical and Sensory Characterization of Scent-Markings in Large Wild Mammals: A Review</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Simone B. Soso</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jacek A. Koziel</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anna Johnson</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Young Jin Lee</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>W. Sue Fairbanks</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2014</b>, <em>14</em>(3), 4428-4465; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s140304428">https://doi.org/10.3390/s140304428</a> - 5 Mar 2014 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/14/3/4428#metrics">Cited by 29</a> | Viewed by 17377 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In conjoining the disciplines of “ethology” and “chemistry” the field of “Ethochemistry” has been instituted. Ethochemistry is an effective tool in conservation efforts of endangered species and the understanding of behavioral patterns across all species. Chemical constituents of scent-markings have an important, yet <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/3/4428/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In conjoining the disciplines of “ethology” and “chemistry” the field of “Ethochemistry” has been instituted. Ethochemistry is an effective tool in conservation efforts of endangered species and the understanding of behavioral patterns across all species. Chemical constituents of scent-markings have an important, yet poorly understood function in territoriality, reproduction, dominance, and impact on evolutionary biology, especially in large mammals. Particular attention has recently been focused on scent-marking analysis of great cats (Kalahari leopards (<i>Panthera pardus</i>), puma (<i>Puma concolor</i>) snow leopard (<i>Panthera uncia</i>), African lions (<i>Panthera leo</i>), cheetahs (<i>Acinonyx jubatus</i>), and tigers (<i>Panthera tigris</i>)) for the purpose of conservation. Sensory analyses of scent-markings could address knowledge gaps in ethochemistry. The objective of this review is to summarize the current state-of-the art of both the chemical and sensory analyses of scent-markings in wild mammals. Specific focus is placed on sampling and sample preparation, chemical analysis, sensory analysis, and simultaneous chemical and sensory analyses. Constituents of exocrine and endocrine secretions have been most commonly studied with chromatography-based analytical separations. Odor analysis of scent-markings provides an insight into the animal’s sensory perception. A limited number of articles have been published in the area of sensory characterization of scent marks. Simultaneous chemical and sensory analyses with chromatography-olfactometry hyphenation could potentially aid conservation efforts by linking perceived odor, compounds responsible for odor, and resulting behavior. <a href="/1424-8220/14/3/4428">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/ssfso ">Sensing of Scent, Fragrance, Smell, and Odor Emissions from Biota Sources</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/3/4428/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev33706"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next33706"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next33706" data-cycle-prev="#prev33706" data-cycle-progressive="#images33706" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-33706-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-14-04428/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-14-04428-ag-1024.png?1431618559" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images33706" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-33706-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-14-04428/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-14-04428f1-1024.png?1406279043'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-33706-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-14-04428/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-14-04428f2-1024.png?1406279028'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-33706-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-14-04428/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-14-04428f3-1024.png?1406279038'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-33706-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-14-04428/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-14-04428f4-1024.png?1406279033'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-33706-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-14-04428/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-14-04428f5-1024.png?1406279047'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-33706-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-14-04428/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-14-04428-ag-1024.png?1431618559" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/14/3/4428'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-14-04428/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-14-04428f1-1024.png?1406279043" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>A Bengal tiger (<span class="html-italic">Panthera tigris tigris</span>) performing a variety of scent-marking behaviors in its outdoor enclosure at Khayebari Tiger Rehabilitation Project: (<b>a</b>) releasing marking fluid; (<b>b</b>) clawing/scratching (<b>c</b>) defecating.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/14/3/4428'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-14-04428/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-14-04428f2-1024.png?1406279028" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>A manual SPME holder. SPME can be also used with any mainline autosampler for automated sample preparation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/14/3/4428'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-14-04428/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-14-04428f3-1024.png?1406279038" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>A variety of solid-phase microextraction fibers with different coatings used for the identification of non-polar and polar compounds, volatile odorous compounds, and/or compounds of different molecular weights: (<b>a</b>) 85 μm PDMS (<b>b</b>) 70 μm Carbowax/divinylbenzene (CW/DVB) (<b>c</b>) 65 μm PDMS/DVB (<b>d</b>) 50 μm CW/templated resin (<b>e</b>) 85 μm polyacrylic (<b>f</b>) 50/30 μm DVB/Carboxen/PDMS (<b>g</b>) 75 μm Carboxen/PDMS (<b>h</b>) 100 μm PDMS.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/14/3/4428'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-14-04428/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-14-04428f4-1024.png?1406279033" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Summary of sampling preparation techniques with references used for chemical and sensory characterization of scent-markings in wild animals.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/14/3/4428'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-14-04428/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-14-04428f5-1024.png?1406279047" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Multi-dimensional gas chromatography-olfactometry system at Iowa State University.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/14/3/4428'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="31071" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 1412 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/13/12/16759/pdf?version=1403340117" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Gas Chromatography Analysis with Olfactometric Detection (GC-O) as a Useful Methodology for Chemical Characterization of Odorous Compounds" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/13/12/16759">Gas Chromatography Analysis with Olfactometric Detection (GC-O) as a Useful Methodology for Chemical Characterization of Odorous Compounds</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Magda Brattoli</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ezia Cisternino</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paolo Rosario Dambruoso</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gianluigi De Gennaro</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pasquale Giungato</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Antonio Mazzone</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jolanda Palmisani</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maria Tutino</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2013</b>, <em>13</em>(12), 16759-16800; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s131216759">https://doi.org/10.3390/s131216759</a> - 5 Dec 2013 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/13/12/16759#metrics">Cited by 172</a> | Viewed by 22417 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) technique couples traditional gas chromatographic analysis with sensory detection in order to study complex mixtures of odorous substances and to identify odor active compounds. The GC-O technique is already widely used for the evaluation of food aromas and its <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/12/16759/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) technique couples traditional gas chromatographic analysis with sensory detection in order to study complex mixtures of odorous substances and to identify odor active compounds. The GC-O technique is already widely used for the evaluation of food aromas and its application in environmental fields is increasing, thus moving the odor emission assessment from the solely olfactometric evaluations to the characterization of the volatile components responsible for odor nuisance. The aim of this paper is to describe the state of the art of gas chromatography-olfactometry methodology, considering the different approaches regarding the operational conditions and the different methods for evaluating the olfactometric detection of odor compounds. The potentials of GC-O are described highlighting the improvements in this methodology relative to other conventional approaches used for odor detection, such as sensoristic, sensorial and the traditional gas chromatographic methods. The paper also provides an examination of the different fields of application of the GC-O, principally related to fragrances and food aromas, odor nuisance produced by anthropic activities and odorous compounds emitted by materials and medical applications. <a href="/1424-8220/13/12/16759">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/ssfso ">Sensing of Scent, Fragrance, Smell, and Odor Emissions from Biota Sources</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/12/16759/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev31071"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next31071"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next31071" data-cycle-prev="#prev31071" data-cycle-progressive="#images31071" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-31071-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16759/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16759f1-1024.png?1403340128" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p></p></div><script id="images31071" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-31071-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16759/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16759f2-1024.png?1403340131'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-31071-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16759/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16759f3-1024.png?1403340131'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-31071-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16759/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16759f4-1024.png?1403340133'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-31071-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16759/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16759f5-1024.png?1403340133'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-31071-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16759/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16759f6-1024.png?1403340138'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-31071-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16759/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16759f7-1024.png?1403340143'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-31071-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16759/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16759f8-1024.png?1403340143'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-31071-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16759/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16759f9-1024.png?1403340144'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-31071-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16759/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16759f1-1024.png?1403340128" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Scheme of the gas chromatograph equipped with an olfactometric detector (reprinted from [<a href="#b22-sensors-13-16759" class="html-bibr">22</a>] with permission from Elsevier).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/16759'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16759/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16759f2-1024.png?1403340131" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Scheme of the GC/MS-O multi-sniffing system (reprinted from [<a href="#b25-sensors-13-16759" class="html-bibr">25</a>] with permission from Elsevier).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/16759'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16759/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16759f3-1024.png?1403340131" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Scheme of an aromagram obtained using detection frequency methods, with four evaluators (reprinted from [<a href="#b22-sensors-13-16759" class="html-bibr">22</a>] with permission from Elsevier).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/16759'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16759/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16759f4-1024.png?1403340133" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Spider web diagram comparing the GC-O olfactometric profiles (normalized so that the odorant showing maximum MF (%) = 100) obtained from black and summer truffles (reprinted from [<a href="#b122-sensors-13-16759" class="html-bibr">122</a>] with permission from Elsevier).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/16759'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16759/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16759f5-1024.png?1403340133" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>GC-MS/8O aromagrams of cooked hams without (<b>a</b>) and with (<b>b</b>) nitrite expressed in mean intensities of perception, each calculated from 16 individual sniffing sessions (one type of ham × 8 sniffers × 2 repeats). The breakdown of the signal into three classes of chemical origin shows the odorant zones originating from: lipid oxidation (in green), sulfur compound degradation (in red) and unspecified origins (in grey). (reprinted from [<a href="#b75-sensors-13-16759" class="html-bibr">75</a>] with permission from Elsevier).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/16759'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16759/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16759f6-1024.png?1403340138" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Mean ratings of the 13 odor attributes for the seven (C1–C7) semi-hard cheeses (13 judges; 3 repetitions). Significant differences are shown: * significant at <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 5%; ** significant at <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 1%; *** significant at <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.1% (reprinted from [<a href="#b173-sensors-13-16759" class="html-bibr">173</a>] with permission from Elsevier).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/16759'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16759/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16759f7-1024.png?1403340143" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Bi-plot of the two first components as a result of PLS analysis of the sensory profiles (Y matrix, black) and the GC-O intensity measurements for the odor-active compounds (X matrix, grey) (reprinted from [<a href="#b173-sensors-13-16759" class="html-bibr">173</a>] with permission from Elsevier).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/16759'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16759/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16759f8-1024.png?1403340143" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>GC-O chromatogram (<b>A</b>) and GC × GC-O 2D plot (<b>B</b>) of a commercial perfume achieved without (<b>A</b>) and with (<b>B</b>) cryogenic modulation (reprinted from [<a href="#b29-sensors-13-16759" class="html-bibr">29</a>] with permission from Elsevier).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/16759'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-16759/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-16759f9-1024.png?1403340144" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>Aromagram for 4 h SPME fiber collection 20 m downwind (“near” site) from commercial beef cattle feed yard (reprinted from [<a href="#b193-sensors-13-16759" class="html-bibr">193</a>] with permission from Elsevier).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/12/16759'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="29970" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 290 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/13/11/14611/pdf?version=1403337358" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Potential Application of Electronic Olfaction Systems in Feedstuffs Analysis and Animal Nutrition" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/13/11/14611">Potential Application of Electronic Olfaction Systems in Feedstuffs Analysis and Animal Nutrition</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anna Campagnoli</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vittorio Dell'Orto</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2013</b>, <em>13</em>(11), 14611-14632; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s131114611">https://doi.org/10.3390/s131114611</a> - 29 Oct 2013 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/13/11/14611#metrics">Cited by 14</a> | Viewed by 6473 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Electronic Olfaction Systems (EOSs) based on a variety of gas-sensing technologies have been developed to simulate in a simplified manner animal olfactory sensing systems. EOSs have been successfully applied to many applications and fields, including food technology and agriculture. Less information is available <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/11/14611/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Electronic Olfaction Systems (EOSs) based on a variety of gas-sensing technologies have been developed to simulate in a simplified manner animal olfactory sensing systems. EOSs have been successfully applied to many applications and fields, including food technology and agriculture. Less information is available for EOS applications in the feed technology and animal nutrition sectors. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), which are derived from both forages and concentrate ingredients of farm animal rations, are considered and described in this review as olfactory markers for feedstock quality and safety evaluation. EOS applications to detect VOCs from feedstuffs (as analytical matrices) are described, and some future scenarios are hypothesised. Furthermore, some EOS applications in animal feeding behaviour and organoleptic feed assessment are also described. <a href="/1424-8220/13/11/14611">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/ssfso ">Sensing of Scent, Fragrance, Smell, and Odor Emissions from Biota Sources</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="29775" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 3007 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/13/10/14214/pdf?version=1403336870" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Towards a Chemiresistive Sensor-Integrated Electronic Nose: A Review" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/13/10/14214">Towards a Chemiresistive Sensor-Integrated Electronic Nose: A Review</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shih-Wen Chiu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kea-Tiong Tang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2013</b>, <em>13</em>(10), 14214-14247; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s131014214">https://doi.org/10.3390/s131014214</a> - 22 Oct 2013 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/13/10/14214#metrics">Cited by 193</a> | Viewed by 21228 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Electronic noses have potential applications in daily life, but are restricted by their bulky size and high price. This review focuses on the use of chemiresistive gas sensors, metal-oxide semiconductor gas sensors and conductive polymer gas sensors in an electronic nose for system <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/10/14214/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Electronic noses have potential applications in daily life, but are restricted by their bulky size and high price. This review focuses on the use of chemiresistive gas sensors, metal-oxide semiconductor gas sensors and conductive polymer gas sensors in an electronic nose for system integration to reduce size and cost. The review covers the system design considerations and the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor integrated technology for a chemiresistive gas sensor electronic nose, including the integrated sensor array, its readout interface, and pattern recognition hardware. In addition, the state-of-the-art technology integrated in the electronic nose is also presented, such as the sensing front-end chip, electronic nose signal processing chip, and the electronic nose system-on-chip. <a href="/1424-8220/13/10/14214">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/ssfso ">Sensing of Scent, Fragrance, Smell, and Odor Emissions from Biota Sources</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/10/14214/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev29775"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next29775"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next29775" data-cycle-prev="#prev29775" data-cycle-progressive="#images29775" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-29775-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-14214/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-14214f1-1024.png?1403336882" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p></p></div><script id="images29775" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-29775-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-14214/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-14214f2-1024.png?1403336887'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-29775-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-14214/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-14214f3-1024.png?1403336890'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-29775-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-14214/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-14214f4-1024.png?1403336891'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-29775-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-14214/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-14214f5-1024.png?1403336891'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-29775-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-14214/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-14214f6-1024.png?1403336892'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-29775-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-14214/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-14214f7-1024.png?1403336893'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-29775-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-14214/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-14214f8-1024.png?1403336894'><p></p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-29775-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-14214/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-14214f9-1024.png?1403336896'><p></p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-29775-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-14214/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-14214f1-1024.png?1403336882" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>The basic gas identification system blocks: an electronic nose and a mammal olfactory.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/10/14214'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-14214/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-14214f2-1024.png?1403336887" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>The portable electronic nose system consists of the hand-held sensing module and the personal digital apparatus: (<b>a</b>) laptop computer, and (<b>b</b>) PDA; (<b>c</b>) the block diagram of the system. Reprinted with permission from [<a href="#b81-sensors-13-14214" class="html-bibr">81</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/10/14214'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-14214/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-14214f3-1024.png?1403336890" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>The SEM picture of the integrated tin oxide gas sensor array of (<b>a</b>) the single sensor element, and (<b>b</b>) the 4 × 4 gas sensor array. Reprinted with permission from [<a href="#b100-sensors-13-14214" class="html-bibr">100</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/10/14214'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-14214/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-14214f4-1024.png?1403336891" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The well-defined region for depositing sensing material, occupying an area of 100 × 100 μm<sup>2</sup>. The photograph shows the sensors before and after deposition. (<b>b</b>) The gas sensor array had been integrated into one chip. Reprinted with permission from [<a href="#b139-sensors-13-14214" class="html-bibr">139</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/10/14214'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-14214/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-14214f5-1024.png?1403336891" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The photo shows one corner of the sensor array. The element has the dimension of 220 × 220 μm<sup>2</sup> with 20 μm gap between the electrodes. (<b>b</b>) Single transducer element, the sensing material would be deposited to cover A–C. Reprint the photo in [<a href="#b151-sensors-13-14214" class="html-bibr">151</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/10/14214'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-14214/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-14214f6-1024.png?1403336892" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Block diagram of the wide-dynamic-range resistive interface ASIC, and (<b>b</b>) the die photo of the 4-channel interface circuit ASIC. Reprinted with permission from [<a href="#b159-sensors-13-14214" class="html-bibr">159</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/10/14214'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-14214/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-14214f7-1024.png?1403336893" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>The PWM-based interface circuit: (<b>a</b>) schematic, and (<b>b</b>) photograph of silicon prototype. Reprinted with permission from [<a href="#b164-sensors-13-14214" class="html-bibr">164</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/10/14214'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-14214/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-14214f8-1024.png?1403336894" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>The row–column interface integrated with 128 SnO<sub>2</sub>-CNT gas sensors, (<b>a</b>) block diagram, and (<b>b</b>) chip photograph. Reprinted with permission from [<a href="#b175-sensors-13-14214" class="html-bibr">175</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/10/14214'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-14214/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-14214f9-1024.png?1403336896" title=" <strong></strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The differential sensor conditioning circuitry of the read-out circuit and (<b>b</b>) the photo of the integration of SnO2 gas sensors and its differential preprocessing circuits in one chip. Reprinted with permission from [<a href="#b183-sensors-13-14214" class="html-bibr">183</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/13/10/14214'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="row footer"> <div class="listing-select-options"> <div class="columns small-12"> <div class="select generic-item"> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element export-expanded"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_more</i> </a> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_less</i> </a> </div> <div class="listing-export-options export-element"> <div class="export-element" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <input type="checkbox" class="selector selectUnselectAll bb-checkbox" id="selectUnselectAll" data-select-all="article-listing"> <div class="indented bb-indented"> Select all </div> </div> <div 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