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href="#Koine_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Koine dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Koine_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Koiné_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Koiné_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Koiné languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Koiné_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Koiné language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_(%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9_%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%A9)" title="كوينه (نوع لهجة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوينه (نوع لهجة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8D_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Кайнэ (мовазнаўства) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кайнэ (мовазнаўства)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llengua_koin%C3%A9" title="Llengua koiné – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengua koiné" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Койне (лингвистика) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Койне (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koinesprache" title="Koinesprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Koinesprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_koin%C3%A9" title="Lengua koiné – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lengua koiné" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojneo_(lingvoscienco)" title="Kojneo (lingvoscienco) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kojneo (lingvoscienco)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87" title="زبان کوینه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان کوینه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A8" title="Koinè – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Koinè" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teanga_koin%C3%A9" title="Teanga koiné – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teanga koiné" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%84%A4_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4" title="코이네 언어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코이네 언어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koinem%C3%A1l" title="Koinemál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Koinemál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="שפת קוינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפת קוינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_koine" title="Lingua koine – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua koine" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C4%97" title="Koinė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Koinė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A8" title="Koinè – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Koinè" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_koine" title="Bahasa koine – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa koine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BC%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="コイネー言語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コイネー言語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A9spr%C3%A5k" title="Koinéspråk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Koinéspråk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A8" title="Koinè – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Koinè" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_(Spraakwetenschop)" title="Koiné (Spraakwetenschop) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Koiné (Spraakwetenschop)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)" title="Koiné (językoznawstwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Koiné (językoznawstwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koineiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Koineização – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Koineização" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%C4%83_koin%C3%A9" title="Limbă koiné – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbă koiné" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Койне (лингвистика) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Койне (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Koiné language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A9spr%C3%A5k" title="Koinéspråk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Koinéspråk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Койне (мовознавство) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Койне (мовознавство)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E8%AA%9E" title="共同語 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="共同語" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E8%A1%B7%E8%A9%B1" title="折衷話 – Cantonese" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Contact language from mutually intelligible dialects of the same language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Koiné" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Koine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Koine (disambiguation)">Koine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Faden._Composite_Mediterranean._1785.I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/William_Faden._Composite_Mediterranean._1785.I.jpg/220px-William_Faden._Composite_Mediterranean._1785.I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/William_Faden._Composite_Mediterranean._1785.I.jpg/330px-William_Faden._Composite_Mediterranean._1785.I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/William_Faden._Composite_Mediterranean._1785.I.jpg/440px-William_Faden._Composite_Mediterranean._1785.I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="2195" /></a><figcaption>Despite their different dialects, koineization in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> enabled the various <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Greek political</a> entities to maintain commercial and diplomatic relations.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, a <b>koine</b> or <b>koiné language</b> or <b>dialect</b> (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:κοινή">κοινή</a></i> 'common') is a <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard</a> or common <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> that has arisen as a result of the contact, mixing, and often simplification of two or more mutually intelligible <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the same language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel1985_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegel1985-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SmithVeenstra2001_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithVeenstra2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As speakers already understood one another before the advent of the koiné, the process of koineization is not as drastic as <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidginization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creolization</a>. Unlike pidginization and creolization, there is often no <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige dialect</a> target involved in koineization. </p><p>The normal <a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">influence</a> between neighbouring dialects is not regarded as koineization. A koiné variety emerges as a new spoken variety in addition to the originating dialects. It does not change any existing dialect, which distinguishes koineization from the normal evolution of dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While similar to <a href="/wiki/Zonal_auxiliary_language" title="Zonal auxiliary language">zonal auxiliary languages</a>, koiné languages arise naturally, rather than being constructed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koin%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MacedonEmpire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/MacedonEmpire.jpg/280px-MacedonEmpire.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/MacedonEmpire.jpg/420px-MacedonEmpire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/MacedonEmpire.jpg/560px-MacedonEmpire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption><i>Koiné Greek</i> became the language of the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian Empire</a>; it was widely used as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>koine</i>, meaning "common" in Greek, was first used to refer to the form of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> used as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> periods.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It arose as a mixed vernacular among ordinary people in the <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Peiraieus</a>, the seaport of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, which was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> from different parts of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Koineization brings new dialect varieties about as a result of contact between speakers of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> varieties of that <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>. Koineization is a particular case of dialect contact, and it typically occurs in new <a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">settlements</a>, to which <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">people have migrated</a> from different parts of a single language area. Koineization typically takes two or three generations to complete, but it can be achievable within the first generation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Language variation is systematic in that it can be related to <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social divisions</a> within a community, such as class and <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>. Change can be shown to originate with particular social groups based on those divisions. However, a number of linguists have recently argued that language change lies with the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koin%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguist</a> Paul Kerswill identifies two types of koinés, namely, regional and immigrant:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A <i>regional koiné</i> is formed when a strong regional dialect comes into contact with dialects of speakers who move into the region. Often, the use of the koiné spreads beyond the region in which it was formed. The original koiné, of the regional variety, was based on the <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a> Greek dialect that underwent a koineization process when it came into contact with other Greek dialects spoken in the Athenian seaport <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a>. It ultimately became the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the Hellenistic world.</li> <li>An <i>immigrant koiné</i> is a new dialect that forms in a community settled by immigrants speaking two or more mutually intelligible dialects of the same language. In the late 19th and the early 20th centuries, speakers of a variety of <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> dialects were conscripted to serve as <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured labourers</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> world. Speakers of the dialects came together in varying proportions under different conditions and developed distinctive Hindi koinés. Those Hindi/<a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a> dialects are found in <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Koineization">Koineization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koin%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Koineization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kerswill also examined the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_dialects" title="Norwegian dialects">Norwegian dialects</a> that emerged in two towns around smelters built at the head of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8rfjorden_(Hardanger)" title="Sørfjorden (Hardanger)">Sørfjord</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Hardangerfjord" title="Hardangerfjord">Hardangerfjord</a> in the mid-20th century. Both towns, <a href="/wiki/Odda_(town)" title="Odda (town)">Odda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyssedal" title="Tyssedal">Tyssedal</a>, drew migrants from different parts of Norway. The workers in Odda came predominantly (86%) from <a href="/wiki/Western_Norway" title="Western Norway">western Norway</a>. In Tyssedal, only about one third came from western Norway, another third came from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Norway" title="Eastern Norway">eastern Norway</a> and the other third from other parts of the country. The dialects that evolved in both towns were thus very different from each other.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Trudgill" title="Peter Trudgill">Peter Trudgill</a> sees three processes in operation during what Mesthrie calls the accommodation period: mixing, <a href="/wiki/Dialect_levelling" title="Dialect levelling">levelling</a> and simplification. The processes of levelling and simplification are both dependent on a wide range of factors, including the relative prestige of the contributing dialects, <a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">socio-political</a> contexts in which the new dialect develops, and individual networks of adults involved in the accommodation process. Additionally, both Trudgill and Mesthrie also comment on the process of reallocation in which features that have been retained from contributing dialects take on new meanings or functions within the new dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trudgill posits a multigenerational model of the development of a koine. During the first (immigrant) <a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">generation</a>, the speakers of the contributing dialects mix, and there is some levelling. The first native-born generation of speakers continues the leveling process. However, in the instances that Trudgill was able to document (such as first-generation speakers of Tyssedal and Odda dialects of Norwegian), the speech of that generation still reflected considerable variability in use of marked forms, both between speakers and in the repertoire of individual speakers. </p><p>It is the third generation that focuses the variations and stabilizes the dialect. Trudgill admits cases in which the focusing takes place in the first generation of native-born speakers and also instances that might be only in the fourth or even later generations. The dialect in its emerging state, a state marked by the heterogeneity of forms, is called by Trudgill an <i>interdialect</i> and is often called an interlanguage in other dialect studies.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Koine_dialects">Koine dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koin%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Koine dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>, a dialect that initially emerged as a mixture of 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Irish English</a>, and was subsequently influenced to some degree by <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryo-mar" title="Koryo-mar">Central Asian Korean (Koryo-mar)</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Yukjin_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukjin dialect">Yukjin dialect</a> and multiple other varieties of <a href="/wiki/Korean_dialects" title="Korean dialects">Northeastern Korean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language#Iraqi_Koine" title="Suret language">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Iraqi Koiné</a>, a variety of <a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Suret language</a> based on the various mountain dialects in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Tyari" title="Tyari">Tyari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jilu_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jilu (tribe)">Jilu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nochiya_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nochiya (tribe)">Nochiya</a> etc.) under the influence of the standard <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmežnaya</a> variety (in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>). In layman's terms, the dialect is a compromise between the thicker "low-class" accents of the mountains (Tyari) and the prestigious "<a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">posh</a>" dialect of Urmia. <i>Iraqi Koine</i> was developed in the <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a> areas of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habbaniyah" title="Habbaniyah">Habbaniya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>), where the Assyrians immigrated to.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Koiné_languages"><span id="Koin.C3.A9_languages"></span>Koiné languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koin%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Koiné languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Norwegian" title="Dano-Norwegian">Dano-Norwegian</a>, the basis of Norway's most widely-used <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">written standard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a>, the language that has given name to the general phenomenon.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>, which is unique in being a temporal koine of different stages of the Hebrew language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_language" title="Palembang language">Musi language</a>, also known as <i>Palembang Malay</i>, spoken in <a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_language" title="N'Ko language">N'Ko</a>, which is both a script and an emerging literary version of the <a href="/wiki/Manding_languages" title="Manding languages">Manding languages</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aka-Jeru_language#Great_Andamanese_koiné" class="mw-redirect" title="Aka-Jeru language">Great Andamanese koine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed</a> <a href="/wiki/Aka-Kora_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aka-Kora language">Khora</a>–<a href="/wiki/Aka-Bo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aka-Bo language">Bo</a>–<a href="/wiki/Aka-Jeru_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aka-Jeru language">Jeru</a>–<a href="/wiki/Aka-Cari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aka-Cari language">Sare</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Aka-Jeru_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aka-Jeru language">Jeru</a> base</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy Hokkien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a>, both mutually intelligible and sometimes known as "Standard Hokkien", had developed from a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialects" title="Quanzhou dialects">Quanzhou dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialects" title="Zhangzhou dialects">Zhangzhou dialects</a> into a Koine of the <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Guanhua</a> was spoken within the royal courts of the <a href="/wiki/Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming">Ming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing">Qing</a> dynasties, based on multiple northern Mandarin dialects, later evolving into <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Mandarin">Modern Standard Mandarin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koin%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">Dialect continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_levelling" title="Dialect levelling">Dialect levelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">Language shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">Lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">Mutual intelligibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalistic_planned_language" title="Naturalistic planned language">Naturalistic planned language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-creole_continuum" title="Post-creole continuum">Post-creole speech continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koin%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegel1985-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel1985_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiegel1985">Siegel 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithVeenstra2001-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SmithVeenstra2001_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSiegel2001" class="citation book cs1">Siegel, Jeff (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jcI9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA175">"Koiné formation and creole genesis"</a>. <i>Creolization and Contact</i>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-9771-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-9771-6"><bdi>978-90-272-9771-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Koin%C3%A9+formation+and+creole+genesis&rft.btitle=Creolization+and+Contact&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-272-9771-6&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjcI9AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoin%C3%A9+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellSchopf1994" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, John Howland; <a href="/wiki/J._William_Schopf" title="J. William Schopf">Schopf, J. William</a>, eds. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ve38UmPnfO0C"><i>Creative Evolution</i></a>. Life Science Series. Contributor: University of California, Los Angeles. IGPP Center for the Study of Evolution and the Origin of Life. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780867209617" title="Special:BookSources/9780867209617"><bdi>9780867209617</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-20</span></span>. <q>[...] the children of pidgin-speaking parents face a big problem, because pidgins are so rudimentary and inexpressive, poorly capable of expressing the nuances of a full range of human emotions and life situations. The first generation of such children spontaneously develops a pidgin into a more complex language termed a creole. [...] [T]he evolution of a pidgin into a creole is unconscious and spontaneous.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creative+Evolution&rft.series=Life+Science+Series&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780867209617&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dve38UmPnfO0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoin%C3%A9+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siegel, 1985, p.358; Bubenik, 1993, Dialect contact and koineization: the case of Hellenistic Greek.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomson, 1960, p.34, quoted in Siegel, 1985, p.358</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomson, 1960, The Greek language. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Labov (1972), Sociolinguistic patterns. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Milroy, 1992, Linguistic variation and change. Oxford: Blackwell</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Croft, 2000, Explaining language change: An evolutionary approach. Harlow: Longman. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McWhorter (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arends, Muysken & Smith (1995)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/conference/2013_APiCS/files/abstracts.html">"Creole and pidgin language structure in cross-linguistic perspective | Abstracts"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Creole+and+pidgin+language+structure+in+cross-linguistic+perspective+%26%23124%3B+Abstracts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eva.mpg.de%2Flingua%2Fconference%2F2013_APiCS%2Ffiles%2Fabstracts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoin%C3%A9+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wardhaugh (2002:56–57)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kerswill, P. (2002). Koineization and accommodation. In J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill & N. Schilling-Estes (Eds.), The handbook of language variation and change (pp. 669–702). Oxford: Blackwell.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwak2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kwak, Chung-gu (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s-space.snu.ac.kr/bitstream/10371/29722/1/Inmun_v58_231.pdf">"Data and Ressarches for Korean dialect in Central Asia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Humanities</i> (in Korean). <b>85</b>: 231–272 – via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ioh.snu.ac.kr/">Institute of Humanities</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Humanities&rft.atitle=Data+and+Ressarches+for+Korean+dialect+in+Central+Asia&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=231-272&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kwak&rft.aufirst=Chung-gu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fs-space.snu.ac.kr%2Fbitstream%2F10371%2F29722%2F1%2FInmun_v58_231.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoin%C3%A9+language" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|via=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Odisho, Edward: The Sound System of Modern Assyrian (Neo-Aramaic) – Weisbaden, Harrassowitz, 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coblin, W. South (2000a), "A brief history of Mandarin", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 120 (4): 537–552, doi:10.2307/606615, JSTOR 606615.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koin%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Koiné">Koiné</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritainTrudgill1999" class="citation cs2">Britain, D; Trudgill, Peter (1999), "Migration, new-dialect formation and sociolinguistic refunctionalisation: Reallocation as an outcome of dialect contact.", <i>Transactions of the Philological Society</i>, <b>97</b> (2): 245–256, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-968x.00050">10.1111/1467-968x.00050</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.atitle=Migration%2C+new-dialect+formation+and+sociolinguistic+refunctionalisation%3A+Reallocation+as+an+outcome+of+dialect+contact.&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=245-256&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-968x.00050&rft.aulast=Britain&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Trudgill%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoin%C3%A9+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerswill" class="citation cs2">Kerswill, P., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/staff/kerswill/pkpubs/Kerswill2002KoineAcc.pdf">"Koineization and Accommodation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Trudgill, Peter; Schilling-Estes, N (eds.), <i>The handbook of language variation and change</i>, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 669–702</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Koineization+and+Accommodation&rft.btitle=The+handbook+of+language+variation+and+change&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=669-702&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.aulast=Kerswill&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling.lancs.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fkerswill%2Fpkpubs%2FKerswill2002KoineAcc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoin%C3%A9+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWhorter1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_McWhorter" title="John McWhorter">McWhorter, John H.</a> (1998), "Identifying the creole prototype: Vindicating a typological class", <i>Language</i>, <b>74</b> (4): 788–818, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F417003">10.2307/417003</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/417003">417003</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Identifying+the+creole+prototype%3A+Vindicating+a+typological+class&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=788-818&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F417003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F417003%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McWhorter&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoin%C3%A9+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesthrie2001" class="citation cs2">Mesthrie, R. (2001), "Koinés", in Mesthrie, R. (ed.), <i>Concise encyclopedia of sociolinguistics</i>, Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 485–489</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Koin%C3%A9s&rft.btitle=Concise+encyclopedia+of+sociolinguistics&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=485-489&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Mesthrie&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoin%C3%A9+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel1985" class="citation cs2">Siegel, Jeff (1985), "Koines and koineization.", <i>Language in Society</i>, <b>14</b> (3): 357–378, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0047404500011313">10.1017/s0047404500011313</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12830293">12830293</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+in+Society&rft.atitle=Koines+and+koineization.&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=357-378&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0047404500011313&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12830293%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoin%C3%A9+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgill1986" class="citation cs2">Trudgill, Peter (1986), <i>Dialects in contact</i>, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialects+in+contact&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoin%C3%A9+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinreich1953" class="citation book cs1">Weinreich, Uriel (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G3F2l1Zf-IUC"><i>Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110802177" title="Special:BookSources/9783110802177"><bdi>9783110802177</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+in+Contact%3A+Findings+and+Problems&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=9783110802177&rft.aulast=Weinreich&rft.aufirst=Uriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG3F2l1Zf-IUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoin%C3%A9+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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