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class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Indonésia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Artikel ini hanya tersedia dalam bahasa ini. 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">← <a href="/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sia" title="Indonésia">Indonésia</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>Anjeun teu ngabogaan hak keur édit kaca ieu, kusabab alesan katut: </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-protectedpagetext">Ieu kaca dijaga tina éditan atawa peta lianna.</li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"><b>Your IP address is in a range that has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks">blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis</a>.</b> The block was made by <a href="/wiki/Pamak%C3%A9:Jon_Kolbert" title="Pamaké:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a>. The reason given is <i><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </i>. <ul><li>Start of block: 27 Agustus 2023 15.12</li> <li>Expiry of block: 27 Agustus 2028 15.12</li></ul> Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. The blocked range is 8.222.128.0/17. Punten abuskeun kabéh detil di luhur dina pertanyaan anu anjeun lakukeun. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards/Wizard" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards/Wizard">Stewards Block Wizard</a>.</li></ul><hr /> <p>Anjeun bisa nempo sarta néplak sumber ieu kaca. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="su" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Indonesia infobox}}{{geulis}} '''Républik Indonésia''' ('''RI''') nyaéta hiji nagara di [[Asia Tenggara]], nu diliwatan ku gurat [[khatulistiwa]] jeung aya di antara Buana [[Asia]] jeung [[Australia]] sarta antara [[Samudra Pasifik]] jeung [[Samudra Hindia]]. Indonésia mangrupa nagara [[kapuloan]] nu panggedéna sadunya, diwangun ku 13.487 pulo,<ref>[http://nasional.vivanews.com/news/read/260537-indonesia-daftarkan-13-487-pulau-ke-pbb Indonesia Daftarkan 13.487 Pulau ke PBB]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1282089150/indonesia-has-completed-surveys-on-its-13-000-islands "Indonesia has completed surveys on its 13,000 islands", [[Antara|ANTARA News Agency]], 18 August 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318145945/http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1282089150/indonesia-has-completed-surveys-on-its-13-000-islands |date=18 March 2015 }}</ref> ku kituna disebut ogé [[Nusantara]] ("pulo luar", Jawa dianggap salaku puseurna).<ref name=Kroef>{{cite journal |title=The Term Indonesia: Its Origin and Usage |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |author=Justus M. van der Kroef |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=166–171 |year=1951 |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0279%28195107%2F09%2971%3A3%3C166%3ATTIIOA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5 |doi=10.2307/595186 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410201834/http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0279%28195107%2F09%2971%3A3%3C166%3ATTIIOA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5 |date=2020-04-10 }}</ref> Kalawan populasi disawang 270 yuta jiwa dina taun 2020,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite press release |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia |title=Tingkat Kemiskinan di Indonesia Tahun 2005–2006 |date=[[1 September]] [[2006]] |url=http://www.bps.go.id/releases/files/kemiskinan-01sep06.pdf |format=PDF |language=[[Basa Indonésia]] |accessdate=[[26 September]] [[2006]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927070525/http://www.bps.go.id/releases/files/kemiskinan-01sep06.pdf |date=2006-09-27 }}</ref> Indonésia minangka nagara nu populasina panglobana kaopat sadunya sarta nagara populasi pangagem [[Islam]] nu panglobana sadunya, sanajan sacara resmi Indonésia lain [[Républik Islam|nagara Islam]]. Wangun pamaréntahan Indonésia nyaéta [[républik]], kalawan [[Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Indonésia|Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat]], [[Déwan Perwakilan Daérah Indonésia|Déwan Perwakilan Daérah]], jeung [[Présidén Indonésia|Présidén]] nu dipilih langsung ku rahayatna. Puseur dayeuh nagara Indonésia nyaéta [[Daérah Husus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]]. Indonésia boga wates wewengkon jeung [[Malaysia]] di [[Pulo Kalimantan]], [[Papua Nugini]] di [[Pulo Papua]], sarta [[Timor Lésté]] di [[Pulo Timor]]. Indonésia mangrupa anggota [[PBB]] sarta sahiji-hijina anggota PBB nu kungsi kaluar ti organisasi éta. Salian éta, Indonésia ogé anggota ti [[ASEAN]], [[APEC]], [[OSI]] jeung [[G-20]]. == Ngaran == {{seealso|Sajarah ngaran Indonésia}} Kecap "Indonésia" asalna ti [[Basa Latin]]<nowiki/> tina kecap ''dus'' nu hartina "Hindia" sarta kecap [[Basa Yunani]] ''nesos'' nu hartina "pulo".<ref name="EcoSeas1">{{cite book |last=Tomascik |first=T |coauthors=Mah, J.A., Nontji, A., Moosa, M.K. |title=The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas - Part One |publisher=Periplus Editions Ltd. |year=1996 |location=Hong Kong |id=ISBN 962-593-078-7}}</ref> Jadi, lamun ditilik sacara harti kecap ''Indonésia'' hartina [[wewengkon]] Hindia kapuloan, atanapi kapuloan nu aya di Hindia, nu nunjukkeun yén ngaran ieu geus aya saméméh Indonésia jadi nagara daulat.<ref name="indoety">{{cite news |last=Anshory |first=Irfan |title=Asal Usul Nama Indonesia |publisher=Pikiran Rakyat |date=[[16 Agustus]] [[2004]] |url=http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/cetak/0804/16/0802.htm |accessdate=[[5 Oktober]] [[2006]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061215190155/http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/cetak/0804/16/0802.htm |date=2006-12-15 }}</ref> Dina taun 1850, [[George Earl]], [[étnologi|etnolog]] nu asalna ti nagara Inggris, mimiti ngusulkeun sesebutan ''Indunesia'' jeung ''Malayunesia'' pikeun pangeusi "Kapuloan Hindia atawa Kapuloan Melayu".<ref name="JIAEA_1">{{cite journal |last=Earl |first=George S. W. |title=On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations |journal=Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA) |year=1850 |pages=119}}</ref> Murid éarl, [[James Richardson Logan]], maké kecap ''Indonésia'' salaku sinonim ti ''Kapuloan India''.<ref name="JIAEA_3">{{cite journal |last=Logan |first=James Richardson |title=The Ethnology of the Indian Archipelago: Embracing Enquiries into the Continental Relations of the Indo-Pacific Islanders |journal=Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA) |year=1850 |pages=4, 252–347}}; {{cite journal |last=Earl |first=George S. W. |title=On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations |journal=Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA) |year=1850 |pages=254, 277–278}}</ref> Tapi, panulisan akademik Walanda di média Hindia-Walanda teu maké kecap ''Indonésia'', tapi ''Kapuloan Melayu'' (''Maleische Archipel''); ''Hindia Wétan Walanda'' (''Nederlandsch Oost Indië''), atawa ''Hindia'' (''Indië''); ''Wétan'' (''de Oost''); sarta ''Insulinde'' (istilah ieu diwanohkeun taun 1860 dina novel ''[[Max Havelaar]]'' (1859), yasana [[Multatuli]], ngeunaan kritik kana kolonialisme Walanda).<ref name=Kroef/> Saprak taun 1900, ngaran Indonésia jadi leuwih ilahar dina lingkungan akademik di luareun [[Walanda]] , sarta golongan nasionalis Indonésia maké kecap éta dina widang pulitik.<ref name=Kroef/> [[Adolf Bastian]] ti [[Universitas Humboldt Bérlin|Universitas Bérlin]] ngawanohkeun ngaran ieu dina buku ''Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894''. Pelajar Indonésia munggaran nu maké ngaran ieu nyaéta [[Ki Hajar Dewantara|Suwardi Suryaningrat]] (Ki Hajar Dewantara), nalika anjeunna ngawangun kantor warta di Walanda nu ngaranna ''Indonesisch Pers Bureau'' dina taun 1913.<ref name="indoety"/> == Sajarah == {{utama|Sajarah Indonésia}} === Sajarah awal === Titinggal fosil-fosil ''[[Homo erectus]]'', nu ku [[Antropologi|antropolog]] ogé dilandi "[[Manusa Jawa]]", mawa pamadegan yén kapuloan Indonésia geus dieusian antara 2 yuta nepi ka 500.000 taun kaliwat.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pope |title=Recent advances in far eastern paleoanthropology |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=17 |pages=43–77 |year=1988 |doi=10.1146/annurev.an.17.100188.000355}} cited in {{cite book |last=Whitten |first=T |coauthors=Soeriaatmadja, R. E., Suraya A. A. |title=The Ecology of Java and Bali |publisher=Periplus Editions Ltd |year=1996 |location=Hong Kong |pages=309–312 |id=}}; {{cite journal |last=Pope |first=G |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Evidence on the Age of the Asian Hominidae |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=80 |issue=16 |pages=4,988–4992 |date=[[15 Agustus]], [[1983]] |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/16/4988 |accessdate= |pmid=6410399 |doi=10.1073/pnas.80.16.4988 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121211948/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/16/4988 |date=2008-11-21 }} cited in {{cite book |last=Whitten |first=T |coauthors=Soeriaatmadja, R. E., Suraya A. A. |title=The Ecology of Java and Bali |publisher=Periplus Editions Ltd |year=1996 |location=Hong Kong |pages=309 |id=}}; {{cite journal |last=de Vos |first=J.P. |coauthors=P.Y. Sondaar, |title=Dating hominid sites in Indonesia |journal=Science Magazine |volume=266 |issue=16 |pages=4, 988–4992 |date=[[9 Desember]] [[1994]] |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/266/5191/1726.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.1126/science.7992059 |accessdate= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929225215/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/266/5191/1726.pdf |date=2009-09-29 }} cited in {{cite book |last=Whitten |first=T |coauthors=Soeriaatmadja, R. E., Suraya A. A. |title=The Ecology of Java and Bali |publisher=Periplus Editions Ltd |year=1996 |location=Hong Kong |pages=309 |id=}}</ref>. Bangsa [[Austronésia]], nu ayeuna mangrupa mayoritas pangeusi Indonésia, pindah ka Asia Tenggara ti [[Formosa]]. Maranéhna disawang nepi ka Indonésia dina taun 2000&nbsp;SM, sarta ngabalukarkeun Bangsa [[Mélanésia]] nu geus aya saméméhna kagigirkeun ka wewengkon nu jauh di beulah wétan.<ref>Taylor (2003), kaca 5–7</ref> Kaayaan nu cocog pikeun tatanén ngabalukarkeun geu ayana kaahlian [[Sawah|melak paré]] saprak [[abad ka-8 SM]],<ref> {{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Jean Gelman|title=Indonesia |publisher=Yale University Press |date= |location=New Haven and London |pages=8–9 |id=ISBN 0-300-10518-5}}</ref>. ku kituna ngabalukarkeun ogé ku lobana désa, kota, jeung karajaan-karajaan leutik tumuwuh jeung mekar dina [[abad ka-1]] M. Salian ti éta, Indonésia nu aya di jalur perdagangan laut internasional jeung antar pulo, geus jadi jalur lalayaran antara India jeung Cina dina sababaraha abad.<ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Jean Gelman |title=Indonesia |publisher=Yale University Press |date= |location=New Haven and London |pages=15–18 |id=ISBN 0-300-10518-5}}</ref> Sajarah Indonésia saterusna boga loba pangaruh ti kagiatan paniagaan éta.<ref>Taylor (2003), hal. 3, 9, 10–11, 13, 14–15, 18–20, 22–23; Vickers (2005), hal. 18–20, 60, 133–134</ref> [[Gambar:Borobudur ship.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Rélief kapal di Candi [[Borobudur]], <u>+</u>800 M.]] Ti pangaruh agama [[Hindu]] jeung [[Buddha]], sababaraha karajaan ngadeg di pulo [[Kalimantan]], [[Sumatra]], jeung [[Jawa]] saprak [[abad ka-4]] nepi ka [[abad ka-14]]. [[Karajaan Kutai|Kutai]], nyaéta karajaan nu pangkolotna di Indonésia nu ngadeg dina abad ka-4 di hulu [[Walungan Mahakam]], [[Kalimantan Wétan]]. Di wewengkon kulon Pulo Jawa, dina abad ka-4 nepi ka ka-7 M aya Karajaan [[Tarumanagara]]. Dina abad ka-7 aya Karajaan Malayu nu puseurna di [[Kota Jambi|Jambi]], Sumatra. [[Karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]] ngéléhkeun Malayu sarta jadi karajaan maritim nu pangkuatna di wewengkon [[Nusantara]]. Wewengkon kakawasaanna ngawengku Sumatra, Jawa, samenanjung Melayu, ogé ngawasaan paniagaan di Selat Malaka, Selat Sunda, sarta Laut Cina Kidul.<ref>Taylor (2003), hal. 22–26; Ricklefs (1991), hal. 3</ref> Kadatangan padagang-padagang [[urang Arab|Arab]] jeung [[urang Pérsia|Pérsia]] liwat Gujarat, India, tuluy mawa agama [[Islam]]. [[Samudera Pasai]] nu ngadeg dina taun [[1267]], mangrupa karajaan Islam kahiji di Indonésia. === Panjajahan === Indonésia ogé mangrupa nagara nu kungsi diéréh ku loba nagara. Ieu di handap nyaéta sababaraha nagara nu kungsi ngaéréh atawa ngajajah sakabéh atawa sabagian wewengkon Indonésia. * [[Portugal]] ([[1509]]-[[1595]]) * [[Spanyol]] ([[1521]]-[[1692]]) * [[Walanda]] * [[Perancis]], sacara teu langsung ngawasaan Jawa dina jaman 1806-1811 lantaran Karajaan Walanda taluk ka Prancis. Basa [[Louis Bonaparte]], adina [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], diistrénan di walanda dina taun 1806, ku kituna otomatis jajahan Walanda pindah ka Prancis. périodeu ieu lumangsung dina mangsa pamaréntahan Gubernur Jenderal [[Herman Willem Daendels]] di taun 1808-1811. Dipungkas taun 1811 nalika Inggris ngéléhkeun kakuatan Walanda-Prancis di pulo Jawa. * [[Britania Raya|Inggris]] [[1811]], saprak [[Kapitulasi Tungtang]] ditandatanganan nu salah sahiji eusina nyaéta [[Pulo Jawa]] dibéré ti [[Walanda]] ka [[Britania Raya|Inggris]]. Dina taun [[1814]] dilaksanakeun [[Konvénsi London]] nu eusina pamaréntah [[Walanda]] balik deui nyekel kakawasaan kana wewengkon jajahan [[Britania Raya|Inggris]] di Indonésia. Dina taun [[1816]], pamaréntahan [[Britania Raya|Inggris]] di Indonésia sacara resmi réngsé. * [[Jepang]] [[1942]] nepi ka [[1945]], ku sabab éléhna [[Jepang]] ti pihak sakutu dina [[Perang Dunya II]]. Nalika urang [[éropa]] daratang di mimiti [[abad ka-16]], maranéhna manggih sababaraha karajaan nu gampang diéléhkeun pikeun ngawasaan perdagangan rempah-rempah. Portugis mimiti nepi di 2 palabuan [[Karajaan Sunda]] nyaéta [[Banten]] jeung [[Padrao Sunda Kalapa|Sunda Kalapa]], tapi bisa ditundung jeung teras pindah ka wétan ngawasaan [[Maluku]]. Dina [[abad ka-17]], [[Walanda]] ngéléhkeun [[Britania Raya]] jeung [[Portugal]] (iwal di [[Timor Portugis]]). Disawang mangsa harita ageman [[Kristen]]<nowiki/>kmimiti sumebar dindonésia salaku salah sahiji tujuan imperialisme lawas nu kawanoh salaku ''3G'', nyaéta ''[[Gold, Glory, and Gospel]]'' atanapi "Emas, Kajayaan, jeung Ageman".<ref>{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Louis B. |title=Gold, Glory, and the Gospel: The Adventurous Lives and Times of the Renaissance Explorers |publisher=Atheneum |date=1970 |location=New York |pages= |id= }}</ref> Walanda ngawasaan Indonésia salaku wewengkon jajahan nepi ka [[Perang Dunya II]]. KaMimitina [[VOC]], tapi tuluy ku pamaréntah Walanda saprak awal abad ka-19. [[file:Raden Sarief Bastaman Saleh - Johannes Graaf van den Bosch.jpg|left|200px|thumb|[[Johannes van den Bosch]], panaratas ''Cultuurstelsel''.]] Walanda nyieun sistim ''[[Cultuurstelsel]]'' (''Sistem Pamelakan'') dina abad ka-19, nyaéta sistim melak kebon-kebon garedé sarta pelak paksa nu sakabéhna dilaksanakeun di Jawa, nu méré kauntungan pikeun Walanda nu teu bisa dihasilkeun ku VOC. Dina jaman pamaréntahan panjajahan nu leuwih bébas sanggeus [[1870]], sistim ieu dihapus. Sanggeus [[1901]] pihak Walanda ngawanohkeun [[Pulitik étis|Kawijakan étis]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=M.C. |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300 |publisher=MacMillan |date =1991 |location=London |pages=151 |url= |doi= |id=ISBN 0-33-579690-X}}</ref> nu ngawengku parobahan pulitik nu tangtu sarta invéstasi nu leuwih gedé di Hindia-Walanda. Dina jaman Perang Dunya II, nalika Walanda dijajah ku [[Jérman]], [[Jepang]] ngawasaan Indonésia. Indonésia dieréh deui dina taun [[1942]], Jepang nempo yén para pajuang Indonésia mangrupa batur paniagaan nu kooperatif jeung bisa milu jadi prajurit lamun dibutuhkeun. [[Sukarno]], [[Mohammad Hatta]], [[Mas Mansur, Kiai Haji|KH. Mas Mansur]], jeung [[Ki Hajar Dewantara]] dibéré pangajén ku [[Hirohito|Kaisar Jepang]] dina taun [[1943]]. === Indonésia merdika === {{seealso|Agrési Militér Walanda I|Agrési Militér Walanda II}} [[file:Presiden Sukarno.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Sukarno]], présidén kahiji Indonésia.]] Dina Maret [[1945]], Jepang ngawangun hiji komite pikeun kamerdikaan Indonésia. Sanggeus [[Perang Pasifik]] bérés dina taun 1945, dina tekenan organisasi nonoman, Soekarno-Hatta [[Proklamasi Kamerdikaan Indonésia|ngadéklarasikeun]] kamerdikaan Indonésia dina [[17 Agustus]] [[1945]]. [[Sukarno]] jadi [[Présidén Indonésia]], sarta [[Mohammad Hatta]] jadi [[Wakil Présidén Indonésia]]. Dina usaha ngawasaan deui Indonésia, Walanda ngirimkeun pasukanna. Usaha-usaha ngalawan pergerakan kamerdikaan Indonésia ieu tuluy dipikawanoh ku Walanda salaku 'aksi kapulisian' (''Politionele Actie''), atanapi ku Indonésia dipikawanoh minangka 'Agrési Militér'.<ref>{{cite book |last=ZWEERS |first=L. |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Agressi II: Operatie Kraai. De vergeten beelden van de tweede politionele actie |publisher=SDU uitgevers |date=1995 |location=[[Den Haag]] |pages= |url= |doi= |id= }}</ref> Walanda ahirna ngaku kamerdikaan Indonésia dina [[27 Désémber]] [[1949]] salaku nagara [[féderal]] nu disebut [[Républik Indonésia Sarikat]] sanggeus aya tekenan ti kalangan internasional, utamana [[Amérika Sarikat]]. Mosi Integral [[Natsir]] dina 17 Agustus 1950, ngahudangkeun balikna Negara Kesatuan Républik Indonésia sarta ngabubarkeun Républik Indonésia Sarikat. Dina jaman 1950-an jeung 1960-an, pamaréntahan Sukarno milu sakaligus naratas [[gerakan non-blok]] awalna, tapi tujuanna sangkan leuwih deukeut jeung blok [[sosialisme|sosialis]], saperti [[Républik Rahayat Cina]] jeung [[Yugoslavia]]. Taun 1960-an minangka saksi ayana konfrontasi militér jeung [[Malaysia]] ("''[[Konfrontasi Indonésia-Malaysia|Konfrontasi]]''"),<ref>van der Bijl, Nick. ''Confrontation, The War with Indonesia 1962—1966'', (London, 2007) ISBN 978-1-84415-595-8</ref> sarta kateupuasan kana héséna ékonomi. Salajuna dina 1965 aya kajadian [[G30S]] nu nyababkeun maotna 6 [[jendral]] sarta sababaraha [[perwira]] tengah lianna. Kaluar kakuatan anyar nu dilandi ''[[Orde Baru]]'' (Ordeu Anyar) nu nuduh [[Partéy Komunis Indonésia]] salaku dalang kajadian jeung boga maksud ngaléngsérkeun pamaréntahan nu keur aya sarta ngarobah dasar nagara kana paham [[sosialisme|sosialis]]-[[komunisme|komunis]]. Tuduhan ieu sakaligus dijadikeun alesan pikeun ngaganti pamaréntahan saméméhna dina paréntah Sukarno kana pamaréntahan nu anyar. Jendral [[Soeharto]] jadi Présidén Indonésia dina taun [[1967]] maké alesan pikeun ngamankeun nagara tina bahya [[komunisme]]. Ratusan rébu warga Indonésia nu dianggap milu pihak komunis ditelasan, samentara loba warga Indonésia nu keur aya di luar negri, teu wanieun mulih ka Indonésia, sarta teras dicabut [[kawarganagaraan]]na. Jaman kakawasaan Soeharto dilandi [[Orde Énggal]] sarta jaman pamaréntahan Sukarno disebut [[Orde Lawas]]. Soeharto ngagunakeun ékonomi [[néoliberalisme|néoliberal]] sarta hasil ngadatangkeun raloba [[invéstasi]] luar negri asup ka Indonésia sarta ngahasilkeun pamekaran ékonomi nu gedé, sanajan teu rata. Dina awal rézim Orde Énggal, kawijakan ékomomi Indonésia disusun ku sababaraha urang [[ékonom]] lulusan [[Universitas California, Berkeley]], nu dilandi "[[Mafia Berkeley]]".<ref>Wibowo, Sigit, Sjarifuddin. ''[http://www.sinarharapan.co.id/berita/0606/05/sh02.html Ekonomi Indonesia Gagal karena Mafia Berkeley] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616191928/http://www.sinarharapan.co.id/berita/0606/05/sh02.html |date=2008-06-16 }}'', Harian Umum Sore Sinar Harapan. Copyright © Sinar Harapan 2003. Diaksés: Salasa, 6 Agustus 2008.</ref> Soeharto ahirna dipaksa léngsér ti jabatanna ku aksi [[démonstrasi]] sarta kaayaan ékonomi nagara nu goréng dina taun [[1998]]. Sanggeus léngsérna Suharto, saprak 1998 nepi ka 2001, Indonésia miboga tilu [[Présidén Indonésia|présidén]]: [[Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie]], [[Abdurrahman Wahid]], sareng [[Megawati Sukarnoputri]]. Dina taun [[2004]], diayakeun [[pamilihan umum Indonésia|pamilihan umum]] hiji poé nu panggedéna sadunya<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=Laporan dari [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Center Carter Center] |pages=30 |year=2004 |title=The Carter Center 2004 Indonesia Election Report |url=http://www.cartercenter.org/documents/2161.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=[[29 Juli]] [[2008]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614025148/http://www.cartercenter.org/documents/2161.pdf |date=2007-06-14 }}</ref> sarta [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] kapilih salaku présidén. Sawatara wengkon Indonésia ngusahakeun pikeun misahkeun manéh, saperti [[Organisasi Papua Merdika|Papua Kulon]] jeung [[Républik Maluku Kidul|Maluku Kidul]]. [[Timor Wétan]] resmi misah ti Indonésia dina taun [[1999]] sanggeus 3 taun dina administrasi [[PBB]], jadi nagara [[Timor Lésté]]. Dina Désémber [[2004]] jeung Maret [[2005]], di wewengkon [[Acéh]] sarta [[Pulo Nias|Nias]] ngalaman [[lini]] nu nelasan rébuan jiwa. (Tingali ''[[Lini Samudra Hindia 2004]]'' jeung ''[[Lini Sumatra Maret 2005]]''.) Kajadian ieu disusul ku [[Lini Yogyakarta Méi 2006|lini di Yogyakarta]] jeung [[Lini Jawa Juli 2006|sunami]] di wewengkon [[Basisir Pangandaran]] dina taun [[2006]], sarta [[Caah leutak panas Sidoarjo 2006|caah leutak]] di [[Sidoarjo]] saprak taun 2006. == Pulitik jeung pamaréntahan== {{utama|Pulitik Indonésia}} [[File:MPRDPRBuilding.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Gedong MPR-DPR Indonésia]] [[File:IstanaMerdekaFront.jpg|250px|thumb|right|'''Istana Merdeka''', bagian ti Istana Kaprésidénan Jakarta.]] Indonésia miboga pamaréntahan [[républik]] [[démokrasi]] [[sistim présidénsial|présidénsial]] multipartéy. Sistim pulitik Indonésia didasarkeun kana [[Pamisahan kakawasaan|Trias Politika]]: [[législatif]], [[éksekutif]], jeung [[yudikatif]]. Kakawasaan législatif dibogaan ku [[Majelis Permusyawaratan Rahayat Indonésia|Majelis Permusyawaratan Rahayat]] (MPR). MPR Indonésia pernah jadi [[Majelis Permusyawaratan Rahayat Indonésia#Posisi|lembaga nagara pangluhurna]] sarta mangrupa [[sistim hiji kamar|hiji kamar (unikameral)]], tapi sanggeus [[Améndemén Ka-4 Undang-Undang Dasar Indonésia|améndmén ka-4 UUD Indonésia]] MPR sanés lembaga nu pangluhurna deui, sarta komposisi kaanggotaanna ogé robah. Saprak [[2004]], MPR miboga [[sistim dua kamar|sistim parlemén dua kamar (bikameral)]] nu disusun ku 560 anggota [[Déwan Perwakilan Rahayat Indonésia]] (DPR) nu pajabatna ti jalur [[partéy pulitik di Indonésia|partéy pulitik]], sarta ditambih ku 132 anggota [[Déwan Perwakilan Daérah Indonésia]] (DPD) nu minangka wakil propinsi ti jalur [[indepénden]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bappenas.go.id/get-file-server/node/88/ | title = Perubahan Ketiga Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 | language = Indonesia | format = pdf | accessdate = 2011-05-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118195924/http://www.bappenas.go.id/get-file-server/node/88/ |date=2012-01-18 }}</ref> Anggota DPR jeung DPD dipilih langsung ku rahayat dina [[pamilihan umum di Indonésia|pamilihan umum législatif]] sarta diangkat pikeun masa jabatan lima taun. Lembaga éksekutif museur kana [[présién Indonésia|présidén]], [[wakil présidén Indonésia|wakil présidén]], jeung [[kabinet Indonésia|kabinét]]. Kabinét di Indonésia mangrupa kabinét présidénsial jadina mentri mibanda tanggung jawab ka présidén. Lembaga yudikatif dilaksanakeun ku [[Mahkamah Agung Indonésia|Mahkamah Agung]], [[Komisi Yudisial Indonésia|Komisi Yudisial]], jeung [[Mahkamah Konstitusi Indonésia|Mahkamah Konstitusi]]. Tapi [[Kamentrian Hukum jeung Hak Asasi Manusa Indonésia|Kamentrian Hukum jeung Hak Asasi Manusa]] tetep aya. == Babagian administratif == {{Utama|Propinsi di Indonésia|Kabupatén di Indonésia|Kotamadya di Indonésia|Kacamatan di Indonésia}} Indonésia ayeuna miboga 34 [[propinsi]], 5 propinsi miboga status husus. Propinsi dibagi kana [[kabupatén di Indonésia|kabupatén]] jeung [[kotamadya di Indonésia|kotamadya]] nu dibagi deui kana [[kacamatan di Indonésia|kacamatan]]. Babagian administratifna lanjut deui nepi ka bagian nu pangleutikna nyaéta Rukun Tatangga (RT) nu mangrupa daérah tingkat ka-6. Unggal propinsi miboga [[Déwan Perwakilan Rahayat Daérah Propinsi di Indonésia|DPRD Propinsi]] salaku badan législatif wewengkon sareng [[gubernur]] salaku puseur badan éksekutif wewengkon. Unggal kabupatén miboga [[Déwan Perwakilan Rahayat Daérah Kabupatén di Indonésia|DPRD Kabupatén]] salakeun badan législatif wewengkon sareng [[bupati]] salaku puseur badan éksekutif wewengkon. Unggal kotamadya miboga [[Déwan Perwakilan Rahayat Daérah Kotamadya di Indonésia|DPRD Kotamadya]] salaku badan législatif wewengkon sareng [[walikota]] salaku puseur badan éksekutif wewengkon. Sadayana, dipilih langsung ku rahayat langku pamilihan umum. Tapi di Jakarta (Wewengkon Husus Ibu Kota Jakarta) euweuh DPRD Kabupatén atanpai Kotamadya, ku sabab Kabupatén Administrasi jeung Kota Administrasi di Jakarta sanés wewengkon otonom.<ref>[http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/profil-daerah/kabupaten/id/31/name/dki-jakarta/detail/3172/kota-adm-jakarta-utara ''Kabupaten - Kementerian Dalam Negeri - Republik Indonesia'' Diaksés 4 Pébruari 2013 (UTC+7)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306004821/http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/profil-daerah/kabupaten/id/31/name/dki-jakarta/detail/3172/kota-adm-jakarta-utara |date=2016-03-06 }}</ref> Propinsi [[Acéh]], [[Daérah Husus Yogyakarta]], [[Papua Kulon]], jeung [[Papua]] miboga hak husus sarta tingkat otonomi nu leuwih luhur ti propinsi nu lian. Misalna, Acéh boga hak pikeun nagntukeun sistim hukumna sorangan; dina taun 2003, Acéh mimiti maké hukum [[Syariah]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Michelle Ann Miller |title=The Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam law: a serious response to Acehnese separatism? |journal=Asian Ethnicity |volume=5 |issue=3 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/caet/2004/00000005/00000003/art00005 |year=2004 |pages=333–351 |doi=10.1080/1463136042000259789 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521082956/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/caet/2004/00000005/00000003/art00005 |date=2015-05-21 }}</ref> Yogyakarta miboga status daérah husus salaku pangakuan kana pentingna Yogyakarta dina ngarojong Indonésia nalika Révolusi.<ref>[[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat]] (1999). Bab XIV Other Provisions, Pasal 122; {{PDFlink|[http://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Undang-Undang_Republik_Indonesia_Nomor_5_Tahun_1974 Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 1974 tentang Pokok-Pokok Pemerintahan di Daerah]|146&nbsp;}}. [[Présidén Indonésia]] (1974). Bab VII Aturan Peralihan, Pasal 91</ref> [[Propinsi Papua]] (baheulana disebut Irian Jaya), miboga status otonomi husus taun 2001.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dursin |first=Richel |coauthors=Kafil Yamin |title=Another Fine Mess in Papua |work=Editorial |pages= |language= |publisher=The Jakarta Post |date=[[18 November]] [[2004]] |url=http://www.infid.be/papua_mess.htm |accessdate=[[5 Oktober]] [[2006]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060115090759/http://www.infid.be/papua_mess.htm |date=2006-01-15 }}; {{cite news |title=Papua Chronology Confusing Signals from Jakarta |publisher=The Jakarta Post |date=[[18 November]] [[2004]] |url=http://www.infid.be/papua_mess.htm#Papua%20Chronology%20Confusing%20Signals%20from%20Jakarta |accessdate=[[5 Oktober]] [[2006]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060115090759/http://www.infid.be/papua_mess.htm#Papua%20Chronology%20Confusing%20Signals%20from%20Jakarta |date=2006-01-15 }}</ref> [[DKI Jakarta]] mangrupa wewengkon husus ibu kota nagara. [[Timor Portugis]] digabungkeun ka wewengkon Indonésia minangka propinsi [[Timor Wétan]] dina 1979–1999, nu teras misahkeun manéh liwat réferéndum jadi nagara merdika, [[Timor Lésté]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Burr |first=W. |coauthors=Evans, M.L. |title=Ford and Kissinger Gave Green Light to Indonesia's Invasion of East Timor, 1975: New Documents Detail Conversations with Suharto |work=National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 62 |publisher=[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Archive National Security Archieve], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University Universitas George Washington], [[Washington, D.C.]] |date=2001-12-06 |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB62/ |accessdate=2006-09-17 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822171438/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB62/ |date=2011-08-22 }}</ref> ==Propinsi== {{Peta Indonesia}} {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} '''Pulo [[Sumatra]]''' * [[Acéh]] - [[Kota Banda Acéh|Banda Acéh]] * [[Langsa]] - [[Kota Langsa|Kotua Langsa]] * [[Sumatra Kalér]] - [[Kota Médan|Médan]] * [[Sumatra Kulon]] - [[Kota Padang|Padang]] * [[Riau]] - [[Kota Pekanbaru|Pekanbaru]] * [[Kapuloan Riau]] - [[Kota Tanjungpinang|Tanjungpinang]] * [[Jambi]] - [[Kota Jambi|Jambi]] * [[Sumatra Kidul]] - [[Kota Palembang|Palembang]] * [[Kapuloan Bangka Belitung]] - [[Kota Pangkal Pinang|Pangkal Pinang]] * [[Bengkulu]] - [[Kota Bengkulu|Bengkulu]] * [[Lampung]] - [[Kota Bandar Lampung|Bandar Lampung]] '''Pulo [[Jawa]]''' * [[Daérah Husus Ibukota Jakarta]] * [[Banten]] - [[Kota Sérang|Sérang]] * [[Jawa Kulon]] - [[Kota Bandung|Bandung]] * [[Jawa Tengah]] - [[Kota Semarang|Semarang]] * [[Yogyakarta|Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]] - [[Kota Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]] * [[Jawa Wétan]] - [[Kota Surabaya|Surabaya]] '''Kapuloan [[Sunda Alit]]''' * [[Bali]] - [[Kota Denpasar|Denpasar]] * [[Nusa Tenggara Kulon]] - [[Kota Mataram|Mataram]] * [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]] - [[Kota Kupang|Kupang]] {{col-break}} '''Pulo [[Kalimantan]]''' * [[Kalimantan Kulon]] - [[Kota Pontianak|Pontianak]] * [[Kalimantan Tengah]] - [[Kota Palangka Raya|Palangka Raya]] * [[Kalimantan Kidul]] - [[Kota Banjarmasin|Banjarmasin]] * [[Kalimantan Wétan]] - [[Kota Samarinda|Samarinda]] * [[Kalimantan Kalér]] - [[Tanjung Selor]] '''Pulo [[Sulawesi]]''' * [[Sulawesi Kalér]] - [[Kota Manado|Manado]] * [[Gorontalo]] - [[Kota Gorontalo|Gorontalo]] * [[Sulawesi Tengah]] - [[Kota Palu|Palu]] * [[Sulawesi Kulon]] - [[Kota Mamuju|Mamuju]] * [[Sulawesi Kidul]] - [[Kota Makassar|Makassar]] * [[Sulawesi Tenggara]] - [[Kota Kendari|Kendari]] '''Kapuloan [[Maluku]]''' * [[Maluku]] - [[Kota Ambon|Ambon]] * [[Maluku Kalér]] - [[Sofifi]] '''Pulo [[Papua]]''' * [[Papua Kulon]] - [[Kota Manokwari|Manokwari]] * [[Papua]] - [[Kota Jayapura|Jayapura]] {{col-end}} == Géografi == {{utama|Géografi Indonésia}} [[file:Waterfall Madakaripura B.JPG|150px|thumb|right|[[Curug Madakaripura]] di [[Taman Nasional Bromo-Tengger-Semeru]], [[Lumbang, Probolinggo|Lumbang]], [[Kabupatén Probolinggo|Probolinggo]], [[Jawa Wétan]].]] Indonésia mangrupa [[nagara kapuloan]] di [[Asia Tenggara]]<ref>{{cite book | first=Harm | last=Dotinga | coauthors=Netherlands Institute for the Law of the Sea | title=International organizations and the law of the sea: documentary yearbook, Vol 14 |pages=960 | publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers | year=2000 | isbn=9041113452, 9789041113450}}</ref> nu miboga 17.504 pulo, kalawan kirang-langkung 6.000 pulo heunteu dieusian<ref name="Indonesia Regions">{{cite press release |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcoutm.cfm?SD=2005&ED=2005&R1=1&R2=1&CS=3&SS=2&OS=C&DD=0&OUT=1&C=536&S=PPPWGT-PPPPC&RequestTimeout=120&CMP=0&x=45&y=5 Estimate |accessdate=[[5 Oktober]] [[2006]] |title=World Economic Outlook Database |month=April |year=2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501013111/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcoutm.cfm?SD=2005 |date=2018-05-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | first =Hendriawan | title =Indonesia Regions | publisher =Indonesia Business Directory | url =http://www.indonext.com/Regions/ | accessdate =2007-04-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051228011848/http://www.indonext.com/Regions/ |date=2005-12-28 }}</ref>, nu nyebar di wewengkon [[khatulistiwa]], kira-kira ti 95°BW - 141°45'BW sarta aya di antara 2 buana nyaéta [[Asia]] jeung [[Australia (buana)|Australia]]/[[Oséania]]. == Atikan == {{utama|Atikan di Indonésia}} Dumasar kana undang-undang di Indonésia, pamaréntah puseur jeung daérah miboga anggaran atikan 20% ti anggaran nagara jeung anggaran daérah salian ti upah guru jeung biaya kadinasan. Tapi dina taun [[2007]], dana nu disadiakeun karak 17,2 %<ref>World Bank, (2008), ''Spending for development: making the most of Indonesia's new opportunities : Indonesia public expenditure review'', World Bank Publications, ISBN 978-0-8213-7320-0</ref>. == Ékonomi == {{utama|Ékonomi Indonésia}} [[file:PDRB per kapita Indonesia 2008.svg|450px|thumb|left|Peta nu némbongkeun Produk Doméstik Régional Bruto (PDRB) per kapita propinsi-propinsi di Indonésia dina taun 2008. {| style="width:100%;" |- | valign=top | {{legend|#441650|Langkung ti Rp 100 yuta}} {{legend|#006680|Rp 50 yuta ++ - Rp 100 yuta}} {{legend|#217867|Rp 40 yuta ++ - Rp 50 yuta}} {{legend|#2ca089|Rp 30 yuta ++ - Rp 40 yuta}} | valign=top | {{legend|#37c8ab|Rp 20 yuta ++ - Rp 30 yuta}} {{legend|#aaeeff|Rp 10 yuta ++ - Rp 20 yuta}} {{legend|#d7eef4|Rp 5 yuta ++ - Rp 10 yuta}} {{legend|#dbdee3|Kirang ti Rp 5 yuta}} |}]] Sistim ékonomi Indonésia awalna dirojong ku ayana ''[[Oeang Repoeblik Indonesia|Oeang Repoeblik Indonesia (ORI)]]'' minangka mata uang kahiji Indonésia, nu sanggeusna ganti jadi [[Rupiah]]. Dina jaman pamaréntahan [[Orde Lawas]], Indonésia heunteu sapinuhna ngagunakeun sistim ékonomi kapitalisme, tapi dicampurkeun jeung sistim nasionalisme ékonomi. Pamaréntah nu masih anyar, raloba milu kana produksi nu boga pangaruh ka masarakat, ditambah ku kaayaan pulitik, nyababkeun ayana kateustabilan ékonomi nagara.<ref name="SCHWARZ">Schwarz, A. (1994). ''A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s''. Westview Press. ISBN 1-86373-635-2, halaman 52–57.</ref> [[file:Indonesian Rupiah (IDR) banknotes2009.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Uang [[Rupiah]].]] Pamaréntahan Orde Énggal geura maké disiplin ékonomi pikeun neken [[inflasi]], stabilisasi mata uang, pangaturan [[tambut luar nagri]], sarta ngondang investasi asing.<ref name='SCHWARZ'/> Dina jaman [[1970-an]], harga [[minyak bumi]] nu naék nyababkeun naékna angka ékspor sarta tingkat tumbuh ékonomi rarata nu luhur saloba 7% antara taun 1968 nepi ka 1981.<ref name='SCHWARZ'/> Parobahan ékonomi salajengna dina jaman 1980-an, saperti dérégulasi kauangan jeung déflasi,<ref name='SCHWARZ'/> teras ngalirkeun invéstasi asing ka Indonésia hususna dina industri-industri nu ngarah ka ékspor antara 1989 nepi ka 1997<ref>{{cite web |title=Indonesia: Country Brief |work=Indonesia:Key Development Data & Statistics |publisher=[[Bank Dunia]] |month=September |year=2006 |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/INDONESIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20095968~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:226309,00.html |format= |doi= |accessdate= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101135702/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/INDONESIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20095968~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:226309,00.html |date=2012-11-01 }}</ref> Ékonomi Indonésia ngalaman kamunduran dina ahir [[1990-an]] ku sabab [[krisis finansial Asia|krisis ékonomi]] di raloba wewengkon [[Asia]] keur éta,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Poverty in Indonesia: Always with them |journal=[[The Economist]] |date=2006-09-14 |accessdate=2006-12-26 |url=http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7925064 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128215856/http://www.thejakartapost.com/review/nat05.asp |date=2006-11-28 }}</ref> nu dibarengan ku réngséna pamaréntahan Orde Énggal sarta mundurna Soeharto salaku présidén dina 21 Méi 1998. Pertumbuhan [[PDB|PDB Indonésia]] dina 2004 jeung 2005 leuwih ti 5%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indonesia: Forecast |work=Country Briefings |publisher=[[The Economist]] |date=2006-10-03 |url=http://www.economist.com/countries/Indonesia/profile.cfm?folder=Profile-Forecast |accessdate= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804014414/http://www.economist.com/countries/Indonesia/profile.cfm?folder=Profile-Forecast |date=2008-08-04 }}</ref> Tapi, akibatna heunteu boga pangaruh loba dina tingkat pangangguran, nyaéta 9,75%.<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia |title=Beberapa Indikator Penting Mengenai Indonesia |date=2008-12-02 |url=http://www.bps.go.id/leaflet/leaflet-desember-07-ind.pdf |format=PDF |language=[[Basa Indonésia]] |accessdate=2008-03-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401200753/http://www.bps.go.id/leaflet/leaflet-desember-07-ind.pdf |date=2008-04-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| author=Ridwan Max Sijabat| title=Unemployment still blighting the Indonesian landscape| publisher=[[The Jakarta Post]]| date=2007-23-03| url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/review/nat05.asp}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501081947/http://www.thejakartapost.com/review/nat05.asp |date=2007-05-01 }}</ref> Perkiraan taun 2006, 17,8% masarakat hirup di handapeun [[gurat kamiskinan]], sarta aya 49,0% masarakat hirup kalawan panghasilan kirang ti AS$ 2 sapoé.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Making the New Indonesia Work for the Poor - Overview |publisher=[[Bank Dunia]] |year=2006 |accessdate=[[26 Desember]] [[2006]] |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/Publication/280016-1152870963030/2753486-1165385030085/Overview_standalone_en.pdf |format=PDF }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817013648/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/Publication/280016-1152870963030/2753486-1165385030085/Overview_standalone_en.pdf |date=2008-08-17 }}</ref> === Sumber daya alam === Indonésia miboga raloba [[sumber daya alam]] saperti [[minyak bumi]], [[timah]], [[gas alam]], [[nikel]], [[kai]], [[bauksit]], [[taneuh subur]], [[batu bara]], [[emas]], jeung [[pérak]] kalawan babagian lemah [[tatanén]] 10%, [[perkebonan]] 7%, [[tegalan]] 7%, [[leuweung]] 62%, sarta lianna 14% kalawan wewengkon [[irigasi]] 45.970&nbsp;km²<ref name="Indonesia: environment and development">{{cite book | first= | last=World Bank | coauthors= | title=A World Bank country study Country Studies: Indonesia: environment and development | publisher=World Bank Publications | year=1994 | isbn=0821329502, 9780821329504}}</ref> Hasil tatanén nu utama saperti [[béas]], [[entéh]], [[kopi]], [[rempah-rempah]], jeung [[karét]].<ref name='indoCIA'/> Widang [[jasa]] mangrupa panyumbang PDB nu panggedéna, nyaéta 45,3% dina PDB 2005. [[Industri]] 40,7%, sareng [[tatanén]] 14,0%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Statistics and its Development in Indonesia |work=Sub Committee on Statistics: First Session 18–20 February, 2004 |publisher=Economic and Social Commission for Asia & the Pacific |page=19 |format=PDF |url=http://www.unescap.org/stat/sos1/sos1_indonesia.pdf }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929225211/http://www.unescap.org/stat/sos1/sos1_indonesia.pdf |date=2009-09-29 }}</ref> Sanajan kitu, widang tatanén miboga pagawé nu leuwih loba ti widan séjénna, nyaéta 44,3% ti 95 yuta jiwa. Widang jasa 36,9%, sarta widang industri 18,8%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indonesia at a Glance |work=Indonesia Development Indicators and Data |publisher=[[Bank Dunia]] |date=2006-08-13 |url=http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/idn_aag.pdf |format=PDF }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223050110/http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/IDN_aag.pdf |date=2009-12-23 }}</ref> Sanajan kitu, lembaga [[Transparency International]] nempatkeun Indonésia di paringkat ka-143 ti 180 nagara dina [[Indéks Persépsi Korupsi]] taun 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title =[[Indeks Persepsi Korupsi]] |publisher =[[Transparency International]] |year =2007 |url =http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2007 |accessdate =2007-09-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428203145/http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2007 |date=2008-04-28 }}</ref> == Démografi == {{utama|Démografi Indonésia}} [[file:Kepadatan 2010.JPG|thumb|250px|Kapadetan populasi Indonésia dumasar kana Sénsus 2010]] Dumasar kana sénsus populasi taun 2000, Indonésia miboga kirang-langkungna 206 yuta jiwa,<ref name='bps2000'>{{cite press release |title=2000 Population Statistics |publisher=Indonesian Central Statistics Bureau |date=30 Juni 2000 |url=http://www.bps.go.id/sector/population/pop2000.htm |accessdate=2006-10-05 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725055302/http://www.bps.go.id/sector/population/pop2000.htm |date=2009-07-25 }}</ref> sarta diperkirakeun taun 2006 miboga 222 yuta jiwa.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> 130 yuta (leuwih ti 50%) ngeusian [[Pulo Jawa]] nu mangrupa pulo nu panglobana pangeusina sakaligus pulo tempatna ibu kota [[Jakarta]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Calder |first=Joshua |title=Most Populous Islands |publisher=World Island Information |date=2006-05-03 |url=http://www.worldislandinfo.com/POPULATV2.htm |accessdate=2006-09-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814170852/http://www.worldislandinfo.com/POPULATV2.htm |date=2006-08-14 }}</ref> Kalobaannana urang Indonésia mangrupa [[Austronésia|Urang Austronésia]], sarta aya ogé kelompok urang [[Mélanésia]], [[Polinésia]], jeung [[Mikronésia]] utamina di Indonésia beulah wétan. Aya ogé urang nu asalna ti luar nagri saperti étnis [[Tionghoa]], [[urang India|India]], jeung [[urang Arab|Arab]]. Indonésia miboga kira-kira 4 yuta populasi urang Tionghoa.<ref name="eiu">{{cite paper |title=Country Profile 2008: Indonesia |pages= |publisher=[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit Economist Intelligence Unit] |date=16 Mei 2008 |doi= |url=http://portal.eiu.com/report_dl.asp?issue_id=1973383782&mode=pdf |format=pdf |id= |accessdate=2008-07-31 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129085351/https://portal.eiu.com/Login.aspx?c=1 |date=2021-01-29 }}</ref> ==Ageman== {{utama|Agama di Indonésia}} [[Islam]] mangrupa [[agama]] mayoritas nu pangagemna saloba kira-kira 85,2% urang Indonésia, nu nyababkeun Indonésia salaku nagara kalawan populasi muslim nu panglobana sadunya.<ref name='indoCIA'>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html|title=Indonesia - The World Factbook}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210041527/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html |date=2008-12-10 }}</ref> Umat lian saperti [[Protéstan|Kristen Protéstan]] (8,9%), [[Katolik|Kristen Katolik]] (3%), [[Hindu]] (1,8%), [[Buddha]] (0,8%), jeung sajabana (0,3%). Pamaréntah Indonésia ogé sacara resmi ngakuan [[agama Konghucu]].<ref name="Yang">{{cite journal |last=Yang |first=Heriyanto |title=The History and Legal Position of Confucianism in Post Independence Indonesia |journal=Religion |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=8 |month=August |year=2005 |url=http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/pdf/2005/yang2005.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-10-02 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060910063300/http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/pdf/2005/yang2005.pdf |date=2006-09-10 }}</ref> ==Basa== {{utama|Basa di Indonésia}} Indonésia miboga [[basa Indonésia]] salaku basa kahijian jeung [[basa nasional]]. Indonésia ogé kaasup salah sahiji nagara kareng basa panglobana di dunya.<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=World&seq=10 Ethnologue Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113015058/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=World&seq=10 |date=2013-01-13 }}</ref> laloba basa, miboga rébuan panyatur tapi kaayaanna kaancam ku sabab generasi ngorana teu nyaturkeunna deui, sarta para panyatur pindah ka basa nasional.<ref name="endanger">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_language Endangered language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205000731/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_language |date=2013-02-05 }}</ref> == Kabudayaan == {{utama|Budaya Indonésia}} === Péntas === [[file:WayangKulit Scene Zoom.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Wayang|Wayang kulit]].]] Indonésia miboga kira-kira 300 kelompok étnis nu boga rupa-rupa warisan budaya nu mekar sairing jaman, nu ogé dipangaruhan ku kabudayaan India, Arab, Cina, Éropa, sarta kaasup ogé budaya sorangan, [[Melayu]]. Saperti kasenian [[wayang]] ti wewengkon [[Jawa]] jeung [[Bali]] nu midangkeun carita-carita mitologi Hindu kawas [[Ramayana]] jeung [[Baratayuda]], ogé carita-carita adaptasi kaayaan modéren. Aya ogé kasenian tarian contona ti [[Sumatra]] saperti tari [[Tari Ratéb Meuseukat|Ratéb Meuseukat]] jeung tari [[Tari Seudati|Seudati]] ti [[Acéh]]. Aya ogé seni [[sisindiran]], [[gurindam]], jeung sajabana ti raloba wewengkon misalna Melayu. === Busana === {{utama|Daptar busana daérah Indonésia}} [[file:Aesan Gede Songket Palembang.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Mojang [[Urang Palémbang|Palémbang]] keur maké [[songkét]], salah sahiji busana tradisional Indonésia.]] Salah sahiji budaya pakéan ti Indonésia nyaéta [[batik]]. Sababaraha wewengkon nu katelah ti industri batikna saperti [[Yogyakarta]], [[Kota Surakarta|Surakarta]], [[Cirebon]], [[Pandeglang]], [[Garut]], [[Kabupatén Tasikmalaya|Tasikmalaya]], jeung [[Kabupatén Pekalongan|Pekalongan]]. Busana lian ti wewengkon Indonésia saperti [[baju kurung]] jeung [[songkét]]na ti [[Sumatra Kulon]] ([[Minangkabau]]), kaén [[ulos]] ti [[Sumatra Kalér]] ([[Batak]]), [[kabaya]], [[baju bodo]] ti [[Sulawesi Kidul]], [[koteka]] ti [[Papua]], jeung sajabana. === Olahraga === {{utama|Olahraga Indonésia}} [[file:Badminton Beijing 2008 Lu Lan vs Yulianti.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Maria Kristin Yulianti]] (beureum), nu meunang medali perunggu dina [[Olimpiade Usum Panas Beijing 2008]].]] Olahraga nu populér di Indonésia utamina [[badminton]] jeung [[maén bal]]. Olahraga tradisional saperti [[takraw]] jeung [[karapan sapi]]. Pasanggiri adu tempur contona ''caci'' di [[Florés]], sarta ''[[pasola]]'' di [[Sumba]]. Olahraga béla diri nu populér di Indonésia misalna saperti [[pencak silat]]. === Musik === {{utama|Musik Indonésia}} Raloba wewengkon Indonésia miboga [[musik tradisional]]na sorangan. Aya ogé musik tradisional campuran saperti [[keroncong]] nu dipangaruhan ku [[Portugal|Portugis]] di wewengkon [[Kampung Tugu|Tugu]], [[Jakarta]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www2.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0404/28/metro/996265.htm |title=Kampung Tugu, Menyimpan Kenangan Sejarah |work=Kompas |date=28 April 2004 |accessdate=2008-08-14 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211203446/http://www2.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0404/28/metro/996265.htm |date=2008-12-11 }}</ref>. Msik Indonésia lianna saperti [[dangdut]] nyaéta musik aliran Melayu modéren nu dipangaruhan ku musik India. [[file:Traditional indonesian instruments02.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Degung]]/Gamelan]] [[daptar alat musik Indonésia|Alat musik tradisional Indonésia]] di antarana: {{Col|2}} * [[Angklung]] * Bendé * [[Calung]] * [[Degung]]/[[Gamelan]] * Gandang Tabuik * Gendang Bali * Gondang Batak * Gong Kemada * Gong Lambus * Jidor * [[Tembang Cianjuran|Kacapi Suling]] * Kulcapi Batak * Kendang Jawa * Kenong * [[Kulintang]] * [[Rebab]] * [[Rebana]] * [[Saluang]] * [[Saron]] * [[Sasando]] * [[Serunai]] * Seurune Kale * Suling Lembang * Sulim Batak * Suling Sunda * [[Talempong]] * Tanggetong * Tifa, dan sebagainya </div> === Kulinér === {{utama|Masakan Indonésia}} [[file:SOTO FOOD.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Soto]].]] [[Sangu]] mangrupa kadaharan utama di lolobana wewengkon Indonésia. [[Sambel]], [[saté]], [[baso]], [[soto]], jeung [[sangu goréng]] nyaéta sababaraha contoh kadaharan masarakat Indonésia.<ref>http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/eat/40-foods-indonesians-cant-live-without-327106 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025194254/http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/eat/40-foods-indonesians-cant-live-without-327106 |date=2011-10-25 }} 40 of Indonesia's best dishes. Diaksés 5 Désémber 2011.</ref> === Sinema === {{utama|Perpileman Indonésia}} [[file:Tjoet Nja' Dhien.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Poster pilem ''[[Tjoet Nja' Dhien]]'' (1988), pilem ngeunaan pahlawan nasional Indonésia ti Acéh.]] Pilem kahiji nu diproduksi di nusantara nyaéta pilem taun [[1926]] kalawan judul ''[[Loetoeng Kasaroeng]]'' nu dijieun ku sutradara Walanda, G. Kruger jeung L. Heuveldorp, dina jaman [[Hindia Walanda]]. Pilem ieu dijieun ku Pausahaan Pilem Jawa NV di [[Bandung]] sarta diputer kahiji kalina dina 31 Désémber [[1926]] di téater Elite and Majestic, [[Bandung]]. Popularitas industri pilem Indonésia muncak dina jaman 1980-an sarta diputer di raloba bioskop di Indonésia,<ref name="kompasmovies">{{cite news |last=Kristianto |first=JB |title=Sepuluh Tahun Terakhir Perfilman Indonesia |publisher=Kompas |date=2 Juli 2005 |url=http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0507/02/Bentara/1857854.htm |accessdate=2006-10-05 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113052204/http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0507/02/Bentara/1857854.htm |date=2008-01-13 }}</ref>. Antawis 2000 nepi ka 2005, jumlah pilem Indonésia nu dirilis unggal taunna teras ningkatan.<ref name="kompasmovies"/> Pilem ''[[Laskar Pelangi]]'' (2008) mangrupa pilem kalawan pamasukan anu panglobana sapanjang sajarah pilem di Indonésia nepi ka danget ieu. === Kasusastraan === {{utama|Sastra Indonésia}} Figur penting dina sastra modéren Indonésia saperti panulis Walanda [[Douwes Dekker|Multatuli]] nu méré kritikan kana kalakuan Walanda ka Indonésia dina jaman panjajahan Walanda; [[Muhammad Yamin]] jeung [[Hamka]] nu mangrupa panulis sarta pulitisi pra-kamerdikaan;<ref>Taylor (2003), halaman 299–301</ref> sarta [[Pramoedya Ananta Toer]], panulis novel Indonésia nu kakoncara salah sahijina nyaéta nulis novel Bumi Manusia.<ref>Vickers (2005) halaman 3 to 7; Friend (2003), halaman 74, 180</ref> Salah sahiji conto panulis puisi Indonésia misalna [[Chairil Anwar]]. Raloba urang Indonésia miboga [[tradisi lisan]] nu kiat, nu ngarojong dina nerangkeun sarta ngamumulé kaayaan budayana.<ref name="UNESCO Jakarta, Indonesia">{{cite web|last= Czermak|first= Karen|authorlink= |coauthors= Philippe DeLanghe, Wei Weng|title= "Preserving Intangible Cultural Heritage in Indonesia"|publisher= SIL International|url= http://www.sil.org/asia/ldc/parallel_papers/unesco_jakarta.pdf|format= PDF|accessdate= 2007-07-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709194435/http://www.sil.org/asia/ldc/parallel_papers/unesco_jakarta.pdf |date=2007-07-09 }}</ref> == Lingkungan hirup == {{utama|Flora Indonésia|Fauna Indonésia}} [[file:Rafflesia sumatra.jpg|thumb|150px|left|''[[Rafflesia arnoldii]]'' kembang nu panggedéna sadunya.]] [[file:Varanus komodoensis6.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Komodo]], sato réptil langka ti wewengkon [[Nusa Tenggara]].]] Wewengkon Indonésia miboga raloba rupa-rupa mahluk hirup. Ku kituna ku sababaraha sumber nyebatkeun yén wewengkon lingkungan Indonésia mangrupa "''Mega biodiversity''" atanapi "anéka rupa mahluk hirup nu loba"<ref>http://www.detiknews.com/read/2009/03/08/144934/1096302/10/pemerintah-siap-dukung-dana-pengembangan-obat-herbal-aids-kanker {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311011452/http://www.detiknews.com/read/2009/03/08/144934/1096302/10/pemerintah-siap-dukung-dana-pengembangan-obat-herbal-aids-kanker |date=2009-03-11 }} http://www.detiknews.com/read/2009/03/08/144934/1096302/10/pemerintah-siap-dukung-dana-pengembangan-obat-herbal-aids-kanker {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311011452/http://www.detiknews.com/read/2009/03/08/144934/1096302/10/pemerintah-siap-dukung-dana-pengembangan-obat-herbal-aids-kanker |date=2009-03-11 }}</ref><ref>http://www.presidensby.info/index.php/fokus/2009/03/08/4070.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311005957/http://www.presidensby.info/index.php/fokus/2009/03/08/4070.html |date=2009-03-11 }} Dunia Sebut Indonesia Mega Biodiversity</ref>. Rupa-rupa mahluk hirup Indonésia aya di paringkat ka-3 sadunya sanggeus [[Brasil]] jeung [[Républik Démokratik Kongo]].<ref>http://www.cites.org/eng/prog/economics/report_mega_2001.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007155430/http://cites.org/eng/prog/economics/report_mega_2001.pdf |date=2010-10-07 }} Report on the CITES workshop on mega-biodiversity exporters (with the assistance of the European Commission)</ref> Sanajan kitu, [[Guinness World Records]] dina taun 2008 pernah nyutat rékor Indonésia salaku nagara nu panggancangna ruksak leuweungna sadunya. Unggal taunna, Indonésia dituar leuweungna saluas <u>+</u>1,8 yuta héktar. Karuksakan ieu aya di wewengkon hulu/jero leuweung (hutan) nu ngaruksak ogé wewengkon di hilir (basisir).<ref>http://www.sinarharapan.co.id/berita/0712/29/kesra01.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328164842/http://www.sinarharapan.co.id/berita/0712/29/kesra01.html |date=2008-03-28 }} Sulung Prasetyo. Ekologi Indonésia Masuki Masa Genting, Paragraf 1. Sinar Harapan Online. Diaksés 13 Nopémber 2009</ref> == Tingali ogé == * [[Hindia Walanda]] * [[Sajarah Indonésia]] * [[Gurat wanci sajarah Indonésia]] * [[Gerakan 30 Séptémber|Gerakan 30 Séptémber 1965]] == Rujukan == {{col|3}} {{Reflist}} </div> == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commons|Indonesia}} {{wikivoyage|Indonesia}} * {{id}} [http://www.indonesia.go.id Loka resmi pamaréntah Indonésia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203203120/http://indonesia.go.id/ |date=2012-02-03 }} * {{id}} [http://www.antara.co.id Antara - Kantor Warta Indonésia] * {{en}} [http://www.my-indonesia.info/ Pariwisata Indonésia] {{Propinsi di Indonésia}} {{Template group|state=collapsed |title = [[file:Nuvola filesystems www.png|23px]]&nbsp;Géografi wewengkon |list = {{LN Indonesia}} {{Asia}} {{Asia Tenggara}} }} {{Template group|state=collapsed |title = Organisasi internasional |list = {{OSI}} {{APEC}} {{G15}} {{G20}} {{ASEAN}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Indonesia}} [[Kategori:Indonésia| ]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Asia Tenggara]] 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