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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pre-Columbian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_era_(1519–1821)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_era_(1519–1821)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Spanish era (1519–1821) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_era_(1519–1821)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_and_Central_America_(1821–1847)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_and_Central_America_(1821–1847)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Independence and Central America (1821–1847) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_and_Central_America_(1821–1847)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carrera_government_(1847–1851)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carrera_government_(1847–1851)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Carrera government (1847–1851) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carrera_government_(1847–1851)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Carrera_government_(1851–1865)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Carrera_government_(1851–1865)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Second Carrera government (1851–1865) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Carrera_government_(1851–1865)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vicente_Cerna_y_Cerna_regime_(1865–1871)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vicente_Cerna_y_Cerna_regime_(1865–1871)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Vicente Cerna y Cerna regime (1865–1871) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vicente_Cerna_y_Cerna_regime_(1865–1871)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal_governments_(1871–1898)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_governments_(1871–1898)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.4 Liberal governments (1871–1898) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_governments_(1871–1898)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuel_Estrada_Cabrera_regime_(1898–1920)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuel_Estrada_Cabrera_regime_(1898–1920)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.5 Manuel Estrada Cabrera regime (1898–1920) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuel_Estrada_Cabrera_regime_(1898–1920)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jorge_Ubico_regime_(1931–1944)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jorge_Ubico_regime_(1931–1944)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.6 Jorge Ubico regime (1931–1944) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jorge_Ubico_regime_(1931–1944)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guatemalan_Revolution_(1944–1954)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guatemalan_Revolution_(1944–1954)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.7 Guatemalan Revolution (1944–1954) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guatemalan_Revolution_(1944–1954)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coup_and_civil_war_(1954–1996)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coup_and_civil_war_(1954–1996)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.8 Coup and civil war (1954–1996) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coup_and_civil_war_(1954–1996)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1996–2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1996–2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.9 1996–2000 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1996–2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.10 Since 2000 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pérez_Molina_government_and_"La_Línea"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pérez_Molina_government_and_"La_Línea""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.10.1 Pérez Molina government and "La Línea" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pérez_Molina_government_and_"La_Línea"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jimmy_Morales_and_Alejandro_Giammattei_in_power_(2016–2024)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jimmy_Morales_and_Alejandro_Giammattei_in_power_(2016–2024)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.10.2 Jimmy Morales and Alejandro Giammattei in power (2016–2024) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jimmy_Morales_and_Alejandro_Giammattei_in_power_(2016–2024)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bernardo_Arévalo_and_Movimiento_Semilla_(2024–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bernardo_Arévalo_and_Movimiento_Semilla_(2024–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.10.3 Bernardo Arévalo and Movimiento Semilla (2024–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bernardo_Arévalo_and_Movimiento_Semilla_(2024–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_disasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Natural disasters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_disasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Political system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_integration_and_bilingual_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_integration_and_bilingual_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Indigenous integration and bilingual education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_integration_and_bilingual_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Largest cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_news" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_news"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Media and news </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_news-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7.1 Football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Futsal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Futsal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7.2 Futsal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Futsal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olympics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olympics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7.3 Olympics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olympics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7.4 Other sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Guatemala</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 238 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-238" aria-hidden="true" > 238 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8D" title="Гуатемалэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Гуатемалэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%93%E1%89%B4%E1%88%9B%E1%88%8B" title="ጓቴማላ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጓቴማላ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="ग्वाटेमाला – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ग्वाटेमाला" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гватемала – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Гватемала" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="غواتيمالا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غواتيمالا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goatemala" title="Goatemala – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Goatemala" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatem%C3%A1la" title="Guatemála – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Guatemála" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watimala" title="Watimala – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Watimala" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qvatemala" title="Qvatemala – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qvatemala" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="قواتمالا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قواتمالا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatemala" title="Gatemala – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Gatemala" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="গুয়াতেমালা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গুয়াতেমালা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гватемала – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гватемала" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гватэмала – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гватэмала" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гватэмала – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гватэмала" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="ग्वाटेमाला – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ग्वाटेमाला" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwatemala" title="Gwatemala – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Gwatemala" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гватемала – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гватемала" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="གུ་ཝེ་ཐི་མ་ལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གུ་ཝེ་ཐི་མ་ལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvatemala" title="Gvatemala – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gvatemala" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гватемала – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гватемала" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гватемала – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гватемала" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwatemala" title="Guwatemala – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Guwatemala" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwatemala" title="Gwatemala – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwatemala" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DD%A3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ݣواطيمالا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ݣواطيمالا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8E%DE%AA%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%93%DE%AC%DE%89%DE%A7%DE%8D%DE%A7" title="ގުއަޓެމާލާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ގުއަޓެމާލާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsin%C5%82%C3%A1n%C3%ADtah_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Tsinłánítah Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsinłánítah Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="ग्वाटेमाला – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="ग्वाटेमाला" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Γουατεμάλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γουατεμάλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гватемала – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Гватемала" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvatemalo" title="Gvatemalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gvatemalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="گواتمالا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گواتمالا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BBatemala" title="Gûatemala – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gûatemala" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatamala" title="Guatamala – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Guatamala" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Ghuatemaley" title="Yn Ghuatemaley – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Ghuatemaley" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvatemala" title="Gvatemala – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Gvatemala" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatamala" title="Guatamala – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Guatamala" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="گۊاتمالا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="گۊاتمالا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="ग्वाटेमाला – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ग्वाटेमाला" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%ED%85%8C%EB%A7%90%EB%9D%BC" title="과테말라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="과테말라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala_(%C6%99asa)" title="Guatemala (ƙasa) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Guatemala (ƙasa)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1" title="Գվատեմալա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գվատեմալա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="ग्वाटेमाला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्वाटेमाला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvatemala" title="Gvatemala – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gvatemala" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="গুয়াতেমালা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="গুয়াতেমালা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%C3%A6" title="Гватемалæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гватемалæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvatemala" title="Gvatemala – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gvatemala" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%94" title="גואטמלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גואטמלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guat%C3%A9mala" title="Guatémala – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Guatémala" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwatemala" title="Kuwatemala – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kuwatemala" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2" title="ಗ್ವಾಟೆಮಾಲ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗ್ವಾಟೆಮಾಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatem%C3%A1la" title="Guatemála – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Guatemála" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гватемала – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Гватемала" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="გვატემალა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გვატემალა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гватемала – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гватемала" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwatemala" title="Gwatemala – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gwatemala" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwatemala" title="Gwatemala – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Gwatemala" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гватемала – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Гватемала" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwatemala" title="Gwatemala – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gwatemala" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwat%C3%A9mala" title="Gwatémala – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Gwatémala" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гватемала – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гватемала" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гватемала – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Гватемала" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A7%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2" title="ປະເທດກົວເຕມາລາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດກົວເຕມາລາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatimala" title="Guatimala – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Guatimala" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvatemala" title="Gvatemala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gvatemala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvatemala" title="Gvatemala – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gvatemala" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwatemala" title="Gwatemala – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Gwatemala" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvatemala" title="Gvatemala – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Gvatemala" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/guatemal" title="guatemal – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="guatemal" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гватемала – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гватемала" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goatemala" title="Goatemala – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Goatemala" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2" title="ഗ്വാട്ടിമാല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്വാട്ടിമാല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwatemala" title="Gwatemala – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Gwatemala" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuatamara" title="Kuatamara – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kuatamara" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="ग्वातेमाला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्वातेमाला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="გვატემალა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გვატემალა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="جواتيمالا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جواتيمالا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A2%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="گوآتمالا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گوآتمالا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯒ꯭ꯋꯥꯇꯦꯃꯥꯂꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯒ꯭ꯋꯥꯇꯦꯃꯥꯂꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гватэмала – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Гватэмала" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Гватемал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гватемал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဂွါတီမာလာနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂွါတီမာလာနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="ग्वाटेमाला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ग्वाटेमाला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="ग्वाटेमाला – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ग्वाटेमाला" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A2%E3%83%86%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A9" title="グアテマラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グアテマラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гватемала – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гватемала" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemaala" title="Guatemaala – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Guatemaala" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гватемала – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Гватемала" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%27aatimaalaa" title="Gu'aatimaalaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Gu'aatimaalaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvatemala" title="Gvatemala – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gvatemala" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਗੁਆਤੇਮਾਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਆਤੇਮਾਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="ग्वाटेमाला – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="ग्वाटेमाला" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuatimala" title="Kuatimala – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Kuatimala" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%B9%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="گویٹے مالا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گویٹے مالا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ګواتيمالا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګواتيمالا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatimaala" title="Guatimaala – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Guatimaala" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6" title="ក្វាតេម៉ាឡា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ក្វាតេម៉ាឡា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwatemala" title="Gwatemala – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gwatemala" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvatemala" title="Gvatemala – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Gvatemala" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvatemala" title="Gvatemala – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Gvatemala" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watimala" title="Watimala – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Watimala" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ґватемала – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґватемала" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гватемала – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гватемала" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гватемала – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Гватемала" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatemala" title="Tuatemala – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Tuatemala" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="ग्वाटेमाला – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ग्वाटेमाला" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱜᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱣᱟᱴᱮᱢᱟᱞᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ග්වාතමාලාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ග්වාතමාලාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="گواتيمالا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گواتيمالا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGwathamala" title="IGwathamala – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IGwathamala" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala_(%C5%A1t%C3%A1t)" title="Guatemala (štát) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Guatemala (štát)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvatemala" title="Gvatemala – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gvatemala" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwatymala" title="Gwatymala – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Gwatymala" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwatimala" title="Guwatimala – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Guwatimala" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="گواتیمالا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گواتیمالا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гватемала – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гватемала" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvatemala" title="Gvatemala – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gvatemala" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guat%C3%A9mala" title="Guatémala – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Guatémala" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE" title="குவாத்தமாலா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குவாத்தமாலா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwatimala" title="Gwatimala – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Gwatimala" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гватемала – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гватемала" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%82%82%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၵႂႃႇတမႃႇလႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၵႂႃႇတမႃႇလႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE" title="గ్వాటెమాలా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్వాటెమాలా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="ประเทศกัวเตมาลา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศกัวเตมาลา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гватемала – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гватемала" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuatamala" title="Kuatamala – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Kuatamala" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwatemala" title="Gwatemala – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gwatemala" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гватемала – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Гватемала" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гватемала – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гватемала" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="گواتیمالا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گواتیمالا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8B%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%90%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="گۋاتېمالا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گۋاتېمالا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatema%C5%82a" title="Guatemała – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Guatemała" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvatemal" title="Gvatemal – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Gvatemal" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvatem%C3%A4n" title="Gvatemän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Gvatemän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E5%9C%B0%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89" title="瓜地馬拉 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="瓜地馬拉" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwaatemala" title="Guwaatemala – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Guwaatemala" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B1%E5%9C%B0%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89" title="危地马拉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="危地马拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2" title="גוואטעמאלע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גוואטעמאלע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guat%E1%BA%B9m%C3%A1l%C3%A0" title="Guatẹmálà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Guatẹmálà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B1%E5%9C%B0%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89" title="危地馬拉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="危地馬拉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Guatemala" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvatemala" title="Gvatemala – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gvatemala" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B1%E5%9C%B0%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89" title="危地马拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="危地马拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guatemala&params=15_30_N_90_15_W_">15°30′N 90°15′W / 15.500°N 90.250°W / 15.500; -90.250</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until March 26, 2025 at 02:44 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Central America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country in Central America. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Guatemala (disambiguation)">Guatemala (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Guatemala</div><div class="ib-country-names">República de Guatemala (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Guatemala.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Guatemala"><img alt="Flag of Guatemala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/125px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/188px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/250px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Guatemala" title="Flag of Guatemala">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Guatemala"><img alt="Coat of arms of Guatemala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="826" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala" title="Coat of arms of Guatemala"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: Libre crezca fecundo<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanco_de_Guatemala1996-1">[1]</a> (Spanish) "Grow Free and Fecund"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem:  <a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Guatemala" title="National anthem of Guatemala">Himno Nacional de Guatemala</a> (English: "National Anthem of Guatemala")<audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="98" data-mwtitle="National_anthem_of_Guatemala,_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/National_anthem_of_Guatemala%2C_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/National_anthem_of_Guatemala%2C_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga/National_anthem_of_Guatemala%2C_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">March: <a href="/wiki/La_Granadera" title="La Granadera">La Granadera</a> (English: "The Song of the Grenadier") <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="106" data-mwtitle="La_Granadera.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/La_Granadera.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/La_Granadera.ogg/La_Granadera.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Guatemala_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Guatemala_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Guatemala_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Guatemala_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Guatemala_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Guatemala_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Guatemala_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a>Location on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Un-guatemala.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Un-guatemala.png/220px-Un-guatemala.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Un-guatemala.png/330px-Un-guatemala.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Un-guatemala.png/440px-Un-guatemala.png 2x" data-file-width="2493" data-file-height="2947" /></a>Guatemala and its neighbors</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guatemala&params=14_38_N_90_30_W_type:city">14°38′N 90°30′W / 14.633°N 90.500°W / 14.633; -90.500</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Spanish" title="Guatemalan Spanish">Spanish</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised national languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised regional languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna_language" title="Garifuna language">Garifuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xinca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2018)<a href="#cite_note-censopoblacion.gt-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>56.01% <a href="/wiki/Ladino_people" title="Ladino people">Ladino</a></li><li>41.66% <a href="/wiki/Maya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya people">Maya</a></li><li>1.77% <a href="/wiki/Xinca_people" title="Xinca people">Xinca</a></li><li>0.19% <a href="/wiki/Afro-Guatemalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Guatemalan">Black</a></li><li>0.13% <a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a></li><li>0.24% Other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2017)<a href="#cite_note-state2017-3">[3]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>88% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>45% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Guatemala" title="Catholic Church in Guatemala">Roman Catholic</a></li> <li>42% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></li> <li>1% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li>11% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Latin_America" title="Irreligion in Latin America">no religion</a></li><li>1% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guatemalans" title="Guatemalans">Guatemalan</a> Chapín Guatemalteco (M) Guatemalteca (F)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guatemala" title="Politics of Guatemala">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Guatemala" title="President of Guatemala">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Bernardo Arévalo">Bernardo Arévalo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Guatemala" title="Vice President of Guatemala">Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karin_Herrera" title="Karin Herrera">Karin Herrera</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala">President of the Congress</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nery_Ramos" title="Nery Ramos">Nery Ramos</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Guatemala" title="Congress of the Republic of Guatemala">Congress of the Republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Independence</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Declared <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 September 1821</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Declared from the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1823</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Declared from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 April 1839</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Current constitution </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 March 1847</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guatemala" title="Geography of Guatemala">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">108,889 km2 (42,042 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">105th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.4</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Guatemala" title="Demographics of Guatemala">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 17,980,803<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">70th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">166/km2 (429.9/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">80th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2025 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $278.508 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.GT-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">77th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $15,386<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.GT-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">121nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2025 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $120.964 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.GT-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">70th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $6,682<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.GT-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">108th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2014)</th><td class="infobox-data">48.3<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>high inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.629<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">medium (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">136th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_quetzal" title="Guatemalan quetzal">Quetzal</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">GTQ</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>−6 (<a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">CST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Guatemala" title="Telephone numbers in Guatemala">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Guatemala" title="Telephone numbers in Guatemala">+502</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GT" title="ISO 3166-2:GT">GT</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.gt" title=".gt">.gt</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Guatemala,<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a> officially the Republic of Guatemala,<a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>. It is bordered to the north and west by <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, to the northeast by <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, to the east by <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, and to the southeast by <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>. It is hydrologically bordered to the south by the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> and to the northeast by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Honduras" title="Gulf of Honduras">Gulf of Honduras</a>. The territory of modern Guatemala hosted the core of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a>, which extended across <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>; in the 16th century, most of this was <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">conquered by the Spanish</a> and claimed as part of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">viceroyalty</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>. Guatemala attained independence from Spain and Mexico in 1821. From 1823 to 1841, it was part of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a>. For the latter half of the 19th century, Guatemala suffered instability and civil strife. From the early 20th century, it was ruled by a series of dictators backed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. In 1944, authoritarian leader <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Ubico" title="Jorge Ubico">Jorge Ubico</a> was overthrown by a pro-democratic military coup, initiating <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Revolution" title="Guatemalan Revolution">a decade-long revolution</a> that led to social and economic reforms. In 1954, <a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">a US-backed military coup</a> ended the revolution and installed a dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlakeley2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrft8AgAAQBAJpgPA92_92]-10">[8]</a> From 1960 to 1996, Guatemala <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">endured a bloody civil war</a> fought between the US-backed government and <a href="/wiki/Leftist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftist">leftist</a> rebels, including <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_genocide" title="Guatemalan genocide">genocidal massacres</a> of the Maya population perpetrated by the Guatemalan military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2008171-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolano20123–15-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavarro1999-13">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> negotiated a peace accord, resulting in economic growth and successive democratic elections. Guatemala's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems includes many endemic species and contributes to Mesoamerica's designation as a <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConservation_International2007-14">[12]</a> Although rich in export goods, around a quarter of the population (4.6 million) face <a href="/wiki/Food_insecurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Food insecurity">food insecurity</a>. Other extant major issues include poverty, crime, corruption, drug trafficking, and civil instability. With an estimated population of around 17.6 million,<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-16">[14]</a> Guatemala is the most populous country in Central America, the 4th most populous country in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and the 11th most populous country in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. Its capital and largest city, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a>, is the most populous city in Central America. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The name "Guatemala" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl language">Nahuatl</a> word Cuauhtēmallān, or "place of many trees", a derivative of the <a href="/wiki/K%27iche%27_people" class="mw-redirect" title="K'iche' people">K'iche' Mayan</a> word for "many trees"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1997-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroika_study_abroad_programs2006-18">[16]</a> or, perhaps more specifically, for the Cuate/Cuatli tree <a href="/wiki/Eysenhardtia" title="Eysenhardtia">Eysenhardtia</a>. This name was originally used by the <a href="/wiki/Mexica" title="Mexica">Mexica</a> to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_people" title="Kaqchikel people">Kaqchikel</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Iximche" title="Iximche">Iximche</a>, but was extended to refer to the whole country during the Spanish colonial period.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Guatemala" title="History of Guatemala">History of Guatemala</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian">Pre-Columbian</h3></div> The first evidence of human habitation in Guatemala dates to 12,000 BC. Archaeological evidence, such as <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a> <a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">arrowheads</a> found in various parts of the country, suggests a human presence as early as 18,000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> There is archaeological proof that early Guatemalan settlers were <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter-gatherers">hunter-gatherers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a> cultivation had been developed by the people by 3500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> Sites dating to 6500 BC have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Quich%C3%A9_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiché department">Quiché</a> region in the Highlands, and <a href="/wiki/Sipacate" title="Sipacate">Sipacate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Escuintla" title="Escuintla">Escuintla</a> on the central Pacific coast. Archaeologists divide the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian</a> history of Mesoamerica into the Preclassic period (3000 BC to 250 AD), the Classic period (250 to 900 AD), and the Postclassic period (900 to 1500 AD).<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> Until recently, the Preclassic was regarded by researchers as a formative period, in which the peoples typically lived in huts in small villages of farmers, with few permanent buildings. This notion has been challenged since the late 20th century by discoveries of monumental architecture from that period, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mirador_Basin" title="Mirador Basin">Mirador Basin</a> cities of <a href="/wiki/Nakb%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakbé">Nakbé</a>, Xulnal, <a href="/wiki/El_Tintal" title="El Tintal">El Tintal</a>, Wakná and <a href="/wiki/El_Mirador" title="El Mirador">El Mirador</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tikal_mayan_ruins_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tikal_mayan_ruins_2009.jpg/300px-Tikal_mayan_ruins_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tikal_mayan_ruins_2009.jpg/450px-Tikal_mayan_ruins_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tikal_mayan_ruins_2009.jpg/600px-Tikal_mayan_ruins_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption>Maya city of <a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></figcaption></figure> The Classic period of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican">Mesoamerican</a> civilization corresponds to the height of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a>. It is represented by countless sites throughout Guatemala, although the largest concentration is in <a href="/wiki/Pet%C3%A9n_Basin" title="Petén Basin">Petén</a>. This period is characterized by urbanisation, the emergence of independent city-states, and contact with other Mesoamerican cultures.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> This lasted until approximately 900 AD, when the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_collapse" title="Classic Maya collapse">Classic Maya civilization collapsed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gill_2000-25">[23]</a> The Maya abandoned many of the cities of the central lowlands or were killed by a drought-induced <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gill_2000-25">[23]</a> The cause of the collapse is debated, but the drought theory is gaining currency, supported by evidence such as lakebeds, ancient pollen, and others.<a href="#cite_note-Gill_2000-25">[23]</a> A series of prolonged droughts in what is otherwise a seasonal desert is thought to have decimated the Maya, who relied on regular rainfall to support their dense population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster2000-26">[24]</a> The Post-Classic period is represented by regional kingdoms, such as the <a href="/wiki/Itza_people" title="Itza people">Itza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kowoj" title="Kowoj">Kowoj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yalain" title="Yalain">Yalain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kejache" title="Kejache">Kejache</a> in Petén, and the <a href="/wiki/Mam_people" title="Mam people">Mam</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%27iche%27_people" class="mw-redirect" title="K'iche' people">Ki'che'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_people" title="Kaqchikel people">Kackchiquel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chajoma" title="Chajoma">Chajoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tz%27utujil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tz'utujil people">Tz'utujil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poqomchi%27_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Poqomchi' people">Poqomchi'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Q%27eqchi%27_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Q'eqchi' people">Q'eqchi'</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ch%27orti%27_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ch'orti' people">Ch'orti'</a> peoples in the highlands. Their cities preserved many aspects of Maya culture. The Maya civilization shares many features with other Mesoamerican civilizations due to the high degree of interaction and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diffusion" title="Cultural diffusion">cultural diffusion</a> that characterized the region. Advances such as writing, <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">calendar</a> did not originate with the Maya; however, their civilization fully developed them. Maya influence can be detected from <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, Guatemala, and Northern <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> to as far north as central Mexico, more than 1,000 km (620 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mesoamerica#Maya_Region" title="Geography of Mesoamerica">Maya area</a>. Many outside influences are found in <a href="/wiki/Maya_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya art">Maya art</a> and architecture, which are thought to have resulted from trade and cultural exchange rather than direct external conquest. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_era_(1519–1821)">Spanish era (1519–1821)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Spanish conquest of Guatemala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Spanish conquest of Petén</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_de_Alvarado_(Tom%C3%A1s_Povedano).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a bearded man in early 16th-century attire including prominent ruff collar, wearing a decorative breastplate, with his right hand resting on his hip and his left hand grasping a cane, or riding crop." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pedro_de_Alvarado_%28Tom%C3%A1s_Povedano%29.jpg/170px-Pedro_de_Alvarado_%28Tom%C3%A1s_Povedano%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pedro_de_Alvarado_%28Tom%C3%A1s_Povedano%29.jpg/255px-Pedro_de_Alvarado_%28Tom%C3%A1s_Povedano%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pedro_de_Alvarado_%28Tom%C3%A1s_Povedano%29.jpg/340px-Pedro_de_Alvarado_%28Tom%C3%A1s_Povedano%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2302" data-file-height="3211" /></a><figcaption>The Conquistador Pedro de Alvarado led the initial Spanish efforts to conquer Guatemala.<a href="#cite_note-Lovell05p58-27">[25]</a></figcaption></figure> After they arrived in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, the Spanish started several expeditions to Guatemala, beginning in 1519. Before long, Spanish contact resulted in an epidemic that devastated native populations. <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a>, who had led the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of Mexico">Spanish conquest of Mexico</a>, granted a permit to Captains Gonzalo de Alvarado and his brother, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a>, to conquer this land. Alvarado at first allied himself with the <a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_people" title="Kaqchikel people">Kaqchikel nation</a> to fight against their traditional rivals the <a href="/wiki/K%27iche%27_kingdom_of_Q%27umarkaj" class="mw-redirect" title="K'iche' kingdom of Q'umarkaj">K'iche' (Quiché) nation</a>. Alvarado later turned against the Kaqchikel, and eventually brought the entire region under Spanish domination.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> During the colonial period, Guatemala was an <a href="/wiki/Audiencia_Real" class="mw-redirect" title="Audiencia Real">audiencia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Captaincy" title="Captaincy">captaincy-general</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Capitanía General de Guatemala</a>) of Spain, and a part of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (Mexico).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster200069–71-29">[27]</a> The first capital, Villa de Santiago de Guatemala (now known as <a href="/wiki/Tecpan_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Tecpan Guatemala">Tecpan Guatemala</a>), was founded on 25 July 1524 near <a href="/wiki/Iximch%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Iximché">Iximché</a>, the Kaqchikel capital city. The capital was moved to <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Vieja" title="Ciudad Vieja">Ciudad Vieja</a> on 22 November 1527, as a result of a Kaqchikel attack on Villa de Santiago de Guatemala. Owing to its strategic location on the American Pacific Coast, Guatemala became a supplementary node to the Transpacific <a href="/wiki/Manila_Galleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila Galleon">Manila Galleon</a> trade connecting Latin America to Asia via the Spanish owned Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> On 11 September 1541, the new capital was flooded when the lagoon in the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater" title="Volcanic crater">crater</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_de_Agua" title="Volcán de Agua">Agua Volcano</a> collapsed due to heavy rains and earthquakes; the capital was then moved 6 km (4 mi) to <a href="/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala" title="Antigua Guatemala">Antigua</a> in the Panchoy Valley, now a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. This city was destroyed by several earthquakes in 1773–1774. The King of Spain authorized moving the capital to its current location in the Ermita Valley, which is named after a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic church">Catholic church</a> dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgen del Carmen</a>. This new capital was founded on 2 January 1776. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_and_Central_America_(1821–1847)">Independence and Central America (1821–1847)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Independenciacentroamerica2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Independenciacentroamerica2.jpg/220px-Independenciacentroamerica2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Independenciacentroamerica2.jpg/330px-Independenciacentroamerica2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Independenciacentroamerica2.jpg/440px-Independenciacentroamerica2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Guatemalan <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">criollos</a> rejoice upon learning about the declaration of independence from Spain on 15 September 1821.</figcaption></figure> On 15 September 1821, <a href="/wiki/Gabino_Ga%C3%ADnza" title="Gabino Gaínza">Gabino Gainza Fernandez de Medrano</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a>, an administrative region of the Spanish Empire consisting of <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>, Guatemala, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Honduras, officially proclaimed its independence from Spain at a public meeting in Guatemala City. Independence from Spain was gained, and the Captaincy General of Guatemala <a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">joined</a> the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide" title="Agustín de Iturbide">Agustín de Iturbide</a>. Under the First Empire, Mexico reached its greatest territorial extent, stretching from northern California to the provinces of Central America (excluding Panama, which was then part of Colombia), which had not initially approved becoming part of the Mexican Empire but joined the Empire shortly after their independence. This region was formally a part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a> throughout the colonial period, but as a practical matter had been administered separately. It was not until 1825 that Guatemala created its own flag.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> In 1838 the liberal forces of Honduran leader <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Moraz%C3%A1n" title="Francisco Morazán">Francisco Morazán</a> and Guatemalan <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Francisco_Barrundia" title="José Francisco Barrundia">José Francisco Barrundia</a> invaded Guatemala and reached San Sur, where they executed Chúa Alvarez, father-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Carrera" title="Rafael Carrera">Rafael Carrera</a>, then a military commander and later the first president of Guatemala. The liberal forces impaled Alvarez's head on a pike as a warning to followers of the Guatemalan <a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">caudillo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison200884–85-32">[30]</a> Carrera and his wife Petrona – who had come to confront Morazán as soon as they learned of the invasion and were in <a href="/wiki/Mataquescuintla" title="Mataquescuintla">Mataquescuintla</a> – swore they would never forgive Morazán even in his grave; they felt it impossible to respect anyone who would not avenge family members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison200885-33">[31]</a> After sending several envoys, whom Carrera would not receive – and especially not Barrundia whom Carrera did not want to murder in cold blood – Morazán began a scorched-earth offensive, destroying villages in his path and stripping them of assets. The Carrera forces had to hide in the mountains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison200886-34">[32]</a> Believing Carrera totally defeated, Morazán and Barrundia marched to <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a>, and were welcomed as saviors by state governor Pedro Valenzuela and members of the conservative <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aycinena_clan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aycinena clan (page does not exist)">Aycinena clan</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Aycinena" class="extiw" title="es:Clan Aycinena">es</a>], who proposed to sponsor one of the liberal battalions, while Valenzuela and Barrundia gave Morazán all the Guatemalan resources needed to solve any financial problem he had.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison200887-35">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">criollos</a> of both parties celebrated until dawn that they finally had a criollo caudillo like Morazán, who was able to crush the peasant rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison200888-36">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Federal_Republic_of_Central_America_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Federal_Republic_of_Central_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Federal_Republic_of_Central_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Federal_Republic_of_Central_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a> (1823–1838) with its capital in Guatemala City</figcaption></figure> Morazán used the proceeds to support Los Altos and then replaced Valenzuela with <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rivera_Paz" title="Mariano Rivera Paz">Mariano Rivera Paz</a>, a member of the Aycinena clan, although he did not return to that clan any property confiscated in 1829. In revenge, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_de_Aycinena_y_Pi%C3%B1ol" title="Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol">Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol</a> voted to dissolve the <a href="/wiki/Central_American_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Central American Federation">Central American Federation</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a> a little later, forcing Morazán to return to El Salvador to fight for his federal mandate. Along the way, Morazán increased repression in eastern Guatemala, as punishment for helping Carrera.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison200889-37">[35]</a> Knowing that Morazán had gone to El Salvador, Carrera tried to take <a href="/wiki/Salam%C3%A1" title="Salamá">Salamá</a> with the small force that remained, but was defeated, and lost his brother Laureano in combat. With just a few men left, he managed to escape, badly wounded, to <a href="/wiki/Sanarate" title="Sanarate">Sanarate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison200891–92-38">[36]</a> After recovering somewhat, he attacked a detachment in <a href="/wiki/Jutiapa" title="Jutiapa">Jutiapa</a> and got a small amount of booty which he gave to the volunteers who accompanied him. He then prepared to attack <a href="/wiki/Petapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Petapa">Petapa</a> near Guatemala City, where he was victorious, although with heavy casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison200892-39">[37]</a> In September of that year, Carrera attempted an assault on the capital of Guatemala, but the liberal general <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salazar_Castro" title="Carlos Salazar Castro">Carlos Salazar Castro</a> defeated him in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Villa_Nueva,_Guatemala" title="Villa Nueva, Guatemala">Villa Nueva</a> and Carrera had to retreat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHernández_de_León195920_April-40">[38]</a> After unsuccessfully trying to take <a href="/wiki/Quetzaltenango" title="Quetzaltenango">Quetzaltenango</a>, Carrera found himself both surrounded and wounded. He had to capitulate to Mexican General <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Agustín Guzmán">Agustín Guzmán</a>, who had been in Quetzaltenango since <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Fil%C3%ADsola" title="Vicente Filísola">Vicente Filísola</a>'s arrival in 1823. Morazán had the opportunity to shoot Carrera, but did not, because he needed the support of the Guatemalan peasants to counter the attacks of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrera" title="Francisco Ferrera">Francisco Ferrera</a> in <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>. Instead, Morazán left Carrera in charge of a small fort in Mita, without any weapons. Knowing that Morazán was going to attack El Salvador, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrera" title="Francisco Ferrera">Francisco Ferrera</a> gave arms and ammunition to Carrera and convinced him to attack Guatemala City.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison200896-41">[39]</a> Meanwhile, despite insistent advice to definitively crush Carrera and his forces, Salazar tried to negotiate with him diplomatically; he even went as far as to show that he neither feared nor distrusted Carrera by removing the fortifications of the Guatemalan capital, in place since the battle of Villa Nueva.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHernández_de_León195920_April-40">[38]</a> Taking advantage of Salazar's good faith and Ferrera's weapons, Carrera took Guatemala City by surprise on 13 April 1839; Salazar, <a href="/wiki/Mariano_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Mariano Gálvez">Mariano Gálvez</a> and Barrundia fled before the arrival of Carrera's militiamen. Salazar, in his nightshirt, vaulted roofs of neighboring houses and sought refuge,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHernández_de_León195948-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison2008122–127-43">[41]</a> reaching the border disguised as a peasant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHernández_de_León195948-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison2008122–127-43">[41]</a> With Salazar gone, Carrera reinstated Rivera Paz as head of state. Between 1838 and 1840 a <a href="/wiki/Los_Altos,_Central_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Altos, Central America">secessionist movement</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Quetzaltenango" title="Quetzaltenango">Quetzaltenango</a> founded the breakaway state of <a href="/wiki/Los_Altos_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Altos (country)">Los Altos</a> and sought independence from Guatemala. The most important members of the Liberal Party of Guatemala and liberal enemies of the conservative régime moved to Los Altos, leaving their exile in El Salvador.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHernández_de_León1959?[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-44">[42]</a> The liberals in Los Altos began severely criticizing the Conservative government of Rivera Paz.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHernández_de_León1959?[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-44">[42]</a> Los Altos was the region with the main production and economic activity of the former state of Guatemala. Without Los Altos, conservatives lost many of the resources that had given Guatemala hegemony in Central America.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHernández_de_León1959?[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-44">[42]</a> The government of Guatemala tried to reach a peaceful solution, but two years of bloody conflict followed. On 17 April 1839, Guatemala declared itself independent from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">United Provinces of Central America</a>. In 1840, Belgium began to act as an external source of support for Carrera's independence movement, in an effort to exert influence in Central America. The Compagnie belge de colonisation (Belgian Colonization Company), commissioned by Belgian <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">King Leopold I</a>, became the administrator of <a href="/wiki/Santo_Tomas_de_Castilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Santo Tomas de Castilla">Santo Tomas de Castilla</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECompagnie_Belge_de_Colonisation1844-45">[43]</a> replacing the failed British <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coast_of_Central_America_Commercial_and_Agricultural_Company" title="Eastern Coast of Central America Commercial and Agricultural Company">Eastern Coast of Central America Commercial and Agricultural Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECompagnie_Belge_de_Colonisation1844-45">[43]</a> Even though the colony eventually crumbled, Belgium continued to support Carrera in the mid-19th century, although Britain continued to be the main business and political partner to Carrera.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1993498-46">[44]</a> Rafael Carrera was elected Guatemalan Governor in 1844. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic">Republic</h3></div> On 21 March 1847, Guatemala declared itself an independent republic and Carrera became its first president. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guatemala_Real_1847_Silver_Coin_Fonrobert_7236.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Guatemala_Real_1847_Silver_Coin_Fonrobert_7236.jpg/220px-Guatemala_Real_1847_Silver_Coin_Fonrobert_7236.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Guatemala_Real_1847_Silver_Coin_Fonrobert_7236.jpg/330px-Guatemala_Real_1847_Silver_Coin_Fonrobert_7236.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Guatemala_Real_1847_Silver_Coin_Fonrobert_7236.jpg/440px-Guatemala_Real_1847_Silver_Coin_Fonrobert_7236.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1827" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption>Proclamation Coin 1847 of the independent Republic of Guatemala</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carrera_government_(1847–1851)">Carrera government (1847–1851)</h4></div> During the first term as president, Carrera brought the country back from extreme conservatism to a traditional moderation; in 1848, the liberals were able to drive him from office, after the country had been in turmoil for several months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHernández_de_León1930-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiceli197472-48">[46]</a> Carrera resigned of his own free will and left for México. The new liberal regime allied itself with the Aycinena family and swiftly passed a law ordering Carrera's execution if he returned to Guatemalan soil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHernández_de_León1930-47">[45]</a> The liberal criollos from <a href="/wiki/Quetzaltenango" title="Quetzaltenango">Quetzaltenango</a> were led by general <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Agustín Guzmán">Agustín Guzmán</a> who occupied the city after Corregidor general <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Paredes_(Guatemala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariano Paredes (Guatemala)">Mariano Paredes</a> was called to <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a> to take over the presidential office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison2008270-49">[47]</a> They declared on 26 August 1848 that Los Altos was an independent state once again. The new state had the support of <a href="/wiki/Doroteo_Vasconcelos" title="Doroteo Vasconcelos">Doroteo Vasconcelos</a>' régime in <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> and the rebel guerrilla army of Vicente and Serapio Cruz, who were sworn enemies of Carrera.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison2008270–271-50">[48]</a> The interim government was led by Guzmán himself and had Florencio Molina and the priest Fernando Davila as his Cabinet members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison2008271-51">[49]</a> On 5 September 1848, the criollos altenses chose a formal government led by Fernando Antonio Martínez. In the meantime, Carrera decided to return to Guatemala and did so, entering at <a href="/wiki/Huehuetenango" title="Huehuetenango">Huehuetenango</a>, where he met with native leaders and told them that they must remain united to prevail; the leaders agreed and slowly the segregated native communities started developing a new Indian identity under Carrera's leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison2008275-52">[50]</a> In the meantime, in the eastern part of Guatemala, the <a href="/wiki/Jalapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalapa">Jalapa</a> region became increasingly dangerous; former president <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rivera_Paz" title="Mariano Rivera Paz">Mariano Rivera Paz</a> and rebel leader Vicente Cruz were both murdered there after trying to take over the Corregidor office in 1849.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison2008275-52">[50]</a> When Carrera arrived to <a href="/wiki/Chiantla" title="Chiantla">Chiantla</a> in <a href="/wiki/Huehuetenango" title="Huehuetenango">Huehuetenango</a>, he received two altenses emissaries who told him that their soldiers were not going to fight his forces because that would lead to a native revolt, much like that of 1840; their only request from Carrera was to keep the natives under control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison2008275-52">[50]</a> The altenses did not comply, and led by Guzmán and his forces, they started chasing Carrera; the caudillo hid, helped by his native allies and remained under their protection when the forces of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Garcia_Granados" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Garcia Granados">Miguel Garcia Granados</a> arrived from <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a> looking for him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison2008275-52">[50]</a> On learning that officer <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_V%C3%ADctor_Zavala" title="José Víctor Zavala">José Víctor Zavala</a> had been appointed as Corregidor in Suchitepéquez, Carrera and his hundred <a href="/wiki/Jakaltek_people" title="Jakaltek people">jacalteco</a> bodyguards crossed a dangerous jungle infested with <a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguars</a> to meet his former friend. Zavala not only did not capture him, he agreed to serve under his orders, thus sending a strong message to both liberal and conservatives in Guatemala City that they would have to negotiate with Carrera or battle on two fronts – Quetzaltenango and Jalapa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison2008278-53">[51]</a> Carrera went back to the Quetzaltenango area, while Zavala remained in Suchitepéquez as a tactical maneuver.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison2008-54">[52]</a> Carrera received a visit from a cabinet member of Paredes and told him that he had control of the native population and that he assured Paredes that he would keep them appeased.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison2008278-53">[51]</a> When the emissary returned to Guatemala City, he told the president everything Carrera said, and added that the native forces were formidable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison2008279-55">[53]</a> Guzmán went to <a href="/wiki/Antigua,_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigua, Guatemala">Antigua</a> to meet with another group of Paredes emissaries; they agreed that Los Altos would rejoin Guatemala, and that the latter would help Guzmán defeat his enemy and also build a port on the Pacific Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison2008279-55">[53]</a> Guzmán was sure of victory this time, but his plan evaporated when in his absence Carrera and his native allies occupied Quetzaltenango; Carrera appointed Ignacio Yrigoyen as <a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a> and convinced him that he should work with the K'iche', Q'anjobal and <a href="/wiki/Mam_people" title="Mam people">Mam</a> leaders to keep the region under control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison2008280-56">[54]</a> On his way out, Yrigoyen murmured to a friend: "Now he is the king of the Indians, indeed!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison2008280-56">[54]</a> Guzmán then left for Jalapa, where he struck a deal with the rebels, while <a href="/wiki/Luis_Batres_Juarros" title="Luis Batres Juarros">Luis Batres Juarros</a> convinced President Paredes to deal with Carrera. Back in Guatemala City within a few months, Carrera was commander-in-chief, backed by military and political support of the Indian communities from the densely populated western highlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver1999138-57">[55]</a> During the first presidency, from 1844 to 1848, he brought the country back from excessive conservatism to a moderate regime, and – with the advice of Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Aycinena" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro de Aycinena">Pedro de Aycinena</a> – restored relations with the Church in Rome with a <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1854" title="Concordat of 1854">Concordat</a> ratified in 1854.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvert198536-58">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Carrera_government_(1851–1865)">Second Carrera government (1851–1865)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carrerayturcios_2014-06-22_09-46.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Carrerayturcios_2014-06-22_09-46.jpg/170px-Carrerayturcios_2014-06-22_09-46.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Carrerayturcios_2014-06-22_09-46.jpg/255px-Carrerayturcios_2014-06-22_09-46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Carrerayturcios_2014-06-22_09-46.jpg/340px-Carrerayturcios_2014-06-22_09-46.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Captain General <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Carrera" title="Rafael Carrera">Rafael Carrera</a> after being appointed president for Life in 1854</figcaption></figure> After Carrera returned from exile in 1849 the president of El Salvador, <a href="/wiki/Doroteo_Vasconcelos" title="Doroteo Vasconcelos">Doroteo Vasconcelos</a>, granted asylum to the Guatemalan liberals, who harassed the Guatemalan government in several different ways. José Francisco Barrundia established a liberal newspaper for that specific purpose. Vasconcelos supported a rebel faction named "La Montaña" in eastern Guatemala, providing and distributing money and weapons. By late 1850, Vasconcelos was getting impatient at the slow progress of the war with Guatemala and decided to plan an open attack. Under that circumstance, the Salvadorean head of state started a campaign against the conservative Guatemalan regime, inviting <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> to participate in the alliance; only the <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduran</a> government led by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Lindo" title="Juan Lindo">Juan Lindo</a> accepted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHernández_de_León1930-47">[45]</a> In 1851 Guatemala defeated an Allied army from Honduras and El Salvador at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Arada" title="Battle of La Arada">Battle of La Arada</a>. In 1854 Carrera was declared "supreme and perpetual leader of the nation" for life, with the power to choose his successor. He held that position until he died on 14 April 1865. While he pursued some measures to set up a foundation for economic prosperity to please the conservative landowners, military challenges at home and a three-year war with Honduras, El Salvador, and Nicaragua dominated his presidency. His rivalry with Gerardo Barrios, President of El Salvador, resulted in open war in 1863. At <a href="/wiki/Coatepeque,_Quetzaltenango" title="Coatepeque, Quetzaltenango">Coatepeque</a> the Guatemalans suffered a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coatepeque" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Coatepeque">severe defeat</a>, which was followed by a truce. Honduras joined with El Salvador, and Nicaragua and Costa Rica with Guatemala. The contest was finally settled in favor of Carrera, who besieged and occupied <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a>, and dominated Honduras and Nicaragua. He continued to act in concert with the Clerical Party, and tried to maintain friendly relations with European governments. Before he died, Carrera nominated his friend and loyal soldier, Army Marshall <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Cerna_y_Cerna" title="Vicente Cerna y Cerna">Vicente Cerna y Cerna</a>, as his successor. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vicente_Cerna_y_Cerna_regime_(1865–1871)">Vicente Cerna y Cerna regime (1865–1871)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VicenteCerna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/VicenteCerna.jpg/170px-VicenteCerna.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/VicenteCerna.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Cerna_y_Cerna" title="Vicente Cerna y Cerna">Vicente Cerna y Cerna</a> was the president of Guatemala from 1865 to 1871.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Cerna_y_Cerna" title="Vicente Cerna y Cerna">Vicente Cerna y Cerna</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Cerna_y_Cerna" title="Vicente Cerna y Cerna">Vicente Cerna y Cerna</a> was <a href="/wiki/President_of_Guatemala" title="President of Guatemala">president of Guatemala</a> from 24 May 1865 to 29 June 1871.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> Liberal author <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_Enrique_Barrientos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfonso Enrique Barrientos (page does not exist)">Alfonso Enrique Barrientos</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Enrique_Barrientos" class="extiw" title="es:Alfonso Enrique Barrientos">es</a>],<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrientos1948106-60">[58]</a> described Marshall Cerna's government in the following manner:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrientos1948106-60">[58]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">A conservative and archaic government, badly organized and with worse intentions, was in charge of the country, centralizing all powers in Vicente Cerna, ambitious military man, who not happy with the general rank, had promoted himself to the Army Marshall rank, even though that rank did not exist and it does not exist in the Guatemalan military. The Marshall called himself President of the Republic, but in reality he was the foreman of oppressed and savaged people, cowardly enough that they had not dared to tell the dictator to leave threatening him with a revolution.</blockquote> The State and Church were a single unit, and the conservative régime was strongly allied to the power of <a href="/wiki/Regular_clergy" title="Regular clergy">regular clergy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, who were then among the largest landowners in Guatemala. The tight relationship between church and state had been ratified by the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1854" title="Concordat of 1854">Concordat of 1852</a>, which was the law until Cerna was deposed in 1871.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAycinena18542–16-61">[59]</a> Even liberal generals like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serapio_Cruz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serapio Cruz (page does not exist)">Serapio Cruz</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serapio_Cruz" class="extiw" title="es:Serapio Cruz">es</a>] realized that Rafael Carrera's political and military presence made him practically invincible. Thus the generals fought under his command,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHernández_de_León1930-47">[45]</a> and waited—for a long time—until Carrera's death before beginning their revolt against the tamer Cerna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Davison2008428-62">[60]</a> During Cerna's presidency, liberal party members were prosecuted and sent into exile; among them, those who started the Liberal Revolution of 1871.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHernández_de_León1930-47">[45]</a> In 1871, the merchants guild, Consulado de Comercio, lost their exclusive court privilege. They had major effects on the economics of the time, and therefore land management. From 1839 to 1871, the Consulado held a consistent monopolistic position in the regime.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liberal_governments_(1871–1898)">Liberal governments (1871–1898)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Justo_Rufino_Barrios" title="Justo Rufino Barrios">Justo Rufino Barrios</a></div> Guatemala's "Liberal Revolution" came in 1871 under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Justo_Rufino_Barrios" title="Justo Rufino Barrios">Justo Rufino Barrios</a>, who worked to modernize the country, improve trade, and introduce new crops and manufacturing. During this era coffee became an important crop for Guatemala.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster2000173–175-64">[62]</a> Barrios had ambitions of reuniting Central America and took the country to war in an unsuccessful attempt to attain it, losing his life on the battlefield in 1885 against forces in El Salvador. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Barillas" title="Manuel Barillas">Manuel Barillas</a> was president from 16 March 1886 to 15 March 1892. Manuel Barillas was unique among liberal presidents of Guatemala between 1871 and 1944: he handed over power to his successor peacefully. When election time approached, he sent for the three Liberal candidates to ask them what their government plan would be.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_los_Ríos194878-65">[63]</a> Happy with what he heard from general <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Reyna_Barrios" class="mw-redirect" title="José María Reyna Barrios">Reyna Barrios</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_los_Ríos194878-65">[63]</a> Barillas made sure that a huge column of Quetzaltenango and Totonicapán indigenous people came down from the mountains to vote for him. Reyna was elected president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_los_Ríos194882-66">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Reina_Barrios" title="José María Reina Barrios">José María Reina Barrios</a> was president between 1892 and 1898. During Barrios's first term in office, the power of the landowners over the rural peasantry increased. He oversaw the rebuilding of parts of <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a> on a grander scale, with wide, Parisian-style avenues. He oversaw Guatemala hosting the first "<a href="/wiki/Exposici%C3%B3n_Centroamericana" title="Exposición Centroamericana">Exposición Centroamericana</a>" ("Central American Fair") in 1897. During his second term, Barrios printed <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a> to fund his ambitious plans, fueling <a href="/wiki/Monetary_inflation" title="Monetary inflation">monetary inflation</a> and the rise of popular opposition to his regime. His administration also worked on improving the roads, installing national and international telegraphs and introducing electricity to Guatemala City. Completing a transoceanic railway was a main objective of his government, with a goal to attract international investors at a time when the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> was not yet built. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manuel_Estrada_Cabrera_regime_(1898–1920)">Manuel Estrada Cabrera regime (1898–1920)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Estrada_Cabrera" title="Manuel Estrada Cabrera">Manuel Estrada Cabrera</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuel_Estrada_Cabrera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Manuel_Estrada_Cabrera.jpg/170px-Manuel_Estrada_Cabrera.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Manuel_Estrada_Cabrera.jpg/255px-Manuel_Estrada_Cabrera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Manuel_Estrada_Cabrera.jpg/340px-Manuel_Estrada_Cabrera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Estrada_Cabrera" title="Manuel Estrada Cabrera">Manuel Estrada Cabrera</a> ruled Guatemala between 1898 and 1920.</figcaption></figure> After the assassination of general <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Reina_Barrios" title="José María Reina Barrios">José María Reina Barrios</a> on 8 February 1898, the Guatemalan cabinet called an emergency meeting to appoint a new successor, but declined to invite Estrada Cabrera to the meeting, even though he was the designated successor to the presidency. There are two different descriptions of how Cabrera was able to become president. The first states that Cabrera entered the cabinet meeting "with pistol drawn" to assert his entitlement to the presidency,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman200754-67">[65]</a> while the second states that he showed up unarmed to the meeting and demanded the presidency by virtue of being the designated successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martinez194542-68">[66]</a> The first civilian Guatemalan head of state in over 50 years, Estrada Cabrera overcame resistance to his regime by August 1898 and called for elections in September, which he won handily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martinez194546-69">[67]</a> In 1898 the legislature convened for the election of President Estrada Cabrera, who triumphed thanks to the large number of soldiers and policemen who went to vote in civilian clothes and to the large number of illiterate family that they brought with them to the polls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorres_Espinoza200742-70">[68]</a> One of Estrada Cabrera's most famous and most bitter legacies was allowing the entry of the <a href="/wiki/United_Fruit_Company" title="United Fruit Company">United Fruit Company</a> (UFCO) into the Guatemalan economic and political arena. As a member of the <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Latin America">Liberal Party</a>, he sought to encourage development of the nation's infrastructure of <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroads</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sea_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea port">sea ports</a> for the sake of expanding the export economy. By the time Estrada Cabrera assumed the presidency there had been repeated efforts to construct a railroad from the major port of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Barrios" title="Puerto Barrios">Puerto Barrios</a> to the capital, Guatemala City. Owing to lack of funding exacerbated by the collapse of the internal coffee trade, the railway fell 100 kilometres (60 mi) short of its goal. Estrada Cabrera decided, without consulting the legislature or judiciary, that striking a deal with the UFCO was the only way to finish the railway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDosal1993-71">[69]</a> Cabrera signed a contract with UFCO's <a href="/wiki/Minor_Cooper_Keith" title="Minor Cooper Keith">Minor Cooper Keith</a> in 1904 that gave the company tax exemptions, land grants, and control of all railroads on the Atlantic side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman2007-72">[70]</a> In 1906 Estrada faced serious revolts against his rule; the rebels were supported by the governments of some of the other <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central American</a> nations, but Estrada succeeded in putting them down. Elections were held by the people against the will of Estrada Cabrera and thus he had the president-elect murdered in retaliation. In 1907 Estrada narrowly survived an assassination attempt when a bomb exploded near his carriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Aerenlund2006-73">[71]</a> It has been suggested that the extreme despotic characteristics of Estrada did not emerge until after an attempt on his life in 1907.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martinez1945146-74">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a> was badly damaged in the <a href="/wiki/1917_Guatemala_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="1917 Guatemala earthquake">1917 Guatemala earthquake</a>. Estrada Cabrera continued in power until forced to resign after new revolts in 1920. By that time his power had declined drastically and he was reliant upon the loyalty of a few generals. While the United States threatened intervention if he was removed through revolution, a bipartisan coalition came together to remove him from the presidency. He was removed from office after the national assembly charged that he was mentally incompetent, and appointed <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Herrera" title="Carlos Herrera">Carlos Herrera</a> in his place on 8 April 1920.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDosal199327-75">[73]</a> Guatemala joined with El Salvador and Honduras in the Federation of Central America from 9 September 1921 until 14 January 1922. Carlos Herrera served as President of Guatemala from 1920 until 1921. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Orellana" title="José María Orellana">José María Orellana</a>, who served from 1921 until 1926. <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_Chac%C3%B3n_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Lázaro Chacón González">Lázaro Chacón González</a> then served until 1931. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jorge_Ubico_regime_(1931–1944)">Jorge Ubico regime (1931–1944)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Ubico" title="Jorge Ubico">Jorge Ubico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidente_Jorge_Ubico_Casta%C3%B1eda.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Presidente_Jorge_Ubico_Casta%C3%B1eda.png/170px-Presidente_Jorge_Ubico_Casta%C3%B1eda.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Presidente_Jorge_Ubico_Casta%C3%B1eda.png/255px-Presidente_Jorge_Ubico_Casta%C3%B1eda.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Presidente_Jorge_Ubico_Casta%C3%B1eda.png/340px-Presidente_Jorge_Ubico_Casta%C3%B1eda.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption>Jorge Ubico in 1931</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> began in 1929 and badly damaged the Guatemalan economy, causing a rise in <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a>, and leading to unrest among workers and laborers. Afraid of a popular revolt, the Guatemalan landed elite lent their support to <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Ubico" title="Jorge Ubico">Jorge Ubico</a>, who had become well known for "efficiency and cruelty" as a provincial governor. Ubico won the election that followed in 1931, in which he was the only candidate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForster200112–15-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleijeses199110–11-77">[75]</a> After his election his policies quickly became authoritarian. He replaced the system of debt <a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">peonage</a> with a brutally enforced <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagrancy (people)">vagrancy</a> law, requiring all men of working age who did not own land to work a minimum of 100 days of hard labor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForster200129-78">[76]</a> His government used unpaid Indian labor to build roads and railways. Ubico also froze wages at very low levels, and passed a law allowing land-owners complete immunity from prosecution for any action they took to defend their property,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForster200129-78">[76]</a> an action described by historians as legalizing murder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleijeses199113-79">[77]</a> He greatly strengthened the police force, turning it into one of the most efficient and ruthless in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleijeses199117-80">[78]</a> He gave them greater authority to shoot and imprison people suspected of breaking the labor laws. These laws created tremendous resentment against him among agricultural laborers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForster200129–32-81">[79]</a> The government became highly militarized; under his rule, every provincial governor was a general in the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleijeses199114-82">[80]</a> Ubico continued his predecessor's policy of making massive concessions to the United Fruit Company, often at a cost to Guatemala. He granted the company 200,000 hectares (490,000 acres) of public land in exchange for a promise to build a port, a promise he later waived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleijeses199122-83">[81]</a> Since its entry into Guatemala, the UFCO had expanded its land-holdings by displacing farmers and converting their farmland to <a href="/wiki/Banana_plantation" title="Banana plantation">banana plantations</a>. This process accelerated under Ubico's presidency, with the government doing nothing to stop it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForster200119-84">[82]</a> The company received import duty and real estate tax exemptions from the government and controlled more land than any other individual or group. It also controlled the sole railroad in the country, the sole facilities capable of producing electricity, and the port facilities at <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Barrios" title="Puerto Barrios">Puerto Barrios</a> on the Atlantic coast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesingerKinzer199967–71-85">[83]</a> Ubico saw the United States as an ally against the supposed communist threat of Mexico, and made efforts to gain its support. When the US <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States declaration of war upon Germany (1941)">declared war</a> against Germany in 1941, Ubico acted on American instructions and arrested all people in Guatemala of <a href="/wiki/German_Guatemalan" title="German Guatemalan">German descent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleijeses199120-86">[84]</a> He also permitted the US to establish an air base in Guatemala, with the stated aim of protecting the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImmerman198237-87">[85]</a> However, Ubico was an admirer of European <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleijeses199119-88">[86]</a> and considered himself to be "another <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_los_Ríos194898-89">[87]</a> He occasionally compared himself to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShillington200238–39-90">[88]</a> He dressed ostentatiously and surrounded himself with statues and paintings of Napoleon, regularly commenting on the similarities between their appearances. He militarized numerous political and social institutions—including the post office, schools, and symphony orchestras—and placed military officers in charge of many government posts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreeter200011–12-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImmerman198232-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrandin2000195-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenz199616–17-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovemanDavies1997118–120-95">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guatemalan_Revolution_(1944–1954)">Guatemalan Revolution (1944–1954)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Revolution" title="Guatemalan Revolution">Guatemalan Revolution</a></div> On 1 July 1944 Ubico was forced to resign from the presidency in response to a wave of protests and a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> inspired by brutal labor conditions among plantation workers.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> His chosen replacement, General <a href="/wiki/Juan_Federico_Ponce_Vaides" title="Juan Federico Ponce Vaides">Juan Federico Ponce Vaides</a>, was forced out of office on 20 October 1944 by a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> led by Major <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Arana" title="Francisco Javier Arana">Francisco Javier Arana</a> and Captain <a href="/wiki/Jacobo_%C3%81rbenz_Guzm%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán">Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán</a>. About 100 people were killed in the coup. The country was then led by a <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> made up of Arana, Árbenz, and <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Toriello_Garrido" title="Jorge Toriello Garrido">Jorge Toriello Garrido</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForster200189–91-97">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacoboarbenz1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jacoboarbenz1950.jpg/170px-Jacoboarbenz1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jacoboarbenz1950.jpg/255px-Jacoboarbenz1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jacoboarbenz1950.jpg/340px-Jacoboarbenz1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption>Guatemala's democratically elected president <a href="/wiki/Jacobo_%C3%81rbenz" title="Jacobo Árbenz">Jacobo Árbenz</a> was overthrown in a coup planned by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Fruit_Company" title="United Fruit Company">United Fruit Company</a> had lobbied the US to overthrow him.</figcaption></figure> The junta organized Guatemala's first free election, which the philosophically conservative writer and teacher <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Juan José Arévalo">Juan José Arévalo</a>, who wanted to turn the country into a <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> society won with a majority of 86%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreeter200012–15-98">[96]</a> His "<a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian Socialist</a>" policies were inspired to a large extent by the US <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chomsky_1985_154–160-99">[97]</a> Arévalo built new health centers, increased funding for education, and drafted a more liberal labor law,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreeter200014–15-100">[98]</a> while criminalizing unions in workplaces with less than 500 workers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForster200198–99-101">[99]</a> and cracking down on communists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreeter200015–16-102">[100]</a> Although Arévalo was popular among nationalists, he had enemies in the church and the military, and faced at least 25 coup attempts during his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreeter200016–17-103">[101]</a> Arévalo was constitutionally prohibited from contesting the 1950 elections. The largely free and fair elections were won by <a href="/wiki/Jacobo_%C3%81rbenz_Guzm%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán">Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán</a>, Arévalo's defense minister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleijeses199173–84-104">[102]</a> Árbenz continued the moderate capitalist approach of Arévalo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreeter200018–19-105">[103]</a> His most important policy was <a href="/wiki/Decree_900" title="Decree 900">Decree 900</a>, a sweeping agrarian reform bill passed in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImmerman198264–67-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleijeses1991144–146-107">[105]</a> Decree 900 transferred uncultivated land to landless peasants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImmerman198264–67-106">[104]</a> Only 1,710 of the nearly 350,000 private land-holdings were affected by the law,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleijeses1991149–164-108">[106]</a> which benefited approximately 500,000 individuals, or one-sixth of the population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleijeses1991149–164-108">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coup_and_civil_war_(1954–1996)">Coup and civil war (1954–1996)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></div> Despite their popularity within the country, the reforms of the Guatemalan Revolution were disliked by the United States government, which was predisposed by the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> to see it as communist, and by the UFCO, whose hugely profitable business had been affected by the end to brutal labor practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreeter200015–16-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImmerman198248–50-109">[107]</a> The attitude of the US government was also influenced by a propaganda campaign carried out by the UFCO.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaterson2009304-110">[108]</a> US President <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a> authorized <a href="/wiki/Operation_PBFortune" title="Operation PBFortune">Operation PBFortune</a> to topple Árbenz in 1952, with the support of Nicaraguan dictator <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Anastasio Somoza García">Anastasio Somoza García</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesingerKinzer1999102-111">[109]</a> but the operation was aborted when too many details became public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesingerKinzer1999102-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleijeses1991228–231-112">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> was elected US president in 1952, promising to take a harder line against communism; the close links that his staff members <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a> had to the UFCO also predisposed him to act against Árbenz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImmerman1982122–127-113">[111]</a> Eisenhower authorized the CIA to carry out Operation PBSuccess in August 1953. The CIA armed, funded, and trained a force of 480 men led by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castillo_Armas" title="Carlos Castillo Armas">Carlos Castillo Armas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImmerman1982161–170-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesingerKinzer1999171–175-115">[113]</a> The force invaded Guatemala on 18 June 1954, backed by a heavy campaign of <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a>, including bombings of <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a> and an anti-Árbenz radio station claiming to be genuine news.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImmerman1982161–170-114">[112]</a> The invasion force fared poorly militarily, but the psychological warfare and the possibility of a US invasion intimidated the Guatemalan army, which refused to fight. Árbenz resigned on 27 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImmerman1982173–178-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesingerKinzer1999190–204-117">[115]</a> Following negotiations in <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a>, Carlos Castillo Armas became president on 7 July 1954.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImmerman1982173–178-116">[114]</a> Elections were held in early October, from which all political parties were barred from participating. Castillo Armas was the only candidate and won the election with 99% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImmerman1982173–178-116">[114]</a> Castillo Armas reversed <a href="/wiki/Decree_900" title="Decree 900">Decree 900</a> and ruled until 26 July 1957, when he was assassinated by Romeo Vásquez, a member of his personal guard. After the rigged<a href="#cite_note-Chomsky_1985_154–160-99">[97]</a> election that followed, General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_Ram%C3%B3n_Yd%C3%ADgoras_Fuentes" class="mw-redirect" title="José Miguel Ramón Ydígoras Fuentes">Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes</a> assumed power. He is celebrated for challenging the Mexican president to a gentleman's <a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">duel</a> on the bridge on the south border to end a feud on the subject of illegal fishing by Mexican boats on Guatemala's Pacific coast, two of which were sunk by the Guatemalan Air Force. Ydigoras authorized the training of 5,000 anti-<a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a> <a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">Cubans</a> in Guatemala. He also provided airstrips in the region of <a href="/wiki/Pet%C3%A9n_(department)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petén (department)">Petén</a> for what later became the US-sponsored, failed <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a> in 1961. On 13 November 1960, a group of left-wing junior military officers of the Escuela Politécnica national military academy led a failed revolt against Ydigoras' government. The rebels fled to the mountains of eastern Guatemala and neighboring Honduras and formed MR-13 (<a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Movement_13th_November" title="Revolutionary Movement 13th November">Movimiento Revolucionario 13 Noviembre</a>). On 6 February 1962, in Bananera, they attacked the offices of the United Fruit Company. The attack sparked sympathetic strikes and university student <a href="/wiki/Walkout" title="Walkout">walkouts</a> throughout the country, to which the government responded with a violent crackdown.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> In 1963, Ydígoras, despite the firm opposition of the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy administration">Kennedy administration</a>, had pledged to allow Arévalo return from exile and run in a free and open election. Arévalo returned on 27 March 1963 to announce his candidacy for the scheduled November presidential elections, however Ydigoras' government was ousted on 31 March 1963, when the Guatemalan Air Force attacked several military bases; the coup was led by his Defense Minister, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Peralta_Azurdia" title="Enrique Peralta Azurdia">Enrique Peralta Azurdia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rabe-119">[117]</a> The new régime intensified its counterinsurgency campaign against the guerrillas that had begun under Ydígoras-Fuentes.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> In 1966, <a href="/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_M%C3%A9ndez_Montenegro" title="Julio César Méndez Montenegro">Julio César Méndez Montenegro</a> was elected president of Guatemala under the banner "Democratic Opening". Mendez Montenegro was the candidate of the Revolutionary Party, a center-left party that had its origins in the post-Ubico era. During this time, rightist <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> organizations, such as the "White Hand" (<a href="/wiki/Mano_Blanca" title="Mano Blanca">Mano Blanca</a>), and the Anticommunist Secret Army (Ejército Secreto Anticomunista) were formed. Those groups were the forerunners of the infamous "<a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death Squads</a>". Military advisers from the <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces (United States Army)">United States Army Special Forces</a> (Green Berets) were sent to Guatemala to train Guatemala's armed forces and help transform it into a modern counter-insurgency force, which eventually made it the most sophisticated in Central America.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> In 1970, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_Arana_Osorio" title="Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio">Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio</a> was elected president. By 1972, members of the guerrilla movement entered the country from Mexico and settled in the Western Highlands. In the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_general_election,_1974" class="mw-redirect" title="Guatemalan general election, 1974">disputed election of 1974</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Kjell_Eugenio_Laugerud_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García">Kjell Laugerud García</a> defeated General <a href="/wiki/Efra%C3%ADn_R%C3%ADos_Montt" title="Efraín Ríos Montt">Efraín Ríos Montt</a>, a candidate of the Christian Democratic Party, who claimed that he had been cheated out of a victory through fraud. On 4 February 1976, a major earthquake destroyed several cities and caused more than 25,000 deaths, especially among the poor, whose housing was substandard. The government's failure to respond rapidly to the aftermath of the earthquake and to relieve homelessness gave rise to widespread discontent, which contributed to growing popular unrest. General <a href="/wiki/Romeo_Lucas_Garc%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeo Lucas García">Romeo Lucas García</a> assumed power in 1978 in a fraudulent election. The 1970s saw the rise of two new guerrilla organizations, the Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP) and the Organization of the People in Arms (ORPA). They began guerrilla attacks that included urban and rural warfare, mainly against the military and some civilian supporters of the army. The army and the paramilitary forces responded with a brutal counter-insurgency campaign that resulted in tens of thousands of civilian deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber1993165-122">[120]</a> In 1979, US President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, who had until then been providing public support for the government forces, ordered a ban on all military aid to the Guatemalan Army because of its widespread and systematic abuse of human rights.<a href="#cite_note-Chomsky_1985_154–160-99">[97]</a> However, documents have since come to light that suggest that American aid continued throughout the Carter years, through clandestine channels.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_Rio_Negro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Memorial_Rio_Negro.jpg/220px-Memorial_Rio_Negro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Memorial_Rio_Negro.jpg/330px-Memorial_Rio_Negro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Memorial_Rio_Negro.jpg/440px-Memorial_Rio_Negro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to the victims of the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Negro_massacres" title="Río Negro massacres">Río Negro massacres</a></figcaption></figure> On 31 January 1980, a group of indigenous <a href="/wiki/K%27iche%27_people" class="mw-redirect" title="K'iche' people">K'iche'</a> took over the Spanish Embassy to protest army massacres in the countryside. The Guatemalan government armed forces launched an assault that killed almost everyone inside in a <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_the_Spanish_Embassy" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of the Spanish Embassy">fire that consumed the building</a>. The Guatemalan government claimed that the activists set the fire, thus <a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">immolating</a> themselves.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> However the Spanish ambassador survived the fire and disputed this claim, saying that the Guatemalan police intentionally killed almost everyone inside and set the fire to erase traces of their acts. As a result, the government of Spain broke off diplomatic relations with Guatemala. This government was overthrown in 1982 and General <a href="/wiki/Efra%C3%ADn_R%C3%ADos_Montt" title="Efraín Ríos Montt">Efraín Ríos Montt</a> was named president of the military junta. He continued the bloody campaign of torture, <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">forced disappearances</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a>" warfare. The country became a <a href="/wiki/Pariah_state" title="Pariah state">pariah state</a> internationally, although the regime received considerable support from the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Administration">Reagan Administration</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> and Reagan himself described Ríos Montt as "a man of great personal integrity."<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Ríos Montt was overthrown by General <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Humberto_Mej%C3%ADa_Victores" class="mw-redirect" title="Óscar Humberto Mejía Victores">Óscar Humberto Mejía Victores</a>, who called for an election of a national constituent assembly to write a new constitution, leading to a free election in 1986, won by <a href="/wiki/Marco_Vinicio_Cerezo_Ar%C3%A9valo" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arévalo">Vinicio Cerezo Arévalo</a>, the candidate of the Christian Democracy Party. In 1982, the four guerrilla groups, EGP, ORPA, FAR and PGT, merged and formed the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_National_Revolutionary_Unity" title="Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity">URNG</a>, influenced by the <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">Salvadoran</a> guerrilla <a href="/wiki/Farabundo_Mart%C3%AD_National_Liberation_Front" title="Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front">FMLN</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaraguan</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">FSLN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>'s government, in order to become stronger. As a result of the Army's "scorched earth" tactics in the countryside, more than 45,000 Guatemalans fled across the border to Mexico. The Mexican government placed the refugees in camps in <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a>. In 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a> for her efforts to bring international attention to the government-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_genocide" title="Guatemalan genocide">genocide against the indigenous population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1996–2000">1996–2000</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chichicastenango_market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Chichicastenango_market.jpg/220px-Chichicastenango_market.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Chichicastenango_market.jpg/330px-Chichicastenango_market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Chichicastenango_market.jpg/440px-Chichicastenango_market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>An outdoor market in <a href="/wiki/Chichicastenango" title="Chichicastenango">Chichicastenango</a>, 2018</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a> ended in 1996 with a peace accord between the guerrillas and the government, negotiated by the United Nations through intense brokerage by nations such as Norway and Spain. Both sides made major concessions. The guerrilla fighters disarmed and received land to work. According to the U.N.-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Truth_commission" title="Truth commission">truth commission</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Historical_Clarification" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission for Historical Clarification">Commission for Historical Clarification</a>), government forces and state-sponsored, CIA-trained paramilitaries were responsible for over 93% of the human rights violations during the war.<a href="#cite_note-RightsViolations-128">[126]</a> In the last few years, millions of documents related to crimes committed during the civil war have been found abandoned by the former Guatemalan police. The families of over 45,000 Guatemalan activists who <a href="/wiki/Forced_Disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced Disappearance">disappeared</a> during the civil war are now reviewing the documents, which have been digitized. This could lead to further legal actions.<a href="#cite_note-PoliceDocuments-129">[127]</a> During the first ten years of the civil war, the victims of the state-sponsored terror were primarily students, workers, professionals, and opposition figures, but in the last years they were thousands of mostly rural <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a> farmers and non-combatants. More than 450 Maya villages were destroyed and over 1 million people became refugees or displaced within Guatemala. In 1995, the Catholic Archdiocese of Guatemala began the Recovery of Historical Memory (REMHI) project,<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> known in Spanish as "El Proyecto de la Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica", to collect the facts and history of Guatemala's long civil war and confront the truth of those years. On 24 April 1998, REMHI presented the results of its work in the report "Guatemala: Nunca Más!". This report summarized testimony and statements of thousands of witnesses and victims of repression during the Civil War. "The report laid the blame for 80 per cent of the <a href="/wiki/Atrocity_crime" title="Atrocity crime">atrocities</a> at the door of the Guatemalan Army and its collaborators within the social and political elite."<a href="#cite_note-Stanford,_Peter_2008-131">[129]</a> Catholic Bishop <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Gerardi_Conedera" title="Juan José Gerardi Conedera">Juan José Gerardi Conedera</a> worked on the Recovery of Historical Memory Project and two days after he announced the release of its report on victims of the Guatemalan Civil War, "Guatemala: Nunca Más!", in April 1998, Bishop Gerardi was attacked in his garage and beaten to death.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford,_Peter_2008-131">[129]</a> In 2001, in the first trial in a civilian court of members of the military in Guatemalan history, three Army officers were convicted of his death and sentenced to 30 years in prison. A priest was convicted as an accomplice and was sentenced to 20 years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> According to the report, Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica (REMHI), some 200,000 people died. More than one million people were forced to flee their homes and hundreds of villages were destroyed. The Historical Clarification Commission attributed more than 93% of all documented violations of human rights to Guatemala's military government, and estimated that Maya Indians accounted for 83% of the victims. It concluded in 1999 that state actions constituted genocide.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> In some areas such as <a href="/wiki/Baja_Verapaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja Verapaz">Baja Verapaz</a>, the Truth Commission found that the Guatemalan state engaged in an intentional policy of genocide against particular ethnic groups in the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RightsViolations-128">[126]</a> In 1999, US President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> said that the US had been wrong to have provided support to the Guatemalan military forces that took part in these brutal civilian killings.<a href="#cite_note-Babington1999-135">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Since_2000">Since 2000</h4></div> Since the peace accords Guatemala has had both economic growth and successive democratic elections, most recently in 2019. In the 2019 elections, <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Giammattei" title="Alejandro Giammattei">Alejandro Giammattei</a> won the presidency. He assumed office in January 2020. In January 2012 Efrain Rios Montt, the former dictator of Guatemala, appeared in a Guatemalan court on genocide charges. During the hearing, the government presented evidence of over 100 incidents involving at least 1,771 deaths, 1,445 rapes, and the displacement of nearly 30,000 Guatemalans during his 17-month rule from 1982 to 1983. The prosecution wanted him incarcerated because he was viewed as a flight risk but he remained free on bail, under house arrest and guarded by the Guatemalan National Civil Police (PNC). On 10 May 2013, Rios Montt was found guilty and sentenced to 80 years in prison. It marked the first time that a national court had found a former head of state guilty of genocide.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> The conviction was later overturned, and Montt's trial resumed in January 2015.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> In August 2015, a Guatemalan court ruled that Rios Montt could stand trial for genocide and crimes against humanity, but that he could not be sentenced due to his age and deteriorating health.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> Ex-President <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Portillo" title="Alfonso Portillo">Alfonso Portillo</a> was arrested in January 2010 while trying to flee Guatemala. He was acquitted in May 2010, by a panel of judges that threw out some of the evidence and discounted certain witnesses as unreliable.<a href="#cite_note-icpor-139">[137]</a> The Guatemalan Attorney-General, <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Paz_y_Paz" title="Claudia Paz y Paz">Claudia Paz y Paz</a>, called the verdict "a terrible message of injustice," and "a wake up call about the power structures." In its appeal, the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_Against_Impunity_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala">International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala</a> (CICIG), a UN judicial group assisting the Guatemalan government, called the decision's assessment of the meticulously documented evidence against Portillo Cabrera "whimsical" and said the decision's assertion that the president of Guatemala and his ministers had no responsibility for handling public funds ran counter to the constitution and laws of Guatemala.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> A New York grand jury had indicted Portillo Cabrera in 2009 for embezzlement; following his acquittal on those charges in Guatemala that country's Supreme Court authorized his extradition to the US.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> The Guatemalan judiciary is deeply corrupt and the selection committee for new nominations has been captured by criminal elements.<a href="#cite_note-icpor-139">[137]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, Guatemala received its first-ever Olympic medal when <a href="/wiki/Erick_Barrondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Erick Barrondo">Erick Barrondo</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_20_kilometres_walk" title="Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 20 kilometres walk">men's 20 kilometre walk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pérez_Molina_government_and_"La_Línea"">Pérez Molina government and "La Línea"</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Otto_P%C3%A9rez_Molina" title="Otto Pérez Molina">Otto Pérez Molina</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10_Aerial_view_-_Zona_14_-_Ciudad_de_Guatemala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/10_Aerial_view_-_Zona_14_-_Ciudad_de_Guatemala.jpg/220px-10_Aerial_view_-_Zona_14_-_Ciudad_de_Guatemala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/10_Aerial_view_-_Zona_14_-_Ciudad_de_Guatemala.jpg/330px-10_Aerial_view_-_Zona_14_-_Ciudad_de_Guatemala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/10_Aerial_view_-_Zona_14_-_Ciudad_de_Guatemala.jpg/440px-10_Aerial_view_-_Zona_14_-_Ciudad_de_Guatemala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="2803" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a> is the capital and largest city of Guatemala and the most populous urban area in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>.</figcaption></figure> Retired general <a href="/wiki/Otto_P%C3%A9rez_Molina" title="Otto Pérez Molina">Otto Pérez Molina</a> was elected president in 2011 along with <a href="/wiki/Roxana_Baldetti" title="Roxana Baldetti">Roxana Baldetti</a>, the first woman ever elected vice-president in Guatemala; they began their term in office on 14 January 2012.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> But on 16 April 2015, a United Nations (UN) anti-corruption agency report implicated several high-profile politicians including Baldetti's private secretary, Juan Carlos Monzón, and the director of the Guatemalan Internal Revenue Service (SAT).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-veliz-145">[143]</a> The revelations provoked more public outrage than had been seen since the presidency of General <a href="/wiki/Kjell_Eugenio_Laugerud_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García">Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_against_Impunity_in_Guatemala" title="International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala">International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala</a> (CICIG) worked with the Guatemalan attorney-general to reveal the scam known as "<a href="/wiki/La_L%C3%ADnea_corruption_case" title="La Línea corruption case">La Línea</a>", following a year-long investigation that included <a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone tapping">wire taps</a>. Officials received bribes from importers in exchange for discounted import tariffs,<a href="#cite_note-veliz-145">[143]</a> a practice rooted in a long tradition of customs corruption in the country, as a fund-raising tactic of successive military governments for counterinsurgency operations during Guatemala's 36-year-long <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Guatemala Civil War">civil war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-linea10junio-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Solano22abril-147">[145]</a> A Facebook event using the hashtag #RenunciaYa (Resign Now) invited citizens to go downtown in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a> to ask for Baldetti's resignation. Within days, over 10,000 people RSVPed that they would attend. Organizers made clear that no political party or group was behind the event, and instructed protesters at the event to follow the law. They also urged people to bring water, food and sunblock, but not to cover their faces or wear political party colors.<a href="#cite_note-ollantay21mayo-148">[146]</a> Tens of thousands of people took to the streets of Guatemala City. They protested in front of the presidential palace. Baldetti resigned a few days later. She was forced to remain in Guatemala when the United States revoked her visa. The Guatemalan government arraigned her, since it had enough evidence to suspect her involvement in the "La Linea" scandal. The prominence of US Ambassador Todd Robinson in the Guatemalan political scene once the scandal broke led to the suspicion that the US government was behind the investigation, perhaps because it needed an honest government in Guatemala to counter the presence of China and Russia in the region.<a href="#cite_note-porras2015-149">[147]</a> The UN anti-corruption committee has reported on other cases since then, and more than 20 government officials have stepped down. Some were arrested. Two of those cases involved two former presidential private secretaries: Juan de Dios Rodríguez in the Guatemalan Social Service and Gustave Martínez, who was involved in a bribery scandal at the coal power plant company. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaguar_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaguar Energy (page does not exist)">Jaguar Energy</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_Energy" class="extiw" title="es:Jaguar Energy">es</a>] Martínez was also Perez Molina's son-in-law.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> Leaders of the political opposition have also been implicated in CICIG investigations: several legislators and members of Libertad Democrática Renovada party (LIDER) were formally accused of bribery-related issues, prompting a large decline in the electoral prospects of its presidential candidate, Manuel Baldizón, who until April had been almost certain to become the next Guatemalan president in the 6 September 2015 presidential elections. Baldizón's popularity steeply declined and he filed accusations with the Organization of American States against CICIG leader Iván Velásquez of international obstruction in Guatemalan internal affairs.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> CICIG reported its cases so often on Thursdays that Guatemalans coined the term "CICIG Thursdays". But a Friday press conference brought the crisis to its peak: on Friday 21 August 2015, the CICIG and Attorney General Thelma Aldana presented enough evidence to convince the public that both President Pérez Molina and former vice President Baldetti were the actual leaders of "La Línea". Baldetti was arrested the same day and an impeachment was requested for the president. Several cabinet members resigned and the clamor for the president's resignation grew after Perez Molina defiantly assured the nation in a televised message broadcast on 23 August 2015 that he was not going to resign.<a href="#cite_note-periodico21a-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-eu23a-153">[151]</a> Thousands of protesters took to the streets again, this time to demand the increasingly isolated president's resignation. Guatemala's Congress named a commission of five legislators to consider whether to remove the president's immunity from prosecution. The Supreme Court approved. A major day of action kicked off early on 27 August, with marches and roadblocks across the country. Urban groups who had spearheaded regular protests since the scandal broke in April, on the 27th sought to unite with the rural and indigenous organizations who orchestrated the road blocks. The strike in Guatemala City was full of a diverse and peaceful crowd ranging from the indigenous poor to the well-heeled, and it included many students from public and private universities. Hundreds of schools and businesses closed in support of the protests. The Comité Coordinador de Asociaciones Agrícolas, Comerciales, Industriales y Financieras (CACIF) Guatemala's most powerful business leaders, issued a statement demanding that Pérez Molina step down, and urged Congress to withdraw his immunity from prosecution.<a href="#cite_note-cacifMolina-154">[152]</a> The attorney general's office released its own statement, calling for the president's resignation "to prevent ungovernability that could destabilize the nation." As pressure mounted, the president's former ministers of defense and of the interior, who had been named in the corruption investigation and resigned, abruptly left the country.<a href="#cite_note-lopez27a-155">[153]</a> Pérez Molina meanwhile had been losing support by the day. The private sector called for his resignation; however, he also managed to get support from entrepreneurs that were not affiliated with the private sector chambers: Mario López Estrada – grandchild of former dictator <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Estrada_Cabrera" title="Manuel Estrada Cabrera">Manuel Estrada Cabrera</a> and the billionaire owner of cellular phone companies – had some of his executives assume the vacated cabinet positions.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> The Guatemalan radio station Emisoras Unidas reported exchanging text messages with Perez Molina. Asked whether he planned to resign, he wrote: "I will face whatever is necessary to face, and what the law requires." Some protesters demanded the general election be postponed, both because of the crisis and because it was plagued with accusations of irregularities. Others warned that suspending the vote could lead to an institutional vacuum.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> However, on 2 September 2015 Pérez Molina resigned, a day after Congress impeached him.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> On 3 September 2015 he was summoned to the Justice Department for his first legal audience for the <a href="/wiki/La_Linea_corruption_case" class="mw-redirect" title="La Linea corruption case">La Linea corruption case</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> In June 2016 a United Nations-backed prosecutor described the administration of Pérez Molina as a crime syndicate and outlined another corruption case, this one dubbed Cooperacha (Kick-in). The head of the Social Security Institute and at least five other ministers pooled funds to buy Molina luxurious gifts such as motorboats, spending over $4.7 million in three years.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Jimmy_Morales_and_Alejandro_Giammattei_in_power_(2016–2024)">Jimmy Morales and Alejandro Giammattei in power (2016–2024)</h5></div> In the <a href="/wiki/2015_Guatemalan_general_election" title="2015 Guatemalan general election">October 2015 presidential election</a>, former TV comedian <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Morales" title="Jimmy Morales">Jimmy Morales</a> was elected as the new president of Guatemala after huge anti-corruption demonstrations. He took office in January 2016.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-163">[161]</a> In December 2017, President Morales announced that Guatemala will move its embassy in Israel to Jerusalem, becoming the first nation to follow the United States.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> In January 2020, <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Giammattei" title="Alejandro Giammattei">Alejandro Giammattei</a> replaced Jimmy Morales as the president of Guatemala. Giammattei had won the <a href="/wiki/2019_Guatemalan_general_election" title="2019 Guatemalan general election">presidential election</a> in August 2019 with his "tough-on-crime" agenda.<a href="#cite_note-auto-165">[163]</a> In November 2020, large <a href="/wiki/2020_Guatemalan_protests" title="2020 Guatemalan protests">protests and demonstrations</a> occurred in Guatemala against President Alejandro Giammattei and the legislature, because of cutting educational and health spending.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> In August 2023, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Bernardo Arévalo">Bernardo Arévalo</a>, the candidate of the centre-left <a href="/wiki/Semilla_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Semilla (political party)">Semilla</a> (Seed) Movement, had a landslide victory in Guatemala's <a href="/wiki/2023_Guatemalan_general_election" title="2023 Guatemalan general election">presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Bernardo_Arévalo_and_Movimiento_Semilla_(2024–present)">Bernardo Arévalo and Movimiento Semilla (2024–present)</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_oficial_del_Presidente_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Bernardo_Ar%C3%A9valo_de_Le%C3%B3n,_como_Comandante_General_de_las_Fuerzas_Armadas_de_Guatemala.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Retrato_oficial_del_Presidente_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Bernardo_Ar%C3%A9valo_de_Le%C3%B3n%2C_como_Comandante_General_de_las_Fuerzas_Armadas_de_Guatemala.png/170px-Retrato_oficial_del_Presidente_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Bernardo_Ar%C3%A9valo_de_Le%C3%B3n%2C_como_Comandante_General_de_las_Fuerzas_Armadas_de_Guatemala.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Retrato_oficial_del_Presidente_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Bernardo_Ar%C3%A9valo_de_Le%C3%B3n%2C_como_Comandante_General_de_las_Fuerzas_Armadas_de_Guatemala.png/255px-Retrato_oficial_del_Presidente_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Bernardo_Ar%C3%A9valo_de_Le%C3%B3n%2C_como_Comandante_General_de_las_Fuerzas_Armadas_de_Guatemala.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Retrato_oficial_del_Presidente_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Bernardo_Ar%C3%A9valo_de_Le%C3%B3n%2C_como_Comandante_General_de_las_Fuerzas_Armadas_de_Guatemala.png/340px-Retrato_oficial_del_Presidente_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Bernardo_Ar%C3%A9valo_de_Le%C3%B3n%2C_como_Comandante_General_de_las_Fuerzas_Armadas_de_Guatemala.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Bernardo Arévalo">Bernardo Arévalo</a>, president of Guatemala</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Bernardo Arévalo">Bernardo Arévalo</a> is the son of the former president <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Juan José Arévalo">Juan José Arévalo</a>, who was the first democratically chosen president of Guatemala. Arévalo was scheduled to assume the role as the 52nd president of Guatemala with leadership of <a href="/wiki/Semilla_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Semilla (political party)">Semilla</a> on 14 January 2024,<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> however, his inauguration would be delayed due to the failure of the event's commission to approve a congressional delegation.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> Minutes after midnight, he was finally sworn in as Guatemala's president on 15 January.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> His campaign promotes anti-corruption and economic opportunities for Guatemalans.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> In his first few days in office, Arévalo reversed a government agreement signed by his <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Giammattei" title="Alejandro Giammattei">predecessor</a> that would have granted security and vehicles to former officials from the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Alejandro_Giammattei" title="Cabinet of Alejandro Giammattei">Giammattei cabinet</a> for six years.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> On 8 February 2024, Arévalo and Francisco Jiménez, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Guatemala)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Guatemala)">Minister of the Interior</a>, announced the creation of the Special Group Against Extortion (GECE), a special force within the <a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Police_(Guatemala)" title="National Civil Police (Guatemala)">National Civil Police</a> (PNC) aimed at combatting violent crime and extortions.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> The GECE will consist of 400 motorized officers who will patrol different regions of the country in phases. At the request of Arévalo, the United States government donated equipment to support the new task force.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> On 23 April 2024, during a public event marking the first 100 days of his government, Arévalo historically fulfilled one of his campaign promises by reducing the presidential salary by 25%.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> As a result of this reduction, the head of state of Guatemala is no longer the highest-paid president in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. Concurrently, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Karin_Herrera" title="Karin Herrera">Herrera</a> also announced a 25% reduction in her salary.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guatemala" title="Geography of Guatemala">Geography of Guatemala</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guatemala_WV_regions_map_2016_EN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Guatemala_WV_regions_map_2016_EN.png/220px-Guatemala_WV_regions_map_2016_EN.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Guatemala_WV_regions_map_2016_EN.png/330px-Guatemala_WV_regions_map_2016_EN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Guatemala_WV_regions_map_2016_EN.png/440px-Guatemala_WV_regions_map_2016_EN.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2080" /></a><figcaption>A map of Guatemala</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guatemala_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Guatemala_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-Guatemala_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Guatemala_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Guatemala_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Guatemala_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-Guatemala_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="1035" /></a><figcaption>Köppen climate types of Guatemala</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quetzaltenango_farm_highlands_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Quetzaltenango_farm_highlands_2009.jpg/220px-Quetzaltenango_farm_highlands_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Quetzaltenango_farm_highlands_2009.jpg/330px-Quetzaltenango_farm_highlands_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Quetzaltenango_farm_highlands_2009.jpg/440px-Quetzaltenango_farm_highlands_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5669" data-file-height="2423" /></a><figcaption>The highlands of <a href="/wiki/Quetzaltenango" title="Quetzaltenango">Quetzaltenango</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guatemala_town_volcanic_crater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Guatemala_town_volcanic_crater.jpg/220px-Guatemala_town_volcanic_crater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Guatemala_town_volcanic_crater.jpg/330px-Guatemala_town_volcanic_crater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Guatemala_town_volcanic_crater.jpg/440px-Guatemala_town_volcanic_crater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="1888" /></a><figcaption>A town along the <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Highway" title="Pan-American Highway">Pan-American Highway</a> within a volcanic crater</figcaption></figure>Guatemala is mountainous with small patches of desert and sand dunes, all hilly valleys, except for the south coast and the vast northern lowlands of <a href="/wiki/Pet%C3%A9n_(department)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petén (department)">Petén</a> department. Two mountain chains enter Guatemala from west to east, dividing Guatemala into three major regions: the highlands, where the mountains are located; the Pacific coast, south of the mountains and the Petén region, north of the mountains. All major cities are located in the highlands and Pacific coast regions; by comparison, Petén is sparsely populated. These three regions vary in climate, elevation, and landscape, providing dramatic contrasts between hot, humid tropical lowlands and colder, drier highland peaks. <a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Tajumulco" title="Volcán Tajumulco">Volcán Tajumulco</a>, at 4,220 metres (13,850 feet), is the highest point in the Central American countries. The rivers are short and shallow in the Pacific drainage basin, larger and deeper in the Caribbean and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> drainage basins. These rivers include the <a href="/wiki/Polochic_River" title="Polochic River">Polochic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dulce_River_(Guatemala)" title="Dulce River (Guatemala)">Dulce Rivers</a>, which drain into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Izabal" title="Lake Izabal">Lake Izabal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Motagua_River" title="Motagua River">Motagua River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sarstoon_River" title="Sarstoon River">Sarstún</a>, which forms the boundary with Belize, and the <a href="/wiki/Usumacinta_River" title="Usumacinta River">Usumacinta River</a>, which forms the boundary between Petén and <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>, Mexico. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_disasters">Natural disasters</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 2018 volcanic eruption, see <a href="/wiki/2018_Volc%C3%A1n_de_Fuego_eruption" title="2018 Volcán de Fuego eruption">2018 Volcán de Fuego eruption</a>.</div> Guatemala's location between the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean makes it a target for hurricanes such as <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Mitch" title="Hurricane Mitch">Hurricane Mitch</a> in 1998 and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Stan" title="Hurricane Stan">Hurricane Stan</a> in October 2005, which killed more than 1,500 people. The damage was not wind-related, but rather due to significant <a href="/wiki/Flooding" class="mw-redirect" title="Flooding">flooding</a> and resulting <a href="/wiki/Mudflow" title="Mudflow">mudslides</a>. The most recent was <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Eta" title="Hurricane Eta">Hurricane Eta</a> in November 2020, which was responsible for more than 100 people missing or killed with the final tally still uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> Guatemala's highlands lie along the <a href="/wiki/Motagua_Fault" title="Motagua Fault">Motagua Fault</a>, part of the boundary between the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Plate">Caribbean</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Plate">North American</a> <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">tectonic plates</a>. This fault has been responsible for several major earthquakes in historic times, including a 7.5 magnitude tremor on 4 February 1976 which killed more than 25,000 people. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_America_Trench" title="Middle America Trench">Middle America Trench</a>, a major <a href="/wiki/Subduction_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Subduction zone">subduction zone</a>, lies off the Pacific coast. Here, the <a href="/wiki/Cocos_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos Plate">Cocos Plate</a> is sinking beneath the Caribbean Plate, producing volcanic activity inland of the coast. Guatemala has 37 volcanoes, four of them active: <a href="/wiki/Pacaya" title="Pacaya">Pacaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiaguito" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiaguito">Santiaguito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_de_Fuego" title="Volcán de Fuego">Fuego</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Tacan%C3%A1" title="Volcán Tacaná">Tacaná</a>. Natural disasters have a long history in this geologically active part of the world. For example, two of the three <a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Antigua Guatemala">moves</a> of the capital of Guatemala have been due to volcanic mudflows in 1541 and earthquakes in 1773. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Guatemala">Biodiversity of Guatemala</a></div> Guatemala has 14 ecoregions ranging from mangrove forests to both ocean littorals with 5 different ecosystems. Guatemala has 252 listed wetlands, including five lakes, 61 lagoons, 100 rivers, and four swamps.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a> National Park was the first mixed UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. Guatemala is a country of distinct <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>. It has some 1246 known species. Of these, 6.7% are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> and 8.1% are threatened. Guatemala is home to at least 8,682 species of vascular plants, of which 13.5% are endemic. 5.4% of Guatemala is protected under <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">IUCN</a> categories I-V.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Maya_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Maya Biosphere Reserve">Maya Biosphere Reserve</a> in the department of <a href="/wiki/Pet%C3%A9n_(department)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petén (department)">Petén</a> has 2,112,940 ha,<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> making it the second-largest forest in Central America after <a href="/wiki/Bosawas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosawas">Bosawas</a>. Guatemala had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 3.85/10, ranking it 138th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-182">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_system">Political system</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guatemala" title="Politics of Guatemala">Politics of Guatemala</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Palace_of_Culture_-_Guatemala_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/National_Palace_of_Culture_-_Guatemala_City.jpg/220px-National_Palace_of_Culture_-_Guatemala_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/National_Palace_of_Culture_-_Guatemala_City.jpg/330px-National_Palace_of_Culture_-_Guatemala_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/National_Palace_of_Culture_-_Guatemala_City.jpg/440px-National_Palace_of_Culture_-_Guatemala_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1771" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_(Guatemala)" title="National Palace (Guatemala)">National Palace</a>, former residence of the president, now used for important acts by the executive branch.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congreso_de_Guatemala_(7895588940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Congreso_de_Guatemala_%287895588940%29.jpg/220px-Congreso_de_Guatemala_%287895588940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Congreso_de_Guatemala_%287895588940%29.jpg/330px-Congreso_de_Guatemala_%287895588940%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Congreso_de_Guatemala_%287895588940%29.jpg/440px-Congreso_de_Guatemala_%287895588940%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1371" /></a><figcaption>The interior of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Guatemala" title="Congress of the Republic of Guatemala">Congress</a>.</figcaption></figure> Guatemala is a constitutional democratic republic whereby the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Guatemala" title="President of Guatemala">President of Guatemala</a> is both <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, and of a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">Executive power</a> is exercised by the government. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">Legislative power</a> is vested in both the government and the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Guatemala" title="Congress of the Republic of Guatemala">Congress of the Republic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> is independent of the executive and the legislature. On 2 September 2015, <a href="/wiki/Otto_P%C3%A9rez_Molina" title="Otto Pérez Molina">Otto Pérez Molina</a> resigned as President of Guatemala due to <a href="/wiki/La_Linea_corruption_case" class="mw-redirect" title="La Linea corruption case">a corruption scandal</a> and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Maldonado" title="Alejandro Maldonado">Alejandro Maldonado</a> until January 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Maldonado-183">[181]</a> Congress appointed former <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala" title="Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala">Universidad de San Carlos</a> President Alfonso Fuentes Soria as the new vice president to replace Maldonado.<a href="#cite_note-soria-184">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Morales" title="Jimmy Morales">Jimmy Morales</a> assumed office on 14 January 2016.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-163">[161]</a> In January 2020, he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Giammattei" title="Alejandro Giammattei">Alejandro Giammattei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-165">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Bernardo Arévalo">César Bernardo Arévalo de León</a>,<a href="#cite_note-congr-185">[183]</a> a Guatemalan diplomat, <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a>, writer, and politician, and a member and co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Semilla" title="Movimiento Semilla">Semilla</a> party, is now serving as the 52nd <a href="/wiki/President_of_Guatemala" title="President of Guatemala">president of Guatemala</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Guatemala" title="Foreign relations of Guatemala">Foreign relations of Guatemala</a></div> Guatemala has long claimed all or part of the territory of neighboring Belize. Owing to this territorial dispute, Guatemala did not recognize Belize's independence until 6 September 1991,<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> but the dispute is not resolved. Negotiations are currently under way under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> to conclude it.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Guatemala">Military of Guatemala</a></div> Guatemala has a modest military, with between 15,000 and 20,000 personnel.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> In 2017, Guatemala signed the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Guatemala" title="Departments of Guatemala">Departments of Guatemala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Guatemala" title="Municipalities of Guatemala">Municipalities of Guatemala</a></div> Guatemala is divided into 22 <a href="/wiki/Department_(subnational_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department (subnational entity)">departments</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: departamentos) and sub-divided into about 335 municipalities (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: municipios).<a href="#cite_note-segeplan-191">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Guatemala" title="Human rights in Guatemala">Human rights in Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women_in_Guatemala" title="Violence against women in Guatemala">Violence against women in Guatemala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></div> Killings and <a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">death squads</a> have been common in Guatemala since the end of the civil war in 1996. They often had ties to Clandestine Security Apparatuses (Cuerpos Ilegales y Aparatos Clandestinos de Seguridad – CIACS), organizations of current and former members of the military involved in organized crime. They had significant influence, now somewhat lessened,<a href="#cite_note-ic-192">[190]</a> but extrajudicial killings continue.<a href="#cite_note-yale-193">[191]</a> In July 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-American Court">Inter-American Court</a> condemned the 18 July 1982 massacre of 188 Achi-Maya in Plan de Sanchez, and for the first time in its history, ruled the Guatemalan Army had committed genocide. It was the first ruling by the court against the Guatemalan state for any of the 626 massacres reported in its 1980s scorched-earth campaign.<a href="#cite_note-yale-193">[191]</a> In those massacres, 83 percent of the victims were Maya and 17 percent Ladino.<a href="#cite_note-yale-193">[191]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Extra-Judicial Killings in Guatemala </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2010 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,072 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2011 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">279 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2012 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">439 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">source: Center for Legal Action in Human Rights (CALDH)<a href="#cite_note-ic-192">[190]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> In 2008, Guatemala became the first country to officially recognize <a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">femicide</a>, the murder of a female because of her sex, as a crime.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-194">[192]</a> Guatemala has the third-highest femicide rate in the world, after <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, with around 9.1 murders for every 100,000 women from 2007 to 2012.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-194">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guatemala" title="Economy of Guatemala">Economy of Guatemala</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_in_El_Salvador,_Guatemala_and_Honduras.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/GDP_per_capita_development_in_El_Salvador%2C_Guatemala_and_Honduras.svg/290px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_El_Salvador%2C_Guatemala_and_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/GDP_per_capita_development_in_El_Salvador%2C_Guatemala_and_Honduras.svg/435px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_El_Salvador%2C_Guatemala_and_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/GDP_per_capita_development_in_El_Salvador%2C_Guatemala_and_Honduras.svg/580px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_El_Salvador%2C_Guatemala_and_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Historical GDP per capita development of El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fields_in_Quetzaltenango.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Fields_in_Quetzaltenango.jpg/220px-Fields_in_Quetzaltenango.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Fields_in_Quetzaltenango.jpg/330px-Fields_in_Quetzaltenango.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Fields_in_Quetzaltenango.jpg/440px-Fields_in_Quetzaltenango.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Fields in <a href="/wiki/Quetzaltenango" title="Quetzaltenango">Quetzaltenango</a></figcaption></figure> Guatemala is the largest economy in Central America, with an estimated 2024 GDP (PPP) per capita of US$10,998. However, Guatemala faces many social problems and is one of the poorest countries in Latin America. The income distribution is highly unequal with more than half of the population below the national poverty line and just over 400,000 (3.2%) unemployed. The CIA World Fact Book considers 54.0% of the population of Guatemala to be living in poverty in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-cia-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> In 2010, the Guatemalan economy grew by 3%, recovering gradually from the 2009 crisis, as a result of the falling demands from the United States and other <a href="/wiki/Central_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Central American">Central American</a> markets and the slowdown in foreign investment in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Global_recession_of_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Global recession of 2009">global recession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">Remittances</a> from Guatemalans living in United States now constitute the largest single source of foreign income (two-thirds of exports and one tenth of GDP).<a href="#cite_note-cia-195">[193]</a> Some of Guatemala's main exports are fruits, vegetables, flowers, handicrafts, cloths and others. It is a leading exporter of <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> In the face of a rising demand for <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a>, the country is growing and exporting an increasing amount of raw materials for biofuel production, especially <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>. Critics say that this development leads to higher prices for <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple foods</a> like corn, a major ingredient in the Guatemalan diet. As a consequence of the subsidization of US American corn, Guatemala imports nearly half of its corn from the United States that is using 40 percent of its crop harvest for biofuel production.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> In 2014, the government was considering ways to legalize poppy and marijuana production, hoping to tax production and use tax revenues to fund drug prevention programs and other social projects.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> (PPP) in 2010 was estimated at US$70.15 billion. The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 63%, followed by the industry sector at 23.8% and the agriculture sector at 13.2% (2010 est.). Mines produce gold, silver, zinc, cobalt and nickel.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> Country's gold production in 2015 is 6 tons.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> The agricultural sector accounts for about two-fifths of exports, and half of the labor force. Organic coffee, sugar, textiles, fresh vegetables, and bananas are the country's main exports. Inflation was 3.9% in 2010. The 1996 peace accords that ended the decades-long civil war removed a major obstacle to foreign investment. Tourism has become an increasing source of revenue for Guatemala thanks to the new foreign investment. In March 2006, Guatemala's congress ratified the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Central_America_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement">Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement</a> (DR-CAFTA) between several Central American nations and the US.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> Guatemala also has <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreements</a> with <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. Guatemala was ranked 122nd in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Catalina_Arch_-_Antigua_Guatemala_Feb_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Santa_Catalina_Arch_-_Antigua_Guatemala_Feb_2020.jpg/220px-Santa_Catalina_Arch_-_Antigua_Guatemala_Feb_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Santa_Catalina_Arch_-_Antigua_Guatemala_Feb_2020.jpg/330px-Santa_Catalina_Arch_-_Antigua_Guatemala_Feb_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Santa_Catalina_Arch_-_Antigua_Guatemala_Feb_2020.jpg/440px-Santa_Catalina_Arch_-_Antigua_Guatemala_Feb_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6993" data-file-height="4664" /></a><figcaption>The colonial city of <a href="/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala" title="Antigua Guatemala">Antigua Guatemala</a>, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Guatemala" title="Tourism in Guatemala">Tourism in Guatemala</a></div> Tourism has become one of the main drivers of the economy, with tourism estimated at $1.8 billion to the economy in 2008. Guatemala receives around two million tourists annually. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of cruise ships visiting Guatemalan seaports, leading to higher tourist numbers. Tourist destinations include Maya archaeological sites (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a> in the Peten, Quiriguá in Izabal, Iximche in Chimaltenango and <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a>), natural attractions (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Atitl%C3%A1n" title="Lake Atitlán">Lake Atitlán</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semuc_Champey" title="Semuc Champey">Semuc Champey</a>) and historical sites such as the colonial city of <a href="/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala" title="Antigua Guatemala">Antigua Guatemala</a>, which is recognized as a UNESCO Cultural Heritage site. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Guatemala" title="Demographics of Guatemala">Demographics of Guatemala</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Guatemala">List of cities in Guatemala</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guatemala_Population_Graph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Guatemala_Population_Graph.svg/220px-Guatemala_Population_Graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Guatemala_Population_Graph.svg/330px-Guatemala_Population_Graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Guatemala_Population_Graph.svg/440px-Guatemala_Population_Graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Guatemala's population (1950–2010)<a href="#cite_note-WPP_2012-206">[204]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guatemala_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Guatemala_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/220px-Guatemala_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Guatemala_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/330px-Guatemala_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Guatemala_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/440px-Guatemala_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="2212" data-file-height="1777" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid in 2020</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santiago_de_atitlan_natives_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Santiago_de_atitlan_natives_2009.JPG/220px-Santiago_de_atitlan_natives_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Santiago_de_atitlan_natives_2009.JPG/330px-Santiago_de_atitlan_natives_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Santiago_de_atitlan_natives_2009.JPG/440px-Santiago_de_atitlan_natives_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2015" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tz%27utujil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tz'utujil people">Tz'utujil</a> men in <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Atitl%C3%A1n" title="Santiago Atitlán">Santiago Atitlán</a></figcaption></figure> Guatemala has a population of 17,608,483 (2021 est).<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-16">[14]</a> With only 885,000 in 1900, this constitutes the fastest population growth in the Western Hemisphere during the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> The Republic of Guatemala's first census was taken in 1778.<a href="#cite_note-:0-208">[206]</a> The census records for 1778, 1880, 1893 and 1921 were used as scrap paper and no longer exist, although their statistical information was preserved.<a href="#cite_note-:3-209">[207]</a> Censuses have not been taken at regular intervals. The 1837 census was discredited at the time; statistician Don Jose de la Valle made a calculation that in 1837 the population of Guatemala was 600,000.<a href="#cite_note-:0-208">[206]</a> The 1940 census was burned.<a href="#cite_note-:1-210">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-209">[207]</a> Data from the remaining censuses is in the Historical Population table below. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Historical Population </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Census </th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td>1778 </td> <td>430,859<a href="#cite_note-:0-208">[206]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1825 </td> <td>507,126<a href="#cite_note-:0-208">[206]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1837 </td> <td>490,787<a href="#cite_note-:0-208">[206]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1852 </td> <td>787,000<a href="#cite_note-:0-208">[206]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1880 </td> <td>1,224,602<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1893 </td> <td>1,364,678<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1914 </td> <td>2,183,166<a href="#cite_note-:1-210">[208]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1921 </td> <td>2,004,900<a href="#cite_note-:1-210">[208]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950 </td> <td>2,870,272<a href="#cite_note-:1-210">[208]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 </td> <td>4,287,997<a href="#cite_note-:2-213">[211]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td>5,160,221<a href="#cite_note-:2-213">[211]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td>6,054,227<a href="#cite_note-:2-213">[211]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td>8,321,067<a href="#cite_note-:2-213">[211]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td>11,183,388<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>14,901,286<a href="#cite_note-censopoblacion.gt-2">[2]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Guatemala is heavily centralized: transportation, communications, business, politics, and the most relevant urban activity takes place in the capital of Guatemala City,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] whose urban area has a population of almost 3 million.<a href="#cite_note-cia-195">[193]</a> The estimated median age in Guatemala is 20 years old, 19.4 for males and 20.7 years for females.<a href="#cite_note-cia-195">[193]</a> Guatemala is demographically one of the <a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Guatemala" title="Youth in Guatemala">youngest</a> countries in the Western Hemisphere, comparable to most of central Africa and Iraq. The proportion of the population below the age of 15 in 2010 was 41.5%, 54.1% were aged between 15 and 65 years of age, and 4.4% were aged 65 years or older.<a href="#cite_note-WPP_2012-206">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antigua_guatemala_women_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Antigua_guatemala_women_2009.JPG/220px-Antigua_guatemala_women_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Antigua_guatemala_women_2009.JPG/330px-Antigua_guatemala_women_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Antigua_guatemala_women_2009.JPG/440px-Antigua_guatemala_women_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Guatemalan women in <a href="/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala" title="Antigua Guatemala">Antigua Guatemala</a></figcaption></figure>A significant number of Guatemalans live outside of their country. The majority of the Guatemalan <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> is located in the United States of America, with estimates ranging from 480,665<a href="#cite_note-US_Census_2000-215">[213]</a> to 1,489,426.<a href="#cite_note-MigrationDC_2006-216">[214]</a> Emigration to the United States has led to the growth of Guatemalan communities in California, Delaware, Florida, Illinois, New York, New Jersey, Texas, Rhode Island and elsewhere since the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> However, as of July 2019, the United States and Guatemala signed a deal to restrict migration and asylum seekers from Guatemala.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> Below are estimates of the number of Guatemalans living abroad for certain countries: <table class="sortable wikitable centre"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>2019 </th></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td align="right">1,070,743 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td align="right">44,178 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></td> <td align="right">25,086 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td align="right">18,398 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /> <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></td> <td align="right">9,005 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td align="right">7,678 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></td> <td align="right">4,681 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td align="right">3,296 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></td> <td align="right">2,699 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td align="right">2,299 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;">Total</td> <td align="right">1,205,644 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td colspan="5" style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;">Source:DatosMacro.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Guatemala#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Guatemala">Demographics of Guatemala § Ethnic groups</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Ethnic groups in Guatemala (2018 Census)<a href="#cite_note-censopoblacion.gt-2">[2]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Ethnic groups</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Ladino_people" title="Ladino people">Ladino</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkgreen; width:56.01%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">56.01%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Maya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya people">Maya</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:41.66%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">41.66%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Xinca_people" title="Xinca people">Xinca</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:1.77%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.77%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Guatemalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Guatemalan">Afro-Guatemalan</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:0.19%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.19%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%ADfuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Garífuna">Garífuna</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:0.13%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.13%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Foreign</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:0.24%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.24%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> Guatemala is populated by a variety of ethnic, cultural, racial, and linguistic groups. According to the 2018 Census conducted by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Guatemala)" title="National Institute of Statistics (Guatemala)">National Institute of Statistics (INE)</a>, 56% of the population is <a href="/wiki/Ladino_people" title="Ladino people">Ladino</a> reflecting mixed indigenous and European heritage.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-220">[218]</a> Indigenous Guatemalans are 43.6% of the national population, which is one of the largest percentages in Latin America, behind only Peru and Bolivia. Most indigenous Guatemalans (41.7% of the national population) are of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya people">Maya people</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/K%27iche%27_people" class="mw-redirect" title="K'iche' people">K'iche'</a> (11.0% of the total population), <a href="/wiki/Q%27eqchi%27_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Q'eqchi' people">Q'eqchi</a> (8.3%), <a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_people" title="Kaqchikel people">Kaqchikel</a> (7.8%), <a href="/wiki/Mam_people" title="Mam people">Mam</a> (5.2%), and "other <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a>" (7.6%). 2% of the national population is indigenous non-Maya. 1.8% of the population is Xinca (mesoamerican), and 0.1% of the population is Garifuna (African/Carib mix).<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-220">[218]</a> "However, indigenous rights activists put the indigenous figure closer to 61 per cent." <a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a> Guatemalans of European descent, also called <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo</a>, are not differentiated from Ladinos (mixed-race) individuals in the Guatemalan census.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-220">[218]</a> Most are descendants of German and Spanish settlers, and others derive from Italians, British, French, Swiss, Belgians, Dutch, Russians and Danes. German settlers are credited with bringing the tradition of Christmas trees to Guatemala.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> The population includes about 110,000 Salvadorans. The <a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%ADfuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Garífuna">Garífuna</a>, descended primarily from Black Africans who lived and intermarried with indigenous peoples from St. Vincent, live mainly in <a href="/wiki/Livingston_(Guatemala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Livingston (Guatemala)">Livingston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Barrios" title="Puerto Barrios">Puerto Barrios</a>. <a href="/wiki/Afro-Guatemalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Guatemalan">Afro-Guatemalans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulattos</a> are descended primarily from banana plantation workers. There are also <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asians</a>, mostly of <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a> descent but also <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arabs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian people">Syrian</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guatemala" title="Languages of Guatemala">Languages of Guatemala</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Languages in Guatemala</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Languages</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkgreen; width:69.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">69.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan languages</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:29.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">29.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:0.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:0.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">None</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:0.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> Guatemala's sole official language is Spanish. Twenty-one <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan languages</a> are spoken, especially in rural areas, as well as two non-Mayan <a href="/wiki/Amerindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindian">Indigenous</a> languages: <a href="/wiki/Xinca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinca language">Xinca</a>, which is indigenous to the country, and <a href="/wiki/Garifuna_language" title="Garifuna language">Garifuna</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Arawakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawakan">Arawakan</a> language spoken on the Caribbean coast. According to the Language Law of 2003, these languages are recognized as national languages.<a href="#cite_note-Decreto19-2003-224">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_integration_and_bilingual_education">Indigenous integration and bilingual education</h3></div> Throughout the 20th century there have been many developments in the integration of <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan languages</a> into the Guatemalan society and educational system. Originating from political reasons, these processes have aided the revival of some Mayan languages and advanced bilingual education in the country.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idiomasmap_Guatemala.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Idiomasmap_Guatemala.svg/220px-Idiomasmap_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Idiomasmap_Guatemala.svg/330px-Idiomasmap_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Idiomasmap_Guatemala.svg/440px-Idiomasmap_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Language map of Guatemala. The "Castilian" areas represent Spanish.</figcaption></figure>In 1945, in order to overcome "the Indian problem", the Guatemalan government founded The Institute Indigents ta National (NH), the purpose of which was to teach literacy to Mayan children in their mother tongue instead of Spanish, to prepare the ground for later assimilation of the latter. The teaching of literacy in the first language, which received support from the UN, significantly advanced in 1952, when the SIL (Summer Institute of Linguistics), located in Dallas, Texas, partnered with the Guatemalan Ministry of Education; within 2 years, numerous written works in Mayan languages had been printed and published, and vast advancement was done in the translation of the New Testament. Further efforts to integrate the indigenous into the Ladino<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> society were made in the following years, including the invention of a special alphabet to assist Mayan students transition to Spanish, and bilingual education in the Q'eqchi' area. When Spanish became the official language of Guatemala in 1965, the government started several programs, such as the Bilingual <a href="/wiki/Castellanizaci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Castellanización">Castellanizacion</a> Program and the Radiophonic Schools, to accelerate the move of Mayan students to Spanish. Unintentionally, the efforts to integrate the indigenous using language, especially the new alphabet, gave institutions tools to use Mayan tongues in schools, and while improving Mayan children's learning, they left them unequipped to learn in a solely Spanish environment. So, an additional expansion of bilingual education took place in 1980, when an experimental program in which children were to be instructed in their mother tongue until they are fluent enough in Spanish was created. The program proved successful when the students of the pilot showed higher academic achievements than the ones in the Spanish-only control schools. In 1987, when the pilot was to finish, bilingual education was made official in Guatemala. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Religion in Guatemala</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guatemala_City_3._catedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Guatemala_City_3._catedral.jpg/220px-Guatemala_City_3._catedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Guatemala_City_3._catedral.jpg/330px-Guatemala_City_3._catedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Guatemala_City_3._catedral.jpg/440px-Guatemala_City_3._catedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2588" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Guatemala_City" title="Cathedral of Guatemala City">Catedral Metropolitana</a>, Guatemala City</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is very influential in nearly all of <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Guatemala" title="Demographics of Guatemala">Guatemalan society</a>, both in cosmology and social-politic composition. The country, once dominated by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> (introduced by the Spanish during the colonial era), is now influenced by a diversity of Christian denominations. The Roman Catholic Church remains the largest Church denomination, passing from 55% of people in 2001 to 47.9% as of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guatemala&action=edit">[update]</a> (CID Gallup November 2001, September 2012). During 2001–2012, the already numerous <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> population, grew from thirty percent of the population to 38.2%. Those claiming no religious affiliation were down from 12.7% to 11.6%. The remainder, including <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Guatemala" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Guatemala">Mormons</a> and adherents of <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Guatemala">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Guatemala" title="Islam in Guatemala">Islam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, continued to register at more than 2 percent of the population.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> Since the 1960s, and particularly during the 1980s, Guatemala has experienced the rapid growth of Protestantism, especially evangelical varieties. Guatemala has been described as the most heavily evangelical nation in Latin America,<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> with multitudes of unregistered churches,<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> although Brazil<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Honduras" title="Protestantism in Honduras">Honduras</a> may be as heavily evangelical as Guatemala. Over the past two decades, particularly since the end of the civil war, Guatemala has seen heightened missionary activity. Protestant denominations have grown markedly in recent decades, chiefly <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> varieties; growth is particularly strong among the ethnic Maya population, with the <a href="/wiki/National_Evangelical_Presbyterian_Church_of_Guatemala" title="National Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Guatemala">National Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Guatemala</a> maintaining 11 indigenous-language presbyteries. <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> has grown from 40,000 members in 1984 to 164,000 in 1998, and continues to expand.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_andres_xecul_church_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/San_andres_xecul_church_2009.JPG/220px-San_andres_xecul_church_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/San_andres_xecul_church_2009.JPG/330px-San_andres_xecul_church_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/San_andres_xecul_church_2009.JPG/440px-San_andres_xecul_church_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="2496" /></a><figcaption>A colonial church in <a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_Xecul" title="San Andrés Xecul">San Andrés Xecul</a></figcaption></figure> The growth of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> in Guatemala has been especially strong, with hundreds of thousands of converts in the last five years,<a href="#cite_note-EOC3-232">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] giving the country the highest proportion of Orthodox adherents in the Western Hemisphere.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Traditional <a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya religion</a> persists through the process of <a href="/wiki/Inculturation" title="Inculturation">inculturation</a>, in which certain practices are incorporated into Catholic ceremonies and worship when they are sympathetic to the meaning of Catholic belief.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> Indigenous religious practices are increasing as a result of the cultural protections established under the peace accords.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The government has instituted a policy of providing altars at every Maya ruin to facilitate traditional ceremonies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Guatemala" title="Immigration to Guatemala">Immigration to Guatemala</a></div> During the colonial era Guatemala received immigrants (settlers) only from Spain. Subsequently, Guatemala received waves of immigration from Europe in the mid 19th century and early 20th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Primarily from Germany, these immigrants installed coffee and cardamom <a href="/wiki/Fincas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fincas">fincas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alta_Verapaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Alta Verapaz">Alta Verapaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zacapa" title="Zacapa">Zacapa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetzaltenango" title="Quetzaltenango">Quetzaltenango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baja_Verapaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja Verapaz">Baja Verapaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Izabal_Department" title="Izabal Department">Izabal</a>. To a lesser extent people also arrived from Spain, France, Belgium, England, Italy, Sweden, and others. Many European immigrants to Guatemala were politicians, refugees, and entrepreneurs as well as families looking to settle. Up to 1950 Guatemala was the Central American country that received the most immigrants, behind <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, and large numbers of immigrants are still received today.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Since the 1890s, there has been immigration from East Asia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Also, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the immigrant population is being strengthened by <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> immigration.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the second half of the twentieth century, Latin American immigration increased in Guatemala, particularly from other <a href="/wiki/Central_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Central American">Central American</a> countries, Mexico, Cuba, and Argentina, although most of these immigrants stayed only temporarily before going to their final destinations in the United States.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <table class="sortable wikitable centre"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>2019 </th></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /> <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></td> <td align="right">19,704 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td align="right">18,003 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td align="right">8,871 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></td> <td align="right">8,787 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></td> <td align="right">8,608 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></td> <td align="right">1,833 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td align="right">1,354 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></td> <td align="right">1,192 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td> <td align="right">1,186 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></td> <td align="right">904 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;">Total</td> <td align="right">80,421 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td colspan="5" style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;">Source:DatosMacro.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Guatemala" title="Health in Guatemala">Health in Guatemala</a></div> Guatemala has among the worst health outcomes in Latin America with some of the highest infant mortality rates, and one of the lowest life expectancies at birth in the region.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> With about 16,000 doctors for its 16 million people, Guatemala has about half the doctor-citizen ratio recommended by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a> in 1997, the Ministry of Health has extended healthcare access to 54% of the rural population.<a href="#cite_note-www-wds.worldbank.org-240">[238]</a> Healthcare has received different levels of support from different political administrations who disagree on how best to manage distribution of services – via a private or a public entity – and the scale of financing that should be made available.<a href="#cite_note-www-wds.worldbank.org-240">[238]</a> As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guatemala&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Ministry of Health lacked the financial means to monitor or evaluate its programs.<a href="#cite_note-www-wds.worldbank.org-240">[238]</a> Total healthcare spending, both public and private, has remained constant at between 6.4 and 7.3% of the GDP.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-who.int-242">[240]</a> Per-capita average annual healthcare spending was only $368 in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-who.int-242">[240]</a> Guatemalan patients choose between indigenous treatments or Western medicine when they engage with the health system.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> In the 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), Guatemala ranks 81st out of 127 countries with sufficient data. Guatemala's GHI score is 18.8, which indicates a moderate level of hunger.<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guatemala" title="Education in Guatemala">Education in Guatemala</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recursos_Educativos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Recursos_Educativos.jpg/220px-Recursos_Educativos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Recursos_Educativos.jpg/330px-Recursos_Educativos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Recursos_Educativos.jpg/440px-Recursos_Educativos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2859" data-file-height="1889" /></a><figcaption>Library of the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala" title="Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala">University of San Carlos</a>, fourth university founded in the Americas.</figcaption></figure> Education in Guatemala is for the most part provided publicly, funded, and overseen by the central government. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Guatemala)" title="Ministry of Education (Guatemala)">Ministry of Education</a> is responsible for the formulation, implementation, and supervision of national educational policy and curriculum. Education is divided into a five-tier system which includes <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary education</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a>, depending on the level of technical training. Education is instructed in Spanish, though a bilingual education in <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guatemala" title="Languages of Guatemala">Amerindian languages</a> is available in regions with predominantly indigenous populations.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> Guatemala has a total of <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Guatemala" title="List of universities in Guatemala">fifteen universities</a>; one public and fourteen private. Established in 1676, <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_San_Carlos_de_Guatemala" title="Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala">Universidad de San Carlos</a> is the oldest post-secondary institution in Guatemala and the fourth oldest in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> Guatemala spends about 3.2 percent of its GDP on education.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Guatemala" title="Youth in Guatemala">youth participation</a> has been an ongoing challenge—particularly in rural areas and indigenous communities.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> Lack of training for rural teachers is one of the key contributors to Guatemala's low literacy rates. Nevertheless, significant strides in education have made literacy rates among the population aged 15 and above increase from 74.5% in 2012 to 83.3% in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> Organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Child_Aid" title="Child Aid">Child Aid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_a_Pueblo" title="Pueblo a Pueblo">Pueblo a Pueblo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Common_Hope" title="Common Hope">Common Hope</a>, which train teachers in communities throughout the Central Highlands region, have also worked to improve educational outcomes for children. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Guatemala <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">According to the 2018 Census<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Guatemala">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Guatemala" title="Departments of Guatemala">Department</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Guatemala_City_-_Guatemala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guatemala City"><img alt="Guatemala City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Guatemala_City_-_Guatemala.jpg/120px-Guatemala_City_-_Guatemala.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Guatemala_City_-_Guatemala.jpg/180px-Guatemala_City_-_Guatemala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Guatemala_City_-_Guatemala.jpg/240px-Guatemala_City_-_Guatemala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Paso_a_Desnivel_Ruta_Interamericana_CA-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mixco"><img alt="Mixco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Paso_a_Desnivel_Ruta_Interamericana_CA-1.jpg/120px-Paso_a_Desnivel_Ruta_Interamericana_CA-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Paso_a_Desnivel_Ruta_Interamericana_CA-1.jpg/180px-Paso_a_Desnivel_Ruta_Interamericana_CA-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Paso_a_Desnivel_Ruta_Interamericana_CA-1.jpg/240px-Paso_a_Desnivel_Ruta_Interamericana_CA-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mixco" title="Mixco">Mixco</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_Department" title="Guatemala Department">Guatemala</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">923,392 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Zona_12_de_Villa_Nueva.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Villa Nueva"><img alt="Villa Nueva" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Zona_12_de_Villa_Nueva.jpg/120px-Zona_12_de_Villa_Nueva.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Zona_12_de_Villa_Nueva.jpg/180px-Zona_12_de_Villa_Nueva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Zona_12_de_Villa_Nueva.jpg/240px-Zona_12_de_Villa_Nueva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="639" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Villa_Nueva,_Guatemala" title="Villa Nueva, Guatemala">Villa Nueva</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cob%C3%A1n,_Guatemala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cobán"><img alt="Cobán" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cob%C3%A1n%2C_Guatemala.jpg/120px-Cob%C3%A1n%2C_Guatemala.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cob%C3%A1n%2C_Guatemala.jpg/180px-Cob%C3%A1n%2C_Guatemala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cob%C3%A1n%2C_Guatemala.jpg/240px-Cob%C3%A1n%2C_Guatemala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="555" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cob%C3%A1n" title="Cobán">Cobán</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mixco" title="Mixco">Mixco</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_Department" title="Guatemala Department">Guatemala</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">463,019 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Villa_Nueva,_Guatemala" title="Villa Nueva, Guatemala">Villa Nueva</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_Department" title="Guatemala Department">Guatemala</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">426,316 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cob%C3%A1n" title="Cobán">Cobán</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alta_Verapaz_Department" title="Alta Verapaz Department">Alta Verapaz</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">212,047 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Quetzaltenango" title="Quetzaltenango">Quetzaltenango</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Quetzaltenango_Department" title="Quetzaltenango Department">Quetzaltenango</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">180,706 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jalapa,_Jalapa" title="Jalapa, Jalapa">Jalapa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jalapa_Department" title="Jalapa Department">Jalapa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">159,840 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Escuintla" title="Escuintla">Escuintla</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Escuintla_Department" title="Escuintla Department">Escuintla</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">156,313 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Sacatep%C3%A9quez" title="San Juan Sacatepéquez">San Juan Sacatepéquez</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_Department" title="Guatemala Department">Guatemala</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">155,965 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jutiapa" title="Jutiapa">Jutiapa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jutiapa_Department" title="Jutiapa Department">Jutiapa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">145,880 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Petapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Petapa">Petapa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_Department" title="Guatemala Department">Guatemala</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">129,124 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guatemala" title="Culture of Guatemala">Culture of Guatemala</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baile_de_la_Conquista.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Baile_de_la_Conquista.jpg/220px-Baile_de_la_Conquista.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Baile_de_la_Conquista.jpg/330px-Baile_de_la_Conquista.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Baile_de_la_Conquista.jpg/440px-Baile_de_la_Conquista.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Baile_de_la_Conquista" title="Baile de la Conquista">dance of the conquest</a></figcaption></figure> Guatemala City is home to many of the nation's libraries and museums, including the National Archives, the National Library, and the Museum of Archeology and Ethnology, which has an extensive collection of Maya artifacts. It also boasts private museums such as the <a href="/wiki/Ixchel_Museum_of_Indigenous_Textiles_and_Clothing" title="Ixchel Museum of Indigenous Textiles and Clothing">Ixchel Museum of Indigenous Textiles and Clothing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Popol_Vuh" title="Museo Popol Vuh">Museo Popol Vuh</a>, which focuses on Maya archaeology. Both these museums are housed on the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Francisco_Marroqu%C3%ADn" title="Universidad Francisco Marroquín">Universidad Francisco Marroquín</a> campus. Most of the 329 municipalities in the country have at least a small museum. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> Guatemala has produced many indigenous artists who follow centuries-old Pre-Columbian traditions. Reflecting Guatemala's colonial and post-colonial history, encounters with multiple global art movements also have produced a wealth of artists who have combined the traditional <a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">primitivist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">naive aesthetic</a> with European, North American, and other traditions. The <a href="/wiki/Escuela_Nacional_de_Artes_Pl%C3%A1sticas_%22Rafael_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Padilla%22" title="Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas "Rafael Rodríguez Padilla"">Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas "Rafael Rodríguez Padilla"</a> is Guatemala's leading art school, and several leading indigenous artists, also graduates of that school, have work in the permanent collection of the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Arte_Moderno_%22Carlos_M%C3%A9rida%22" title="Museo Nacional de Arte Moderno "Carlos Mérida"">Museo Nacional de Arte Moderno</a> in the capital city. Contemporary Guatemalan artists who have gained reputations outside of Guatemala include Dagoberto Vásquez, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Rolando_Ixquiac_Xicara" title="Luis Rolando Ixquiac Xicara">Luis Rolando Ixquiac Xicara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_M%C3%A9rida" title="Carlos Mérida">Carlos Mérida</a>,<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/An%C3%ADbal_L%C3%B3pez" title="Aníbal López">Aníbal López</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Goyri" title="Roberto González Goyri">Roberto González Goyri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elmar_Rojas" title="Elmar Rojas">Elmar René Rojas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_literature" title="Guatemalan literature">Guatemalan literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20240620_NP_PRESIDENTE_BERNARDO_AREVALO_Y_KARIN_HERRERA_PARTICIPAN_EN_DIALOGO_PREMIO_NOBEL_DE_LA_PAZ_054_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/20240620_NP_PRESIDENTE_BERNARDO_AREVALO_Y_KARIN_HERRERA_PARTICIPAN_EN_DIALOGO_PREMIO_NOBEL_DE_LA_PAZ_054_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-20240620_NP_PRESIDENTE_BERNARDO_AREVALO_Y_KARIN_HERRERA_PARTICIPAN_EN_DIALOGO_PREMIO_NOBEL_DE_LA_PAZ_054_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/20240620_NP_PRESIDENTE_BERNARDO_AREVALO_Y_KARIN_HERRERA_PARTICIPAN_EN_DIALOGO_PREMIO_NOBEL_DE_LA_PAZ_054_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-20240620_NP_PRESIDENTE_BERNARDO_AREVALO_Y_KARIN_HERRERA_PARTICIPAN_EN_DIALOGO_PREMIO_NOBEL_DE_LA_PAZ_054_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/20240620_NP_PRESIDENTE_BERNARDO_AREVALO_Y_KARIN_HERRERA_PARTICIPAN_EN_DIALOGO_PREMIO_NOBEL_DE_LA_PAZ_054_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-20240620_NP_PRESIDENTE_BERNARDO_AREVALO_Y_KARIN_HERRERA_PARTICIPAN_EN_DIALOGO_PREMIO_NOBEL_DE_LA_PAZ_054_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2797" data-file-height="3731" /></a><figcaption>Human rights activist, author, and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> laureate, <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_National_Prize_in_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Guatemala National Prize in Literature">Guatemala National Prize in Literature</a> is a one-time-only award that recognizes an individual writer's body of work. It has been given annually since 1988 by the Ministry of Culture and Sports.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1967. Among his famous books is <a href="/wiki/El_Se%C3%B1or_Presidente" title="El Señor Presidente">El Señor Presidente</a>, a novel based on the government of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Estrada_Cabrera" title="Manuel Estrada Cabrera">Manuel Estrada Cabrera</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a>, winner of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> for fighting oppression of indigenous people in Guatemala, is famous for her books I, Rigoberta Menchú<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> and Crossing Borders.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> The Guatemalan director <a href="/wiki/Jayro_Bustamante" title="Jayro Bustamante">Jayro Bustamante</a> has gained an international audience with his films focused on Guatemalan contemporary society and politics : Ixcanul in 2015, and Temblores and La Llorona (The Weeping Woman) in 2019. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_news">Media and news</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Guatemala">Media of Guatemala</a></div> Major national newspapers in Guatemala include <a href="/wiki/Prensa_Libre_(Guatemala)" title="Prensa Libre (Guatemala)">Prensa Libre</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Peri%C3%B3dico_(Guatemala)" title="El Periódico (Guatemala)">El Periodico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siglo_Veintiuno" title="Siglo Veintiuno">Siglo21</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> Guatemala also has a few major local channels and radio stations, such as one of Guatemala's major radio stations, Emisoras Unidas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Music of Guatemala</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concierto_Ricardo_Arjona_Miami_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Concierto_Ricardo_Arjona_Miami_2009.jpg/170px-Concierto_Ricardo_Arjona_Miami_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Concierto_Ricardo_Arjona_Miami_2009.jpg/255px-Concierto_Ricardo_Arjona_Miami_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Concierto_Ricardo_Arjona_Miami_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Arjona" title="Ricardo Arjona">Ricardo Arjona</a>, a singer with a long career, his music is well known in Latin America.</figcaption></figure> Guatemalan music comprises a number of styles and expressions. Guatemalan social change has been empowered by music such as <a href="/wiki/Nueva_cancion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nueva cancion">nueva cancion</a>, which blends together histories, present-day issues, and the political values and struggles of common people. The <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> had an intense musical practice, as documented by their <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> Guatemala was also one of the first regions in the New World to be introduced to European music, from 1524 on. Many composers from the Renaissance, baroque, classical, romantic, and contemporary music styles have contributed works of all genres. The <a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">marimba</a>, which is like a wooden xylophone,<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> is the national instrument and its music is widely found in Guatemala.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> It has developed a large repertoire of very attractive pieces that have been popular for more than a century. The Historia General de Guatemala has published a series of CDs compiling the historical music of Guatemala, in which every style is represented, from the Maya, colonial, independent and republican eras to the present. Many contemporary music groups in Guatemala play <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean music">Caribbean music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">salsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garifuna_music" title="Garifuna music">Garifuna</a>-influenced <a href="/wiki/Punta" title="Punta">punta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_pop" title="Latin pop">Latin pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexican regional</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mariachi" title="Mariachi">mariachi</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemalan cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:091225_tamales.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/091225_tamales.JPG/220px-091225_tamales.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/091225_tamales.JPG/330px-091225_tamales.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/091225_tamales.JPG/440px-091225_tamales.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Black and red tamales in Guatemala</figcaption></figure> Many traditional foods in Guatemalan cuisine are based on Mayan cuisine and prominently feature <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chilies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_turtle_bean" title="Black turtle bean">black beans</a> as key ingredients. Traditional dishes also include a variety of stews including <a href="/wiki/Kak%27ik" title="Kak'ik">Kak'ik</a> (Kak-ik), which is a tomato-based stew with <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pepi%C3%A1n" title="Pepián">pepian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cocido" title="Cocido">cocido</a>. Guatemala is also known for its <a href="/wiki/Mexican_street_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican street food">antojitos</a>, which include small <a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">tamales</a> called "chuchitos", fried <a href="/wiki/Cooking_banana" title="Cooking banana">plantains</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tostada_(tortilla)" title="Tostada (tortilla)">tostadas</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tomato_sauce" title="Tomato sauce">tomato sauce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guacamole" title="Guacamole">guacamole</a> or black beans. Certain foods are also commonly eaten on certain days of the week; for example, a popular custom is to eat paches (a kind of tamale made from potatoes) on Thursday. Certain dishes are also associated with special occasions, such as <a href="/wiki/Fiambre" title="Fiambre">fiambre</a> for <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a> on 1 November, or tamales and ponche (<a href="/wiki/Punch_(drink)" title="Punch (drink)">fruit punch</a>), which are both very common around Christmas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Guatemala">Sport in Guatemala</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estadio_Mateo_Flores_Guatemala.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Estadio_Mateo_Flores_Guatemala.JPG/220px-Estadio_Mateo_Flores_Guatemala.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Estadio_Mateo_Flores_Guatemala.JPG/330px-Estadio_Mateo_Flores_Guatemala.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Estadio_Mateo_Flores_Guatemala.JPG/440px-Estadio_Mateo_Flores_Guatemala.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Doroteo_Guamuch_Flores" title="Estadio Doroteo Guamuch Flores">Estadio Doroteo Guamuch Flores</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlos-Ruiz-seleccion-celebra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Carlos-Ruiz-seleccion-celebra.jpg/170px-Carlos-Ruiz-seleccion-celebra.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Carlos-Ruiz-seleccion-celebra.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="201" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ruiz_(Guatemalan_footballer)" title="Carlos Ruiz (Guatemalan footballer)">Carlos Ruiz</a>, Guatemala's highest goalscorer.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Football">Football</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Guatemala" title="Football in Guatemala">Football in Guatemala</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Guatemala and its <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_national_football_team" title="Guatemala national football team">national team</a> has appeared in 18 editions of the <a href="/wiki/CONCACAF_Championship" title="CONCACAF Championship">CONCACAF Championship</a>, winning it once, in <a href="/wiki/1967_CONCACAF_Championship" title="1967 CONCACAF Championship">1967</a>. However, the team has yet to qualify for the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a>. Established in 1919, the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_Federation_of_Guatemala" title="National Football Federation of Guatemala">National Football Federation of Guatemala</a> organizes the country's <a href="/wiki/Liga_Nacional_de_F%C3%BAtbol_de_Guatemala" title="Liga Nacional de Fútbol de Guatemala">national league</a> and its lower-level competitions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Futsal">Futsal</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">Futsal</a> is the most successful <a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">team sport</a> in Guatemala. Its <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_national_futsal_team" title="Guatemala national futsal team">national team</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2008_CONCACAF_Futsal_Championship" title="2008 CONCACAF Futsal Championship">2008 CONCACAF Futsal Championship</a> as hosts. It was also the runner-up in <a href="/wiki/2012_CONCACAF_Futsal_Championship" title="2012 CONCACAF Futsal Championship">2012</a> as hosts and won the bronze medal in <a href="/wiki/2016_CONCACAF_Futsal_Championship" title="2016 CONCACAF Futsal Championship">2016</a> and <a href="/wiki/2024_CONCACAF_Futsal_Championship" title="2024 CONCACAF Futsal Championship">2024</a>. Guatemala participated for the first time in the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Futsal_World_Cup" title="FIFA Futsal World Cup">FIFA Futsal World Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/2000_FIFA_Futsal_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 FIFA Futsal World Cup">2000</a>, as hosts, and has played in every competition from <a href="/wiki/2008_FIFA_Futsal_World_Cup" title="2008 FIFA Futsal World Cup">2008</a> onwards. It has never passed the first round. It has also participated in every <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_de_Futsal" title="Grand Prix de Futsal">Grand Prix de Futsal</a> since <a href="/wiki/2009_Grand_Prix_de_Futsal" title="2009 Grand Prix de Futsal">2009</a>, reaching the semifinals in <a href="/wiki/2014_Grand_Prix_de_Futsal" title="2014 Grand Prix de Futsal">2014</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Olympics">Olympics</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_at_the_Olympics" title="Guatemala at the Olympics">Guatemala at the Olympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_at_the_Paralympics" title="Guatemala at the Paralympics">Guatemala at the Paralympics</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Olympic_Committee" title="Guatemalan Olympic Committee">Guatemalan Olympic Committee</a> was founded in 1947 and recognized by the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> that same year. Guatemala participated in the <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics" title="Guatemala at the 1952 Summer Olympics">1952 Summer Olympics</a>, and in every edition since the <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics" title="Guatemala at the 1968 Summer Olympics">1968 Summer Olympics</a>. It has also appeared in a single <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympics">Winter Olympics</a> edition, in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics" title="Guatemala at the 1988 Winter Olympics">1988</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Erick_Barrondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Erick Barrondo">Erick Barrondo</a> won the first Olympic medal for Guatemala, winning a silver medal in <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_20_kilometres_walk" title="Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 20 kilometres walk">race walking</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Guatemala at the 2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Jean_Pierre_Brol" title="Jean Pierre Brol">Jean Pierre Brol</a> won Guatemala's second Olympic medal: a bronze medal, in the <a href="/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics" title="Shooting at the 2024 Summer Olympics">shooting</a> competition of the <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Paris Summer Olympics</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Adriana_Ruano" title="Adriana Ruano">Adriana Ruano</a> won Guatemala's first ever gold medal in the Olympic Games in the <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Paris Summer Olympics</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics" title="Shooting at the 2024 Summer Olympics">shooting</a> competition and also the third Olympic medal for Guatemala.<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_sports">Other sports</h4></div> Guatemala also keeps <a href="/wiki/National_sports_teams_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="National sports teams of Guatemala">national sports teams</a> in several disciplines such as <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Guatemala men's national basketball team">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">beach volleyball</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Teqball" title="Teqball">teqball</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/32px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/48px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/64px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Guatemala" title="Portal:Guatemala">Guatemala portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latin_America" title="Portal:Latin America">Latin America portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Guatemala-related_articles" title="Index of Guatemala-related articles">Index of Guatemala-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Guatemala" title="Outline of Guatemala">Outline of Guatemala</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌɡwɑːtəˈmɑːlə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e4\/En-us-Guatemala.ogg\/En-us-Guatemala.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Guatemala.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-Guatemala.ogg/En-us-Guatemala.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Guatemala.ogg" title="File:En-us-Guatemala.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">GWAH-tə-MAH-lə</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Spanish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ɡwateˈmala]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3b\/ES-pe_-_Guatemala.ogg\/ES-pe_-_Guatemala.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"ES-pe - Guatemala.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/ES-pe_-_Guatemala.ogg/ES-pe_-_Guatemala.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:ES-pe_-_Guatemala.ogg" title="File:ES-pe - Guatemala.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kekch%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kekchí language">Kekchí</a>: Watemaal, <a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_language" title="Kaqchikel language">Kaqchikel</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%27iche%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="K'iche' language">K'iche'</a>: Iximulew, <a href="/wiki/Mam_language" title="Mam language">Mam</a>: Twitz Paxil </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> República de Guatemala </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanco_de_Guatemala1996-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanco_de_Guatemala1996_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBanco_de_Guatemala1996">Banco de Guatemala 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-censopoblacion.gt-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-censopoblacion.gt_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-censopoblacion.gt_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-censopoblacion.gt_2-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.censopoblacion.gt/mapas">"Portal de Resultados del Censo 2018"</a>. Censopoblacion.gt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217015625/https://www.censopoblacion.gt/mapas">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portal+de+Resultados+del+Censo+2018&rft.pub=Censopoblacion.gt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.censopoblacion.gt%2Fmapas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-state2017-3"><a href="#cite_ref-state2017_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2017&dlid=281076">"International Religious Freedom Report for 2017: Guatemala"</a>. www.state.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926192105/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2017&dlid=281076">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.state.gov&rft.atitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+for+2017%3A+Guatemala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2Freligiousfreedom%2Findex.htm%3Fyear%3D2017%26dlid%3D281076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guatemala">"Guatemala"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2025 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Guatemala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fguatemala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2023.zip">(Archived 2023 edition.)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.GT-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.GT_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.GT_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.GT_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.GT_5-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=258,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=1980&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Guatemala)"</a>. IMF.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2024+Edition.+%28Guatemala%29&rft.date=2024-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D258%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D1980%26ey%3D2029%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=GT">"GINI index (World Bank estimate)"</a>. data.worldbank.org. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200202024016/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DGT">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=GINI+index+%28World+Bank+estimate%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DGT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/2024"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F2024&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlakeley2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrft8AgAAQBAJpgPA92_92]-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlakeley2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrft8AgAAQBAJpgPA92_92]_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlakeley2009">Blakeley 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92">92</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2008171-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper2008171_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooper2008">Cooper 2008</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESolano20123–15-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolano20123–15_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSolano2012">Solano 2012</a>, pp. 3–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENavarro1999-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavarro1999_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNavarro1999">Navarro 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConservation_International2007-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConservation_International2007_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConservation_International2007">Conservation International 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx">"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"</a> (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950-2100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1997-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1997_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1997">Campbell 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETroika_study_abroad_programs2006-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETroika_study_abroad_programs2006_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTroika_study_abroad_programs2006">Troika study abroad programs 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmack1981" class="citation book cs1">Carmack, Robert M. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quichemayasofuta0000carm">The Quiché Mayas of Utatlán: The Evolution of a Highland Guatemala Kingdom</a>. Civilization of the American Indian series, no. 155. Norman: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1546-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1546-7"><bdi>978-0-8061-1546-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6555814">6555814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quich%C3%A9+Mayas+of+Utatl%C3%A1n%3A+The+Evolution+of+a+Highland+Guatemala+Kingdom&rft.place=Norman&rft.series=Civilization+of+the+American+Indian+series%2C+no.+155&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6555814&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-1546-7&rft.aulast=Carmack&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquichemayasofuta0000carm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfe2005" class="citation journal cs1">Metcalfe, Jessica (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/uwoja/article/download/8851/7045">"Multiple Histories: The Archaeology, Ethnohistory, Oral History, and National History of Iximche', Guatemala"</a>. The University of Western Ontario Journal of Anthropology. 13 (1): 61–72. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131001231/https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/uwoja/article/download/8851/7045">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+Western+Ontario+Journal+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Multiple+Histories%3A+The+Archaeology%2C+Ethnohistory%2C+Oral+History%2C+and+National+History+of+Iximche%27%2C+Guatemala&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Metcalfe&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.lib.uwo.ca%2Findex.php%2Fuwoja%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F8851%2F7045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Esquivel_de_Villalobos" class="citation web cs1">Mary Esquivel de Villalobos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070523103423/http://www.authenticmaya.com/ancient_guatemala.htm">"Ancient Guatemala"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+States+of+Central+America%3A+Compromising+Chapters+on+Honduras%2C+San+Salvador%2C+Nicaragua%2C+Costa+Rica%2C+Guatemala%2C+Belize%2C+the+Bay+Islands%2C+the+Mosquito+Shore%2C+and+the+Honduras+Inter-Oceanic+Railway&rft.place=Franklin+Square%2C+New+York&rft.pages=45%2C+49%2C+57&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Squier&rft.aufirst=E.+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcjlvEYiD9kkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_209-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatt1998" class="citation book cs1">Platt, Lyman (1998). Census Records for Latin America and the Hispanic United States. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806315555" title="Special:BookSources/0806315555"><bdi>0806315555</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+Records+for+Latin+America+and+the+Hispanic+United+States&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Genealogical+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0806315555&rft.aulast=Platt&rft.aufirst=Lyman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_210-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_210-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_210-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCreery1994" class="citation book cs1">McCreery, David (1994). Rural Guatemala, 1760-1940. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804723183" title="Special:BookSources/9780804723183"><bdi>9780804723183</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rural+Guatemala%2C+1760-1940&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pages=346&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780804723183&rft.aulast=McCreery&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress.TaeuberUnited_States1943" class="citation book cs1">Library of Congress., Census Library Project; Taeuber, Irene Barnes; United States, Bureau of the Census (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001179676">General censuses and vital statistics in the Americas: an annotated bibliography of the historical censuses and current vital statistics of the 21 American Republics, the American Sections of the British Commonwealth of Nations, the American Colonies of Denmark, France, and the Netherlands, and the American Territories and Possessions of the United States</a>. Washington DC: U.S.G.P.O. p. 47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204152804/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001179676">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+censuses+and+vital+statistics+in+the+Americas%3A+an+annotated+bibliography+of+the+historical+censuses+and+current+vital+statistics+of+the+21+American+Republics%2C+the+American+Sections+of+the+British+Commonwealth+of+Nations%2C+the+American+Colonies+of+Denmark%2C+France%2C+and+the+Netherlands%2C+and+the+American+Territories+and+Possessions+of+the+United+States.&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=U.S.G.P.O.&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Library+of+Congress.&rft.aufirst=Census+Library+Project&rft.au=Taeuber%2C+Irene+Barnes&rft.au=United+States%2C+Bureau+of+the+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F001179676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoveman2014" class="citation book cs1">Loveman, Mara (2014). "Racial Classification and the State in Latin America". National Colors: Racial Classification and the State in Latin America. JStor: Oxford University Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199337378" title="Special:BookSources/9780199337378"><bdi>9780199337378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Racial+Classification+and+the+State+in+Latin+America&rft.btitle=National+Colors%3A+Racial+Classification+and+the+State+in+Latin+America&rft.place=JStor&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199337378&rft.aulast=Loveman&rft.aufirst=Mara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_213-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_213-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_213-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonaghan2000" class="citation book cs1">Monaghan, John, ed. (2000). Supplement to the Handbook of the Middle American Indians, Volume 6: Ethnology. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292791787" title="Special:BookSources/9780292791787"><bdi>9780292791787</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supplement+to+the+Handbook+of+the+Middle+American+Indians%2C+Volume+6%3A+Ethnology&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780292791787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolbrock2016" class="citation book cs1">Holbrock, Mary (2016). Mayan Literacy Reinvention in Guatemala. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826357236" title="Special:BookSources/9780826357236"><bdi>9780826357236</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mayan+Literacy+Reinvention+in+Guatemala&rft.place=Albuquerque%2C+NM&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780826357236&rft.aulast=Holbrock&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_Census_2000-215"><a href="#cite_ref-US_Census_2000_215-0">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/2000_U.S._Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 U.S. Census">2000 U.S. Census</a> recorded 480,665 Guatemalan-born respondents; see Smith (2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-MigrationDC_2006-216"><a href="#cite_ref-MigrationDC_2006_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_James2006" class="citation web cs1">Smith, James (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227000102/http://www.migrationdrc.org/research/typesofmigration/global_migrant_origin_database.html">"DRC Migration, Globalisation and Poverty"</a>. 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Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5468-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5468-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-5468-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122160246/https://books.google.com/books?id=sp3IGB4csCQC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023. 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Vol. Briefing Book No. 4. <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150210090152/http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB4/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=CIA+and+Assassinations%3A+The+Guatemala+1954+Documents&rft.series=National+Security+Archive+Electronic&rft.pub=National+Security+Archive&rft.date=1997-05-23&rft.aulast=Cullather&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Aerenlund2006" class="citation book cs1">de Aerenlund, C. (2006). Voyage to an Unknown Land: The saga of an Italian Family from Lombardy to Guatemala. Xlibris Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4257-0187-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4257-0187-6"><bdi>1-4257-0187-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyage+to+an+Unknown+Land%3A+The+saga+of+an+Italian+Family+from+Lombardy+to+Guatemala&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4257-0187-6&rft.aulast=de+Aerenlund&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_los_Ríos1948" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De los Ríos, Efraín (1948). Ombres contra Hombres (in Spanish). Fondo para Cultura de la Universidad de México, México.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ombres+contra+Hombres&rft.pub=Fondo+para+Cultura+de+la+Universidad+de+M%C3%A9xico%2C+M%C3%A9xico&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=De+los+R%C3%ADos&rft.aufirst=Efra%C3%ADn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDosal1993" class="citation book cs1">Dosal, Paul J. (1993). Doing Business with the Dictators: A Political History of United Fruit in Guatemala. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doing+Business+with+the+Dictators%3A+A+Political+History+of+United+Fruit+in+Guatemala&rft.place=Wilmington%2C+Delaware&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources+Inc.&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Dosal&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForster2001" class="citation book cs1">Forster, Cindy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5937zVXHZV8C">The time of freedom: campesino workers in Guatemala's October Revolution</a>. University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-4162-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-4162-0"><bdi>978-0-8229-4162-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231021223800/https://books.google.com/books?id=5937zVXHZV8C">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+time+of+freedom%3A+campesino+workers+in+Guatemala%27s+October+Revolution&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-4162-0&rft.aulast=Forster&rft.aufirst=Cindy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5937zVXHZV8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2000" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Lynn V. (2000). A Brief History of Central America. New York, NY: Facts on File, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-3962-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-3962-3"><bdi>0-8160-3962-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Central+America&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Facts+on+File%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8160-3962-3&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Lynn+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleijeses1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Piero_Gleijeses" title="Piero Gleijeses">Gleijeses, Piero</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mS7ZVKa6i3AC&pg=PA134">Shattered hope: the Guatemalan revolution and the United States, 1944–1954</a>. United States: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02556-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02556-8"><bdi>978-0-691-02556-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shattered+hope%3A+the+Guatemalan+revolution+and+the+United+States%2C+1944%E2%80%931954&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02556-8&rft.aulast=Gleijeses&rft.aufirst=Piero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmS7ZVKa6i3AC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález_Davison2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">González Davison, Fernando (2008). La montaña infinita; Carrera, caudillo de Guatemala (in Spanish). Guatemala: Artemis y Edinter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-89452-81-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-89452-81-7"><bdi>978-84-89452-81-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+monta%C3%B1a+infinita%3B+Carrera%2C+caudillo+de+Guatemala&rft.place=Guatemala&rft.pub=Artemis+y+Edinter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-84-89452-81-7&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Davison&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandin2000" class="citation book cs1">Grandin, Greg (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodofguatemala0000gran">The blood of Guatemala: a history of race and nation</a>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2495-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2495-9"><bdi>978-0-8223-2495-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+blood+of+Guatemala%3A+a+history+of+race+and+nation&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2495-9&rft.aulast=Grandin&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbloodofguatemala0000gran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernández_de_León1959" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Federico Hernández de León">Hernández de León, Federico</a> (1959). "El capítulo de las efemérides: José Milla y Rafael Carrera". Diario La Hora (in Spanish). Guatemala.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diario+La+Hora&rft.atitle=El+cap%C3%ADtulo+de+las+efem%C3%A9rides%3A+Jos%C3%A9+Milla+y+Rafael+Carrera&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez+de+Le%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Federico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernández_de_León1930" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hernández de León, Federico (1930). El libro de las efemérides (in Spanish). Vol. Tomo III. Guatemala: Tipografía Sánchez y de Guise.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+libro+de+las+efem%C3%A9rides&rft.place=Guatemala&rft.pub=Tipograf%C3%ADa+S%C3%A1nchez+y+de+Guise&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez+de+Le%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Federico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImmerman1982" class="citation book cs1">Immerman, Richard H. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ciainguatemalafo0000imme">The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention</a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71083-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71083-2"><bdi>978-0-292-71083-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+CIA+in+Guatemala%3A+The+Foreign+Policy+of+Intervention&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-292-71083-2&rft.aulast=Immerman&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fciainguatemalafo0000imme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstituto_Nacional_de_Estadística2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Instituto Nacional de Estadística (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314175005/http://www.ine.gob.gt/index.php/estadisticas/tema-indicadores">"Poblacion de Guatemala (Demografía)"</a>. Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) (in Spanish). Guatemala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ine.gob.gt/index.php/estadisticas/tema-indicadores">the original</a> on 14 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica+%28INE%29&rft.atitle=Poblacion+de+Guatemala+%28Demograf%C3%ADa%29&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.gob.gt%2Findex.php%2Festadisticas%2Ftema-indicadores&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaFeber1993" class="citation book cs1">LaFeber, Walter (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inevitablerevolu00laferich">Inevitable revolutions: the United States in Central America</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30964-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30964-5"><bdi>978-0-393-30964-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inevitable+revolutions%3A+the+United+States+in+Central+America&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30964-5&rft.aulast=LaFeber&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finevitablerevolu00laferich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovemanDavies1997" class="citation book cs1">Loveman, Brian; Davies, Thomas M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U8MAN2Epwh0C">The Politics of antipolitics: the military in Latin America</a> (3rd, revised ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2611-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2611-6"><bdi>978-0-8420-2611-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+antipolitics%3A+the+military+in+Latin+America&rft.edition=3rd%2C+revised&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8420-2611-6&rft.aulast=Loveman&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Davies%2C+Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU8MAN2Epwh0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCleary1999" class="citation book cs1">McCleary, Rachel (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zEocngEACAAJ">Dictating Democracy: Guatemala and the End of Violent Revolution</a> (Illustrated ed.). University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1726-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1726-6"><bdi>978-0-8130-1726-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictating+Democracy%3A+Guatemala+and+the+End+of+Violent+Revolution&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-1726-6&rft.aulast=McCleary&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzEocngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiceli1974" class="citation journal cs1">Miceli, Keith (1974). "Rafael Carrera: Defender and Promoter of Peasant Interests in Guatemala, 1837–1848". The Americas. 31 (1). Academy of American Franciscan History: 72–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS000316150008843X">10.1017/S000316150008843X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/980382">980382</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197669388">197669388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Americas&rft.atitle=Rafael+Carrera%3A+Defender+and+Promoter+of+Peasant+Interests+in+Guatemala%2C+1837%E2%80%931848&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A197669388%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F980382%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS000316150008843X&rft.aulast=Miceli&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavarro1999" class="citation news cs1">Navarro, Mireya (26 February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/26/world/guatemalan-army-waged-genocide-new-report-finds.html">"Guatemalan Army Waged 'Genocide,' New Report Finds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227215408/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/26/world/guatemalan-army-waged-genocide-new-report-finds.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Guatemalan+Army+Waged+%27Genocide%2C%27+New+Report+Finds&rft.date=1999-02-26&rft.aulast=Navarro&rft.aufirst=Mireya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F02%2F26%2Fworld%2Fguatemalan-army-waged-genocide-new-report-finds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson2009" class="citation book cs1">Paterson, Thomas G. (2009). American Foreign Relations: A History, Volume 2: Since 1895. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-22569-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-22569-2"><bdi>978-0-547-22569-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Foreign+Relations%3A+A+History%2C+Volume+2%3A+Since+1895&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-547-22569-2&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRain_Forest_Wordpress2013" class="citation web cs1">Rain Forest Wordpress (4 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainforestcentralamerica.wordpress.com/2013/04/04/guatemala-rainforest-fact/">"Guatemala Rainforest Interesting fact | rainforest facts"</a>. Rainforestcentralamerica.wordpress.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106183740/https://rainforestcentralamerica.wordpress.com/2013/04/04/guatemala-rainforest-fact/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rainforestcentralamerica.wordpress.com&rft.atitle=Guatemala+Rainforest+Interesting+fact+%26%23124%3B+rainforest+facts&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft.au=Rain+Forest+Wordpress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frainforestcentralamerica.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F04%2F04%2Fguatemala-rainforest-fact%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesingerKinzer1999" class="citation book cs1">Schlesinger, Stephen; Kinzer, Stephen (1999). Bitter Fruit: The Story of the American Coup in Guatemala. David Rockefeller Center series on Latin American studies, Harvard University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01930-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01930-0"><bdi>978-0-674-01930-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bitter+Fruit%3A+The+Story+of+the+American+Coup+in+Guatemala&rft.pub=David+Rockefeller+Center+series+on+Latin+American+studies%2C+Harvard+University&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01930-0&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Kinzer%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShillington2002" class="citation book cs1">Shillington, John (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KJyWMjI4pfgC&pg=PA38">Grappling with atrocity: Guatemalan theater in the 1990s</a>. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 38–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838639306" title="Special:BookSources/9780838639306"><bdi>9780838639306</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231021223800/https://books.google.com/books?id=KJyWMjI4pfgC&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grappling+with+atrocity%3A+Guatemalan+theater+in+the+1990s&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780838639306&rft.aulast=Shillington&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKJyWMjI4pfgC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolano2012" class="citation book cs1">Solano, Luis (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141113172058/http://www.albedrio.org/htm/documentos/EstudioFranjaTransversalNorteCEDFOG.pdf">Contextualización histórica de la Franja Transversal del Norte (FTN)</a> (PDF). Centro de Estudios y Documentación de la Frontera Occidental de Guatemala, CEDFOG. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albedrio.org/htm/documentos/EstudioFranjaTransversalNorteCEDFOG.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contextualizaci%C3%B3n+hist%C3%B3rica+de+la+Franja+Transversal+del+Norte+%28FTN%29&rft.pub=Centro+de+Estudios+y+Documentaci%C3%B3n+de+la+Frontera+Occidental+de+Guatemala%2C+CEDFOG&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Solano&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albedrio.org%2Fhtm%2Fdocumentos%2FEstudioFranjaTransversalNorteCEDFOG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreeter2000" class="citation book cs1">Streeter, Stephen M. (2000). Managing the counterrevolution: the United States and Guatemala, 1954–1961. Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-215-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-215-5"><bdi>978-0-89680-215-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+the+counterrevolution%3A+the+United+States+and+Guatemala%2C+1954%E2%80%931961&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-89680-215-5&rft.aulast=Streeter&rft.aufirst=Stephen+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorres_Espinoza2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Torres Espinoza, Enrique (2007). Enrique Gómez Carrillo, el cronista errante (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Guatemala: Artemis-Edinter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enrique+G%C3%B3mez+Carrillo%2C+el+cronista+errante&rft.place=Guatemala&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Artemis-Edinter&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Torres+Espinoza&rft.aufirst=Enrique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriggerWashburnAdams2000" class="citation book cs1">Trigger, Bruce G.; Washburn, Wilcomb E.; Adams, Richard E. W. (2000). The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Native+Peoples+of+the+Americas&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Trigger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+G.&rft.au=Washburn%2C+Wilcomb+E.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Richard+E.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroika_study_abroad_programs2006" class="citation web cs1">Troika study abroad programs (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100918111113/http://ccidinc.org/programs/countries.php?country_id_number=3">"Guatemala"</a>. Community colleges for international development. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccidinc.org/programs/countries.php?country_id_number=3">the original</a> on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Community+colleges+for+international+development&rft.atitle=Guatemala&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Troika+study+abroad+programs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccidinc.org%2Fprograms%2Fcountries.php%3Fcountry_id_number%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111110322/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Tables.pdf">"Human Development Report 2011; Statistical annex"</a> (PDF). United Nations. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Tables.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Report+2011%3B+Statistical+annex&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fmedia%2FHDR_2011_EN_Tables.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver1999" class="citation journal cs1">Weaver, Frederic S. (March 1999). "Reform and (Counter) Revolution in Post-Independence Guatemala: Liberalism, Conservatism, and Postmodern Controversies". Latin American Perspectives. 26 (2): 129–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0094582x9902600207">10.1177/0094582x9902600207</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2634298">2634298</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143757705">143757705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Reform+and+%28Counter%29+Revolution+in+Post-Independence+Guatemala%3A+Liberalism%2C+Conservatism%2C+and+Postmodern+Controversies&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.date=1999-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143757705%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2634298%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0094582x9902600207&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Frederic+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2002" class="citation book cs1">White, Douglas R. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/pub/core11Casasola.pdf">The Marriage Core of the Elite Network of Colonial Guatemala</a> (PDF). Irvine, CA: University of California, Irvine, School of Social Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041210031143/http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/pub/core11Casasola.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 December 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marriage+Core+of+the+Elite+Network+of+Colonial+Guatemala&rft.place=Irvine%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Irvine%2C+School+of+Social+Sciences&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Douglas+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feclectic.ss.uci.edu%2F~drwhite%2Fpub%2Fcore11Casasola.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1993" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, Ralph Lee (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780820343600">Rafael Carrera and the Emergence of the Republic of Guatemala, 1821–1871</a>. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1448-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1448-8"><bdi>978-0-8203-1448-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105831/http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780820343600">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rafael+Carrera+and+the+Emergence+of+the+Republic+of+Guatemala%2C+1821%E2%80%931871&rft.place=Athens%2C+GA&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-1448-8&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fbooks%2F9780820343600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez_Carrillo1898" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Enrique_G%C3%B3mez_Carrillo" title="Enrique Gómez Carrillo">Gómez Carrillo, Enrique</a> (1898). "Interview from Enrique Gómez Carrillo with His Excellency, President Manuel Estrada Cabrera". <a href="/wiki/Diario_de_Centro_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Diario de Centro América">Diario de Centro América</a> (in Spanish). Guatemala.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diario+de+Centro+Am%C3%A9rica&rft.atitle=Interview+from+Enrique+G%C3%B3mez+Carrillo+with+His+Excellency%2C+President+Manuel+Estrada+Cabrera&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez+Carrillo&rft.aufirst=Enrique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia_Ferreira2008" class="citation journal cs1">Garcia Ferreira, Roberto (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3681333">"The CIA and Jacobo Arbenz: The story of a disinformation campaign"</a>. Journal of Third World Studies. XXV (2). United States: 59. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211219102725/https://www.academia.edu/3681333">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Third+World+Studies&rft.atitle=The+CIA+and+Jacobo+Arbenz%3A+The+story+of+a+disinformation+campaign&rft.volume=XXV&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=59&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Garcia+Ferreira&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3681333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoeppel2008" class="citation book cs1">Koeppel, Dan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bananafateoffrui00koep">Banana: The Fate of the Fruit That Changed the World</a>. New York: Hudson Street Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bananafateoffrui00koep/page/153">153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101213919" title="Special:BookSources/9781101213919"><bdi>9781101213919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banana%3A+The+Fate+of+the+Fruit+That+Changed+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Hudson+Street+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781101213919&rft.aulast=Koeppel&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbananafateoffrui00koep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrehm1999" class="citation book cs1">Krehm, William (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dAUd1NHWGhIC">Democracies and Tyrannies of the Caribbean in the 1940s</a>. COMER Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-896266-81-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-896266-81-7"><bdi>978-1-896266-81-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracies+and+Tyrannies+of+the+Caribbean+in+the+1940s&rft.pub=COMER+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-896266-81-7&rft.aulast=Krehm&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdAUd1NHWGhIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarroquín_Rojas1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marroquín Rojas, Clemente (1971). Francisco Morazán y Rafael Carrera (in Spanish). Guatemala: Piedrasanta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francisco+Moraz%C3%A1n+y+Rafael+Carrera&rft.place=Guatemala&rft.pub=Piedrasanta&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Marroqu%C3%ADn+Rojas&rft.aufirst=Clemente&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_Peláez1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martínez Peláez, Severo (1988). Racismo y Análisis Histórico de la Definición del Indio Guatemalteco (in Spanish). Guatemala: Universitaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racismo+y+An%C3%A1lisis+Hist%C3%B3rico+de+la+Definici%C3%B3n+del+Indio+Guatemalteco&rft.place=Guatemala&rft.pub=Universitaria&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez+Pel%C3%A1ez&rft.aufirst=Severo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_Peláez1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martínez Peláez, Severo (1990). La patria del criollo; ensayo de interpretación de la realidad colonial guatemalteca (in Spanish). México: Ediciones en Marcha.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+patria+del+criollo%3B+ensayo+de+interpretaci%C3%B3n+de+la+realidad+colonial+guatemalteca&rft.place=M%C3%A9xico&rft.pub=Ediciones+en+Marcha&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez+Pel%C3%A1ez&rft.aufirst=Severo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCreery1994" class="citation book cs1">McCreery, David (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0mpsg65LOMcC">Rural Guatemala, 1760–1940</a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2318-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2318-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-2318-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rural+Guatemala%2C+1760%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2318-3&rft.aulast=McCreery&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0mpsg65LOMcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Medina, José Toribio. La imprenta en Guatemala (1660-1821) por José Toribio Medina. Chile: Impreso en casa del autor, 1910, 1910.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendoza1946" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mendoza, Juan Manuel (1946). Biografía de Enrique Gómez Carrillo: su vida, su obra y su época (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biograf%C3%ADa+de+Enrique+G%C3%B3mez+Carrillo%3A+su+vida%2C+su+obra+y+su+%C3%A9poca&rft.place=Guatemala&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Tipograf%C3%ADa+Nacional&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Mendoza&rft.aufirst=Juan+Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontenegro2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Montenegro, Gustavo Adolfo (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081159/http://servicios.prensalibre.com/pl/domingo/archivo/revistad/2005/noviembre05/201105/dfondo.shtml">"Yo, el Supremo"</a>. Revista Domigo de Prensa Libre (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://servicios.prensalibre.com/pl/domingo/archivo/revistad/2005/noviembre05/201105/dfondo.shtml">the original</a> on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Domigo+de+Prensa+Libre&rft.atitle=Yo%2C+el+Supremo&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Montenegro&rft.aufirst=Gustavo+Adolfo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fservicios.prensalibre.com%2Fpl%2Fdomingo%2Farchivo%2Frevistad%2F2005%2Fnoviembre05%2F201105%2Fdfondo.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontúfarSalazar1892" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Montúfar, Lorenzo; Salazar, Ramón A. (1892). El centenario del general Francisco Morazán (in Spanish). Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+centenario+del+general+Francisco+Moraz%C3%A1n&rft.place=Guatemala&rft.pub=Tipograf%C3%ADa+Nacional&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Mont%C3%BAfar&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft.au=Salazar%2C+Ram%C3%B3n+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabe1988" class="citation book cs1">Rabe, Stephen G. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eisenhowerlatina0000rabe">Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism</a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4204-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4204-1"><bdi>978-0-8078-4204-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eisenhower+and+Latin+America%3A+The+Foreign+Policy+of+Anticommunism&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4204-1&rft.aulast=Rabe&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feisenhowerlatina0000rabe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosa1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Rosa" title="Ramón Rosa">Rosa, Ramón</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/historia-del-benemerito-gral-don-francisco-morazan-ex-presidente-de-la-republica-de-centroamerica/">Historia del Benemérito Gral. Don Francisco Morazán, ex Presidente de la República de Centroamérica</a> (in Spanish). Tegucigalpa: Ministerio de Educación Pública, Ediciones Técnicas Centroamericana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106193209/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/historia-del-benemerito-gral-don-francisco-morazan-ex-presidente-de-la-republica-de-centroamerica/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+del+Benem%C3%A9rito+Gral.+Don+Francisco+Moraz%C3%A1n%2C+ex+Presidente+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+de+Centroam%C3%A9rica&rft.place=Tegucigalpa&rft.pub=Ministerio+de+Educaci%C3%B3n+P%C3%BAblica%2C+Ediciones+T%C3%A9cnicas+Centroamericana&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Rosa&rft.aufirst=Ram%C3%B3n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervantesvirtual.com%2Fobra%2Fhistoria-del-benemerito-gral-don-francisco-morazan-ex-presidente-de-la-republica-de-centroamerica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRugeley1996" class="citation book cs1">Rugeley, Terry (1996). Yucatan's Maya Peasantry and the Origins of the Caste War. San Antonio, TX: University of Texas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77078-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77078-2"><bdi>978-0-292-77078-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yucatan%27s+Maya+Peasantry+and+the+Origins+of+the+Caste+War&rft.place=San+Antonio%2C+TX&rft.pub=University+of+Texas&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-292-77078-2&rft.aulast=Rugeley&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRugeley2001" class="citation book cs1">Rugeley, Terry (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dildxZvRwxQC">Maya Wars: Ethnographic Accounts from Nineteenth Century Yucatan</a>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3355-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3355-3"><bdi>978-0-8061-3355-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maya+Wars%3A+Ethnographic+Accounts+from+Nineteenth+Century+Yucatan&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3355-3&rft.aulast=Rugeley&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdildxZvRwxQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabino2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sabino, Carlos (2007). Guatemala, la historia silenciada (1944–1989) (in Spanish). Vol. Tomo 1: Revolución y Liberación. Guatemala: Fondo Nacional para la Cultura Económica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guatemala%2C+la+historia+silenciada+%281944%E2%80%931989%29&rft.place=Guatemala&rft.pub=Fondo+Nacional+para+la+Cultura+Econ%C3%B3mica&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Sabino&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephensCatherwood1854" class="citation book cs1">Stephens, John Lloyd; Catherwood, Frederick (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/incidentstravel00cathgoog">Incidents of travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan</a>. London, England: Arthur Hall, Virtue and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incidents+of+travel+in+Central+America%2C+Chiapas%2C+and+Yucatan&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Arthur+Hall%2C+Virtue+and+Co.&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=John+Lloyd&rft.au=Catherwood%2C+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fincidentstravel00cathgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrifflerMoberg2003" class="citation book cs1">Striffler, Steve; Moberg, Mark (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bananawars01unse">Banana wars: power, production, and history in the Americas</a>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3196-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3196-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-3196-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banana+wars%3A+power%2C+production%2C+and+history+in+the+Americas&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3196-4&rft.aulast=Striffler&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Moberg%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbananawars01unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaracena2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Taracena, Arturo (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109073146/http://www.afehc-historia-centroamericana.org/index.php?action=fi_aff&id=244">Invención criolla, sueño ladino, pesadilla indigena, Los Altos de Guatemala: de región a Estado, 1740–1871</a> (in Spanish) (3rd ed.). Guatemala: Biblioteca básica de historia de Guatemala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9929-587-42-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9929-587-42-7"><bdi>978-9929-587-42-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afehc-historia-centroamericana.org/index.php?action=fi_aff&id=244">the original</a> on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invenci%C3%B3n+criolla%2C+sue%C3%B1o+ladino%2C+pesadilla+indigena%2C+Los+Altos+de+Guatemala%3A+de+regi%C3%B3n+a+Estado%2C+1740%E2%80%931871&rft.place=Guatemala&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Biblioteca+b%C3%A1sica+de+historia+de+Guatemala&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9929-587-42-7&rft.aulast=Taracena&rft.aufirst=Arturo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afehc-historia-centroamericana.org%2Findex.php%3Faction%3Dfi_aff%26id%3D244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandenPrevost2002" class="citation book cs1">Vanden, Harry E.; Prevost, Gary, eds. (2002). "Chapter Ten: Guatemala". Politics of Latin America: The Power Game. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512317-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512317-4"><bdi>0-19-512317-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Ten%3A+Guatemala&rft.btitle=Politics+of+Latin+America%3A+The+Power+Game&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-512317-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuatemala" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Guatemala at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Guatemala" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Guatemala">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" class="extiw" title="c:Guatemala">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Guatemala" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Guatemala">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Guatemala" class="extiw" title="q:Guatemala">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Guatemala" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Guatemala">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Guatemala" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Guatemala">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Guatemala" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Guatemala">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Guatemala" class="extiw" title="voy:Guatemala">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117025729/http://uzonreport.com/?page_id=124">Guatemala After the War 1996–2000, photographs by Jorge Uzon</a> (archived 17 January 2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309063237/http://latitudylongitud.com/">Guatemala Map Search with Longitude and Latitude</a> (archived 9 March 2018)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/701217/Guatemala">Guatemala – Country Article</a> – <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090814100556/http://www.guatemala.gob.gt/">Government of Guatemala</a> (in Spanish) (archived 14 August 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210073759/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-g/guatemala.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a> (archived 10 December 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guatemala/">Guatemala</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607084913/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/guatemala.htm">Guatemala</a> at UCB Libraries GovPubs (archived 7 June 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1215758.stm">Guatemala profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Guatemala" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Guatemala">Wikimedia Atlas of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=GT">Key Development Forecasts for Guatemala</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/guatemala/">The National Security Archive: Guatemala Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inguat.gob.gt/">Guatemala Tourism Commission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/GTM/Year/2012/Summary">World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Guatemala</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Guatemala28" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Guatemala</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guatemala</a><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /> <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Guatemala_articles717" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Guatemala_topics" title="Template:Guatemala topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Guatemala_topics" title="Template talk:Guatemala topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Guatemala_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Guatemala topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Guatemala_articles717" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guatemala</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Guatemala-related_articles" title="Index of Guatemala-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guatemala" title="History of Guatemala">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">Mexican rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_eruption_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="1902 eruption of Santa María">1902 eruption of Santa María</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Revolution" title="Guatemalan Revolution">Ten Years of Spring (1944–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_genocide" title="Guatemalan genocide">Guatemalan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Civil War (1960–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Guatemala_earthquake" title="1976 Guatemala earthquake">1976 earthquake</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala" title="Coat of arms of Guatemala"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="826" /></a> <div style="padding-top:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Guatemala" title="Flag of Guatemala"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/70px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/105px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/140px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guatemala" title="Geography of Guatemala">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_Biodiversity" title="Guatemala Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_Guatemala" title="Biosphere reserves of Guatemala">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Guatemala" title="List of places in Guatemala">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Guatemala" title="List of earthquakes in Guatemala">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Guatemala" title="List of ecoregions in Guatemala">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Guatemala" title="Category:Fauna of Guatemala">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Guatemala" title="Category:Flora of Guatemala">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Guatemala" title="List of islands of Guatemala">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Guatemala" title="List of lakes of Guatemala">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Guatemala" title="List of national parks of Guatemala">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_Guatemala" title="List of Ramsar sites in Guatemala">Ramsar sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Guatemala" title="List of rivers of Guatemala">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Guatemala" title="List of volcanoes in Guatemala">Volcanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Guatemala" title="Water resources management in Guatemala">Water resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Guatemala" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in Guatemala">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guatemala" title="Politics of Guatemala">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Guatemala" title="Departments of Guatemala">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Guatemala">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Guatemala" title="Constitution of Guatemala">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Guatemala" title="Elections in Guatemala">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Guatemala" title="Foreign relations of Guatemala">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Guatemala" title="Law enforcement in Guatemala">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Guatemala">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Guatemala" title="List of political parties in Guatemala">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Guatemala" title="President of Guatemala">Presidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guatemala" title="Economy of Guatemala">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Guatemala" title="Bank of Guatemala">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Guatemala" title="Coffee production in Guatemala">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_quetzal" title="Guatemalan quetzal">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guatemala" title="Telecommunications in Guatemala">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Guatemala" title="Tourism in Guatemala">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Guatemala" title="Transport in Guatemala">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Guatemala" title="Category:Society of Guatemala">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Guatemala" title="Crime in Guatemala">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guatemala" title="Education in Guatemala">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Guatemala" title="Health in Guatemala">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guatemala" title="Languages of Guatemala">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Guatemala">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalans" title="Guatemalans">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Guatemala" title="Demographics of Guatemala">Demographics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Guatemala" title="Prostitution in Guatemala">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Guatemala" title="Sex trafficking in Guatemala">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Guatemala" title="Water supply and sanitation in Guatemala">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guatemala" title="Culture of Guatemala">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Guatemala" title="National anthem of Guatemala">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Guatemala" title="Flag of Guatemala">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_literature" title="Guatemalan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Guatemala">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Guatemala">National emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Guatemala" title="Public holidays in Guatemala">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Guatemala" title="Outline of Guatemala">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Guatemala-related_articles" title="Index of Guatemala-related articles">Index</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Further_reading">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Guatemala" title="Category:Guatemala">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Guatemala" title="Portal:Guatemala">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geographic_locale84" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Geographic_locale84" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geographic locale</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Departments_of_Guatemala28" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Departments_of_Guatemala" title="Template:Departments of Guatemala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Departments_of_Guatemala" title="Template talk:Departments of Guatemala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Departments_of_Guatemala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Departments of Guatemala"><abbr title="Edit this 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Department">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huehuetenango_Department" title="Huehuetenango Department">Huehuetenango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izabal_Department" title="Izabal Department">Izabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalapa_Department" title="Jalapa Department">Jalapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutiapa_Department" title="Jutiapa Department">Jutiapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet%C3%A9n_Department" title="Petén Department">Petén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetzaltenango_Department" title="Quetzaltenango Department">Quetzaltenango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quich%C3%A9_Department" title="Quiché Department">Quiché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retalhuleu_Department" title="Retalhuleu Department">Retalhuleu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacatep%C3%A9quez_Department" title="Sacatepéquez Department">Sacatepéquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marcos_Department" title="San Marcos Department">San Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_Department,_Guatemala" title="Santa Rosa Department, Guatemala">Santa Rosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solol%C3%A1_Department" title="Sololá Department">Sololá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suchitep%C3%A9quez_Department" title="Suchitepéquez Department">Suchitepéquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonicap%C3%A1n_Department" title="Totonicapán Department">Totonicapán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacapa_Department" title="Zacapa Department">Zacapa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Guatemala.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Guatemala"><img alt="Flag of Guatemala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/40px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/60px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/80px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Guatemala</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_America41" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_America_topic" title="Template:Central America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_America_topic" title="Template talk:Central America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_America41" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America175" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template talk:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_North_America" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andrés and Providencia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">St. Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">St. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">St. Pierre and 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q774#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2445" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q774#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q774#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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</a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 238 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-btqzh","wgBackendResponseTime":163,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.549","walltime":"5.178","ppvisitednodes":{"value":30716,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":676877,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":69890,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":87,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":850867,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4539.069 1 -total"," 30.32% 1376.322 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.74% 805.179 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 14.08% 638.881 85 Template:Cite_web"," 11.72% 531.888 119 Template:Sfn"," 10.19% 462.727 72 Template:Cite_book"," 6.81% 309.110 46 Template:Cite_news"," 4.23% 191.890 3 Template:ISO_3166_code"," 3.71% 168.354 5 Template:Lang"," 3.39% 153.676 15 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.029","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24202706,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdamsHawkins2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAguirre1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlder2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArévalo_Martinez1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAycinena1854\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabington,_Charles1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalloussier2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanco_de_Guatemala1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBargent2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrientos1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenz1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBethany_Kay_Duke2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlakeley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurgos-Debray2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCICIS\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalvert1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarmack1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomsky1985\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCompagnie_Belge_de_Colonisation1844\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConservation_International2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCullather1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCullather2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD.2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDe_los_Ríos1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDosal1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDudley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEspaña2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForster1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForster2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoster2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcia_Ferreira2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGill2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGleijeses1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzalez2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzález_Davison2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorina-Ysern\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGragnolatiMarini2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrandin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGómez_Carrillo1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHernández_de_León1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHernández_de_León1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolbrock2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolland\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHora2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImmerman1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInstituto_Nacional_de_Estadística2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFItzamná2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJorge_Luján_Muñoz,_director_general.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoeppel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrehm1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaFeber1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeyden\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress.TaeuberUnited_States1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoveman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLovemanDavies1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuna2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalkin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarroquín_Rojas1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartínez_Peláez1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartínez_Peláez1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMary_Esquivel_de_Villalobos\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCleary1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClintock1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClintock1987\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcCreery1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenchu2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenchú1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenchú2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendoza1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalfe2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiceli1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonaghan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontenegro2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontúfarSalazar1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNavarro1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgle\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlmstead,_GladysMedina,_Sofía2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaterson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPena2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlatt1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorras_Castejón2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabe1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabe1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRain_Forest_Wordpress2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomeroGarcía2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosa1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuano,_Jessica2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRugeley1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRugeley2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSCHWEITZER2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabino2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaeed2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanford\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlesingerKinzer1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSemple2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShellnutt2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShillington2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith,_James2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolano2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolano2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSquier1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephensCatherwood1854\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStreeter2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrifflerMoberg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaracena2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorres_Espinoza2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTriggerWashburnAdams2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTroika_study_abroad_programs2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVandenPrevost2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVega2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVéliz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeaver1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodward1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Aerenlund2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Ferranti2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFprensalibre.com\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 15,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BLZ\"] = 2,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 2,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 11,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"CAN\"] = 1,\n [\"COL\"] = 1,\n [\"CRI\"] = 2,\n [\"Center\"] = 2,\n [\"Central America topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite CIA World Factbook\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 72,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 46,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 83,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 2,\n [\"Convert\"] = 5,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries of North America\"] = 1,\n [\"Departments of Guatemala\"] = 1,\n [\"ESP\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"FRA\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 4,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 3,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 8,\n [\"Geographic location\"] = 1,\n [\"Guatemala topics\"] = 1,\n [\"HND\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ITA\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 4,\n [\"KOR\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 5,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 1,\n [\"MEX\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 23,\n [\"NIC\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 3,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Replace\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"SLV\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 119,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"UN_Population\"] = 5,\n [\"USA\"] = 2,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 14,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","520","16.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","300","9.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","300","9.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","8.1"],["recursiveClone 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projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-10T18:45:58Z","dateModified":"2025-02-16T22:27:54Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ec\/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg","headline":"sovereign state in Central America"}</script> </body> </html>