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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembahagian_keluarga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembahagian_keluarga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pembahagian keluarga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembahagian_keluarga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Profil_tipologi_Athabaska–Eyak–Tlingit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Profil_tipologi_Athabaska–Eyak–Tlingit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Profil tipologi Athabaska–Eyak–Tlingit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Profil_tipologi_Athabaska–Eyak–Tlingit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cadangan_hubungan_genealogi_lanjutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cadangan_hubungan_genealogi_lanjutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cadangan hubungan genealogi lanjutan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cadangan_hubungan_genealogi_lanjutan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Cadangan hubungan genealogi lanjutan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cadangan_hubungan_genealogi_lanjutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dené–Yenisei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dené–Yenisei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Dené–Yenisei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dené–Yenisei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cadangan_lain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cadangan_lain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cadangan lain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cadangan_lain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nota_kaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nota_kaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Nota kaki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nota_kaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bahasa-bahasa Na-Dene</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 58 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-Den%C3%A9-tale" title="Na-Dené-tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Na-Dené-tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="لغات نا-ديني – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات نا-ديني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_na-dene" title="Luengas na-dene – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas na-dene" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_na-den%C3%A9" title="Llingües na-dené – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües na-dené" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-Dene_dill%C9%99ri" title="Na-Dene dilləri – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Na-Dene dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نا-دنه دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نا-دنه دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="На-дэне – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="На-дэне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_na-dene" title="Yezhoù na-dene – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù na-dene" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-den%C3%A9" title="Na-dené – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Na-dené" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazyky_na-den%C3%A9" title="Jazyky na-dené – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jazyky na-dené" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-Den%C3%A9-Sprachen" title="Na-Dené-Sprachen – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Na-Dené-Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naa-dene_keeled" title="Naa-dene keeled – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Naa-dene keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Na-Dene languages" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_na-den%C3%A9" title="Lenguas na-dené – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas na-dené" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-denea_lingvaro" title="Na-denea lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Na-denea lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-dene_hizkuntzak" title="Na-dene hizkuntzak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Na-dene hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87" title="زبان‌های نا-دنه – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های نا-دنه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-Dene_bhasa" title="Na-Dene bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Na-Dene bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_na-den%C3%A9" title="Langues na-dené – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues na-dené" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-Den%C3%A9-talen" title="Na-Dené-talen – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Na-Dené-talen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_na-den%C3%A9" title="Linguas na-dené – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas na-dené" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EB%8D%B0%EB%84%A4%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="나데네어족 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나데네어족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="ना-डिने भाषाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ना-डिने भाषाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-D%C3%A9n%C3%A9" title="Na-Déné – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Na-Déné" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-Den%C3%A9" title="Na-Dené – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Na-Dené" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-Dene_m%C3%A1l" title="Na-Dene mál – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Na-Dene mál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_na-dene" title="Lingue na-dene – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue na-dene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE-%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ನಾ-ದೆನೆ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಾ-ದೆನೆ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B9%D3%B9%D0%BB%D0%BC%D3%B9%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="На-дене йӹлмӹвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="На-дене йӹлмӹвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Na-Dene" title="Linguae Na-Dene – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Na-Dene" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-dene_valodas" title="Na-dene valodas – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Na-dene valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="На-дене чӀалар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="На-дене чӀалар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-dene_kalbos" title="Na-dene kalbos – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Na-dene kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_na-dene" title="Linguas na-dene – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas na-dene" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianakaviam-piteny_na-dene" title="Fianakaviam-piteny na-dene – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fianakaviam-piteny na-dene" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-Den%C3%A9talen" title="Na-Denétalen – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Na-Denétalen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-Den%C3%A9talen" title="Na-Denétalen – Saxon Rendah" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Na-Denétalen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Saxon Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%8D%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="ナ・デネ語族 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナ・デネ語族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-Dene_spriaken" title="Na-Dene spriaken – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Na-Dene spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-den%C3%A9-spr%C3%A5k" title="Na-dené-språk – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Na-dené-språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-den%C3%A9-spr%C3%A5k" title="Na-dené-språk – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Na-dené-språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_na-den%C3%A9" title="Lengas na-dené – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas na-dené" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%90%D9%86%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%DB%90" title="نادېني ژبې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نادېني ژبې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_na-dene" title="Lenghe na-dene – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe na-dene" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_na-dene" title="Języki na-dene – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki na-dene" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_na-dene" title="Línguas na-dene – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas na-dene" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_din%C3%A9_rimaykuna" title="Na diné rimaykuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Na diné rimaykuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Языки на-дене – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Языки на-дене" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="На-дене језици – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="На-дене језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-den%C3%A9-kielet" title="Na-dené-kielet – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Na-dené-kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-dene" title="Na-dene – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Na-dene" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_h%E1%BB%87_Na-Den%C3%A9" title="Ngữ hệ Na-Dené – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ hệ Na-Dené" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-Dene_dilleri" title="Na-Dene dilleri – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Na-Dene dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Мови на-дене – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мови на-дене" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="نادینی زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نادینی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan%C3%AA_Na-Dene" title="Zıwanê Na-Dene – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwanê Na-Dene" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-Den%C3%A9taelen" title="Na-Denétaelen – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Na-Denétaelen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%8D-%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%A7%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="納-德內語系 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="納-德內語系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26986#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&oldid=5782956" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&id=5782956&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Bahasa-bahasa+Na-Dene"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Na-Dene_languages" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26986" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5830335">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5657302">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #99ddff;">Na-Dene</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #99ddff;">Athabaska–Eyak–Tlingit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Taburan<br />geografi:</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Utara" title="Amerika Utara">Amerika Utara</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Keluarga_bahasa" title="Keluarga bahasa">Klasifikasi bahasa</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yenisei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa-bahasa Dené–Yenisei (laman tidak wujud)">Dené–Yenisei</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Na-Dene</b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bahasa-proto:</th><td class="infobox-data">Proto-Na-Dene</td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pembahagian:</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tlingit" title="Bahasa Tlingit">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Athabaska" title="Bahasa-bahasa Athabaska">Athabaska</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Eyak" title="Bahasa Eyak">Eyak</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/xnd" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:xnd">xnd</a></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/atha1245">atha1245</a></samp><sup id="cite_ref-Glottolog_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Na-Dene_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="{{{mapalt}}}" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Na-Dene_languages.svg/250px-Na-Dene_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Na-Dene_languages.svg/375px-Na-Dene_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Na-Dene_languages.svg/500px-Na-Dene_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Keluarga bahasa <b>Na-Dene</b> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA/English" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/ secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'n' in 'no'">n</span><span title="/ɑː/ 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/ or /ə/ 'e' in 'roses'">ᵻ</span><span title="/ˈ/ tekanan primer ikuti">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'no'">n</span><span title="/eɪ/ long 'a' in 'base'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; juga <b>Nadene</b>, <b>Na-Dené</b>, <b>Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit</b>, <b>Tlina–Dene</b>) ialah <a href="/wiki/Keluarga_bahasa" title="Keluarga bahasa">keluarga</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_orang_asli_di_benua_Amerika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa orang asli di benua Amerika (laman tidak wujud)">bahasa asli Amerika</a> yang merangkumi paling kurang <a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Athabaska" title="Bahasa-bahasa Athabaska">bahasa Athabaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Eyak" title="Bahasa Eyak">Eyak</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tlingit" title="Bahasa Tlingit">Tlingit</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Haida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Haida (laman tidak wujud)">Haida</a> dahulunya dimasukkan, tetapi kini dianggap meragukan. Setakat ini, bahasa Na-Dene yang paling banyak digunakan hari ini ialah <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Navajo" title="Bahasa Navajo">Navajo</a>. </p><p>Pada Februari 2008, cadangan menghubungkan Na-Dene (tidak termasuk Haida) kepada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Yeniseian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Yeniseian (laman tidak wujud)">kelompok bahasa Yenisei</a> di <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> tengah ke dalam keluarga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yenisei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Dené–Yenisei (laman tidak wujud)">Dené-Yenisei</a> telah diterbitkan, dan diterima baik oleh beberapa ahli bahasa.<sup id="cite_ref-DYS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DYS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ada cadangan dalam kertas kerja 2014 bahawa bahasa Na-Dene di Amerika Utara dan bahasa Yenisei Siberia mempunyai asal usul yang sama dalam bahasa yang dituturkan di <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a> di antara kedua-dua benua.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologi">Etimologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Etimologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Etimologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Edward Sapir pada asalnya membina istilah <i>Na-Dene</i> untuk merujuk kepada gabungan keluarga Athabaska, Tlingit, dan Haida (kewujudan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Eyak" title="Bahasa Eyak">bahasa Eyak</a> tidak diketahui olehnya pada masa itu). Dalam <i>The Na-Dene languages: A preliminary report</i>, beliau menerangkan bagaimana beliau memperoleh istilah itu (Sapir 1915, hlm. 558): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6366573">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 50px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.5em;padding-top:1.0em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nama yang telah saya pilih, <i>Na-dene</i>, mungkin wajar dengan merujuk kepada no. 51 daripada kosa kata perbandingan. <i>Dene</i>, dalam pelbagai bentuk dialekti, ialah istilah Athabaska yang meluas bagi "orang"; unsur <i>*-ne</i> (<i>*-n</i>, <i>*-η</i>) yang membentuk sebahagian daripadanya ialah dasar lama untuk "orang" yang, sebagai akhiran atau awalan, selalunya digunakan dalam Athabaska dalam pengertian itu. Ia adalah serumpun dengan H. [= Haida] <i>na</i> "menetap; rumah" dan Tl. [= Tlingit] <i>na</i> “orang”. Istilah majmuk <i>Na-dene</i> dengan itu merujuk kepada cara dasar asli tiga bahasa berkenaan, selain meneruskan penggunaan istilah lama <i>Dene</i> bagi cabang Athabaska.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pembahagian_keluarga">Pembahagian keluarga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Pembahagian keluarga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pembahagian keluarga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dalam teras yang tidak kontroversi, Na-Dene terdiri daripada dua cabang, Tlingit dan Athabaska–Eyak: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tlingit" title="Bahasa Tlingit">Tlingit</a>: 1,360 pembesar suara</li> <li>Athabaska–Eyak <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Eyak" title="Bahasa Eyak">Eyak</a>: penutur ibunda terakhir meninggal dunia pada 2008</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Athabaska" title="Bahasa-bahasa Athabaska">Athabaska</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Athabaska_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa-bahasa Athabaska Utara (laman tidak wujud)">Utara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Athabaska_Pantai_Pasifik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa-bahasa Athabaska Pantai Pasifik (laman tidak wujud)">Pantai Pasifik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Athabaska_Selatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa-bahasa Athabaska Selatan (laman tidak wujud)">Selatan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Bagi ahli bahasa yang menuruti Edward Sapir dalam menghubungkan Haida dengan bahasa di atas, Haida mewakili satu cabang tambahan, dengan Athabaska–Eyak–Tlingit bersama-sama membentuk satu lagi. Dene atau Dine (kelompok Athabaska) ialah sekumpulan bahasa asli yang wujud secara meluas yang dituturkan oleh orang yang berkaitan di <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Barat_Laut" title="Wilayah Barat Laut">Wilayah Barat Laut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, bahagian <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, utara <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barat_Daya_Amerika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barat Daya Amerika (laman tidak wujud)">Barat Daya Amerika</a> sehingga utara <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. </p><p>Bahagian barat daya Athabaska juga dipanggil Athabaska Selatan atau <a href="/wiki/Orang_Apache" title="Orang Apache"><i>Apachean</i></a>, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Navajo" title="Bahasa Navajo">Navajo</a> dan semua bahasa <a href="/wiki/Orang_Apache" title="Orang Apache">Apache</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eyak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eyak (laman tidak wujud)">Eyak</a> dituturkan di selatan-tengah Alaska; penutur ibunda terakhir meninggal dunia pada 2008. <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Navajo" title="Bahasa Navajo">Navajo</a> ialah bahasa yang paling banyak digunakan dalam keluarga Na-Dene, dituturkan di <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> dan kawasan lain di Barat Daya Amerika. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Profil_tipologi_Athabaska–Eyak–Tlingit"><span id="Profil_tipologi_Athabaska.E2.80.93Eyak.E2.80.93Tlingit"></span>Profil tipologi Athabaska–Eyak–Tlingit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Profil tipologi Athabaska–Eyak–Tlingit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Profil tipologi Athabaska–Eyak–Tlingit"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Semua bahasa ini berkongsi struktur kata kerja awalan yang sangat kompleks, di mana penanda kala dan mood diinterdigitasikan antara penanda gandingan subjek-objek. Ciri morfologi keluarga ialah rangkaian awalan yang ditemui secara langsung di hadapan kata kerja dasar yang menaikkan atau menurunkan transitiviti kata kerja. Awalan ini, secara tradisinya dikenali sebagai "pengelas", berasal dari segi sejarah daripada gabungan tiga kelas morfem yang berbeza, dan tidak terdapat dalam mana-mana keluarga bahasa asli Amerika yang lain. </p><p>Sistem fonem mengandungi sejumlah besar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsonan_dorsal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsonan dorsal (laman tidak wujud)">konsonan dorsal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_velar" title="Konsonan velar">velar</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Konsonan_uvular" title="Konsonan uvular">uvular</a>) (lazim dalam banyak bahasa Athabaska moden berbanding palatal dan velar, sepadan) serta ketiadaan umum penghalang (obstruen) bibir (kecuali jika /b/ timbul daripada *w). Dalam fonologi sejarah, terdapat kecenderungan meluas, boleh diperhatikan dalam banyak bahasa Athabaska, perbezaan tonal fonemik timbul daripada ciri <a href="/wiki/Konsonan_glotis" title="Konsonan glotis">glotis</a> yang asalnya ditemui pada akhir suku kata. Ciri-ciri glotis yang dimaksudkan selalunya jelas dalam Eyak atau Tlingit. Bahasa-bahasa ini secara tipologinya luar biasa kerana mengandungi sistem awalan yang luas, tetapi memiliki struktur SOV dan kata depan, ciri-ciri yang biasanya dikaitkan dengan bahasa berimbuhan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cadangan_hubungan_genealogi_lanjutan">Cadangan hubungan genealogi lanjutan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Cadangan hubungan genealogi lanjutan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Cadangan hubungan genealogi lanjutan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hubungan genealogi antara bahasa Tlingit, Eyak dan Athabaskan telah dicadangkan pada awal abad ke-19, tetapi tidak diterima secara universal sehingga lama kemudian. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Haida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Haida (laman tidak wujud)">Haida</a>, dengan 15 penutur fasih (M. Krauss, 1995), pada asalnya dikaitkan dengan Tlingit oleh Franz Boas pada 1894. Kedua-dua Haida dan Tlingit kemudiannya disambungkan ke Athabaska oleh Edward Sapir pada tahun 1915. Ahli bahasa seperti Lyle Campbell (1997) hari ini menganggap bahawa bukti yang adaa tidak dapat disimpulkan. Mereka telah mengklasifikasikan Haida sebagai <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_pencilan" title="Bahasa pencilan">bahasa terpencil</a>. Untuk menekankan kepencilan Haida, Campbell merujuk kepada keluarga bahasa sebagai <i>Athabaska–Eyak–Tlingit</i> berbanding <i>Na-Dene</i>. Pada 2010, Jeff Leer menerbitkan bahan utama yang luas tentang apa yang beliau panggil sebagai <i>PAET</i> (proto-Athabaska–Eyak–Tlingit). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dené–Yenisei"><span id="Den.C3.A9.E2.80.93Yenisei"></span>Dené–Yenisei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Dené–Yenisei" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Dené–Yenisei"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada 2008, Edward Vajda dari Universiti Washington Barat membentangkan bukti yang menunjukkan bahawa bahasa Na-Dene (Athabaska–Eyak–Tlingit) mungkin berkaitan dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Yenisei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa-bahasa Yenisei (laman tidak wujud)">keluarga bahasa Yenisei</a> dari Siberia, dengan satu-satunya bahasa wakil yang masih ada ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Ket (laman tidak wujud)">bahasa Ket</a>. </p><p>Bukti utama oleh metodologi perbandingan semasa, termasuk homologi dalam awalan kata kerja dan jalinan sistematik antara taburan nada Ket serta artikulasi konsonan yang terdapat dalam Athabaska–Eyak–Tlingit. Kertas kerja Vajda telah disemak dengan baik oleh beberapa pakar dalam kajian Na-Dene dan Yenisei. Kesimpulan seminar ini ialah perbandingan dengan data Yenisei menunjukkan bahawa Haida tidak boleh diklasifikasikan dalam unit genealogi dengan Athabaska–Eyak–Tlingit.<sup id="cite_ref-DYS_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DYS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cadangan_lain">Cadangan lain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Cadangan lain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Cadangan lain"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menurut pengelasan kontroversi Joseph Greenberg tentang bahasa peribumi Amerika Utara, Na-Dené (termasuk Haida) ialah salah satu daripada tiga kumpulan utama bahasa peribumi yang dituturkan di benua Amerika. Penyokong kontemporari teori Greenberg seperti Merritt Ruhlen telah mencadangkan bahawa keluarga bahasa Na-Dené mewakili penghijrahan yang berbeza orang dari <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> ke Dunia Baru yang berlaku enam hingga lapan ribu tahun yang lalu, meletakkannya sekitar empat ribu tahun kemudian daripada penghijrahan sebelumnya ke benua Amerika oleh penutur Amerindia; ini kekal sebagai hipotesis yang tidak terbukti.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruhlen membuat spekulasi bahawa penurut Na-Dené mungkin telah tiba dengan bot, pada mulanya menetap berhampiran <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haida_Gwaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haida Gwaii (laman tidak wujud)">Haida Gwaii</a>, kini di British Columbia, Kanada.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hipotesis pinggiran oleh Sergei Starostin mencadangkan bahawa Na-Dené (termasuk Haida) mungkin tergolong dalam keluarga super Dené–Kaukasus yang lebih luas, yang juga mengandungi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kaukasia_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kaukasia Utara (laman tidak wujud)">bahasa Kaukasia Utara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Sino-Tibet" title="Bahasa-bahasa Sino-Tibet">Sino-Tibet</a> dan Yenisei. Cadangan ini ditolak oleh hampir semua ahli bahasa semasa.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sekitar 1920, Edward Sapir menjadi yakin bahawa Na–Dené lebih berkait rapat dengan Sino–Tibet berbanding keluarga Amerika yang lain. Beliau mencadangkan bahawa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Sino-Tibet" title="Bahasa-bahasa Sino-Tibet">bahasa Sino-Tibet</a> mempunyai kaitan dengan Na-Dené.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cadangan Dené–Yenisei Edward Vadja memperbaharui minat dalam kalangan ahli bahasa seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Caveney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey Caveney (laman tidak wujud)">Geoffrey Caveney</a> (2014) untuk melihat sokongan terhadap hipotesis Sino–Dené. Caveney menganggap hubungan antara Sino–Tibet, Na–Dené, dan Yeniseian adalah munasabah, tetapi tidak menyokong hipotesis bahawa Sino–Tibet dan Na–Dené berkait dengan bahasa Kaukasia Utara (Sino–Kaukasia dan Dené–Kaukasia).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nota_kaki">Nota kaki</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Nota kaki" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Nota kaki"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Glottolog-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFGlottolog2017" class="citation book cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, penyunting (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/atha1245">"Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 3.0</a></i>. 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Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Earliest+Americans+arrived+in+3+waves%2C+not+1%2C+DNA+study+finds&rft.date=2012-07-11&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F07%2F12%2Fscience%2Fearliest-americans-arrived-in-3-waves-not-1-dna-study-finds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa-bahasa+Na-Dene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/mt.html/?a=6Na">"Center for the Study of the First Americans"</a>. Texas A&M University. 2011-05-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161120212958/http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/mt.html/?a=6Na">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 2016-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Center+for+the+Study+of+the+First+Americans&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University&rft.date=2011-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centerfirstamericans.com%2Fmt.html%2F%3Fa%3D6Na&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa-bahasa+Na-Dene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSanchez-MazasBlenchRossPeiros2008" class="citation book cs1">Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Peiros, Ilia; Lin, Marie (2008-07-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1gKF9iWqt0gC&q=%22sino-austronesian%22+%22sino-caucasian%22&pg=RA1-PT151"><i>Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9781134149629" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9781134149629"><bdi>9781134149629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Past+Human+Migrations+in+East+Asia%3A+Matching+Archaeology%2C+Linguistics+and+Genetics&rft.date=2008-07-25&rft.isbn=9781134149629&rft.aulast=Sanchez-Mazas&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rft.au=Blench%2C+Roger&rft.au=Ross%2C+Malcolm+D.&rft.au=Peiros%2C+Ilia&rft.au=Lin%2C+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1gKF9iWqt0gC%26q%3D%2522sino-austronesian%2522%2B%2522sino-caucasian%2522%26pg%3DRA1-PT151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa-bahasa+Na-Dene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyle_Campbell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyle Campbell (laman tidak wujud)">Campbell, Lyle</a> (1997). <i>American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America</i>. 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(penyunting), <i>Linguistics in North America</i>, Current Trends in Linguistics, <b>10</b>, The Hague: Mouton, m/s. 903–978</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Na-Dene&rft.btitle=Linguistics+in+North+America&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.series=Current+Trends+in+Linguistics&rft.pages=903-978&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa-bahasa+Na-Dene" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLeer1979" class="citation cs2">Leer, Jeff (1979), <i>Proto-Athabaskan verb stem variation, part one: Phonology</i>, Alaska Native Language Center Papers, <b>1</b>, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proto-Athabaskan+verb+stem+variation%2C+part+one%3A+Phonology&rft.place=Fairbanks%2C+Alaska&rft.series=Alaska+Native+Language+Center+Papers&rft.pub=Alaska+Native+Language+Center&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Leer&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa-bahasa+Na-Dene" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLeer1989" class="citation cs2">Leer, Jeff (1989), "Directional systems in Athapaskan and Na-Dene", dalam Cook, Eung-Do; Rice, Keren (penyunting), <i>Athapaskan linguistics: Current perspectives on a language family</i>, Trends in linguistics: State of the art reports, <b>15</b>, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, m/s. 575–622, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-89925-282-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-89925-282-7"><bdi>978-0-89925-282-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Directional+systems+in+Athapaskan+and+Na-Dene&rft.btitle=Athapaskan+linguistics%3A+Current+perspectives+on+a+language+family&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Trends+in+linguistics%3A+State+of+the+art+reports&rft.pages=575-622&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-89925-282-7&rft.aulast=Leer&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa-bahasa+Na-Dene" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLeer2010" class="citation cs2">Leer, Jeff (2010), Kari, James; Potter, Ben (penyunting), "<i>The Dene–Yeniseian Connection</i>", <i>Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska</i>, 5 (new series): 33–99, 168–193</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Papers+of+the+University+of+Alaska&rft.atitle=The+Dene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+Connection&rft.volume=5+%28new+series%29&rft.pages=33-99%2C+168-193&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Leer&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa-bahasa+Na-Dene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLeerHitchRitter2001" class="citation cs2">Leer, Jeff; Hitch, Doug & Ritter, John (2001), <i>Interior Tlingit noun dictionary: The dialects spoken by Tlingit elders of Carcross and Teslin, Yukon, and Atlin, British Columbia</i>, Whitehorse, Yukon Territory: Yukon Native Language Centre, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-55242-227-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-55242-227-4"><bdi>978-1-55242-227-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interior+Tlingit+noun+dictionary%3A+The+dialects+spoken+by+Tlingit+elders+of+Carcross+and+Teslin%2C+Yukon%2C+and+Atlin%2C+British+Columbia&rft.place=Whitehorse%2C+Yukon+Territory&rft.pub=Yukon+Native+Language+Centre&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55242-227-4&rft.aulast=Leer&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Hitch%2C+Doug&rft.au=Ritter%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa-bahasa+Na-Dene" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1979" class="citation cs2">Levine, Robert D. (1979), "Haida and Na-Dene: A new look at the evidence", <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>, <b>45</b> (2): 157–170, <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F465587">10.1086/465587</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143503584">143503584</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Haida+and+Na-Dene%3A+A+new+look+at+the+evidence&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157-170&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F465587&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143503584%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa-bahasa+Na-Dene" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFManaster_Ramer1996" class="citation cs2">Manaster Ramer, A. (1996), "Sapir's Classifications: Haida and the Other Na-Dene Languages", <i>Anthropological Linguistics</i>, <b>38</b> (2): 179–216, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/30028930">30028930</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Sapir%27s+Classifications%3A+Haida+and+the+Other+Na-Dene+Languages&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-216&rft.date=1996&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30028930%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Manaster+Ramer&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa-bahasa+Na-Dene" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPinnow1962" class="citation cs2">Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen (1962), "Two problems of the historical phonology of Na-Dene languages", <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>, <b>28</b>: 162–166</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Two+problems+of+the+historical+phonology+of+Na-Dene+languages&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=162-166&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Pinnow&rft.aufirst=Heinz-J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa-bahasa+Na-Dene" class="Z3988"></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pengesahan" title="Wikipedia:Pengesahan"><span title="Bahan berhampiran tag ini gagal mengesahkan sumber petikan. (February 2010)">tiada dalam ayat yang diberikan</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPinnow1964" class="citation cs2">Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen (1964), "On the historical position of Tlingit", <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>, <b>30</b> (2): 155–164, <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F464770">10.1086/464770</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144439574">144439574</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=On+the+historical+position+of+Tlingit&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155-164&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F464770&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144439574%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pinnow&rft.aufirst=Heinz-J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa-bahasa+Na-Dene" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPinnow1966" class="citation cs2">Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen (1966), <i>Grundzüge einer historischen Lautlehre des Tlingit</i> (dalam bahasa Jerman), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grundz%C3%BCge+einer+historischen+Lautlehre+des+Tlingit&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Pinnow&rft.aufirst=Heinz-J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa-bahasa+Na-Dene" class="Z3988"></span>. <span class="languageicon">(dalam bahasa Jerman)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPinnow1968a" class="citation cs2">Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen (1968a), "Genetic relationships versus borrowing in Na-Dene", <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>, <b>34</b> (3): 194–203, <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F465015">10.1086/465015</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144800160">144800160</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Genetic+relationships+versus+borrowing+in+Na-Dene&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=194-203&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F465015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144800160%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pinnow&rft.aufirst=Heinz-J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa-bahasa+Na-Dene" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPinnow1968b" class="citation cs2">Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen (1968b), "Sprachhistorische Studien zur Verbstammvariation im Tlingit", <i>Orbis</i> (dalam bahasa Jerman), <b>17</b>: 509–531</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orbis&rft.atitle=Sprachhistorische+Studien+zur+Verbstammvariation+im+Tlingit&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=509-531&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Pinnow&rft.aufirst=Heinz-J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa-bahasa+Na-Dene" class="Z3988"></span>. <span class="languageicon">(dalam bahasa Jerman)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPinnow1970" class="citation cs2">Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen (1970), "Notes on the classifiers in the Na-Dene languages", <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>, <b>36</b> (1): 63–67, <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F465094">10.1086/465094</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145769810">145769810</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+classifiers+in+the+Na-Dene+languages&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-67&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F465094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145769810%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pinnow&rft.aufirst=Heinz-J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa-bahasa+Na-Dene" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPinnow1976" class="citation cs2">Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen (1976), <i>Geschichte der Na-Dene-Forschung</i>, Indiana Beihefte (dalam bahasa Jerman), <b>5</b>, Berlin: Mann, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-3-7861-3027-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-3-7861-3027-7"><bdi>978-3-7861-3027-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Na-Dene-Forschung&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Indiana+Beihefte&rft.pub=Mann&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-3-7861-3027-7&rft.aulast=Pinnow&rft.aufirst=Heinz-J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa-bahasa+Na-Dene" class="Z3988"></span>. <span class="languageicon">(dalam bahasa Jerman)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPinnow1985" class="citation cs2">Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen (1985), <i>Das Haida als Na-Dene Sprache</i>, Abhandlungen der völkerkundlichen Arbeitsgemeinschaft (dalam bahasa Jerman), 43–46, Nortorf, Germany: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Haida+als+Na-Dene+Sprache&rft.place=Nortorf%2C+Germany&rft.series=Abhandlungen+der+v%C3%B6lkerkundlichen+Arbeitsgemeinschaft&rft.pub=V%C3%B6lkerkundliche+Arbeitsgemeinschaft&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Pinnow&rft.aufirst=Heinz-J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa-bahasa+Na-Dene" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPinnow2006a" class="citation cs2">Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen (2006a), <i>Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Lichte der Greenberg-Klassifikation</i> [<i>The Na-Déné Languages in Light of Greenberg's Classification</i>] (dalam bahasa Jerman) (ed. 2nd revised), Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Na-Dene-Sprachen+im+Lichte+der+Greenberg-Klassifikation&rft.place=Bredstedt&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.pub=Druckerei+Lempfert&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pinnow&rft.aufirst=Heinz-J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa-bahasa+Na-Dene" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPinnow2006b" class="citation cs2">Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen (2006b), "Sprachhistorische Untersuchung zur Stellung des Haida als Na-Dene-Sprache", <i>Unveränderte Neuausgabe aus INDIANA 10, Gedenkschrift Gerdt Kutscher. 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(2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/1808/16191/1/Crawford_HB_74%286%29743.pdf">"Genetic Evidence for the phylogenetic relationship between Na-Dene and Yeniseian speakers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Human Biology</i>, <b>74</b> (6): 743–761, <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhub.2003.0011">10.1353/hub.2003.0011</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (laman tidak wujud)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/1808%2F16191">1808/16191</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12617487">12617487</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Na-Dene+middle+voice%3A+An+impersonal+source+of+the+D-element&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=351-378&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F466304&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143682890%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Chad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa-bahasa+Na-Dene" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFVajda2010" class="citation cs2">Vajda, Edward (2010), Kari, James; Potter, Ben (penyunting), "<i>The Dene–Yeniseian Connection</i>", <i>Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska</i>, 5 (new series): 33–99</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Papers+of+the+University+of+Alaska&rft.atitle=The+Dene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+Connection&rft.volume=5+%28new+series%29&rft.pages=33-99&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Vajda&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa-bahasa+Na-Dene" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa-bahasa_Na-Dene&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a 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