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id="toc-Cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principal_officials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principal_officials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Principal officials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principal_officials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legislative branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judiciary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judiciary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Judiciary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judiciary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_pressure_groups_and_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_pressure_groups_and_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Political pressure groups and leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_pressure_groups_and_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="border-collapse:collapse; background:white; border:1px solid #00785E;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image" style="border-bottom:1px solid #00785E; background: #067158;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Regional_Emblem_of_Macau.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Regional_Emblem_of_Macau.svg/80px-Regional_Emblem_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Regional_Emblem_of_Macau.svg/120px-Regional_Emblem_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Regional_Emblem_of_Macau.svg/160px-Regional_Emblem_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="background:#005743; color:white; border-bottom:1px solid #00785E;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#b0b0b8">Politics</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Macau" title="Government of Macau"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#b0b0b8">government</span></a> of <span class="region">Macau</span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #00785E;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_Macau" title="Legal system of Macau">Laws</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Law of Macau">Basic Law</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macau_national_security_law" title="Macau national security law">National security law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration">Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Macau" title="Capital punishment in Macau">Capital punishment in Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Macau">Law enforcement in Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Macau" title="Human rights in Macau">Human rights</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Macau">LGBT rights in Macau</a></li></ul></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #00785E;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Macau" title="Government of Macau">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Macau" title="Chief Executive of Macau">Chief Executive</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ho_Iat_Seng" title="Ho Iat Seng">Ho Iat Seng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Macau" title="Executive Council of Macau">Executive Council</a></li> <li>Secretariats</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Administration_and_Justice" title="Secretary for Administration and Justice">Administration and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Economy_and_Finance" title="Secretary for Economy and Finance">Economy and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Security_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Security (Macau)">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Social_Affairs_and_Culture" title="Secretary for Social Affairs and Culture">Social Affairs and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Transport_and_Public_Works_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary for Transport and Public Works (Macau)">Transport and Public Works</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Principal offices</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption" title="Commission Against Corruption">Commission Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Audit" title="Commission of Audit">Commission of Audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procurator_General_of_Macau" title="Procurator General of Macau">Procurator General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Security_(Macau)#Commissioners" title="Secretary for Security (Macau)">Commissioner General of the Police Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Security_(Macau)#Commissioners" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Security (Macau)">Director General of the Customs</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Government Laboratory</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_Bureau_(Macau)" title="Health Bureau (Macau)">Health Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTT_(Macau)" title="CTT (Macau)">Post and Telecommunications</a></li></ul></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #00785E;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Macau" title="Legislative Assembly of Macau">Legislative Assembly</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_of_Macau" title="President of the Legislative Assembly of Macau">President</a>: Kou Hoi In</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_of_Macau" title="List of members of the Legislative Assembly of Macau">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directly_elected_member" class="mw-redirect" title="Directly elected member">Directly elected members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirectly_elected_member" title="Indirectly elected member">Indirectly elected members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appointed_members_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_of_Macau" title="Appointed members of the Legislative Assembly of Macau">Appointed members</a></li></ul></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Political camps:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Macau)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Macau)">Pro-Beijing camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Macau)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Macau)">Pro-democracy camp</a></li></ul></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #00785E;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Macau" title="Judiciary of Macau">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Final_Appeal_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Final Appeal (Macau)">Court of Final Appeal</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/Sam_Hou_Fai" title="Sam Hou Fai">Sam Hou Fai</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Tribunal de Segunda Instância</li> <li>Tribunal Judicial de Base</li> <li>Tribunal Administrativo</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #00785E;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_and_parishes_of_Macau" title="Municipalities and parishes of Macau">Districts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Parishes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nossa_Senhora_de_F%C3%A1tima,_Macau" title="Nossa Senhora de Fátima, Macau">Nossa Senhora de Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Ant%C3%B3nio,_Macau" title="Santo António, Macau">Santo António</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_L%C3%A1zaro" title="São Lázaro">São Lázaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o,_Macau" title="São Lourenço, Macau">São Lourenço</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9,_Macau" title="Sé, Macau">Sé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipa" title="Taipa">Nossa Senhora do Carmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloane" title="Coloane">São Francisco Xavier</a></li></ul></li> <li>Areas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotai" title="Cotai">Zona do Aterro de Cotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengqin" title="Hengqin">Ilha de Montanha (Hengqin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_New_Urban_Zone" title="Macau New Urban Zone">Novos Aterros Urbanos de Macau Zone A</a></li> <li>Zona de Administração de Macau na Ilha Fronteiriça Artificial da <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Zhuhai%E2%80%93Macau_Bridge" title="Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge">Ponte Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #00785E;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Macau" title="Elections in Macau">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Macau" title="List of political parties in Macau">Political parties</a></li> <li>Legislative elections</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Macanese_legislative_election" title="2021 Macanese legislative election">2021</a></li></ul></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #00785E;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Macau" title="Foreign relations of Macau">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;">Documents <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Resident_Identity_Card" title="Macau Resident Identity Card">Macau Resident Identity Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Special Administrative Region passport">Macau SAR Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Passport" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Passport">Portuguese Passport</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Consular_missions_in_Macau" title="Consular missions in Macau">Consular missions in Macau</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Macau_relations" title="Hong Kong–Macau relations">Hong Kong–Macau relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Macau–United States relations">Macau–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau%E2%80%93Peru_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau–Peru relations">Macau–Peru relations</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Consular_missions_in_Macau#Relations_with_Mainland_China" title="Consular missions in Macau">Macau–China relations</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Liaison_Office" title="Macau Liaison Office">Macau Liaison Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Office_in_Beijing" title="Macau Office in Beijing">Macau Office in Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Macau_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:normal; border:1px solid #00785E;"> <b>Related topics</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Macau" title="Culture of Macau">Culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Macau" title="Economy of Macau">Economy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Macau" title="Education in Macau">Education</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Macau" title="Geography of Macau">Geography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macau" title="History of Macau">History</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Macau" title="Template:Politics of Macau"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Macau" title="Template talk:Politics of Macau"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Macau" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Macau"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Politics of Macau</b> is a framework of a politically constrained multi-party presidential system, dominated by the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>. It includes the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Macau" title="Legislative Assembly of Macau">legislature</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Macau" title="Judiciary of Macau">judiciary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Macau" title="Government of Macau">government</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive power</a> is exercised by the government, led by the Chief Executive. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitutional_role_of_Macau">Constitutional role of Macau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Macau&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Constitutional role of Macau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In accordance with Article 31 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the People's Republic of China">Constitution of the People's Republic of China</a>, Macau has <a href="/wiki/Special_Administrative_Region_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China">Special Administrative Region</a> status, which provides constitutional guarantees for implementing the policy of "<a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">one country, two systems</a>" and the constitutional basis for enacting the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_the_Macau_Special_Administrative_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Law of the Macau Special Administrative Region">Basic Law of the Macau Special Administrative Region</a>. Although geographically part of <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> Province, the Macau Special Administrative Region is directly under the authority of the central government of the People's Republic of China in Beijing, which controls the foreign affairs and defence of Macau but otherwise grants the region "a high degree of authority." The Basic Law took force upon handover of sovereignty from <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> on 20 December 1999, and is to remain in effect for fifty years (that is, until 2049). </p><p>Macau's seven deputies to the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> (NPC) are selected by an electoral conference; they attended their first session of the NPC in Beijing in March 2000. Previously, in December 1999, the NPC Standing Committee approved the membership of the NPC Committee for the Basic Law of the Macau Special Administrative Region, chaired by NPC Vice Chairman <a href="/wiki/Qiao_Xiaoyang" title="Qiao Xiaoyang">Qiao Xiaoyang</a>, for a five-year term. Half of the ten members are from Macau, the others from mainland China. Macau also has representation on the National Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a>. </p><p>Relations between the government of Macau and China's central government are typically congenial.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 182">: 182 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%89%B9%E9%A6%96%E8%BE%A6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%E7%89%B9%E9%A6%96%E8%BE%A6.jpg/160px-%E7%89%B9%E9%A6%96%E8%BE%A6.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%E7%89%B9%E9%A6%96%E8%BE%A6.jpg/240px-%E7%89%B9%E9%A6%96%E8%BE%A6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%E7%89%B9%E9%A6%96%E8%BE%A6.jpg/320px-%E7%89%B9%E9%A6%96%E8%BE%A6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3875" data-file-height="2165" /></a><figcaption>The headquarters of Macau Government</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Head_of_Government">Head of Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Macau&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Head of Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Macau" title="Chief Executive of Macau">Chief Executive of Macau</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"> <caption>Main office-holders </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Office </th> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Party </th> <th scope="col">Since </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a>)</i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></i> </td> <td><i>15 November 2012</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">President of the PRC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>)</i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></i> </td> <td><i>14 March 2013</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">Premier of the State Council</a> (<a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of central government</a>)</i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></i> </td> <td><i>11 March 2023</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Macau" title="Chief Executive of Macau">Chief Executive of the Macau SAR</a> (head of region AND head of regional government) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ho_Iat_Seng" title="Ho Iat Seng">Ho Iat Seng</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-partisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-partisan">Non-partisan</a> </td> <td>20 December 2019 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Macau" title="Chief Executive of Macau">Chief Executive of Macau</a> is appointed by the People's Republic of China's central government after selection by an election committee, whose members are nominated by corporate bodies. The chief executive appears before a cabinet, the Executive Council, of between 7 and 11 members. The term of office of the chief executive is 5 years, and no individual may serve for more than two consecutive terms. The governor has strong policymaking and executive powers similar to those of a president. These powers are, however, limited from above by the central government in Beijing, to whom the governor reports directly, and from below (to a more limited extent) by the legislature. </p><p>In May 1999, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ho" title="Edmund Ho">Edmund Ho</a>, a community leader and banker, was the first PRC-appointed chief executive of the Macau SAR, having replaced <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_de_Rocha_Viera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General de Rocha Viera (page does not exist)">General de Rocha Viera</a> on 20 December 1999. He was elected by the 200-member Chief Executive Selection Committee. Ho, born in Macau in 1955, was the first Chinese person to govern the region since the 1550s. Prior to 20 December 1999, Ho nominated major officials in the new government and carried out other transfer tasks. Ho was re-elected for a second term in 2004 and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Chui" title="Fernando Chui">Fernando Chui</a> in 2009. </p><p>The executive branch of the Macau government has the following cabinet departments, each headed by a secretary: Administration and Justice, Economic and Financial Affairs, Security, Social Affairs and Culture, and Transport and Public Works. There also are two commissions, Against Corruption and Audit, and a chief public prosecutor. Upon Macau's reversion to China, the executive offices were moved from Macau Government House temporarily to the Banco Tai Fung. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almacau.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Almacau.JPG/160px-Almacau.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Almacau.JPG/240px-Almacau.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Almacau.JPG/320px-Almacau.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Macau" title="Legislative Assembly of Macau">The Legislative Assembly of Macau</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Executive">Executive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Macau&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Executive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Macau" title="Executive Council of Macau">Executive Council of Macau</a></div> <p>The executive council decides on matters of policy, the introduction of bills to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Macau" title="Legislative Assembly of Macau">Legislative Assembly of Macau</a> and the drafting of subordinate legislation. The council consists of 11 members including the chief executive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabinet">Cabinet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Macau&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cabinet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cabinet consists of 5 secretariats of departments led by a chief: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_of_Cabinet_(Macau)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chief of Cabinet (Macau) (page does not exist)">Chief of Cabinet (Macau)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Transport_and_Public_Works_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Transport and Public Works (Macau)">Secretariat for Transport and Public Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Social_Affairs_and_Culture_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Social Affairs and Culture (Macau)">Secretariat for Social Affairs and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Security_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Security (Macau)">Secretariat for Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Economy_and_Finance_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Economy and Finance (Macau)">Secretariat for Economy and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Administration_and_Justice_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Administration and Justice (Macau)">Secretariat for Administration and Justice</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principal_officials">Principal officials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Macau&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Principal officials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Security_(Macau)#Commissioners" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Security (Macau)">Commissioner of the Macau Customs Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Security_(Macau)#Commissioners" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Security (Macau)">Commissioner of the Unitary Police Service of Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission Against Corruption (Macau)">Commissioner Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procurator_General_of_Macau" title="Procurator General of Macau">Procurator General of Macau</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_branch">Legislative branch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Macau&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legislative branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The legislative organ of the territory is the <a href="/wiki/Assembleia_Legislativa_de_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembleia Legislativa de Macau">Legislative Assembly</a>, a 33-member body comprising fourteen directly elected members, twelve indirectly elected members representing <a href="/wiki/Functional_constituency_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional constituency (Macau)">functional constituencies</a> and seven members appointed by the chief executive. The Legislative Assembly is responsible for general lawmaking, including taxation, the passing of the budget and socioeconomic legislation. Terms are for four years, with annual sessions running from 15 October to 16 August. There are several standing committees in the assembly that perform the following functions: examination and issuance of reports and statements on projects and proposals of law, on resolutions and deliberations, and on proposals of alteration presented to the Legislative Assembly; examination of petitions submitted to the Legislative Assembly; voting on issues as approved in general by the Legislative Assembly General Meeting; and answering questions raised by the president or the General Meeting. </p><p>The last election was held in 2017 and the current Legislative Assembly is chaired by its president, businessman <a href="/wiki/Ho_Iat_Seng" title="Ho Iat Seng">Ho Iat Seng</a> (賀一誠), who is assisted by the vice president, <a href="/wiki/Chui_Sai_Cheong" title="Chui Sai Cheong">Chui Sai Cheong</a> (崔世昌), the elder brother of Chief Executive <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Chui" title="Fernando Chui">Fernando Chui Sai On</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elections">Elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Macau&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other political parties, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Macau" title="List of political parties in Macau">List of political parties in Macau</a>. An overview on elections and election results is included in <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Macau" title="Elections in Macau">Elections in Macau</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judiciary">Judiciary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Macau&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Judiciary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Final_Appeal_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Final Appeal (Macau)">Court of Final Appeal</a> is the court of last resort in the Macau Special Administrative Region. </p><p>The legal system is based largely on <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese law">Portuguese law</a>. The territory has its own independent judicial system, with a high court. Judges are selected by a committee and appointed by the chief executive. Foreign judges may serve on the courts. In July 1999 the chief executive appointed a seven-person committee to select judges for the SAR. Twenty-four judges were recommended by the committee and were then appointed by Mr. Ho. Included are three judges who serve on the Macau SAR's highest court, the Court of Final Appeal (CFA): 39-year-old <a href="/wiki/Sam_Hou_Fai" title="Sam Hou Fai">Sam Hou Fai</a> (who will be chief justice), 32-year-old <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu_Kin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chu Kin (page does not exist)">Chu Kin</a>, and the 46-year-old Viriato <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Pinhiero_de_Lima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Pinhiero de Lima (page does not exist)">Manuel Pinhiero de Lima</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_pressure_groups_and_leaders">Political pressure groups and leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Macau&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political pressure groups and leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public political demonstration is rare in Macau.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 182">: 182 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> (José Lai, bishop)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macau_Society_of_Tourism_and_Entertainment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macau Society of Tourism and Entertainment (page does not exist)">Macau Society of Tourism and Entertainment</a> or STDM (<a href="/wiki/Stanley_Ho" title="Stanley Ho">Stanley Ho</a>, managing director)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_for_Democracy_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union for Democracy Development (page does not exist)">Union for Democracy Development</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ng" title="Antonio Ng">Antonio Ng Kuok cheong</a>, leader)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Macau&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Foreign affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Office_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_PRC_in_the_Macao_SAR.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Office_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_PRC_in_the_Macao_SAR.JPG/220px-Office_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_PRC_in_the_Macao_SAR.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Office_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_PRC_in_the_Macao_SAR.JPG/330px-Office_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_PRC_in_the_Macao_SAR.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Office_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_PRC_in_the_Macao_SAR.JPG/440px-Office_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_PRC_in_the_Macao_SAR.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_in_the_Macao_Special_Administrative_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Macao Special Administrative Region">Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Macao Special Administrative Region</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The central government in Beijing controls the foreign affairs of Macau. The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_in_the_Macao_Special_Administrative_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Macao Special Administrative Region">Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Macao Special Administrative Region</a> opened its office in Macau on 20 December 1999. As a central government agency, the commission interacts with the Macau government in matters of foreign policy. It also processes applications from foreign nations and international organisations wishing to establish consulates or representative offices in Macau. Macau is also authorised to handle some external affairs on its own. These affairs include economic and cultural relations and agreements it concludes with states, regions, and international organisations. In such matters, Macau functions under the name "Macao, China." Macau displays the flag and national emblem of the People's Republic of China but is also authorised to display its own regional flag and emblem. Taiwanese organisations in Macau are allowed to continue operations and are required to abide by the Basic Law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_organisation_participation">International organisation participation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Macau&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: International organisation participation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Customs_Cooperation_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs Cooperation Council">CCC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Commission_for_Asia_and_the_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific">ESCAP</a> (associate), <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a> (associate), <a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a> (subbureau), <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> (associate), <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">WMO</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Tourism Organization">WToO</a> (associate), <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTrO</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Macau&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the People's Republic of China">Politics of the People's Republic of China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Macau&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2023" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Tim (2023). <i>Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution</i>. Globalization and Community series. Minneapolis, MN: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5179-0031-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5179-0031-1"><bdi>978-1-5179-0031-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Betting+on+Macau%3A+Casino+Capitalism+and+China%27s+Consumer+Revolution&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.series=Globalization+and+Community+series&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-5179-0031-1&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Macau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Macau" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#2E8057;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Macau_topics" title="Template:Macau topics"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Macau_topics" title="Template talk:Macau topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Macau_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Macau topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Macau" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Macau</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#2E8057;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macau" title="History of Macau"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">History</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings_and_structures_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="List of oldest buildings and structures in Macau">Historic structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Pires_de_Andrade" title="Fernão Pires de Andrade">Fernão Pires de Andrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Elliot" title="Charles Elliot">Charles Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Ljungstedt" title="Anders Ljungstedt">Anders Ljungstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Portuguese Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Macau" title="Governor of Macau">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Macau" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Macau">Postal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Portuguese_Macau" title="Military of Portuguese Macau">Military of Portuguese Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Macau" title="Handover of Macau">Handover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#2E8057;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Macau" title="Geography of Macau"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Geography</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Peninsula" title="Macau Peninsula">Macau Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloane" title="Coloane">Coloane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipa" title="Taipa">Taipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotai" title="Cotai">Cotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Macau" title="University of Macau">UM Hengqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Macau" title="List of birds of Macau">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:MO" title="ISO 3166-2:MO">Geocode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Macau">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#2E8057;color:white;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Politics</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Basic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Basic Law">Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission Against Corruption (Macau)">Commission Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Macau" title="Elections in Macau">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Macau" title="Foreign relations of Macau">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Macau#Gaming_law" title="Gambling in Macau">Gaming law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_independence" title="Macau independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_Macau" title="Legal system of Macau">Legal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Macau" title="Legislative Assembly of Macau">Legislative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Macau">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Council_of_Macau" title="Municipal Council of Macau">Municipal Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_the_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipality of the Islands">Municipality of the Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Macau" title="List of political parties in Macau">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_on_the_Question_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau">Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#2E8057;color:white;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Macau" title="Government of Macau"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Government</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Administration_and_Justice_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Administration and Justice (Macau)">Administration and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Economy_and_Finance_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Economy and Finance (Macau)">Economy and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Security_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Security (Macau)">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Social_Affairs_and_Culture_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Social Affairs and Culture (Macau)">Social Affairs and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Transport_and_Public_Works_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Transport and Public Works (Macau)">Transport and Public Works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#2E8057;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Macau" title="Economy of Macau"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Economy</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Macau_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="List of companies in Macau">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengqin" title="Hengqin">Hengqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Macau" title="Immigration to Macau">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Macao" title="Monetary Authority of Macao">Monetary Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_pataca" title="Macanese pataca">Pataca <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Macau" title="Telecommunications in Macau">Telecommunications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#2E8057;color:white;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Macau" title="Tourism in Macau"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Tourism</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canidrome_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canidrome (Macau)">Canidrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Macau" title="Gambling in Macau">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_Visit_Scheme" title="Individual Visit Scheme">Individual Visit Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Tower" title="Macau Tower">Macau Tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#2E8057;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Macau" title="Transport in Macau"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Transport</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Macau#Air" title="Transport in Macau">Air</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Macau" title="List of airlines of Macau">Airlines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Macau" title="Air Macau">Air Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_International_Airport" title="Macau International Airport">Airport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong-Macau_Ferry_Pier,_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Pier, Macau">Ferry Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Light_Transit_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Light Transit System">Mass transit system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Macau#Road" title="Transport in Macau">Road</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Macau" title="List of roads in Macau">List of Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Zhuhai%E2%80%93Macau_Bridge" title="Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge">Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reolian_Public_Transport_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Reolian Public Transport Co.">Reolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmac" title="Transmac">Transmac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportas_Companhia_de_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportas Companhia de Macau">TCM</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#2E8057;color:white;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Macau" title="Prostitution in Macau">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Macau" title="Sex trafficking in Macau">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#2E8057;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Macau" title="Culture of Macau"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Culture</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Macau" title="Architecture of Macau">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Macau">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Macau" title="Education in Macau">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Macau">universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_and_festivals_in_Macau" title="Events and festivals in Macau">Events and festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_Macau" title="List of films set in Macau">Films set in Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Macau" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Macau">Honours system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Macau">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Macanese language">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Macau#Literature" title="Culture of Macau">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_dos_Santos_Ferreira" title="José dos Santos Ferreira">José dos Santos Ferreira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Luís de Camões</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Macau" title="Music of Macau">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantopop" title="Cantopop">Cantopop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_opera" title="Cantonese opera">Opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Macau" title="Names of Macau">Names of Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_people" title="Macau people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Macau" title="Demographics of Macau">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Macau" title="Women in Macau">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Macau" title="Women in Macau">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Science_and_Culture_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Science and Culture Centre">Science and Culture Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Escoteiros_de_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Associação de Escoteiros de Macau">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Macau" title="Sport in Macau">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Grand_Prix" title="Macau Grand Prix">Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Jockey_Club" title="Macau Jockey Club">Jockey Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Macau" title="Rugby union in Macau">Rugby union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_China_navbox" title="Template:Politics of China navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_China_navbox" title="Template talk:Politics of China navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_China_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of China navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Ideology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Military Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Provincial_Standing_Committee" title="Chinese Communist Party Provincial Standing Committee">Provincial standing committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party">Constitution</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National emblem of the People's Republic of China"><img alt="National emblem of the People's Republic of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/52px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/78px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/104px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Central<br />government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Chairman</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice Premiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_councillor" title="State councillor">State Councilors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Ministries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="Supreme People's Court">Supreme People's Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="President of the Supreme People's Court">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Supreme People's Procuratorate">Supreme People's Procuratorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Procurator-General_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate">Procurator-General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Political Consultative Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Minor parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_organization" title="People's organization">People's organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics of<br /><a href="/wiki/Province-level_divisions_of_China" title="Province-level divisions of China">province-level<br />divisions</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Chinese_provincial_leaders" title="List of current Chinese provincial leaders">current leaders</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Direct-controlled_municipalities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-controlled municipalities of China">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Beijing" title="Politics of Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Chongqing" title="Politics of Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Shanghai" title="Politics of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tianjin" title="Politics of Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Anhui" title="Politics of Anhui">Anhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fujian" title="Politics of Fujian">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gansu" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Gansu">Gansu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guangdong" title="Politics of Guangdong">Guangdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guizhou" title="Politics of Guizhou">Guizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hainan" title="Politics of Hainan">Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hebei" title="Politics of Hebei">Hebei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Heilongjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Henan" title="Politics of Henan">Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hubei" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Hubei">Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hunan" title="Politics of Hunan">Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jiangsu" title="Politics of Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jiangxi" title="Politics of Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jilin" title="Politics of Jilin">Jilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Liaoning" title="Politics of Liaoning">Liaoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Qinghai" title="Politics of Qinghai">Qinghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Shaanxi" title="Politics of Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Shandong" title="Politics of Shandong">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Shanxi" title="Politics of Shanxi">Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sichuan" title="Politics of Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Zhejiang" title="Politics of Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">Autonomous<br />regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guangxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Guangxi">Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Politics of Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ningxia" title="Politics of Ningxia">Ningxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Tibet">Tibet</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">leaders</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">SARs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Claimed province</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Politics of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in the People's Republic of China">Elections</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Asia" title="Politics of Asia">Politics of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bahrain" title="Politics of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bangladesh" title="Politics of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bhutan" title="Politics of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brunei" title="Politics of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cambodia" title="Politics of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cyprus" title="Politics of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_East_Timor" title="Politics of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" title="Politics of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Politics of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Israel" title="Politics of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jordan" title="Politics of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Politics of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea" title="Politics of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea" title="Politics of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kuwait" title="Politics of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Politics of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Laos" title="Politics of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Politics of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Maldives" title="Politics of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mongolia" title="Politics of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Myanmar" title="Politics of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal" title="Politics of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Oman" title="Politics of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Qatar" title="Politics of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Politics of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Singapore" title="Politics of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Politics of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tajikistan" title="Politics of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand" title="Politics of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkmenistan" title="Politics of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Politics of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uzbekistan" title="Politics of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vietnam" title="Politics of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Yemen" title="Politics of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Abkhazia" title="Politics of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Politics of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Politics of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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