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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-September–November_2006_incursions_and_clashes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#September–November_2006_incursions_and_clashes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 September–November 2006 incursions and clashes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-September–November_2006_incursions_and_clashes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_December_2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_December_2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 Early December 2006 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_December_2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forces_involved" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forces_involved"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Forces involved </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forces_involved-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 2006 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2006-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 2006 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-December_19–23" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#December_19–23"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 December 19–23 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-December_19–23-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-December_24–27" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#December_24–27"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 December 24–27 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-December_24–27-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-December_28–31" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#December_28–31"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 December 28–31 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-December_28–31-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 2007 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2007-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 2007 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Occupation_of_Mogadishu_(January_2007)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation_of_Mogadishu_(January_2007)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Occupation of Mogadishu (January 2007) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupation_of_Mogadishu_(January_2007)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deployment_of_African_Union_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deployment_of_African_Union_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Deployment of African Union forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deployment_of_African_Union_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_the_insurgency_(February–April_2007)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_the_insurgency_(February–April_2007)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Rise of the insurgency (February–April 2007) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_the_insurgency_(February–April_2007)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Widening_of_conflict_and_rebel_consolidation_(May–December_2007)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Widening_of_conflict_and_rebel_consolidation_(May–December_2007)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Widening of conflict and rebel consolidation (May–December 2007) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Widening_of_conflict_and_rebel_consolidation_(May–December_2007)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Al-Shabaab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Al-Shabaab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Rise of Al-Shabaab </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Al-Shabaab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 2008 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2008-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 2008 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Escalation_of_insurgency_(January–May_2008)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escalation_of_insurgency_(January–May_2008)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Escalation of insurgency (January–May 2008) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escalation_of_insurgency_(January–May_2008)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-US_airstrikes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_airstrikes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 US airstrikes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_airstrikes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamist_territorial_expansion_and_Djibouti_Agreement_(June–August_2008)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamist_territorial_expansion_and_Djibouti_Agreement_(June–August_2008)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Islamist territorial expansion and Djibouti Agreement (June–August 2008) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamist_territorial_expansion_and_Djibouti_Agreement_(June–August_2008)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insurgent_victory_(September–December_2008)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insurgent_victory_(September–December_2008)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Insurgent victory (September–December 2008) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insurgent_victory_(September–December_2008)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Collapse_of_first_TFG_government_and_formation_of_coalition_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collapse_of_first_TFG_government_and_formation_of_coalition_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Collapse of first TFG government and formation of coalition government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collapse_of_first_TFG_government_and_formation_of_coalition_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 2009 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2009-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 2009 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-2009-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethiopian_withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopian_withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ethiopian withdrawal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopian_withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Election of Sharif Sheikh Ahmed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties_and_human_rights_violations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties_and_human_rights_violations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Casualties and human rights violations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Casualties_and_human_rights_violations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Casualties and human rights violations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Casualties_and_human_rights_violations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civilian_casualties_and_war_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_casualties_and_war_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Civilian casualties and war crimes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_casualties_and_war_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Result_and_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Result_and_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Result and consequences </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Result_and_consequences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Result and consequences subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Result_and_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radicalization_and_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radicalization_and_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Radicalization and terrorism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radicalization_and_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Piracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuation_of_the_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuation_of_the_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Continuation of the conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuation_of_the_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading_and_external_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading_and_external_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading and external links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading_and_external_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading and external links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading_and_external_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Documents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Footage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" > 18 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="الحرب في الصومال (2006–2009) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب في الصومال (2006–2009)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_(%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B0%DB%B6%E2%80%93%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B0%DB%B9)" title="سومالی ساواشی (۲۰۰۶–۲۰۰۹) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سومالی ساواشی (۲۰۰۶–۲۰۰۹)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfel_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%9309)" title="Rhyfel Somalia (2006–09) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfel Somalia (2006–09)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil_somal%C3%AD_(2006-2009)" title="Guerra civil somalí (2006-2009) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra civil somalí (2006-2009)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_(%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B0%DB%B6%E2%80%93%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B0%DB%B9)" title="جنگ در سومالی (۲۰۰۶–۲۰۰۹) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ در سومالی (۲۰۰۶–۲۰۰۹)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_civile_somalienne_(depuis_2006)" title="Guerre civile somalienne (depuis 2006) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre civile somalienne (depuis 2006)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A7%90%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81_(2006%EB%85%84~2009%EB%85%84)" title="소말리아 전쟁 (2006년~2009년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소말리아 전쟁 (2006년~2009년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_di_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="Perang di Somalia (2006–2009) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang di Somalia (2006–2009)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_in_Somalia_(2006-2009)" title="Guerra in Somalia (2006-2009) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra in Somalia (2006-2009)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_(2006-2009)" title="სომალის ომი (2006-2009) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სომალის ომი (2006-2009)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krigen_i_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="Krigen i Somalia (2006–2009) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krigen i Somalia (2006–2009)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_w_Somalii_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="Wojna w Somalii (2006–2009) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna w Somalii (2006–2009)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_na_Som%C3%A1lia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="Guerra na Somália (2006–2009) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra na Somália (2006–2009)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_(2006%E2%80%942009)" title="Гражданская война в Сомали (2006—2009) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гражданская война в Сомали (2006—2009)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalkii_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="Dagaalkii (2006–2009) – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dagaalkii (2006–2009)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Рат у Сомалији – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рат у Сомалији" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalian_sota_2006%E2%80%932009" title="Somalian sota 2006–2009 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Somalian sota 2006–2009" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(2006%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B32009%E5%B9%B4)" title="索馬利亞戰爭 (2006年至2009年) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="索馬利亞戰爭 (2006年至2009年)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1072042#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the ongoing war in Somalia, see <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">Somali Civil War (2009–present)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Ethiopian invasion of Somalia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_conflict" title="Ethiopian–Somali conflict">Ethiopian–Somali conflict</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_tank_somalia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Ethiopian_tank_somalia.jpg/300px-Ethiopian_tank_somalia.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Ethiopian_tank_somalia.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="242" /></a> An Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/T-55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-55">T-55</a> tank advances on <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> (December 2006)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>17 June 2006<a href="#cite_note-Times_of_Malta-2006-12">[12]</a> – 30 January 2009 (2 years, 7 months, 1 week and 1 day)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Southern and Central <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Islamist insurgent victory,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Springer_Nature_Switzerland-14">[14]</a> see <a href="#Result_and_consequences">Consequences</a> <ul><li>Disintegration of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a> government and emergence of Islamist <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a></li> <li>Deployment of <a href="/wiki/AMISOM" class="mw-redirect" title="AMISOM">AMISOM</a> (2007)</li> <li>Rise of <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li> <li>Escalation of <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ogaden" title="Insurgency in Ogaden">Insurgency in Ogaden</a><a href="#cite_note-McGregor-16">[16]</a></li> <li>Proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Somali piracy</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li>Insurgency recaptures majority of south/central Somalia and Mogadishu</li> <li>Withdrawal of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">ENDF</a> from Mogadishu and majority of Somalia (2009)</li> <li>New phase of <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> with <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">conflict between 'radical' and 'moderate' Islamists</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Invasion:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-top:0.5em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional Federal Government">TFG</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Supported by: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><hr /></li></ul> Insurgency: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional Federal Government">TFG</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Puntland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puntland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Puntland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puntland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Puntland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Puntland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Galmudug.svg/23px-Flag_of_Galmudug.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Galmudug.svg/35px-Flag_of_Galmudug.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Galmudug.svg/46px-Flag_of_Galmudug.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/Galmudug" title="Galmudug">Galmudug</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Ahlu_Sunnah_Waljamaca.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ahlu_Sunnah_Waljamaca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Ahlu_Sunnah_Waljamaca.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ahlu_Sunnah_Waljamaca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Ahlu_Sunnah_Waljamaca.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ahlu_Sunnah_Waljamaca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Ahlu_Sunna_Waljama%27a" title="Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a">ASWJ</a><a href="#cite_note-Hassan-2008-3">[3]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_African_Unity_%281970%E2%80%932002%29%3B_Flag_of_the_African_Union_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_African_Unity_%281970%E2%80%932002%29%3B_Flag_of_the_African_Union_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_African_Unity_%281970%E2%80%932002%29%3B_Flag_of_the_African_Union_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_African_Unity_%281970%E2%80%932002%29%3B_Flag_of_the_African_Union_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_African_Unity_%281970%E2%80%932002%29%3B_Flag_of_the_African_Union_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_African_Unity_%281970%E2%80%932002%29%3B_Flag_of_the_African_Union_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a><a href="#cite_note-BURUNDI-JOINS-SOMALI-PEACE-FORCE-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burundi1700-5">[5]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a><a href="#cite_note-MALAWI-TO-SEND-PEACEKEEPERS-TO-SOMALIA-6">[6]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a><a href="#cite_note-NIGERIA-TO-SEND-PEACEKEEPING-BATTALION-7">[7]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a><a href="#cite_note-UGANDAN-TROOPS-TO-ARRIVE-IN-SOMALIA-8">[8]</a> </li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Invasion:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-top:0.5em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shahadah_Flag.svg/23px-Shahadah_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shahadah_Flag.svg/35px-Shahadah_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shahadah_Flag.svg/45px-Shahadah_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a> Supported by: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front" title="Ogaden National Liberation Front">ONLF</a><a href="#cite_note-sudantribune.com-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a><a href="#cite_note-Sudan_Trib-2006a-11">[11]</a><hr /> Insurgency: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-top:0.5em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Re-liberation_of_Somalia" title="Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia">ARS</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shahadah_Flag.svg/23px-Shahadah_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shahadah_Flag.svg/35px-Shahadah_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shahadah_Flag.svg/45px-Shahadah_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">ICU</a> loyalists</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Ras_Kamboni_Brigades" title="Ras Kamboni Brigades">Ras Kamboni Brigades</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Jabhatul_Islamiya" title="Jabhatul Islamiya">Jabhatul Islamiya</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Muaskar_Anole" title="Muaskar Anole">Muaskar Anole</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gabre_Heard" title="Gabre Heard">Gabre Heard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kuma_Demeksa" title="Kuma Demeksa">Kuma Demeksa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Samora_Yunis" title="Samora Yunis">Samora Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Ahmed" title="Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed">Abdullahi Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohammed_Ghedi" title="Ali Mohammed Ghedi">Ali Gedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Barre_Adan_Shire_Hiiraale" title="Barre Adan Shire Hiiraale">Barre Hiiraale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland"><img alt="Puntland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Puntland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puntland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Puntland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puntland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Puntland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Puntland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamud_Muse_Hersi" title="Mohamud Muse Hersi">Adde Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shahadah_Flag.svg/23px-Shahadah_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shahadah_Flag.svg/35px-Shahadah_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shahadah_Flag.svg/45px-Shahadah_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed" title="Sharif Sheikh Ahmed">Sharif Ahmed</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shahadah_Flag.svg/23px-Shahadah_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shahadah_Flag.svg/35px-Shahadah_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shahadah_Flag.svg/45px-Shahadah_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Dahir_Aweys" title="Hassan Dahir Aweys">Hassan Aweys</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shahadah_Flag.svg/23px-Shahadah_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shahadah_Flag.svg/35px-Shahadah_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shahadah_Flag.svg/45px-Shahadah_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hassan_Addou" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Hassan Addou">Ibrahim Addow</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shahadah_Flag.svg/23px-Shahadah_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shahadah_Flag.svg/35px-Shahadah_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shahadah_Flag.svg/45px-Shahadah_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Abdirahman_Janaqow" title="Abdirahman Janaqow">Abdirahman Janaqow</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shahadah_Flag.svg/23px-Shahadah_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shahadah_Flag.svg/35px-Shahadah_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shahadah_Flag.svg/45px-Shahadah_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Abdilqadir_Ali_Omar" title="Abdilqadir Ali Omar">Abdilqadir Ali Omar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shahadah_Flag.svg/23px-Shahadah_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shahadah_Flag.svg/35px-Shahadah_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shahadah_Flag.svg/45px-Shahadah_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Hersi_%22Turki%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan Hersi "Turki"">Hassan al-Turki</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Aden_Hashi_Farah_Aero" class="mw-redirect" title="Aden Hashi Farah Aero">Aden Ayrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Moktar_Ali_Zubeyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Moktar Ali Zubeyr">Ahmed Godane</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Robow" title="Mukhtar Robow">Mukhtar Robow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Ethiopia: 50,000–60,000<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Garowe_Online-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-21">[21]</a></li> <li>TFG: 10,000 soldiers<a href="#cite_note-Somalia_'needs_peace_force_soon'-22">[22]</a></li> <li>AMISOM: 5,250 soldiers</li> <li>US Forces: Unknown</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>ICU: 4,000 (2006)<a href="#cite_note-Nguyen1-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Al-Shabaab: 2,000 (2008)<a href="#cite_note-Williams-24">[24]</a> 3,000 (2009)<a href="#cite_note-:3-25">[25]</a></li> <li>Foreign fighters: Several hundred</li></ul> </div><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Ethiopia:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-top:0.5em">Unknown, see <a href="#Casualties_and_human_rights_violations">Casualties</a> </div> TFG:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-top:0.5em"> <ul><li>Unknown</li> <li>15,000 deserted<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li></ul> </div> AMISOM: Unknown, see <a href="#Casualties_and_human_rights_violations">Casualties</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> <ul><li>6,000–8,000 killed<a href="#cite_note-Sudan_Trib-2006b-28">[28]</a></li> <li>7,000 wounded (Ethiopian claim)<a href="#cite_note-SudaneTribune2006-12-29-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Civilian casualties:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>16,210–20,000 killed <a href="#cite_note-ReutersCasualties-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-garoweonline.com-32">[32]</a></li> <li>Over 1 million displaced (Nov. 2007)<a href="#cite_note-:28-33">[33]</a></li></ul> </div> (see <a href="#Casualties_and_human_rights_violations">§ Casualties and human rights violations</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="Template talk:Campaignbox War in Somalia (2006–2009)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox War in Somalia (2006–2009)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_in_Somalia_(2006–2009)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 in Somalia">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 in Somalia">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 in Somalia">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2009 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2009</a></li></ul> <hr /> Battles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baidoa" title="Battle of Baidoa">1st Baidoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bandiradley" title="Battle of Bandiradley">Bandiradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beledweyne_(2006)" title="Battle of Beledweyne (2006)">1st Beledweyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jowhar" title="Battle of Jowhar">Jowhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mogadishu" title="Fall of Mogadishu">Mogadishu (fall)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jilib" title="Battle of Jilib">Jilib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kismayo" title="Fall of Kismayo">1st Kismayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_Kamboni" title="Battle of Ras Kamboni">Ras Kamboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(March%E2%80%93April_2007)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (March–April 2007)">1st Mogadishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bargal_(2007)" title="Battle of Bargal (2007)">Bargal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(November_2007)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (November 2007)">2nd Mogadishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(2008)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (2008)">3rd Mogadishu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hidaya_Mosque_massacre" title="Al-Hidaya Mosque massacre">Al-Hidayah Mosque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beledweyne_(2008)" title="Battle of Beledweyne (2008)">2nd Beledweyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baidoa" title="Siege of Baidoa">2nd Baidoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kismayo_(2008)" title="Battle of Kismayo (2008)">2nd Kismayo</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post-1960_conflictsin_the_Horn_of_Africa" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Horn_of_Africa" title="Template:Campaignbox Horn of Africa"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Horn_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Horn of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Horn_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Horn of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post-1960_conflictsin_the_Horn_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post-1960 <a href="/wiki/Conflicts_in_the_Horn_of_Africa" title="Conflicts in the Horn of Africa">conflicts in the Horn of Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean civil wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_revolt_in_Somalia" title="1961 revolt in Somalia">1961 revolt in Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bale_revolt" title="Bale revolt">Bale revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali%E2%80%93Kenyan_conflict" title="Somali–Kenyan conflict">Somali–Kenyan conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamu_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhamu Incident">Rhamu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_conflict" title="Ethiopian–Somali conflict">Ethiopian–Somali conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_Ogaden_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1963 Ogaden Rebellion">1963 Ogaden Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_al-Shabaab_invasion_of_Ethiopia" title="2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia">2022 Al-Shabaab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puntland%E2%80%93Somaliland_dispute" title="Puntland–Somaliland dispute">Puntland–Somaliland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2006–09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">2009–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">Somaliland War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_Civil_War" title="Djiboutian Civil War">Djiboutian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ogaden" title="Insurgency in Ogaden">Insurgency in Ogaden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Ethiopian_crackdown_in_Ogaden" title="2007–2008 Ethiopian crackdown in Ogaden">2007–08</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Afar_insurgency" title="Second Afar insurgency">Second Afar insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedeo%E2%80%93Guji_clashes" title="Gedeo–Guji clashes">Gedeo–Guji clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands_conflict" title="Hanish Islands conflict">Hanish Islands conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">border conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">OEF – Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian%E2%80%93Eritrean_border_conflict" title="Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict">Djiboutian–Eritrean conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" title="Afar–Somali clashes">Afar–Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromia%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia–Somali clashes">Oromia–Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLA_insurgency" title="OLA insurgency">OLA insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benishangul-Gumuz_conflict" title="Benishangul-Gumuz conflict">Benishangul-Gumuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Amhara" title="War in Amhara">War in Amhara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fashaga_conflict" title="Al-Fashaga conflict">Al-Fashaga conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> The Ethiopian invasion of Somalia, also known as the Ethiopian occupation of Somalia<a href="#cite_note-theguardian-34">[34]</a> or the Ethiopian intervention in the Somali Civil War, was an armed conflict that lasted from late 2006 to early 2009. It began when military forces from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, supported by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, invaded Somalia to depose the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a> (ICU) and install the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Transitional Federal Government of Somalia">Transitional Federal Government</a> (TFG). The conflict continued after the invasion when an anti-Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a> emerged and rapidly escalated. During 2007 and 2008, the insurgency recaptured the majority of territory lost by the ICU. Ethiopian military involvement began in response to the rising power of the Islamic Courts Union, which operated as the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> government in the majority of southern Somalia by late 2006. In order to reinforce the weak Ethiopian backed TFG, troops from the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">Ethiopian National Defence Force</a> (ENDF) began deploying into Somalia during June 2006. Six months later during December 2006 the combined ENDF/TFG coalition, alongside a covert <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">US military</a> contingent, launched a full-scale invasion to topple the Islamic Courts. The ICU's organizational structure disintegrated, ENDF/TFG forces entered <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> in the last days of December. In early 2007 an insurgency began, centered on a loose coalition of Islamic Courts loyalists, volunteers, clan militias, and various Islamist factions, of which <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a> eventually assumed a pivotal role. In the same period, the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> (AU) established the <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a> peacekeeping operation, sending thousands of troops to Somalia to bolster the besieged <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Transitional Federal Government of Somalia">TFG</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">ENDF</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Re-liberation_of_Somalia" title="Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia">Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia</a> (ARS), the successor to the ICU, further incited Islamist rebels and participated in the fighting. Over the following two years, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">ENDF</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Transitional Federal Government of Somalia">TFG</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a>, became entrenched in a protracted struggle against an escalating insurgency, leading to the displacement of nearly one million inhabitants from <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-M-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Piracy of the coast of Somalia</a>, which had been previously suppressed by the ICU, greatly proliferated.<a href="#cite_note-:8-17">[17]</a> By the end of 2007, ENDF troops were bogged down and facing a multi front war with no prospect of victory. While Mogadishu witnessed fierce fighting, insurgents launched offensives across southern and central Somalia in late 2007 and 2008, regaining territory previously lost by the ICU. During 2008, <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a> started taking control of significant tracts of southern Somalia and began governing territory for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-Cook-2023-37">[37]</a> The Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military occupation</a> faltered,<a href="#cite_note-IBRAHIM-2009-38">[38]</a> and by Autumn 2008, more than 80% of the territory the ICU lost during the invasion was recaptured by the insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2013-39">[39]</a> By November, the insurgency had effectively won.<a href="#cite_note-:13-40">[40]</a> By December 2008, the TFG only had control over parts of <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Baidoa" title="Baidoa">Baidoa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2008-41">[41]</a> That month TFG President <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Ahmed" title="Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed">Abdullahi Yusuf</a> resigned after stating that he had lost control of Somalia to the insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-NBC_News-2009-42">[42]</a> The Ethiopian backed government remained weak and highly fragmented, as its fragility remained unchanged from its state prior to the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-IBRAHIM-2009-38">[38]</a> At the end of 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Re-liberation_of_Somalia" title="Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia">ARS</a> was assimilated into the TFG in an attempt to halt the growing insurgency and form a representative democratic government.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-theguardian-34">[34]</a> During January 2009, former head of the Islamic Courts Union <a href="/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed" title="Sharif Sheikh Ahmed">Sharif Sheikh Ahmed</a> was elected president of Somalia. That same month, declaring victory and claiming to have eradicated the 'Islamist threat', the ENDF withdrew from Mogadishu and Somalia, ending the two year occupation.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian-34">[34]</a> By the time of the withdrawal, effectively all territory lost by the ICU during the full scale December 2006 and January 2007 invasion had been recovered by Islamist insurgents,<a href="#cite_note-Mueller-2018-44">[44]</a> including much of <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-2023-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-theguardian-34">[34]</a> Years into the <a href="/wiki/Somali_civil_war_(2009%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali civil war (2009–present)">present phase of the civil war</a>, Ethiopia became re-involved and joined <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a> in 2014 in order to counter the growth of <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_background">Historic background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historic background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_conflict" title="Ethiopian–Somali conflict">Ethiopian–Somali conflict</a></div> Disputes between <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali Region</a>) date to Ethiopian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II%27s_conquests" title="Menelik II's conquests">Menelik's expansions</a> into <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> lands during the 1890s, initiating the process of incorporation into the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>. Several decades of growing tension and conflict culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">1977–1978 War</a> where Somalia launched an invasion to assist the <a href="/wiki/Western_Somali_Liberation_Front" title="Western Somali Liberation Front">Western Somali Liberation Front</a> in the hope of incorporating the Ogaden into a unitary '<a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a>'. Major conflicts between Ethiopia and Somalia since the latter's independence in 1960 include: <ul><li>1964 <a href="/wiki/1964_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">Border War</a></li> <li>1977–1978 <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">Border War</a></li> <li>1996–2003 border incursions during the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li></ul> In 2000, the first successful attempt to form a government since the collapse of Somalia's central authority in 1991 led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_National_Government_of_Somalia" title="Transitional National Government of Somalia">Transitional National Government</a> (TNG). Ethiopia opposed the TNG, fearing that Somali reunification would reignite claims on the Ogaden region. In response, Ethiopia supported groups in Somalia that resisted the TNG and actively sponsored the formation of opposition alliances to preserve its strategic interests.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11 attacks</a>, the Ethiopian government labelled TNG leaders as <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremists</a> who were pro-<a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Bin Laden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The TNG later failed, and was instead replaced by the rise of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a> (ICU) in the years following, which occurred concurrently with the escalating <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ogaden" title="Insurgency in Ogaden">insurgency in the Ogaden</a> waged by the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front" title="Ogaden National Liberation Front">Ogaden National Liberation Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> A strong Somali state not dependent on <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> was perceived as a security threat,<a href="#cite_note-Cocodia-2021-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sudan_Trib-2006a-11">[11]</a> and consequently the Ethiopian government heavily backed the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Transitional Federal Government of Somalia">Transitional Federal Government</a> (TFG) in 2004 and the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Ahmed" title="Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed">Abdullahi Yusuf</a> on the grounds that he would give up Somalia's long standing claim to the Ogaden.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Yusuf was previously a member of an <a href="/wiki/Somalia_Reconciliation_and_Restoration_Council" title="Somalia Reconciliation and Restoration Council">Ethiopian-backed coalition of warlords</a> that had undermined the TNG,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> and decades prior to that had led Somali rebels who assisted invading Ethiopian troops during the <a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The Ogaden was at the heart of the dispute between the ICU and Ethiopian governments. Following their ascent to power, senior ICU officials accused Ethiopia of mistreating the Somalis under its rule and declared that the region could not be forgotten, as it was tied to them by blood.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_warfare,_disinformation_and_propaganda">Information warfare, disinformation and propaganda</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Information warfare, disinformation and propaganda">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_War_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in the War in Somalia">Propaganda in the War in Somalia</a></div> Even before the beginning of the war, there have been significant assertions and accusations of the use of disinformation and propaganda tactics by various parties to shape the causes and course of the conflict. Eastern African countries and international observers had feared the Ethiopian offensive may lead to a regional war, involving <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, which has a complex relationship with Ethiopia and who Ethiopia claimed to have been a supporter of the ICU.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Eritrea" title="Politics of Eritrea">Eritrean government</a> denied sending troops,<a href="#cite_note-Eritdeny-58">[58]</a> no evidence exists to support claims of Eritrean troops in Somalia,<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2007b-59">[59]</a> and no Eritrean presence was discovered in the country during the war.<a href="#cite_note-Khayre-2014-60">[60]</a> Ethiopia also denied deploying troops in Somalia despite being widely reported.<a href="#cite_note-www.aljazeera.com-2022-61">[61]</a> The TFG also denied the presence of Ethiopian forces in Somalia,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> even after Ethiopia had admitted its troops were inside Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelude_to_war">Prelude to war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prelude to war">edit</a>]</div> The majority of Somali society, including much of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Transitional Federal Government of Somalia">Transitional Federal Government</a>, deeply opposed any foreign military intervention on Somali soil.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Samatar-20063-65">[65]</a> With significant Ethiopian support, <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Ahmed" title="Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed">Abdullahi Yusuf</a> was elected as the TFG president, and, under Ethiopian direction, he appointed a prime minister with connections to then-Ethiopian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a>. These close connections to Addis Ababa were a driving force behind the invasion and provoked the ICU into later adopting a bellicose stance.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> It was during a 2004 visit to the Ethiopian capital <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, when President Yusuf first requested 20,000 Ethiopian troops enter Somalia to back his government.<a href="#cite_note-:29-67">[67]</a> A 2005 <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> fact finding mission to Somalia found that the overwhelming majority of Somalis rejected troops from neighboring states entering the country.<a href="#cite_note-Khayre-2014-60">[60]</a> Despite significant opposition within the TFG parliament,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> President Yusuf made the unpopular decision to invite Ethiopian troops to prop up his administration.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2008-41">[41]</a> As an institution, the TFG did not consent to or approve of the Ethiopian military intervention. No parliamentary approval was given for a decision openly opposed by a significant portion of the government.<a href="#cite_note-Khayre-2014-60">[60]</a> During mid-2006, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a> (ICU) decisively defeated a <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> backed <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Restoration_of_Peace_and_Counter-Terrorism" title="Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism">alliance of Somali warlords</a> and became the first organization since the collapse of the state to control <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2007b-59">[59]</a> which propelled the ICU on the national stage for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> British television station <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> acquired a leaked document detailing a confidential meeting between senior American and Ethiopian officials in Addis Ababa six months prior to the full scale December 2006 invasion. Participants deliberated on various scenarios, with the 'worst-case scenario' being the potential takeover of Somalia by the Islamic Courts Union. The documents revealed that the US found the prospect unacceptable and would back Ethiopia in the event of an ICU takeover. Journalist <a href="/wiki/Jon_Snow_(journalist)" title="Jon Snow (journalist)">Jon Snow</a> reported that during the meeting ‘the blueprint for a very American supported Ethiopian invasion of Somalia was hatched’. No Somali officials were involved in the discussions.<a href="#cite_note-Khayre-2014-60">[60]</a> According to Ted Dagne, an Africa specialist for the US <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>, the Islamic Courts had committed no act or provocation to initiate the Ethiopian invasion.<a href="#cite_note-:29-67">[67]</a> American historian <a href="/wiki/William_R._Polk" title="William R. Polk">William R. Polk</a> observes that the invasion had been unprovoked.<a href="#cite_note-:26-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="June–August_2006_incursions">June–August 2006 incursions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: June–August 2006 incursions">edit</a>]</div> The Ethiopian invasion began with the dispatch of several thousand <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">Ethiopian National Defence Force</a> (ENDF) troops around <a href="/wiki/Baidoa" title="Baidoa">Baidoa</a> city located in <a href="/wiki/Bay,_Somalia" title="Bay, Somalia">Bay region</a>, far inside Somalia, in order to build a bridgehead for a future large scale military operation.<a href="#cite_note-:37-71">[71]</a> On 16 June 2006, <a href="/wiki/Shabelle_Media_Network" title="Shabelle Media Network">Shabeelle Media Network</a> reported that sources in Ethiopia's <a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali Region</a> had witnessed a massing of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">ENDF</a> 'heavy armoured vehicles' along many of the towns on the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Somalia_border" title="Ethiopia–Somalia border">Ethiopian–Somali border</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> and on the following day the first Ethiopian troops moved into Somali territory. Local Somali officials and residents in <a href="/wiki/Gedo" title="Gedo">Gedo</a> region reported about 50 ENDF armored vehicles had passed through the border town of <a href="/wiki/Dolow" title="Dolow">Dolow</a> and pushed 50 km inland near the town of <a href="/wiki/Luuq" title="Luuq">Luuq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Times_of_Malta-2006-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-reliefweb-2006b-73">[73]</a> ICU head <a href="/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed" title="Sharif Sheikh Ahmed">Sheik Sharif Ahmed</a> claimed that 300 ENDF had entered the country through the border town of <a href="/wiki/Dolow" title="Dolow">Dolow</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gedo" title="Gedo">Gedo region</a> and that Ethiopian forces had also been probing Somali border towns. He went on to threaten to fight Ethiopian troops if they continued intervening and further stated, “We want the whole world to know what's going on. The United States is encouraging Ethiopia to take over the area. Ethiopia has crossed our borders and are heading for us.”<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-reliefweb-2006b-73">[73]</a> The Ethiopian government denied the deployment of its forces in Somalia and countered that the ICU was marching towards its borders.<a href="#cite_note-www.aljazeera.com-2022-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-One_India-2006-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Times_of_Malta-2006-12">[12]</a> The TFG vehemently denied accusations of an Ethiopian military deployment and claimed that the ICU was fabricating a pretext to assault its capital in <a href="/wiki/Baidoa" title="Baidoa">Baidoa</a>. Additionally, the TFG arrested several reporters from <a href="/wiki/Shabelle_Media_Network" title="Shabelle Media Network">Shabelle Media Network</a> and imposed restrictions on their radio station after they reported on the ENDF incursion.<a href="#cite_note-reliefweb-2006a-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> On 19 June 2006 the ICU called for the <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international community</a> to pressure Ethiopian forces to withdraw from Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Another significant deployment of Ethiopian troops occurred on July 20, 2006, when they moved into Somalia. Local witnesses reported 20 to 25 armored vehicles crossing the border. The Ethiopian government once again denied the presence of any troops inside Somalia. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> estimated that roughly 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">ENDF</a> troops had built up inside Somalia by this point.<a href="#cite_note-PBS2006-79">[79]</a> On 23 July 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front" title="Ogaden National Liberation Front">Ogaden National Liberation Front</a> announced that they had shot down an Ethiopian military helicopter heading for Somalia and publicly warned that Ethiopian military movements in the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a> pointed towards an imminent large scale operation directed at southern Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> That same day, another ENDF contingent crossed into Somalia, leading to the collapse of the Khartoum talks between the ICU and TFG. The ICU walked out of talks with the TFG after 200 ENDF troops seized <a href="/wiki/Wajid,_Somalia" title="Wajid, Somalia">Wajid</a>, taking control of the airport and landing two helicopters. <a href="/wiki/Abdirahman_Janaqow" title="Abdirahman Janaqow">Abdirahman Janaqow</a>, the deputy leader of the ICU executive council, announced soon after that, "The Somali government has violated the accord and allowed Ethiopian troops to enter Somali soil." The TFG claimed that no Ethiopians were in Somalia and that only their troops were in Wajid.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> confirmed reports of Ethiopian troops in Wajid during interviews with local residents and aid workers. Following the towns seizure, the ICU pledged to wage a <a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">holy war</a> to drive out the ENDF from Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The escalation of Ethiopian troop deployments into Somalia during July 2006 began raising fears of a possible 'all-out war' in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> though the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a> overshadowed news reports of several thousand troops entering Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> During late July 2006, over a dozen TFG parliamentarians resigned in protest of the Ethiopian invasion.<a href="#cite_note-:5-85">[85]</a> By August 2006 the TFG was mired in an severe internal crisis and at risk of collapse.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In late July, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> called for the withdrawal of the ENDF in Somalia to prevent a regional war<a href="#cite_note-:5-85">[85]</a> and the following month accused Ethiopia of plotting a US supported invasion with the aim of destroying the "realization of a unified Somalia”<a href="#cite_note-Sudan_Trib-2006a-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="September–November_2006_incursions_and_clashes">September–November 2006 incursions and clashes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: September–November 2006 incursions and clashes">edit</a>]</div> By September, at least 7,000 Ethiopian troops were in Somalia and had begun arming warlords defeated by the ICU.<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2006-87">[87]</a> The first clash between ICU and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">Ethiopian National Defence Forces</a> occurred on 9 October 2006. TFG forces, backed by the Ethiopian troops, attacked the ICU positions at the town of <a href="/wiki/Burhakaba" title="Burhakaba">Burhakaba</a>, forcing the courts to retreat.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">AFP</a> reported that residents in Baidoa had witnessed a large column of at least 72 armed ENDF vehicles and troops transports depart from city before the incident.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawis</a> government denied that the ENDF was in Somalia, or that they had participated in the incident, but local residents in Burhakaba confirmed the presence of large numbers of ENDF in the town. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> reported that the Ethiopian military incursion had set off a fierce reaction even among the most moderate of the ICU, and a recruitment mobilization began in order to raise a force to take back Burhakaba.<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-2006-90">[90]</a> The ICU claimed that the ENDF had also sent another large deployment across the Somali border. Following the battle, <a href="/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed" title="Sharif Sheikh Ahmed">Sharif Ahmed</a> announced "This is clear aggression...Our forces will face them soon if they do not retreat from Somali territories" and declared <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> against Ethiopian military forces.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In November 2006, the situation significantly escalated with the extensive mobilization and strategic positioning of ENDF, TFG and ICU forces in southern Somalia. Local residents reported large numbers of ICU forces deploying to <a href="/wiki/Burhakaba" title="Burhakaba">Burhakaba</a>. The distance between the opposing forces on the <a href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">front line</a> was now less than 20 km apart. On 26 and 28 November the courts claimed to have ambushed two ENDF convoys near <a href="/wiki/Baidoa" title="Baidoa">Baidoa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> On 29 November, the courts claimed Ethiopian forces had shelled <a href="/wiki/Banderadley" title="Banderadley">Bandiradley</a>. The next day ICU forces ambushed an ENDF convoy outside of Baidoa.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> That month, the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front" title="Ogaden National Liberation Front">Ogaden National Liberation Front</a> (ONLF) declared that it would not allow the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a> region to be used as a launching pad to invade Somalia, and warned that it would resist any attempts to do so.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The Ethiopian military campaign against the ONLF, along with widespread atrocities committed against civilians associated with it, drove hundreds of men (thousands according to some estimates) from the Ogaden to Mogadishu in order to answer the ICU's call to arms against the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Several hundred men from <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> also joined the Courts militia, including high-ranking military officers, while ICU supporters in Puntland primarily provided financial and <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">logistical</a> aid.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> ICU officials reported around 100 fighters from Puntland had defected to join their ranks during mid-November.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_December_2006">Early December 2006</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early December 2006">edit</a>]</div> The most significant event to immediately prelude the war was the passing of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1725" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1725">United Nations Security Council 1725</a> on 6 December 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2007b-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yuusuf-2021-99">[99]</a> The resolution called for the deployment of foreign troops and the lifting of the arms embargo. The Islamic Courts and Muslim Somali leaders had in the months prior to the resolution firmly rejected the deployment of any international military forces in Somalia as an act of war.<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2007b-59">[59]</a> Top leaders of the TFG had previously requested that 20,000 foreign troops, including Ethiopian forces be deployed to Somalia, though the move was opposed by many parliamentarians.<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2006-87">[87]</a> While the resolution explicitly dictated no neighbouring states would be permitted to participate, Ethiopia had already breached a prior UN resolution by deploying thousands of troops into Somalia. The resolution was widely viewed by the Courts as the UN Security Council unjustly legitimizing an Ethiopian invasion, considering the UNSCR had refused to make any commentary or statement on the troops already deployed inside of Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2007b-59">[59]</a> Several weeks before the resolution was passed, a UN report had alleged that the ICU had fought in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">Lebanon War</a> and given Iran access the <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> deposits within Somalia. Observers drew parallels these allegations and the accusations made by the United States during the lead up to the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:40-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herman_Jay_Cohen" title="Herman Jay Cohen">Herman Cohen</a>, the US <a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_African_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs">Assistant Secretary for African Affairs</a>, noted the US decision to back resolution had been influenced by false Ethiopian intelligence. The ICU viewed the passing of UNSCR 1725 as effectively a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declaration of war</a>, a UN endorsement of the Ethiopian invasion<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2007b-59">[59]</a> and as evidence of an international conspiracy against the union.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes-2007-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a>, one of the militia within the military wing of the ICU, increasingly radicalized in response to the Ethiopian incursion.<a href="#cite_note-Celso-2015-102">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Assistant Secretary of State">United States Assistant Secretary of State</a> issued a statement openly accusing the ICU leadership of being members of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Collins-2007-103">[103]</a> On 8 December 2006, two days after <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1725" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1725">UNSCR 1725</a> was passed, the ICU reported being ambushed by Ethiopian troops, sparking an artillery duel which escalated into a two day battle between ENDF/TFG and ICU forces.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forces_involved">Forces involved</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Forces involved">edit</a>]</div> Forces involved are difficult to calculate because of many factors, including lack of formal organization or record-keeping, and claims marred by <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a>. For months leading up to the war, Ethiopia maintained it had only a few hundred advisors in the country, yet independent reports indicated far more troops. Approximately 50,000 to 60,000 <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">Ethiopian National Defence Force</a> (ENDF) troops backed by tanks, <a href="/wiki/Attack_helicopter" title="Attack helicopter">helicopter gunships</a> and jets had been involved in the offensive against the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a> during December 2006.<a href="#cite_note-:33-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Garowe_Online-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> At the outbreak of the war, the strength of the ENDF, the largest military in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> with one of the continent's strongest <a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">air forces</a>, contrasted sharply with the ICU, which lacked conventional forces.<a href="#cite_note-:29-67">[67]</a> Colonel <a href="/wiki/Gabre_Heard" title="Gabre Heard">Gabre Heard</a>, a senior ENDF officer and <a href="/wiki/Tigray_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Tigray People's Liberation Front">Tigray Peoples Liberation Front</a> (TPLF) official, was <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of Ethiopian troops during the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-:27-107">[107]</a> The TFG claimed only 12,000 to 15,000 Ethiopian troops had been deployed to Somalia,<a href="#cite_note-Remnants_of_Somalia_Islamists_still_pose_a_threat-2007-108">[108]</a> while the Ethiopian government claimed it had only 4,000.<a href="#cite_note-Remnants_of_Somalia_Islamists_still_pose_a_threat-2007-108">[108]</a> During 2007 military experts estimated 50,000 Ethiopian troops were occupying parts of Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-21">[21]</a> Other estimates placed the figure at 40,000.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The Ethiopian backed TFG possessed approximately 6,000 soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> During the invasion phase of the war, US Special Forces, CIA <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> units, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine</a> units, supported by American <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_AC-130" title="Lockheed AC-130">AC-130s</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attack_helicopter" title="Attack helicopter">helicopter gunships</a>, directly intervened in support of the ENDF.<a href="#cite_note-:33-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hollar-2008-113">[113]</a> The US <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a> doubted Ethiopia's ability to effectively use the new equipment it had provided for the invasion. As a result, it decided to involve <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Special_Forces" title="United States Army Special Forces">US Special Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> agents in the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-:26-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> reported 3,000 to 4,000 troops fought under the ICU at its height.<a href="#cite_note-Nguyen-114">[114]</a> The insurgency that followed the collapse of the ICU was composed of numerous different groups and factions, making it difficult to determine who was responsibility for a variety of attacks and incidents, though <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a> ultimately became the most powerful and active element.<a href="#cite_note-Albin-Lackey-2008-115">[115]</a> The TFGs prime minister <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohammed_Ghedi" title="Ali Mohammed Ghedi">Ali Gedi</a> claimed that 8,000 foreign fighters were fighting for the ICU during the invasion,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> although the African Union reported Somalia had only attracted 'several hundred' foreign fighters since the formation of the ICU to mid-2007.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In 2008 there were reportedly around 100 foreign fighters in Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-:19-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2006">2006</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2006">edit</a>]</div> Prior to the invasion significant military intelligence and <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">logistics</a> support was offered by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States military</a> to the ENDF. <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a> provided access to <a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">aerial reconnaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> surveillance of ICU military positions across Somalia. The Americans also played a substantial role in sponsoring the invasion, even covering expenses such as fuel and spare parts for Ethiopian troops.<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2007b-59">[59]</a> Pentagon officials and intelligence analysts reported that the invasion had been planned during the summer of 2006 and that <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Special_Forces" title="United States Army Special Forces">US special forces</a> were on the ground before the Ethiopians had intervened.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-119">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> reported American and British Special Forces, along with US-hired <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a>, had been laying the ground work for the invasion within and outside Somalia since late 2005.<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2007b-59">[59]</a> Before the full-scale invasion began, more than 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">ENDF</a> troops had been built up in and around <a href="/wiki/Baidoa" title="Baidoa">Baidoa</a> over the months since the first incursion in June 2006. Much of <a href="/wiki/Bay,_Somalia" title="Bay, Somalia">Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bakool" title="Bakool">Bakool</a> region had already been occupied by Ethiopian troops.<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2007b-59">[59]</a> Flooding that had taken place across Somalia since August 2006 delayed troop movements. By December, the land around strategic towns had largely dried.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> On 13 December, the ICU claimed 30,000 Ethiopian troops were deployed inside of Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-FOREIGN-FIGHTERS-121">[121]</a> The following day, local residents and ICU officials in the <a href="/wiki/Hiran,_Somalia" title="Hiran, Somalia">Hiran</a> region reported a large scale deployment of ENDF troops across the border over a 48-hour period in the regions environs.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> As tensions escalated, different members within the ICU made unilateral statements regarding the response to the Ethiopian invasion without consulting the ICU leadership.<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2007b-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barnes-2007-101">[101]</a> On 13 December 2006, two high-ranking officials in the ICU's military wing, <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Indhacade" title="Yusuf Indhacade">Yusuf Indhacade</a> and his deputy <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Robow" title="Mukhtar Robow">Mukthar Robow</a>, gave Ethiopian troops deployed in Somalia a seven-day <a href="/wiki/Ultimatum" title="Ultimatum">ultimatum</a> to withdraw from the country or face expulsion.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes-2007-101">[101]</a> The Courts were divided over whether or not to forcibly eject invading Ethiopian troops, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> began last minute diplomatic efforts to halt the outbreak of war, resulting in contradictory statements from various ICU leaders. <a href="/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed" title="Sharif Sheikh Ahmed">Sharif Sheikh Ahmed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Dahir_Aweys" title="Hassan Dahir Aweys">Hassan Dahir Aweys</a>, both adopted conciliatory stances as a result, but the sharp rise in tensions had empowered the Courts 'Hawks' who viewed the growing Ethiopian military forces and the passing of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1725" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1725">UNSCR 1725</a> as proof of an international conspiracy against the ICU.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes-2007-101">[101]</a> Statements from the international actors were contradictory as the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> had at first endorsed the Ethiopian invasion, only to quickly retract the statement two days later.<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2007b-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="December_19–23">December 19–23</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: December 19–23">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Somalia:_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the War in Somalia: 2006">Timeline of the War in Somalia: 2006</a></div>The first battle of the full-scale invasion began soon after the withdrawal <a href="/wiki/Ultimatum" title="Ultimatum">ultimatum</a> expired on 19 December 2006. Fighting broke out that evening when two <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> teams clashed at around the settlement of Idaale, 60 kilometres south of <a href="/wiki/Baidoa" title="Baidoa">Baidoa</a>. Both sides blamed each other for initiating the fighting.<a href="#cite_note-:6-123">[123]</a> ICU fighters, many of who were university students, attacked Ethiopian positions in Daynunay, 20 kilometres east of Baidoa as heavy fighting and artillery shelling broke out on several different front lines.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Some of the most intense fighting of the war took place between the ICU and ENDF/TFG around the towns of Daynuunay and Idaale. Heavy weaponry was utilized in a large scale face-to-face confrontation primarily between the Islamic Courts and Ethiopian forces.<a href="#cite_note-HornAfrik-2006-126">[126]</a> Though BBC journalists in the country at the time reported huge ENDF armor columns around Baidoa, the Ethiopian government denied its troops were in Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-:6-123">[123]</a> Accounts from opposing camps noted heavy casualties from the fighting, with many bodies littering the battlefields, along with a massive influx of reinforcements.<a href="#cite_note-FIGHTING-ERUPTS-ON-SOMALI-FRONT-127">[127]</a> From the start of the operation American <a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">special forces</a> were covertly present.<a href="#cite_note-:36-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Daveed_Gartenstein-Ross" title="Daveed Gartenstein-Ross">Daveed Gartenstein</a> reported that between 19 and 21 December, the ICU and Ethiopian troops had faced off in open battle in three encounters. Despite the material and numerical odds against the Islamic Courts, they had prevailed in the three battles. These early victories led western intelligence officials and analysts to fear that the ICU would overrun the city.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> US intelligence sources reported that in the initial days of the conflict, the ICU effectively utilized tactics against ENDF tanks that mirrored those employed by <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a> months prior during the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">Lebanon War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> ICU forces managed to advance only eight kilometres away from Baidoa, but lacking effective counters to Ethiopian artillery and armor superiority, the lightly armed fighters who charged the Ethiopian front line suffered high casualty rates.<a href="#cite_note-Maruf-2018-131">[131]</a> 50,000 Ethiopian troops took part in the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-Axe-1059-132">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_T-55_tank_captured_by_Islamic_Courts_Union_at_Idaale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ethiopian_T-55_tank_captured_by_Islamic_Courts_Union_at_Idaale.jpg/220px-Ethiopian_T-55_tank_captured_by_Islamic_Courts_Union_at_Idaale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ethiopian_T-55_tank_captured_by_Islamic_Courts_Union_at_Idaale.jpg/330px-Ethiopian_T-55_tank_captured_by_Islamic_Courts_Union_at_Idaale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ethiopian_T-55_tank_captured_by_Islamic_Courts_Union_at_Idaale.jpg/440px-Ethiopian_T-55_tank_captured_by_Islamic_Courts_Union_at_Idaale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1307" /></a><figcaption>ENDF <a href="/wiki/T-54/T-55" title="T-54/T-55">T-55</a> tank captured by Islamic Courts Union fighters at the Idaale front (Dec 2006)</figcaption></figure> American <a href="/wiki/Gunship" title="Gunship">gunships</a>, including helicopters and the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_AC-130" title="Lockheed AC-130">AC-130</a>, flew out of <a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diego_Garcia" title="Diego Garcia">Diego Garcia</a> to provide <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">air support</a> for Ethiopian troops.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-:33-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scahill-2013b-134">[134]</a> The <a href="/wiki/USS_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="USS Dwight D. Eisenhower">USS Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> carrier battlegroup was dispatched to the Somali coast to provide further air support and aerial surveillance.<a href="#cite_note-:2-135">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Special_Forces" title="United States Army Special Forces">US Special forces</a> and CIA <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> units also participated.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Axe-1059-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hollar-2008-113">[113]</a> The participation of the US ground and air forces provided the ENDF with massive military superiority over the ICU. <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohammed_Ghedi" title="Ali Mohammed Ghedi">Ali Gedi</a>, then prime minister of the TFG and a participant in planning for the invasion noted that, “The Ethiopians were not able to come in without the support of the US Government...American air forces were supporting us."<a href="#cite_note-Scahill-2013a-137">[137]</a> US operations during the invasion took place in a media vacuum, with no images or footage appearing of American forces.<a href="#cite_note-:2-135">[135]</a> American planes and helicopters that struck ICU targets during December 2006 had their markings obscured.<a href="#cite_note-:36-128">[128]</a> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al-Jazeera</a>, head of the Islamic Courts <a href="/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed" title="Sharif Sheikh Ahmed">Sharif Sheikh Ahmed</a> later reported that after achieving a string of battlefield victories, ICU troops had come under unexpected bombardment from US aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> As the ENDF advanced towards Mogadishu, they encountered fierce resistance in <a href="/wiki/Bay,_Somalia" title="Bay, Somalia">Bay region</a>. Large battles took place around the settlements of Diinsoor and Daynuunay, where the Courts pushed back the Ethiopian army and overran a military camp. One of the most notable battles occurred at Idaale, where the ICU inflicted heavy losses on the invading forces.<a href="#cite_note-:30-139">[139]</a> The ICU's <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a> youth militia were also present for the battle. The ENDF were drawn out of their positions into battle when fighters attacked an Ethiopian position and then feinted a retreat. The Ethiopians pursued with a large contingent of troops and were soon ambushed by hundreds of fighters, initiating a massive battle between the ENDF and ICU that would last several days.<a href="#cite_note-Maruf-2018-131">[131]</a> After two days of large scale clashes, Sheik <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Dahir_Aweys" title="Hassan Dahir Aweys">Hassan Dahir Aweys</a> announced Somalia was in a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">state of war</a>;<a href="#cite_note-CARNAGE-AS-SOMALIA-IN-STATE-OF-WAR-140">[140]</a> but clarified that the ICU considered itself at war with Ethiopia and not the TFG.<a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-2006-141">[141]</a> By the end of 22 December, both sides claimed to have killed hundreds of each other's troops.<a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-2006-141">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bandiradley" title="Battle of Bandiradley">Battle of Bandiradley</a> began on December 23, 2006, when Ethiopian and Puntland forces, along with <a href="/wiki/Abdi_Qeybdid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdi Qeybdid">Abdi Qeybdid</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_warlord_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali warlord alliance">Somali Warlord Alliance</a>, fought ICU militias defending Bandiradley.<a href="#cite_note-shabelle.net-2007-142">[142]</a> With the defensive capabilities of the Courts overextended and overwhelmed,<a href="#cite_note-Barnes-2007-101">[101]</a> the tide turned against them on the fourth day of the war as the Ethiopian army continued deploying their superior military hardware.<a href="#cite_note-Maruf-2018-131">[131]</a> The ICU positions at Bandiradley in central Somalia was the first to fracture, leaving a significant gap in the front line.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes-2007-101">[101]</a> No ICU reserves were available to deploy in the exposed northern flank, enabling the Ethiopian military to begin a <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">blitzkrieg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen-2013-143">[143]</a> As ENDF <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoys</a> drove through the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a> region to reach the front line, the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front" title="Ogaden National Liberation Front">ONLF</a> began attacking those attempting to join the war. The ONLF announced that on 23 December, in-line with their policy of resisting attacks on Somalia, they had attacked a convoy consisting of twenty armored vehicles and several trucks driving through <a href="/wiki/Korahe_Zone" title="Korahe Zone">Korahe Zone</a>. The ONLF reported that after inflicting casualties and destroying four vehicles, the convoy had to retreat and abandon its planned operations in Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-sudantribune.com-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="December_24–27">December 24–27</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: December 24–27">edit</a>]</div> On 24 December, the ICU reported to be around 10 km away from Baidoa. The Courts reported destroying several ENDF tanks during a battle at Daynuunay.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Air_Force" title="Ethiopian Air Force">Ethiopian Air Force</a> began carrying out <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">airstrikes</a> on the city of <a href="/wiki/Beledweyne" title="Beledweyne">Beledweyne</a> and other towns in central Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-:25-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> After Beledweyne had become the target of airstrikes, the Courts decided to withdraw from the city.<a href="#cite_note-:30-139">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Air_Force" title="Ethiopian Air Force">Ethiopian Air Force</a> bombed <a href="/wiki/Aden_Adde_International_Airport" title="Aden Adde International Airport">Mogadishu airport</a>, killing several people in an airstrike.<a href="#cite_note-:30-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> That same day Ethiopia admitted its troops were fighting the ICU for the first time, after stating earlier in the week it had only sent several hundred military advisors to Baidoa.<a href="#cite_note-Ethiopia_admits_Somalia_offensive-148">[148]</a> Ethiopian PM <a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a> claimed in a televised address that day that he had been compelled to go to war in order to protect national sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-:25-145">[145]</a> After Ethiopia admitted its troops were inside Somalia, the TFG continued to publicly deny the presence of ENDF troops, further undermining its credibility.<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2007b-59">[59]</a> Heavy fighting, including reports of airstrikes and shelling, erupted in the border areas,<a href="#cite_note-Ethiopia_admits_Somalia_offensive-148">[148]</a> with the ICU claiming to have shot down an ENDF helicopter gunship.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somali-war-12252006-1952.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Somali-war-12252006-1952.svg/260px-Somali-war-12252006-1952.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Somali-war-12252006-1952.svg/390px-Somali-war-12252006-1952.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Somali-war-12252006-1952.svg/520px-Somali-war-12252006-1952.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Map of the initial Ethiopian advancements in December 2006</figcaption></figure> The ICU forces, composed primarily of lightly armed youth were heavily outnumbered, outgunned and exhausted. In the ensuing blitzkrieg, the most inexperienced Islamist fighters were badly mauled. The majority of ICU losses did not include professional fighters, but the many untrained ICU volunteers from various Somali clans. Fighting against forces with complete armor and <a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">air supremacy</a> the ICU front line began to collapse in the face of <a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">conventional warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes-2007-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maruf-2018-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hansen-2013-143">[143]</a> Defending Islamist forces withdrew from <a href="/wiki/Beledweyne" title="Beledweyne">Beledweyne</a> concurrent to Ethiopian airstrikes against the <a href="/wiki/Aden_Adde_International_Airport" title="Aden Adde International Airport">Mogadishu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baledogle_Airfield" title="Baledogle Airfield">Baledogle airports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> After fighting for nine days in open battle with the Ethiopian army, the courts began to pull back from the <a href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">front line</a> around <a href="/wiki/Baidoa" title="Baidoa">Baidoa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Idaale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idaale (page does not exist)">Idaale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinsoor" title="Dinsoor">Dinsoor</a>, Daynuunay and <a href="/wiki/Burhakaba" title="Burhakaba">Burhakaba</a>. Their forces withdrew and gathered around the town of Jowhar, 90 km north of Mogadishu.<a href="#cite_note-:30-139">[139]</a> Analysts reported that the withdrawal had occurred simultaneously across the ICU's entire front, indicating a deliberate coordinated change in strategy rather than a chaotic rout. According to <a href="/wiki/David_H._Shinn" title="David H. Shinn">David Shinn</a>, US ambassador to Ethiopia, the ICU had recognized their vulnerability to sustained attacks from Ethiopian air and armor superiority in conventional warfare and had opted for a transition to insurgent tactics. Following the withdrawal, ICU head <a href="/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed" title="Sharif Sheikh Ahmed">Sharif Ahmed</a> declared that the conflict had entered 'a new phase.'<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> On 27 December, the leaders of the Islamic Courts Union, including Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Dahir_Aweys" title="Hassan Dahir Aweys">Hassan Dahir Aweys</a>, Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed and Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Abdirahman_Janaqow" title="Abdirahman Janaqow">Abdirahman Janaqow</a> resigned, and the Courts government effectively dissolved,<a href="#cite_note-Stanford_University-152">[152]</a> though Sharif declared that the Courts forces were still united.<a href="#cite_note-:38-153">[153]</a> The ICU had evacuated many towns without fighting as ENDF/TFG forces advanced on Mogadishu<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> That same day the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Authority_on_Development" title="Intergovernmental Authority on Development">IGAD</a>, called for Ethiopia to withdraw from Somalia immediately.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="December_28–31">December 28–31</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: December 28–31">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mogadishu" title="Fall of Mogadishu">Fall of Mogadishu</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower-juba-12292006-1627.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lower-juba-12292006-1627.svg/220px-Lower-juba-12292006-1627.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lower-juba-12292006-1627.svg/330px-Lower-juba-12292006-1627.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lower-juba-12292006-1627.svg/440px-Lower-juba-12292006-1627.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>Route of ICU withdrawal from southern front and Mogadishu between 27 and 29 December</figcaption></figure>As Ethiopian troops advanced on Mogadishu, they were accompanied by the warlords who the ICU had defeated in mid-2006. The Ethiopians allowed the warlords to regain control over the fiefdoms they had previously lost to the courts.<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2007b-59">[59]</a> The ICU declared it was withdrawing from the capital to prevent a bloodbath,<a href="#cite_note-:38-153">[153]</a> and on 28 December, Ethiopian and government forces marched into the city of <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> unopposed. After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mogadishu" title="Fall of Mogadishu">Fall of Mogadishu</a> to the Ethiopian and TFG forces on December 28, the Islamists retreated from the <a href="/wiki/Juba_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Juba River">Juba River</a> valley. Heavy artillery fire was reported on December 31 in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jilib" title="Battle of Jilib">Battle of Jilib</a> and the ICU withdrew by midnight, <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kismayo" title="Fall of Kismayo">leaving Kismayo</a>, without a fight and retreating towards the <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenyan</a> border. The ICU declared it would not surrender to the Ethiopians and vowed it would continue it's armed struggle.<a href="#cite_note-:39-156">[156]</a> Demoralized, many fighters returned to their homes.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen-2013-143">[143]</a> Despite their desperate position, the Courts remained defiant declaring in a statement, "If the world thinks we are dead, they should know we are alive and will continue the <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a>"<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2007">2007</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2007">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Somalia:_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the War in Somalia: 2007">Timeline of the War in Somalia: 2007</a></div>Military events in January 2007 focused on the southern section of Somalia, primarily the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kismayo" title="Fall of Kismayo">withdrawal of the ICU</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kismayo" title="Kismayo">Kismayo</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jilib" title="Battle of Jilib">Battle of Jilib</a>, and their pursuit using Ethiopian and American airstrikes until a final stand during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_Kamboni" title="Battle of Ras Kamboni">Battle of Ras Kamboni</a>. US <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_AC-130" title="Lockheed AC-130">AC-130 gunships</a> covertly flying out of Ethiopia pounded retreating ICU convoys,<a href="#cite_note-Scahill-2013b-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-158">[158]</a> and Kenyan troops assisted in capturing retreating ICU forces.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Local residents in southern Somalia reported <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Defence_Forces" title="Kenya Defence Forces">Kenyan Defence Forces</a> (KDF) convoys driving over the border, and residents in the <a href="/wiki/Afmadow_District" title="Afmadow District">Afmadow district</a> of southern Somalia reported witnessing AC-130's pursuing and killing ICU troops.<a href="#cite_note-:4-160">[160]</a> American airstrikes focused on decapitating the ICU leadership, in one instance killing Sheikh Abdullahi Nahar, a popular leader of the movement.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">Cruise missiles</a> were fired at ICU positions on 8 January 2007.<a href="#cite_note-:9-162">[162]</a> American forces reportedly killed hundreds of Somali fighters and civilians in a 'killing zone' between the Kenyan border, the Indian Ocean and advancing US backed Ethiopian troops.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> American air power was used against villages in southern Somalia, resulting in significant <a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualty" title="Civilian casualty">civilian casualties</a> and displacement. In one attack seventy-three nomadic herders and their livestock were killed in a US air strike.<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2007a-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-160">[160]</a> Somali elders and residents in the town of <a href="/wiki/Dhobley_(Lower_Juba_Region)" title="Dhobley (Lower Juba Region)">Dhobley</a> estimated 100 civilians had been killed in US/ENDF airstrikes.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> In another, US aircraft bombed a wedding ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> After American involvement in the invasion became public knowledge, the Ethiopian government halted US AC-130 attacks from its military bases.<a href="#cite_note-:14-158">[158]</a> The United States admitted to conducting a strike against targets that they claimed were suspected <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> operatives. An admission to a second air attack was made later in January.<a href="#cite_note-US-SECOND-AIRSTRIKE-167">[167]</a> Initially, the US claimed that it had successfully targeted Al-Qaeda operatives responsible for the <a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings" title="1998 United States embassy bombings">1998 embassy bombings</a>, but later retroactively downgraded those killed to being 'associates with terrorists'.<a href="#cite_note-Collins-2007-103">[103]</a> Al-Shabaab militia suffered several losses in this period, resulting in a temporary loss of command and control over the organization.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon's</a> announcement of air attacks in Somalia during the Ethiopian offensive confirmed the belief of many analysts that the US was involved in the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2007a-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-160">[160]</a> United Nations Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> publicly expressed concern that the American attacks would escalate the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-:14-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupation_of_Mogadishu_(January_2007)">Occupation of Mogadishu (January 2007)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Occupation of Mogadishu (January 2007)">edit</a>]</div> At the start of January, the Ethiopian government claimed it would withdraw "within a few weeks"<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The TFG announced that the rivaling Islamic forces had been defeated and that no further major fighting was expected to take place.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mogadishu" title="Fall of Mogadishu">Fall of Mogadishu</a>, the security situation began to rapidly deteriorate and warlords who had been removed by the Islamic Courts began to reassert themselves.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> On 7 January, anti-Ethiopian protests broke out in Mogadishu, with hundreds of residents hurling stones and shouting threats towards ENDF troops. Ethiopian troops opened fire on the crowd after stones struck their patrol car, resulting in the death of two; including a 13-year boy. That same night a former ICU official was also assassinated in the city by gunmen.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> On 13 January, the TFG imposed <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>. The directives, which included a ban on public meetings, attempts to organize political campaigns and major media outlets, was enforced by Ethiopian troops. Warlord militia checkpoints began reappearing on Mogadishu roads and insecurity started once again returning to the city.<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2007a-164">[164]</a> Several high ranking figures of the TFG, including ex-speaker <a href="/wiki/Sharif_Hassan_Sheikh_Aden" title="Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden">Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden</a>, were fired for calling for a compromise with the ICU.<a href="#cite_note-Africa_Confidential-2008-175">[175]</a> Members of the TFG present in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> were threatened with expulsion by Kenyan foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Tuju" title="Raphael Tuju">Raphael Tuju</a> after they publicly called for the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> On 19 January, insurgents in Mogadishu launched an assault on the ENDF/TFG held <a href="/wiki/Villa_Somalia" title="Villa Somalia">Villa Somalia</a>. The ICU claimed responsibility for the attack, declaring it as part of a "new uprising".<a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-2007-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> The following day an ENDF convoy in the city came under ambush. Residents reported that the Ethiopian troops had responded by firing into crowds indiscriminately.<a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-2007-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> The incidents began sparking concern of an upstart Islamist insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo-2007-180">[180]</a> Mogadishu was divided into two segments, one controlled by the ENDF/TFG and the other by emerging resistance movements.<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2008-181">[181]</a> The TFG proved to be incapable of controlling Mogadishu,<a href="#cite_note-:31-182">[182]</a> or of surviving on its own without Ethiopian troops.<a href="#cite_note-:29-67">[67]</a> Most of the population of the city opposed the TFG and perceived it to be a puppet government.<a href="#cite_note-:31-182">[182]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military occupation</a> was marked by indiscriminate violence towards civilians by the Ethiopian army and TFG. Homes were raided in search of ICU loyalists, with lootings, beatings and executions of suspected collaborators commonplace.<a href="#cite_note-:10-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deployment_of_African_Union_forces">Deployment of African Union forces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Deployment of African Union forces">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">African Union Mission to Somalia</a></div> The African Union's involvement in the war came at the insistence of both Ethiopia and the United States for the organization to take over the role of ‘<a href="/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">regime changer</a>’. In effect, the newly planned AU military operation in Somalia was an attempt to legitimize the Ethiopian invasion and TFG. According to Cocodia, "AMISOM was more a tool for regime change than it was a peace operation."<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> On 20 February 2007, the United Nations granted authorization for the deployment of a peacekeeping mission by the African Union, known as the <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">African Union Mission to Somalia</a> (AMISOM). The mission's stated primary objective was to provide support for a national reconciliation congress in Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> AMISOM's deployment served as an exit strategy for Ethiopian troops, as their presence was inflaming an insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> From 2007 to 2009, AMISOM was predominantly composed of troops from Uganda, Burundi, and a few Kenyans. During 2007, the operation relied heavily on <a href="/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Uganda People's Defence Force">Ugandan Peoples Defence Forces</a> (UPDF), as Uganda played a crucial role in offering support to the initiation of the mission. By the end of the year, Burundian troops also joined the effort. AMISOM's initial mandate did not permit the use of offensive force, resulting in limited involvement in the conflict between Ethiopian forces and the insurgency. This dynamic led to growing tensions between AMISOM and the ENDF, exacerbated by a lack of transparency from Ethiopia regarding its objectives within Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-Albrecht-2016-187">[187]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> was reportedly 'exceptionally unhappy' about the heavy US support for the December invasion, and held back funds for the newly created AMISOM mission for several months.<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2007b-59">[59]</a> Days before <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a> deployed in Somalia, violence in Mogadishu began rapidly escalating.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> On 6 March 2007, the first African Union troops landed at <a href="/wiki/Aden_Adde_International_Airport" title="Aden Adde International Airport">Mogadishu airport</a> alongside three military vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_the_insurgency_(February–April_2007)">Rise of the insurgency (February–April 2007)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rise of the insurgency (February–April 2007)">edit</a>]</div> Early 2007 saw Somalis rally behind what was referred to as the muqawama (resistance) or kacdoon (uprising).<a href="#cite_note-:37-71">[71]</a> In late February and early March 2007, insurgent attacks on ENDF/TFG forces in Mogadishu became a daily occurrence, growing in both complexity and sophistication.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> During March, the resistance began in earnest with units of Somali <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerillas</a> engaging in <a href="/wiki/Hit-and-run_tactics" title="Hit-and-run tactics">hit-and-run attacks</a> on Ethiopian military positions in Mogadishu. The Ethiopian military response was characterized by large scale and indiscriminate artillery and aerial bombardments of civilian areas.<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2013-39">[39]</a> That month Ethiopian and TFG troops began suffering mounting casualties to the insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-ICG-2008-191">[191]</a> On 15 March 2007, TFG President <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Ahmed" title="Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed">Abdullahi Yusuf</a> accused ICU rebels in Mogadishu of being responsible for shelling <a href="/wiki/Villa_Somalia" title="Villa Somalia">Villa Somalia</a> with mortars moments after he arrived. In a telephone interview with <a href="/wiki/Asharq_Al-Awsat" title="Asharq Al-Awsat">Al-Sharq al-Awsat</a>, President Yusuf declared that no ICU leadership would be allowed to partake in the national reconciliation process.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> In the ensuing days, insurgent activities intensified further. Between 16 and 18 March 2007, there was a rapid escalation in attacks, accompanied by an increase in <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a> fire volume. A large ENDF convoy was ambushed, leading to a major battle near <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Mogadishu" title="Port of Mogadishu">Mogadishu port</a>, and a high-ranking TFG regional police commander was assassinated in <a href="/wiki/Kismayo" title="Kismayo">Kismayo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> The TFG soon began to run into increasing opposition from remnants of the Islamic Courts Union, and despite moving much of the government in January to Mogadishu, many ministers chose to remain in Baidoa.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Somali_insurgent_opposing_Ethiopian_forces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/A_Somali_insurgent_opposing_Ethiopian_forces.jpg/220px-A_Somali_insurgent_opposing_Ethiopian_forces.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/A_Somali_insurgent_opposing_Ethiopian_forces.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="191" /></a><figcaption>Somali <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgent</a> opposing the Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military occupation</a> during 2007</figcaption></figure> During 2007, members of the Islamic Courts led the resistance to the occupation, attracting significant support from Somalis in the <a href="/wiki/Banaadir" title="Banaadir">Banaadir</a> region and from <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a> across the world.<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2008-181">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a> did not heavily participate in the insurgency or large scale fighting for much of 2007, opting instead to carry out bombings and assassinations while further establishing itself.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> By the end of March, the fighting <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(March_%E2%80%93_April_2007)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mogadishu (March – April 2007)">intensified in Mogadishu</a> and more than a thousand people, mostly civilians, were killed. ICU insurgents, <a href="/wiki/Hawiye" title="Hawiye">Hawiye</a> clan militia, volunteers and other Islamist groups engaged in fierce rounds of fighting in dense urban eras for several weeks during March and April against ENDF/TFG forces.<a href="#cite_note-Albin-Lackey-2008-115">[115]</a> In a bid to crush the insurgency, Ethiopian/TFG forces besieged entire neighborhoods and initiated a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Mass_arrest" title="Mass arrest">mass arrests</a>. Ethiopian troops launched major offensives in the city, utilizing large scale bombardments with rockets and artillery on Mogadishu neighborhoods deemed to be insurgent strongholds. On several occasions the ENDF also occupied and looted the city's hospitals. Ethiopian troops were primarily responsible for the large scale bombardment and significant civilian losses that occurred in the city during March and April 2007.<a href="#cite_note-:1-196">[196]</a> The Ethiopians were surprised by the intensity of the resistance and began unleashing their firepower on the city in response.<a href="#cite_note-:37-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported that the Ethiopian army extensively utilized <a href="/wiki/BM-21_Grad" title="BM-21 Grad">BM-21 Grad</a> rocket shelling to bombard densely populated Mogadishu neighborhoods, which the organization described as a violation of international humanitarian law.<a href="#cite_note-Albin-Lackey-2008-115">[115]</a><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mogadishu_residents_flee_from_Ethiopian_army_artillery.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mogadishu_residents_flee_from_Ethiopian_army_artillery.webp/200px-Mogadishu_residents_flee_from_Ethiopian_army_artillery.webp.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mogadishu_residents_flee_from_Ethiopian_army_artillery.webp/300px-Mogadishu_residents_flee_from_Ethiopian_army_artillery.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mogadishu_residents_flee_from_Ethiopian_army_artillery.webp/400px-Mogadishu_residents_flee_from_Ethiopian_army_artillery.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Civilians undergo a mass exodus from Mogadishu to escape <a href="/wiki/BM-21_Grad" title="BM-21 Grad">BM-21 Grad</a> bombardments by the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">ENDF</a> (21 April 2007)</figcaption></figure>During the fierce fighting, the Ethiopian army reportedly engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Carpet_bombing" title="Carpet bombing">carpet bombing</a> of neighborhoods. TFG President <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Ahmed" title="Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed">Abdullahi Yusuf</a> announced in a radio address that “any place from which a bullet is fired, we will bombard it, regardless of whoever is there.”<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> The presence of Ethiopian troops reinforced the <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> behavior of the TFG.<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2008-181">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine reported that the battles raging in the Mogadishu at the time were 'some of the most savage fighting' the capital had ever experienced.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> The bodies of ENDF troops were dragged through the streets during the fighting for the city and an Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Attack_helicopter" title="Attack helicopter">helicopter gunship</a> was shot down by Somali fighters using portable <a href="/wiki/Man-portable_air-defense_system" title="Man-portable air-defense system">surface-to-air missiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> By April, a third of Mogadishu's buildings were in ruins along with much of the city's modest economic infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2013-39">[39]</a> According Kenyan journalist <a href="/wiki/Salim_Lone" title="Salim Lone">Salim Lone</a>, ENDF and TFG forces deliberately blockaded the delivery of urgently needed humanitarian supplies and food in an attempt to 'terrify and intimidate' civilians associated with those challenging the military occupation.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> The Ethiopians characterized the violence in this period as being part of a 'final push' against the rebels,<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> but the fierce fighting in Mogadishu during March and April 2007 failed to quell the growing insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-:1-196">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Widening_of_conflict_and_rebel_consolidation_(May–December_2007)">Widening of conflict and rebel consolidation (May–December 2007)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Widening of conflict and rebel consolidation (May–December 2007)">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front" title="Ogaden National Liberation Front">Ogaden National Liberation Front</a> (ONLF) issued a statement declaring its solidarity with the insurgency,<a href="#cite_note-:17-203">[203]</a> and along with other armed groups in Ethiopia - escalated the <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ogaden" title="Insurgency in Ogaden">insurgency in the Ogaden</a> in response to the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-McGregor-16">[16]</a> The Ethiopian government accused ICU fighters of fighting alongside the ONLF during the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Abole_oil_exploration_facility" title="Raid on Abole oil exploration facility">April 2007 Abole raid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> In mid-2007, as Ethiopian troops were getting mired in the insurgency, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a> publicly stated that the Ethiopian government had “made a wrong political calculation” by invading Somalia. Many Mogadishu businessman and civil leaders reported that they had been unjustly labelled as being <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>, following which they were ransacked by ENDF/TFG forces.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> On 3 June 2007, a truck bomb attempted to assassinate TFG prime minister <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohamed_Ghedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Mohamed Ghedi">Ali Mohamed Ghedi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> In July 2007, the insurgency had into spread to the greater <a href="/wiki/Banaadir" title="Banaadir">Banaadir</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Shabelle" title="Middle Shabelle">Middle Shabelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Shabelle" title="Lower Shabelle">Lower Shabelle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jubba_Valley" title="Jubba Valley">Jubba Valley</a>. During August violence in Mogadishu escalated sharply. Ethiopian troops utilized tanks and <a href="/wiki/Large-calibre_artillery" title="Large-calibre artillery">heavy artillery</a> to bombard insurgent strongholds in the capital, resulting in the worst mass exodus in the city's history.<a href="#cite_note-ICG-2008-191">[191]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">ENDF</a> utilized <a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus_munitions" class="mw-redirect" title="White phosphorus munitions">white phosphorus munitions</a> in residential areas of the city, resulting in civilian fatalities.<a href="#cite_note-Khayre-2014-60">[60]</a> The escalating insurgency resulted in the deployment of an additional 10,000 Ethiopian troops in Mogadishu and its environs.<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2008-181">[181]</a> During September 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Re-liberation_of_Somalia" title="Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia">Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia</a> (ARS) was formed. <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a> spokesman Mukhtar Robow stated that the group did not recognize and had no relationship with the ARS.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> As fighting in Mogadishu escalated, ICU insurgents in southern Somalia found a window of opportunity and peacefully captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Dhobley_(Lower_Juba_Region)" title="Dhobley (Lower Juba Region)">Dhobley</a> near the Kenyan border in mid October.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> At the end of October 2007, some of the heaviest fighting in months broke out between the ENDF and ICU insurgents in the capital when Ethiopian troops launched an offensive on ICU positions.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> From 8–16 November, another large scale multi-day battle occurred in Mogadishu; during which the bodies of Ethiopian troops were dragged through the city streets.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> By November, small pockets of Islamic Courts Union control were appearing in various places across the country.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> In December 2007, the ENDF withdrew from the strategic town of <a href="/wiki/Guriel" title="Guriel">Guriel</a>, which was then taken quickly over by insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> The Ethiopians and TFG had little public support, and Ethiopian troops rarely conducted <a href="/wiki/Patrol" title="Patrol">patrols</a> due to frequent losses to Somali insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> At the end of the year, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a> estimated 1,000,000 people had been displaced by the war.<a href="#cite_note-:28-33">[33]</a> The United Nations reported the crisis as being the worst ever humanitarian crises in Africa. The TFG announced that most of the country was not under its control and claimed that the ICU was regrouping, which the Ethiopian government denied. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al-Jazeera</a> reported that fighting between the ENDF/TFG and Islamic Courts forces in 2007 had resulted in several thousand civilian deaths in Mogadishu.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Ethiopian military losses had reached unsustainable levels by the years end<a href="#cite_note-Williams-2014-215">[215]</a> and an excess of 50,000 ENDF troops were deployed in Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-:7-21">[21]</a> ENDF troops were bogged down and facing a multi front war with no prospect of victory.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Analytica" title="Oxford Analytica">Oxford Analytica</a> observed at the end of 2007 that the Ethiopian army aimed to win a <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">war of attrition</a> against the insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-:11-217">[217]</a> According to Professor <a href="/wiki/Abdi_Ismail_Samatar" title="Abdi Ismail Samatar">Abdi Ismail Samatar</a>, as the insurgency grew in strength, it became clear to the Americans that the Ethiopian military occupation was doomed to fail, prompting them to focus on engineering a split within the Islamic resistance movement.<a href="#cite_note-:37-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rise_of_Al-Shabaab">Rise of Al-Shabaab</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rise of Al-Shabaab">edit</a>]</div> The invasion resulted in the deaths of many Islamic Courts Union affiliates, leaving a vacuum for the small group of several hundred youth that served as the ICU's Shabaab militia to gain prominence.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-25">[25]</a> The group was not a monolithic entity at the time, and effectively represented an alliance of insurgent groups.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> During the military occupation, al-Shabaab garnered substantial support from the Somali population, cutting across clan lines. The Ethiopian invasion was the groups primary catalyst for <a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">mobilization</a> among the population. Despite its strict ideology, the group was widely perceived as a genuine resistance force against Ethiopian occupation by many Somalis, and while not universally popular, it was widely acknowledged for its effective training and formidable capabilities in pushing out Ethiopian troops. Heavy handed tactics and blatant disregard for civilian life by Ethiopian troops rallied many Somalis to support the al-Shabaab as it successfully branded itself as the most determined and uncompromising resistance faction.<a href="#cite_note-Mueller-2018-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hassan-2008-3">[3]</a> Al-Shabaab forces carried out the first <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide attack</a> of the insurgency on 27 March 2007, against an ENDF checkpoint in Tarbuunka, Mogadishu, using a <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bomb</a>. The explosion killed 63 Ethiopian soldiers and wounded another 50. The operation was reported to have been made in retribution for the torture and rape of Suuban Maalin Ali Hassan, a Somali woman, at gunpoint by Ethiopian troops.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Adam Salad Adam, was later announced as the bomber responsible for the operation. It was the first recorded suicide attack in Somalia, and a Shabaab propaganda film was released two days after it occurred.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2008">2008</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2008">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2008_timeline_of_the_War_in_Somalia" title="2008 timeline of the War in Somalia">2008 timeline of the War in Somalia</a></div>By the beginning of 2008, insurgent pressure had mounted on the Ethiopian and TFG troops in the south-central regions of Somalia. The <a href="/wiki/Shebelle_Valley" title="Shebelle Valley">Shabeelle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jubba_Valley" title="Jubba Valley">Jubba Valley</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Bay,_Somalia" title="Bay, Somalia">Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bakool" title="Bakool">Bakool</a> regions in particular became hot spots. Islamist fighters gained strength and were able to move from different towns with little resistance as they had accrued significant public support. What had at first seemed to be a series of probes soon morphed into a significant insurgent offensive against Ethiopian and TFG forces.<a href="#cite_note-ICG-2008-191">[191]</a> In early January 2008, <a href="/wiki/Seyoum_Mesfin" title="Seyoum Mesfin">Seyum Mesfin</a>, the Ethiopian Foreign Minister claimed that Mogadishu and Somalia had significantly improved since the invasion and that there were no longer any 'no go zones' in the country.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> More than 60% of Mogadishu's population had fled the city by the start of the year.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lazzarini" title="Philippe Lazzarini">Philippe Lazzarini</a>, the United Nations' top humanitarian official, declared Somalia to be the worst humanitarian crisis in Africa and nearly the worst in the world.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> The TFG parliament was purged of opposition figures and represented a narrow coalition of Somali society. The government was besieged and dysfunctional, with virtually no progress being made for political transition. The government was plagued with charges of corruption and abuse, including the obstruction of relief aid deliveries.<a href="#cite_note-:11-217">[217]</a> The TFG's police and military forces were notoriously undisciplined, committing numerous acts of murder and sexual violence against civilians. The security forces effectively operated as uniformed clan militia who were loyal to their individual commanders and only nominally under the control of the government. In many instances they were hostile to one another and internal splits even resulted in shootouts between units as they fought over control of revenue from illegal checkpoints.<a href="#cite_note-:211-227">[227]</a> During 2008, TFG President <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Ahmed" title="Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed">Abdullahi Yusuf</a> began undermining the new Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Nur_Hassan_Hussein" title="Nur Hassan Hussein">Nur Hassan Hussein</a>. PM Nur had replaced PM <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohammed_Ghedi" title="Ali Mohammed Ghedi">Ali Gedi</a> in November 2007, who was widely viewed as corrupt and an impediment to the reconciliation process. In an attempt to undermine an emerging alliance between opposition groups and PM Nur, President Yusuf had TFG forces engage in widespread looting at the <a href="/wiki/Bakaara_Market" title="Bakaara Market">Bakaara Market</a> in order to impede Nur's effort. Much of the criminality in south Somalia during 2008 was linked to TFG security forces. In April 2008, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Analytica" title="Oxford Analytica">Oxford Analytica</a> observed that the TFG was 'little more' than a collection of armed rival groups.<a href="#cite_note-:12-228">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escalation_of_insurgency_(January–May_2008)">Escalation of insurgency (January–May 2008)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Escalation of insurgency (January–May 2008)">edit</a>]</div> Islamist insurgents began adopting sophisticated strategies to win greater public support and legitimacy. To fill in the void left by the Transitional Federal Government, insurgents began to deploy mobile Sharia courts to administer justice while apprehending criminals. They also began clan conflict mediation and distributing aid to the impoverished. Attacks on highway bandits and militia checkpoints became frequent.<a href="#cite_note-ICG-2008-191">[191]</a> The insurgency waged an increasingly complex war against the ENDF and TFG. A targeted <a href="/wiki/Assassination_campaign" title="Assassination campaign">assassination campaign</a> was initiated against the TFG, primarily aimed at the National Security Agency (NSA), resulting in many NSA agents and informants being assassinated in 2008. Insurgent attacks further increased in complexity and sophistication, with attacks killing scores of Ethiopian and TFG troops weekly.<a href="#cite_note-ICG-2008-191">[191]</a> In February 2008, <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al Shabaab</a> captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Dinsoor" title="Dinsoor">Dinsoor</a> after probing it several times. This marked a change in their strategy which previously focused mainly on the capital <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> Al-Shabaab began governing territory for the first time in 2008 as it started taking control of significant tracts of southern Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-Cook-2023-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hassan-2008-3">[3]</a> In March, the ICU seized the city of <a href="/wiki/Buloburde" title="Buloburde">Buloburde</a> and freed many prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> At the end of March 2008 a battle erupted in Mogadishu after TFG forces began robbing a marketplace, resulting Islamist insurgents inflicting heavy losses on the TFG forces after they came defend the merchants.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> During the April 2008 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(2008)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (2008)">Battle of Mogadishu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hidaya_Mosque_massacre" title="Al-Hidaya Mosque massacre">Al-Hidaya Mosque massacre</a> was carried out by Ethiopian troops, inflaming the insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-:18-234">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tigrayans" title="Tigrayans">Tigrayan</a> ENDF troops repeatedly looted Mogadishu's <a href="/wiki/Bakaara_Market" title="Bakaara Market">Bakaara market</a> and Somali telecom companies such as <a href="/wiki/Hormuud_Telecom" title="Hormuud Telecom">Hormuud</a> became a target for looting and vandalism by the Ethiopian army.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> reported that month that the insurgency was effectively being waged by two distinct groups, the nationalist leaning ICU insurgents and the increasingly international jihadist oriented Al-Shabaab. Residents reported that Islamic Courts insurgents had far more popular support than Al-Shabaab and receiving significant funds from both the local business communities and the <a href="/wiki/Somali_diaspora" title="Somali diaspora">Somali diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> The boldest insurgent expansion occurred in April 2008, when Islamist fighters seized control of Jowhar, only 90 km away from the capital Mogadishu.<a href="#cite_note-ICG-2008-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> In late May, <a href="/wiki/Jilib" title="Jilib">Jilib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harardhere" title="Harardhere">Harardhere</a> fell under the control of insurgents, who then began advancing on the strategic southern port city of <a href="/wiki/Kismayo" title="Kismayo">Kismayo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> Representatives of both the Islamic Courts and Al-Shabaab entered into a secretive agreement to allow the clan militia in power to remain,<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> though Al-Shabaab overran the city later in August.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2008-240">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="US_airstrikes">US airstrikes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: US airstrikes">edit</a>]</div> On 3 March 2008, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missiles</a> on the town of <a href="/wiki/Dhobley_(Lower_Juba_Region)" title="Dhobley (Lower Juba Region)">Dhobley</a> where insurgent leader <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Turki" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Turki">Hassan Turki</a> was reported to have been present. According to <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">AP</a>, US officials claimed the town was held by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremists</a> but gave few details to the press.<a href="#cite_note-:0-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> Dhobley was the last town the ICU held a year prior and it had been bombed by US aircraft in that period.<a href="#cite_note-:0-241">[241]</a> A month later on 1 May 2008, US <a href="/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile_family)" title="Tomahawk (missile family)">Tomahawk missiles</a> bombarded <a href="/wiki/Dhusamareb" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhusamareb">Dhusamareb</a> resulting in the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Aden_Hashi_Farah_Aero" class="mw-redirect" title="Aden Hashi Farah Aero">Aden Hashi Eyrow</a> - along with another senior commander and several civilians. The attack did nothing to slow down the groups participation in the <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> The assassination of Ayro during early 2008 resulted in a sharp radicalization of Al-Shabaab.<a href="#cite_note-:21-244">[244]</a> The killing of Ayro led to foreign fighters integrating within the ranks of the organization, and resulted in the accession of <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Abdi_Godane" title="Ahmed Abdi Godane">Ahmed Godane</a> as Emir. This change in leadership was facilitated by American intervention and had significant effect on Shabaab's future decision making regarding the usage of tactics such as <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide bombing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mueller-2018-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> On 18 March 2008, the US designated Al-Shabaab a terrorist organization.<a href="#cite_note-:12-228">[228]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Security_Studies" title="Institute for Security Studies">Institute for Security Studies</a>, the designation of Al-Shabaab as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">terrorist organization</a> was an obstacle to the ongoing peace process, as by mid-2008 the popularity of the insurgency had indicated there was a, "thin line if any, between the UIC, Al Shabab and the Somali people"<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> The terror designation proved to be damaging as it isolated moderate voices among the Islamist resistance movement and gave Al-Shabaab further reason to push against peace talks.<a href="#cite_note-:21-244">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamist_territorial_expansion_and_Djibouti_Agreement_(June–August_2008)">Islamist territorial expansion and Djibouti Agreement (June–August 2008)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Islamist territorial expansion and Djibouti Agreement (June–August 2008)">edit</a>]</div> By mid-2008, al-Shabaab, Islamic Courts Union loyalists and supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Re-liberation_of_Somalia" title="Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia">Alliance for the Re-Liberation of Somalia</a> (ARS) were the primary insurgent forces operating in Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> The Mogadishu-<a href="/wiki/Afgooye" title="Afgooye">Afgooye</a>-Baidoa highway became a focal point for ICU and al-Shabaab insurgents; while attacks also began escalating in and around <a href="/wiki/Baidoa" title="Baidoa">Baidoa</a>. By July, ICU forces controlled the cities of <a href="/wiki/Beledweyne" title="Beledweyne">Beledweyne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wajid,_Somalia" title="Wajid, Somalia">Wajid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> That month forces loyal to the ICU forces fought the ENDF over <a href="/wiki/Hiran,_Somalia" title="Hiran, Somalia">Hiiraan region</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> and fighting continued in the capital.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> The ENDF shelled the western part of Beledweyne with rocket and mortar fire, resulting in an exodus of civilians<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> and the city saw fierce fighting between Courts fighters and the Ethiopian army in the following weeks.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somali_resistance_fighters_patrolling_in_Mogadishu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Somali_resistance_fighters_patrolling_in_Mogadishu.jpg/220px-Somali_resistance_fighters_patrolling_in_Mogadishu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Somali_resistance_fighters_patrolling_in_Mogadishu.jpg/330px-Somali_resistance_fighters_patrolling_in_Mogadishu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Somali_resistance_fighters_patrolling_in_Mogadishu.jpg/440px-Somali_resistance_fighters_patrolling_in_Mogadishu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>Somali insurgents on patrol (27 July 2008)</figcaption></figure> During June a faction of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Re-liberation_of_Somalia" title="Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia">ARS</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Transitional Federal Government of Somalia">TFG</a> signed a ceasefire agreement after months of talks in <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>. The agreement was met with resistance from elements within the TFG, chiefly President <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Ahmed" title="Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed">Abdullahi Yusuf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-255">[255]</a> The Djibouti Peace Process called for the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops from Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-Albrecht-2016-187">[187]</a> During June 2008 the ICU publicly declared it would continue its attacks on ENDF/TFG bases<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> and a new Islamic court was opened in <a href="/wiki/Jowhar" title="Jowhar">Jowhar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> At the time the TFG was crippled by infighting and largely under the control of warlords as insurgent attacks worsened by the day.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> By mid-2008, President Yusuf had lost all the support he had accumulated in the international community. His primary backer, Ethiopia, had also become tired of the TFG president only offering military answers to serious political issues.<a href="#cite_note-:23-259">[259]</a> As the insurgency gained most of the territory that had been lost by the Islamic Courts Union during December 2006 and January 2007, fractures began appearing between the different insurgent factions over the Djibouti Agreement. In Beledweyne and <a href="/wiki/Jalalaqsi" title="Jalalaqsi">Jalalaqsi</a>, the insurgents in power distanced themselves from both Al-Shabaab and the ARS.<a href="#cite_note-ICG-2008-191">[191]</a> Al-Shabaab was estimated to be 2,000 strong by the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">AU</a> during 2008,<a href="#cite_note-Williams-24">[24]</a> an increase from several hundred at the end of 2006.<a href="#cite_note-:3-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insurgent_victory_(September–December_2008)">Insurgent victory (September–December 2008)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Insurgent victory (September–December 2008)">edit</a>]</div> During Autumn of 2008, the insurgency controlled more than 80% of the territory that had been previously lost in the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-Samatar-2013-39">[39]</a> As the situation rapidly deteriorated for the <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military occupation</a> in mid-2008, Ethiopian troops started experiencing desertions. The ENDF began to draw down its forces deployed in Mogadishu and across towns in Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-ICG-2008-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-40">[40]</a> The occupation had a 'corrosive effect' on the ENDF<a href="#cite_note-:13-40">[40]</a> and the Somalia deployment was viewed as a <a href="/wiki/Hardship_post" title="Hardship post">hardship post</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Ethiopian troops sustained heavy casualties in the war before the Djibouti Peace Process called for their withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-Albrecht-2016-187">[187]</a> More than 80% of TFG military and security forces, nearly 15,000 personnel, deserted the government by the end of 2008.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> The remaining TFG forces suffered from low morale and also experienced desertions, with many troops continually selling their weapons at local arms markets; only for the weapons to come into the hands of insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-ICG-2008-191">[191]</a> During September 2008 fierce battles raged between the insurgency and ENDF in the capital.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> By October 2008, virtually all opposition groups in the Ethiopian parliament had come to the consensus that the ENDF should be withdrawn from Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-VOA-2008-263">[263]</a> On 26 October, a ceasefire agreement was signed between the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Re-liberation_of_Somalia" title="Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia">Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia</a> and the TFG. It was to go into effect on 5 November.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ethiopian_officer_and_TFG_soldiers_surrendering_to_Islamic_Courts_insurgents_in_Mogadishu.webm/220px--Ethiopian_officer_and_TFG_soldiers_surrendering_to_Islamic_Courts_insurgents_in_Mogadishu.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="63" data-mwtitle="Ethiopian_officer_and_TFG_soldiers_surrendering_to_Islamic_Courts_insurgents_in_Mogadishu.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_officer_and_TFG_soldiers_surrendering_to_Islamic_Courts_insurgents_in_Mogadishu.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Ethiopian_officer_and_TFG_soldiers_surrendering_to_Islamic_Courts_insurgents_in_Mogadishu.webm/Ethiopian_officer_and_TFG_soldiers_surrendering_to_Islamic_Courts_insurgents_in_Mogadishu.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Ethiopian_officer_and_TFG_soldiers_surrendering_to_Islamic_Courts_insurgents_in_Mogadishu.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Ethiopian_officer_and_TFG_soldiers_surrendering_to_Islamic_Courts_insurgents_in_Mogadishu.webm/Ethiopian_officer_and_TFG_soldiers_surrendering_to_Islamic_Courts_insurgents_in_Mogadishu.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Ethiopian_officer_and_TFG_soldiers_surrendering_to_Islamic_Courts_insurgents_in_Mogadishu.webm/Ethiopian_officer_and_TFG_soldiers_surrendering_to_Islamic_Courts_insurgents_in_Mogadishu.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video><figcaption>Footage uploaded on Islamic Courts insurgent website of an <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">ENDF</a> officer and <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Transitional Federal Government of Somalia">TFG</a> soldiers <a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">defecting</a> to ICU fighters in Mogadishu (7 Sep 2008)<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a></figcaption></figure> By November 2008, insurgency had effectively won. The majority of south and central Somalia, along with the capital was now under the control of Islamist factions. Ethiopia had redeployed much of its army out of Somalia by the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-:13-40">[40]</a> The success of the insurgents largely represented ordinary Somalis desire to see an end to the anarchy and occupation, as the TFG was dysfunctional.<a href="#cite_note-:15-255">[255]</a> That same month, ICU insurgents controlled the cities of <a href="/wiki/Jowhar" title="Jowhar">Jowhar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beledweyne" title="Beledweyne">Beledweyne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-266">[266]</a> The TFG lost control of the vital port city <a href="/wiki/Merca" title="Merca">Merca</a> when the city fell to the insurgency. Al-Shabaab was consolidating a string of military successes and soon began threatening Mogadishu.<a href="#cite_note-Africa_Confidential-2008-175">[175]</a> On 14 November Shabaab forces pushed only 15 km from Mogadishu near ENDF troops positions.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2008-240">[240]</a> Other insurgent factions, such as the Islamic Courts captured towns such as Elas, only 16 km away from the capital.<a href="#cite_note-nbcnews.com-267">[267]</a> Despite the Ethiopian presence in Mogadishu, by November 2008 insurgents openly walked on the streets.<a href="#cite_note-nbcnews.com-267">[267]</a> By the end of 2008, Al-Shabaab had emerged as one Somalia's most dominant insurgent factions, eclipsing the influence of the Islamic Courts. Some foreign diplomats feared that Al-Shabaab would wage an all out war against other insurgents following the Ethiopian withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> In October 2008, fighters loyal to the Islamic Courts Union and al-Shabaab fought each other in <a href="/wiki/Balad,_Somalia" title="Balad, Somalia">Balad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICG-2008-191">[191]</a> By the end of 2008, while Al-Shabaab had gained substantial popularity for its fight against the Ethiopians, much of the Somali public that once supported the group had grown disillusioned due to its increasingly heavy-handed tactics.<a href="#cite_note-Celso-2015-102">[102]</a><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_military_truck_destroyed_by_Somali_insurgents_in_Mogadishu.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ethiopian_military_truck_destroyed_by_Somali_insurgents_in_Mogadishu.webp/200px-Ethiopian_military_truck_destroyed_by_Somali_insurgents_in_Mogadishu.webp.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ethiopian_military_truck_destroyed_by_Somali_insurgents_in_Mogadishu.webp/227px-Ethiopian_military_truck_destroyed_by_Somali_insurgents_in_Mogadishu.webp.png 1.5x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="187" /></a><figcaption>ENDF <a href="/wiki/Ural-4320" title="Ural-4320">Ural</a> in Mogadishu destroyed in an ambush while resupplying besieged troops (22 Nov 2008)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Collapse_of_first_TFG_government_and_formation_of_coalition_government">Collapse of first TFG government and formation of coalition government</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Collapse of first TFG government and formation of coalition government">edit</a>]</div> Mired by infighting, the TFG was once again on the brink of collapse.<a href="#cite_note-:15-255">[255]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Ahmed" title="Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed">Abdullahi Yusuf</a> admitted that the country was slipping to the insurgency and "raised the prospect his government could completely collapse." Ethiopia announced it would withdraw its troops from Somalia by the end of 2008 on 28 November.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2008-240">[240]</a> After long talks in <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> over a ceasefire between the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_federal_government_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional federal government of Somalia">TFG</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Reliberation_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance for the Reliberation of Somalia">Alliance for the Reliberation of Somalia</a>, agreement was reached in late November that parliament be doubled in size to include 200 representatives of the ARS along with 75 representatives of the civil society.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> A new president and prime minister would be elected by the new parliament, and a commission to look into crimes of war would be established.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> A new constitution was also agreed to be drafted.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a> issued a statement declaring that, despite the international community's reluctance to engage with the Islamist opposition, the only viable path to stabilizing the security situation was to reach out and engage directly with its leaders.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> In December 2008, the TFG parliament moved to impeach President <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Ahmed" title="Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed">Abdullahi Yusuf</a>, accusing him of being a dictator and an obstacle to peace.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> After TFG prime minister <a href="/wiki/Nur_Hassan_Hussein" title="Nur Hassan Hussein">Nur Hassan</a> had blamed Yusuf for the TFG's failures, Yusuf had fired him without the required approval of parliament.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> The TFG once again found itself based largely out of <a href="/wiki/Baidoa" title="Baidoa">Baidoa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> released a statement declaring the insurgency controlled most the country.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> That month President Yusuf resigned after stating that he had lost control of the country to Islamist insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-NBC_News-2009-42">[42]</a> African Union troops began discussing withdrawing from Somalia and requested the Ethiopians help them quit Mogadishu as well.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> Ethiopian president <a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a> declared the mission had been a success, but the operation had had proved to be effectively futile as the transitional government Ethiopia had backed during the war found itself completely powerless in the lead up to the ENDF withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2009">2009</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 2009">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2009_timeline_of_the_War_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 timeline of the War in Somalia">2009 timeline of the War in Somalia</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Transitional Federal Government of Somalia">TFG</a> failed to make any meaningful impact on the ground during is tenure and presided over one of the bloodiest periods in modern Somali history.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> During January 2009, the first Transitional Federal Government collapsed and <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a> overran the seat of the government in <a href="/wiki/Baidoa" title="Baidoa">Baidoa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> ENDF troops withdrew out of Somalia that month, ending the Ethiopian military occupation, and former Islamic Courts Union leader <a href="/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed" title="Sharif Sheikh Ahmed">Sharif Sheikh Ahmed</a> was elected as the 7th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Somalia" title="President of Somalia">president of Somalia</a> at the end of January.<a href="#cite_note-:34-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-:35-281">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopian_withdrawal">Ethiopian withdrawal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ethiopian withdrawal">edit</a>]</div> Early during December 2008, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ethiopia" title="Government of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> announced it would withdraw its troops from <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> shortly, and but later stated that it would first help secure the withdrawal of the <a href="/wiki/AMISOM" class="mw-redirect" title="AMISOM">AMISOM</a> peacekeepers from <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> before withdrawing. The quick withdrawal of the <a href="/wiki/AMISOM" class="mw-redirect" title="AMISOM">AMISOM</a> peacekeepers was seen as putting additional pressure on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> to provide peacekeeping.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> On 12 January 2009, the last ENDF troops departed from Mogadishu, ending the two year long occupation of the capital.<a href="#cite_note-NBC_News-2009-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-theguardian-34">[34]</a> Thousands of residents came to <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_Stadium" title="Mogadishu Stadium">Mogadishu Stadium</a> to cheer the withdrawal, and for a period of time the city remained quiet as rivaling insurgent factions cooperated.<a href="#cite_note-:34-280">[280]</a> The Ethiopian occupation mostly failed.<a href="#cite_note-IBRAHIM-2009-38">[38]</a> By the time of the withdrawal, the TFG possessed control over only a few streets and buildings in Mogadishu with the rest of the city coming under control of Islamist factions, particularly <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-M-35">[35]</a> The withdrawal of Ethiopian troops sapped Al-Shabaab of the widespread support it had enjoyed from civilians and across clan lines during the occupation.<a href="#cite_note-Hassan-2008-3">[3]</a> The groups significant support from the <a href="/wiki/Somali_diaspora" title="Somali diaspora">Somali diaspora</a> dwindled in response to the usage of terror tactics.<a href="#cite_note-:210-283">[283]</a> However, the withdrawal came too late to have a substantial impact on the Al-Shabaab's transformation into a formidable oppositional force.<a href="#cite_note-:272-284">[284]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_situation_in_Somalia_following_the_Ethiopian_withdrawal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Political_situation_in_Somalia_following_the_Ethiopian_withdrawal.png/220px-Political_situation_in_Somalia_following_the_Ethiopian_withdrawal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Political_situation_in_Somalia_following_the_Ethiopian_withdrawal.png/330px-Political_situation_in_Somalia_following_the_Ethiopian_withdrawal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Political_situation_in_Somalia_following_the_Ethiopian_withdrawal.png/440px-Political_situation_in_Somalia_following_the_Ethiopian_withdrawal.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2594" /></a><figcaption>Situation in Somalia in February 2009, following the Ethiopian withdrawal</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed">Election of Sharif Sheikh Ahmed</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Election of Sharif Sheikh Ahmed">edit</a>]</div> After the parliament took in 200 officials from the 'moderate' Islamist opposition, <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Re-liberation_of_Somalia" title="Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia">ARS</a> leader Sharif Sheikh Ahmed was elected TFG President on January 31, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-:35-281">[281]</a> Al Shabaab rejected any peace deal and continued to take territories, including Baidoa. Another Islamist group, <a href="/wiki/Ahlu_Sunna_Waljama%27a" title="Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a">Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a</a>, which is allied to the TFG and supported by Ethiopia, continued to attack Al-Shabaab.<a href="#cite_note-Monsters_and_Critics_20092901-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> Al-Shabaab accused the new TFG President of accepting the secular transitional government and have continued the civil war since he arrived in Mogadishu at the presidential palace.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties_and_human_rights_violations">Casualties and human rights violations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Casualties and human rights violations">edit</a>]</div> Islamist insurgents, ENDF troops, TFG forces, AMISOM forces, and other involved parties in the conflict sustained considerable casualties. The true extent of these losses remains uncertain, primarily due to a lack of transparency from the involved parties and a dearth of reporting on casualties. Ethiopian forces in Somalia sustained heavy casualties<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2012-290">[290]</a> but the extent and figure of losses remain uncertain, primarily due to <a href="/wiki/Military_censorship" title="Military censorship">censorship on the war</a> enforced by the Ethiopian government government from 2006 to 2009. In early 2007, <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a> reported that in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, a blackout of information regarding the war prevailed. Opposition groups in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Federal Parliamentary Assembly">Ethiopian Parliament</a> to the ruling <a href="/wiki/Tigray_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Tigray People's Liberation Front">TPLF</a> were never informed on the number of soldiers who had been killed in Somalia, a policy which the TPLF continued until and after the withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-VOA-2008-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBC-2009-292">[292]</a> <a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban warfare</a> in Mogadishu proved to be especially difficult for the Ethiopian army and caused heavy losses.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> A January 2009 report by an independent regional security agency estimated at least 3,773 Ethiopian troops had died in Somalia since late 2006.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> Al-Shabaab operations between 2007 and 2009 had inflicted over a thousand fatalities on Ethiopian troops.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> By the end of 2007, ENDF casualties had reached an 'unsustainable level'. Somali witness accounts in Mogadishu estimated a rate of approximately 200 Ethiopian casualties weekly.<a href="#cite_note-Williams-2014-215">[215]</a> Independent experts claimed the ENDF casualty rate was around 100 troops a week by the end of the occupation. Estimates of losses are further complicated by the practice of ENDF troops in Somalia routinely disguising themselves in Somali <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Transitional Federal Government of Somalia">TFG</a> uniforms to conceal their presence.<a href="#cite_note-Williams-2014-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bruton-2011-296">[296]</a> Shortly after the January 2009 withdrawal, <a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a> publicly declined to disclose the number of ENDF casualties incurred during the occupation, stating on national television:<blockquote>''...regarding the details on those killed or wounded in Somalia, I think the House does not need to know about how many were killed or wounded...I also think that I do not have an obligation to present such report."<a href="#cite_note-EBC-2009-292">[292]</a></blockquote>The figures for <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a> troops killed in Somalia from their deployment in early 2007 to 2009 has also never been publicly revealed. <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> officials only publicly commented on casualty estimates on their entire operation for the first time in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> AMISOM suffered several hundred casualties, but the figure from 2006 to 2009 is unknown. <a href="/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Uganda People's Defence Force">Ugandan Peoples Defence Forces</a> (UPDF), was one of the largest AMISOM contingents, but never published figures on troop casualties.<a href="#cite_note-Bruton-2011-296">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> Troops deployed to Mogadishu from TFG President Yusuf's home region of <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a> in support of his government suffered heavy casualties.<a href="#cite_note-:23-259">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian_casualties_and_war_crimes">Civilian casualties and war crimes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Civilian casualties and war crimes">edit</a>]</div> In December 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Elman_Peace_and_Human_Rights_Center" title="Elman Peace and Human Rights Center">Elman Peace and Human Rights Organisation</a> said it had verified that 16,210 civilians had been killed and 29,000 wounded since the start of the war in December 2006.<a href="#cite_note-ReutersCasualties-31">[31]</a> Somali government Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Moalim_Fiqi" title="Ahmed Moalim Fiqi">Ahmed Moalim Fiqi</a> accused the Ethiopian army of killing 20,000 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-garoweonline.com-32">[32]</a> By November 2007, the figure of displaced people topped one million.<a href="#cite_note-:28-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian National Defence Force">Ethiopian troops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transitional_federal_government_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional federal government of Somalia">Transitional Federal Government</a> forces committed <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations">human rights abuses</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a>, including murder, rape, assault, and looting. In their December 2008 report 'So much to Fear' <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> warned that since the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopians</a> had intervened in 2006 <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> was facing a humanitarian catastrophe on a scale not witnessed since the early 1990s. They went on to accuse the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_federal_government_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional federal government of Somalia">TFG</a> of terrorizing the citizens of <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian National Defence Force">Ethiopian soldiers</a> for increasing violent criminality.<a href="#cite_note-SOMUCHTOFEAR-300">[300]</a> Under the command of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Gabre_Heard" title="Gabre Heard">Gabre Heard</a>, nicknamed 'Butcher of Mogadishu', soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/Tigray_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Tigray People's Liberation Front">Tigrayan Peoples Liberation Front</a> (TPLF) participating in the occupation routinely bombed civilian areas and killed thousands of civilians.<a href="#cite_note-:32-301">[301]</a> Reports of atrocities by forces under his command have made him infamous in Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-:27-107">[107]</a> American reporters touring rural Somalia reported that in village after village, locals had described a reign of terror by the Ethiopian army.<a href="#cite_note-Polk_2018_458–461-302">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> accused the Ethiopian National Defence Force of increasingly engaging in throat-slitting executions of Somalis during early 2008.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> On April 19, 2008, Ethiopian soldiers committed the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hidaya_Mosque_massacre" title="Al-Hidaya Mosque massacre">Al-Hidaya Mosque massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:18-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front" title="Ogaden National Liberation Front">ONLF</a> accused the ENDF of hunting down Somalis from the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_(clan)" title="Ogaden (clan)">Ogaden</a> clan and <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromos</a> in Somalia for <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">arbitrary detention</a> and executions.<a href="#cite_note-:17-203">[203]</a> Ethiopian PM <a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a> publicly dismissed reports of <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> from the international media and human rights groups as a 'smear campaign' against the ENDF in Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> After attacks on civilian areas in Mogadishu during 2007, European lawyers considered whether funding for Ethiopia and TFG made the EU complicit in war crimes, the deliberations of which were never made public.<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Result_and_consequences">Result and consequences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Result and consequences">edit</a>]</div> By the end of the occupation, the majority of the territory seized from the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a> during the December 2006 and January 2007 invasion had fallen under the control of various Islamist and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> resistance groups.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2008-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mueller-2018-44">[44]</a> The invasion failed to empower the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Transitional Federal Government of Somalia">Transitional Federal Government</a>, which only controlled parts of <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> and its original 2006 capital of <a href="/wiki/Baidoa" title="Baidoa">Baidoa</a> by the last weeks of the military occupation.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2008-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hassan-2008-3">[3]</a> The Ethiopian army withdrew from Somalia with significant casualties and little to show for their efforts.<a href="#cite_note-:20-308">[308]</a> The insurgency had achieved its primary goal of removing the Ethiopian military presence from most of Somalia by November 2008<a href="#cite_note-:13-40">[40]</a> and was successful in achieving several of its most important demands.<a href="#cite_note-Springer_Nature_Switzerland-14">[14]</a> During 2007 and 2008, Somalia plunged into severe levels of armed conflict, marked by frequent assassinations, political meltdown, radicalization, and the growth of an intense <a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">anti-American</a> sentiment. The situation in the country exceeded the worst-case scenarios envisioned by many regional analysts when they first considered the potential impact of an Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military occupation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:21-244">[244]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_International_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Institute of International Affairs">Royal Institute of International Affairs</a> report observed that Ethiopian/American support for the TFG instead of the more popular Islamic Courts administration presented an obstacle, not contribution, to the reconstruction of Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> For the Americans the invasion had resulted in nearly the complete opposite of what had been expected, as it had failed to isolate the Islamic movement while solidifying Somali anger to both the United States and Ethiopia. The result of the invasion had been the defeat of Somali Islamists considered to be 'moderate' while strengthening the movements most radical elements.<a href="#cite_note-Polk_2018_458–461-302">[302]</a> In 2010, US ambassador to Ethiopia <a href="/wiki/Donald_Yamamoto" title="Donald Yamamoto">Donald Yamamoto</a> stated that the Ethiopian invasion had been a mistake and "not a really good idea".<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> By the US military's own metrics, the war in Somalia was never effectively prosecuted. A 2007 study commissioned by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> warned that American participation in the war was, "...plagued by a failure to define the parameters of the conflict or its aims; an overemphasis on military measures without a clear definition of the optimal military strategy;"<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Conciliation_Resources" title="Conciliation Resources">Conciliation Resources</a> report titled 'Endless War':<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a><blockquote>Military occupation, a violent insurgency, rising jihadism, and massive population displacement has reversed the incremental political and economic progress achieved by the late 1990s in south-central Somalia. With 1.3 million people displaced by fighting since 2006, 3.6 million people in need of emergency food aid, and 60,000 Somalis a year fleeing the country, the people of south-central Somalia face the worst humanitarian crisis since the early 1990s.</blockquote>As the ENDF withdrew from Somalia, tensions between the differing resistance factions exacerbated.<a href="#cite_note-:13-40">[40]</a> By the end of 2008, most elements of the pre-invasion Islamic Courts had merged into one of the two wings of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Re-liberation_of_Somalia" title="Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia">Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia</a> or had joined <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a>. Some Islamic factions continued operating under the ICU banner into 2009 and tended to support the new TFG government led by <a href="/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed" title="Sharif Sheikh Ahmed">Sharif Ahmed</a>, which described the ICU groups as the governments '<a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radicalization_and_terrorism">Radicalization and terrorism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Radicalization and terrorism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a> was particularly empowered by the occupation, as it established itself as an independent resistance faction in early 2007. The group became battle hardened over the next two years and notably began governing territory for the first time in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Cook-2023-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mueller-2018-44">[44]</a> In effect the invasion had morphed Al-Shabaab from a fringe movement to a dominant insurgent political force.<a href="#cite_note-:24-314">[314]</a> Instead of eliminating '<a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadist</a>' activity in Somalia, the Ethiopian invasion had the effect of creating more 'Jihadis' than had existed in the country before.<a href="#cite_note-Hassan-2008-3">[3]</a> By the time of the ENDF withdrawal, Al-Shabaab's forces had grown significantly in numbers, swelling from just six hundred to several thousand fighters strong since the invasion began.<a href="#cite_note-:3-25">[25]</a> After the killing of the groups leader <a href="/wiki/Aden_Hashi_Farah_Ayro" title="Aden Hashi Farah Ayro">Aden Hashi Ayro</a> in 2008, Al-Shabaab began publicly courting <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> in a bid to become part of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>, but was rebuffed by bin Laden.<a href="#cite_note-Mueller-2018-44">[44]</a> Several months after the ENDF withdrawal, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a> noted that Al-Qaeda's foothold in Somalia post-occupation was in significant part the result of the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-:24-314">[314]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">killing of Osama bin Laden</a> in 2011, Al-Shabaab pledged allegiance to Al-Qaeda in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Mueller-2018-44">[44]</a> A sharp increase in radical recruitment in <a href="/wiki/Somali_diaspora" title="Somali diaspora">Somali diaspora</a> in Europe and the United States since 2007 has been linked with the overthrow of the ICU and the Ethiopian military occupation.<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> This resulted in the first ever American suicide bomber carrying out an attack in Somalia in October 2008.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> During 2008 there were an estimated 100 foreign fighters in Somalia, a figure which increased to 450 the next year as Al-Shabaab gained strength.<a href="#cite_note-:19-118">[118]</a> In 2024, Somalia's Minister of Justice Hassan Mo'allin Mohamoud publicly stated the wave of terrorism the country is experiencing was the 'direct result' of the 2006 invasion.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piracy">Piracy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Piracy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Piracy off the coast of Somalia</a></div> Attacks off the <a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_Somalia" title="Coastline of Somalia">Somali coast</a> were suppressed by <a href="/wiki/Anti-piracy_measures_in_Somalia" title="Anti-piracy measures in Somalia">anti-piracy operations</a> carried out by the Islamic Courts Union's <a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">coast guard</a> during 2006. Following the ICUs overthrow, incidents of pirate attack rapidly proliferated during 2007 and 2008.<a href="#cite_note-:9-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-318">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-17">[17]</a> Top personnel in the <a href="/wiki/Seafarers%27_Assistance_Programme" title="Seafarers' Assistance Programme">Seafarers' Assistance Programme</a> reported that elements of the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Transitional Federal Government of Somalia">TFG</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a> governments were involved in piracy due to lucrative profits.<a href="#cite_note-:16-318">[318]</a> As the Ethiopian army was being driven from southern and central Somalia by the insurgency, ENDF military bases provided safe havens for Somali pirates who had secured large ransoms; in return for cash payments from the pirates.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continuation_of_the_conflict">Continuation of the conflict</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Continuation of the conflict">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">Somali Civil War (2009–present)</a></div> After <a href="/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed" title="Sharif Sheikh Ahmed">Sharif Ahmed</a> had become president at the end of January 2009, the remaining <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">ICU</a> groups, supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Re-liberation_of_Somalia" title="Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia">Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia</a> and other insurgent/opposition elements effectively disappeared as members from the organizations merged into new organizations that aligned with their views. Those who did not join the Sharifs government either joined the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Islam" title="Hizbul Islam">Hizbul Islam</a> (Islamic Party), which had formed through a merger of several insurgent groups, or <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a>. Mediation had begun between the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Islam" title="Hizbul Islam">Hizbul Islam</a> and the new Transitional Government of led Sharif. A growing divide was reported in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al Shabaab</a> organization that controls much of southern <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> as a large number of Al Shabaab leaders who had held positions in government during the six-month reign of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a>. They had reportedly met behind closed doors with the President of the Transitional Government and the TFG had announced that <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia law</a> would be implemented in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, but it had not acted on it.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> By 2009, al-Shabaab started drastically altering its choice of targets and frequency of attacks. The use of <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnappings</a> and bombings in urban areas significantly grew in use.<a href="#cite_note-:273-322">[322]</a> The significant support the group had previously enjoyed from the <a href="/wiki/Somali_diaspora" title="Somali diaspora">Somali diaspora</a> dwindled in response to the usage of terror tactics.<a href="#cite_note-:210-283">[283]</a> Ethiopia, the TFG's closest ally during 2004 to 2009, had taken the lead in training and integrating a Somali army but failed. Between 2004 and 2008, over 10,000 Ethiopian trained TFG soldiers deserted or defected to the insurgency. When Ethiopian forces withdrew from Somalia in early 2009, the task of forming a new army was given to <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a>. At this point there was still no meaningful army <a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">chain of command</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:212-323">[323]</a> Despite the withdrawal of most ENDF troops following the 2008 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Djibouti_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djibouti Agreement (page does not exist)">Djibouti Agreement</a>, there has been a continued occupation of Somalia by the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian National Defence Force">Ethiopian army</a>. Two weeks after the January 2009 withdrawal, it was reported that Ethiopian troops had once again crossed the border following the fall of <a href="/wiki/Baidoa" title="Baidoa">Baidoa</a> to Al-Shabaab. <a href="/wiki/Bereket_Simon" title="Bereket Simon">Bereket Simon</a>, spokesman for the Ethiopian government, described the reports as fabrications and responded "The army is within the Ethiopian border. There is no intention to go back,"<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> In late 2011, Ethiopian troops returned to Somalia Somalia (coinciding with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi" title="Operation Linda Nchi">Kenya's invasion</a>) in large numbers for the first time since their 2009 withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-:20-308">[308]</a> In 2014 the Ethiopian troops that deployed to a buffer zone in some parts of southern Somalia were integrated into <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a>. Former head of the ICU, <a href="/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed" title="Sharif Sheikh Ahmed">Sharif Sheikh Ahmed</a> continues to campaign for the withdrawal of the occupying Ethiopian forces.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> On 13 November 2020 Bloomberg reported that <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ethiopia" title="Government of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> withdrew thousands of troops from Somalia and redeployed them to fight the <a href="/wiki/Tigray_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigray War">Tigray War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a> In July 2022, as the Tigray War was ongoing, Al-Shabaab <a href="/wiki/2022_al-Shabaab_invasion_of_Ethiopia" title="2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia">launched a major incursion into Ethiopia</a> in order to infiltrate the southern <a href="/wiki/Bale_Mountains" title="Bale Mountains">Bale Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:22-327">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading_and_external_links">Further reading and external links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading and external links">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documents">Documents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Documents">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia1208web.pdf">So Much To Fear: War Crimes and the Devastation of Somalia</a> – <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (December 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/somalia0807/somalia0807webwcover.pdf">Shell-Shocked Civilians Under Siege in Mogadishu</a> – Human Rights Watch (August 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/afr520092008eng.pdf">Routinely targeted: Attacks on civilians in Somalia</a> – <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> (May 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/eastafrica1008webwcover.pdf">“Why Am I Still Here?” The 2007 Horn of Africa Renditions and the Fate of Those Still Missing</a> – Human Rights Watch (October 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/SO_080609_Agreement%20between%20the%20TFG%20and%20the%20ARS%20-%20Djibouti%20Agreement.pdf">Copy of Djibouti Agreement signed between the ARS and TFG</a> – (9 June 2008)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footage">Footage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Footage">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pRQ7weP2ZIA">Islamic Courts ready for offensive</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a> report on ICU insurgents in southern Somalia (14 Sep 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DlYNa8B4Fik&t">Mohammed Abdullahi Farah Somalia Piece</a> – <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> report on insurgency in Mogadishu (10 October 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4PtC897qzq4&t">Opposition fighters gaining ground in Somalia</a> – Al Jazeera English report on insurgent advances across the south (31 Aug 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKQLMhGajqQ&t">Lindsey Hilsum Somalia Piece</a> – Channel 4 report on fighting between Ethiopian troops and insurgents in Mogadishu (3 December 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5_IIoFaDl_s">Chaos feared in Somalia as Ethiopians pull back</a> – Al Jazeera English report on Ethiopian military withdrawal from Somalia (15 Jan 2009)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKhayre2013" class="citation journal cs1">Khayre, Ahmed Ali M. (March 21, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fajicl.2014.0090">"Self-Defence, Intervention by Invitation, or Proxy War? The Legality of the 2006 Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/African_Journal_of_International_and_Comparative_Law" title="African Journal of International and Comparative Law">African Journal of International and Comparative Law</a>. 22 (2): 208–233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fajicl.2014.0090">10.3366/ajicl.2014.0090</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1755-1609">1755-1609</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2236622">2236622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Journal+of+International+and+Comparative+Law&rft.atitle=Self-Defence%2C+Intervention+by+Invitation%2C+or+Proxy+War%3F+The+Legality+of+the+2006+Ethiopian+Invasion+of+Somalia&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=208-233&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft.eissn=1755-1609&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2236622%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fajicl.2014.0090&rft.aulast=Khayre&rft.aufirst=Ahmed+Ali+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3366%252Fajicl.2014.0090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamatar2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abdi_Ismail_Samatar" title="Abdi Ismail Samatar">Samatar, Abdi Ismail</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethiopian-occupation-and-american-terror-in-somalia">"Ethiopian Occupation and American Terror in Somalia"</a>. Post-Conflict Peace-Building in the Horn of Africa. <a href="/wiki/Lund_University" title="Lund University">Lund University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7267-256-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7267-256-7"><bdi>978-91-7267-256-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Occupation+and+American+Terror+in+Somalia&rft.btitle=Post-Conflict+Peace-Building+in+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pub=Lund+University&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-91-7267-256-7&rft.aulast=Samatar&rft.aufirst=Abdi+Ismail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethiopian-occupation-and-american-terror-in-somalia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCocodia2021" class="citation journal cs1">Cocodia, Jude (May 24, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026">"Rejecting African Solutions to African Problems: The African Union and the Islamic Courts Union in Somalia"</a>. 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Retrieved November 13, 2022. <q>Local officials there said about 50 armoured vehicles with Ethiopian soldiers had passed Dollow and 50 km further in at Luuq.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Malta&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+troops+cross+border+into+Somalia&rft.date=2006-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofmalta.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2Fethiopian-troops-cross-border-into-somalia.50424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/horn-africas-challenges-grow-05-nov-2008">"Horn of Africa's challenges grow - Somalia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ReliefWeb" title="ReliefWeb">ReliefWeb</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Analytica" title="Oxford Analytica">Oxford Analytica</a>. November 5, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2024. <q>The insurgents in Somalia have essentially won -- they now control most of south and central Somalia and much of the capital.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReliefWeb&rft.atitle=Horn+of+Africa%27s+challenges+grow+-+Somalia&rft.date=2008-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fsomalia%2Fhorn-africas-challenges-grow-05-nov-2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Springer_Nature_Switzerland-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Springer_Nature_Switzerland_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Springer_Nature_Switzerland_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesenyőIssaevKorotayev2024" class="citation book cs1">Besenyő, János; Issaev, Leonid; Korotayev, Andrey (April 3, 2024). 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(January 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213">"The Evolution of Political Violence: The Case of Somalia's Al-Shabaab"</a>. Terrorism and Political Violence. 30 (1): 116–141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546553.2016.1165213">10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0954-6553">0954-6553</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148494845">148494845</a>. <q>the December 2006 Ethiopian invasion, and subsequent two-year occupation, proved to be a prime catalyst for mobilization and the first critical juncture</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrorism+and+Political+Violence&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Political+Violence%3A+The+Case+of+Somalia%27s+Al-Shabaab&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=116-141&rft.date=2018-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148494845%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0954-6553&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09546553.2016.1165213&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Jason+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F09546553.2016.1165213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGregor-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGregor_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGregor_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor2007" class="citation journal cs1">McGregor, Andrew (June 5, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/ethiopia-faces-ethnic-fallout-from-somalia-intervention/">"Ethiopia Faces Ethnic Fallout from Somalia Intervention"</a>. 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African Security. 14 (2): 110–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19392206.2021.1922026">10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-2206">1939-2206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Security&rft.atitle=Rejecting+African+Solutions+to+African+Problems%3A+The+African+Union+and+the+Islamic+Courts+Union+in+Somalia&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=110-131&rft.date=2021-04-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19392206.2021.1922026&rft.issn=1939-2206&rft.aulast=Cocodia&rft.aufirst=Jude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F19392206.2021.1922026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cocodia-2021-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Cocodia-2021_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCocodia2021" class="citation journal cs1">Cocodia, Jude (April 3, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026">"Rejecting African Solutions to African Problems: The African Union and the Islamic Courts Union in Somalia"</a>. African Security. 14 (2): 110–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19392206.2021.1922026">10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-2206">1939-2206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236350899">236350899</a>. <q>Ethiopia considered a weak Somali state dependent on Ethiopian support as a lesser threat than a strong one. This propelled Ethiopia to undertake the forceful installment of the TFG.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Security&rft.atitle=Rejecting+African+Solutions+to+African+Problems%3A+The+African+Union+and+the+Islamic+Courts+Union+in+Somalia&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=110-131&rft.date=2021-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236350899%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1939-2206&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19392206.2021.1922026&rft.aulast=Cocodia&rft.aufirst=Jude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F19392206.2021.1922026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCocodia2021" class="citation journal cs1">Cocodia, Jude (April 3, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026">"Rejecting African Solutions to African Problems: The African Union and the Islamic Courts Union in Somalia"</a>. African Security. 14 (2): 110–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19392206.2021.1922026">10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-2206">1939-2206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236350899">236350899</a>. <q>The TFG had Ethiopia's approval on the basis that under Yusuf, Somalia will rest its claim to the Ogaden region</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Security&rft.atitle=Rejecting+African+Solutions+to+African+Problems%3A+The+African+Union+and+the+Islamic+Courts+Union+in+Somalia&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=110-131&rft.date=2021-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236350899%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1939-2206&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19392206.2021.1922026&rft.aulast=Cocodia&rft.aufirst=Jude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F19392206.2021.1922026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3732020.stm">"Profile: Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 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October 2, 2006. Retrieved October 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ogaden+draws+in+tension+once+more&rft.date=2006-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F5383012.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070109220648/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4520&l=1&m=1">"Somalia Conflict Risk Alert"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>. November 27, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4520&l=1&m=1">the original</a> on January 9, 2007. Retrieved January 5, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Somalia+Conflict+Risk+Alert&rft.pub=International+Crisis+Group&rft.date=2006-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2Fhome%2Findex.cfm%3Fid%3D4520%26l%3D1%26m%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eritdeny-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Eritdeny_58-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shabait.com/staging/publish/article_005931.html">President Isaias reiterates that Eritrea did not send troops to Somalia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070224023615/http://www.shabait.com/staging/publish/article_005931.html">Archived</a> 2007-02-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Eritrean Ministry of Information </li> <li id="cite_note-Samatar-2007b-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samatar-2007b_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samatar-2007b_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samatar-2007b_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samatar-2007b_59-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samatar-2007b_59-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samatar-2007b_59-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samatar-2007b_59-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samatar-2007b_59-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samatar-2007b_59-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samatar-2007b_59-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samatar-2007b_59-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samatar-2007b_59-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samatar-2007b_59-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samatar-2007b_59-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamatar2007" class="citation journal cs1">Samatar, Abdi Ismail (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20406369">"Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia, US Warlordism & AU Shame"</a>. Review of African Political Economy. 34 (111): 155–165. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-6244">0305-6244</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20406369">20406369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+African+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Invasion+of+Somalia%2C+US+Warlordism+%26+AU+Shame&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=111&rft.pages=155-165&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20406369%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0305-6244&rft.aulast=Samatar&rft.aufirst=Abdi+Ismail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20406369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khayre-2014-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khayre-2014_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khayre-2014_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khayre-2014_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khayre-2014_60-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khayre-2014_60-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhayre2014" class="citation journal cs1">Khayre, Ahmed Ali M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2014.0090">"Self-defence, Intervention by Invitation, or Proxy War? The Legality of the 2006 Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia"</a>. African Journal of International and Comparative Law. 22 (2): 208–233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fajicl.2014.0090">10.3366/ajicl.2014.0090</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0954-8890">0954-8890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Journal+of+International+and+Comparative+Law&rft.atitle=Self-defence%2C+Intervention+by+Invitation%2C+or+Proxy+War%3F+The+Legality+of+the+2006+Ethiopian+Invasion+of+Somalia&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=208-233&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fajicl.2014.0090&rft.issn=0954-8890&rft.aulast=Khayre&rft.aufirst=Ahmed+Ali+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.3366%2Fajicl.2014.0090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.aljazeera.com-2022-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www.aljazeera.com-2022_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.aljazeera.com-2022_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2006/6/17/ethiopia-denies-crossing-into-somalia">"Ethiopia denies crossing into Somalia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a>. June 17, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031181637/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2006/6/17/ethiopia-denies-crossing-into-somalia">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+denies+crossing+into+Somalia&rft.date=2006-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2F6%2F17%2Fethiopia-denies-crossing-into-somalia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGettleman2006" class="citation news cs1">Gettleman, Jeffrey (July 22, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/22/world/africa/somali-says-ethiopian-presence-is-just-the-uniforms.html">"Somali Says Ethiopian Presence Is Just the Uniforms"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved June 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Somali+Says+Ethiopian+Presence+Is+Just+the+Uniforms&rft.date=2006-07-22&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Gettleman&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F07%2F22%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fsomali-says-ethiopian-presence-is-just-the-uniforms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamatar2007" class="citation journal cs1">Samatar, Abdi Ismail (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20406369">"Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia, US Warlordism & AU Shame"</a>. Review of African Political Economy. 34 (111): 155–165. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-6244">0305-6244</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20406369">20406369</a>. <q>The TFG denied that Ethiopian troops have invaded Somalia even long after the Ethiopian government admitted having its troops in Somalia. Such false denials of known facts have undermined what ever credibility the TFG had.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+African+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Invasion+of+Somalia%2C+US+Warlordism+%26+AU+Shame&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=111&rft.pages=155-165&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20406369%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0305-6244&rft.aulast=Samatar&rft.aufirst=Abdi+Ismail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20406369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice2006" class="citation news cs1">Rice, Xan (November 11, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/nov/27/3">"Sending African troops into Somalia 'would trigger war'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved July 27, 2024. <q>Most Somalis, including a significant chunk of the government, are deeply opposed to any foreign intervention.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sending+African+troops+into+Somalia+%27would+trigger+war%27&rft.date=2006-11-11&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Xan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2006%2Fnov%2F27%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samatar-20063-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Samatar-20063_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamatar2006" class="citation journal cs1">Samatar, Abdi Ismail (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4007061">"The Miracle of Mogadishu"</a>. Review of African Political Economy. 33 (109): 581–587. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-6244">0305-6244</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4007061">4007061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+African+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=The+Miracle+of+Mogadishu&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=109&rft.pages=581-587&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4007061%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0305-6244&rft.aulast=Samatar&rft.aufirst=Abdi+Ismail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4007061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Lewis" title="Ioan Lewis">Lewis, I.M.</a> (April 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070820013812/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Opinion_20/Ethiopia_s_Invasion_of_Somalia.shtml">"Ethiopia's Invasion of Somalia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Garowe_Online" title="Garowe Online">Garowe Online</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Opinion_20/Ethiopia_s_Invasion_of_Somalia.shtml">the original</a> on August 20, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Garowe+Online&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%27s+Invasion+of+Somalia&rft.date=2007-04-16&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garoweonline.com%2Fartman2%2Fpublish%2FOpinion_20%2FEthiopia_s_Invasion_of_Somalia.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:29-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:29_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:29_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:29_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:29_67-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb_Jr.2007" class="citation web cs1">Cobb Jr., Charles (January 22, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-tentative-hope-and-little-else">"Tentative hope and little else - Somalia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllAfrica" title="AllAfrica">AllAfrica</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reliefweb" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliefweb">Reliefweb</a>. Retrieved September 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllAfrica&rft.atitle=Tentative+hope+and+little+else+-+Somalia&rft.date=2007-01-22&rft.aulast=Cobb+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fsomalia%2Fsomalia-tentative-hope-and-little-else&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaruf2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harun_Maruf" title="Harun Maruf">Maruf, Harun</a> (August 15, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-somalis-idea-peril">"Somalia for the Somalis: An idea in peril"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Relief_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="Relief Web">Relief Web</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mail_%26_Guardian" title="Mail & Guardian">Mail & Guardian</a>. Retrieved July 24, 2024. <q>The UIC leaders say they will not discuss matters with the government as long as foreign troops remain on Somali soil; and the Somali Parliament (also based in Baidoa) is equally opposed to any Ethiopian presence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Relief+Web&rft.atitle=Somalia+for+the+Somalis%3A+An+idea+in+peril&rft.date=2006-08-15&rft.aulast=Maruf&rft.aufirst=Harun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fsomalia%2Fsomalia-somalis-idea-peril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamatar2022" class="citation book cs1">Samatar, Abdi Ismail (2022). Framing Somalia. Red Sea Press. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-789-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-789-9"><bdi>978-1-56902-789-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Framing+Somalia&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-56902-789-9&rft.aulast=Samatar&rft.aufirst=Abdi+Ismail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:26-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:26_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:26_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolk2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_R._Polk" title="William R. Polk">Polk, William R.</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/982652240">Crusade and jihad: the thousand-year war between the Muslim world and the global north</a>. The Henry L. Stimson lectures. New Haven ; London: Yale University Press. p. 459. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22290-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22290-6"><bdi>978-0-300-22290-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/982652240">982652240</a>. <q>Since the Bush administration doubted that the Ethiopians would use the new equipment effectively, it decided to participate in the campaign with American Special Forces and agents of the CIA. It was an offer Ethiopia could not refuse: money, arms, and the creation of an American shield to protect the regime. It began its unprovoked and ultimately unsuccessful invasion...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crusade+and+jihad%3A+the+thousand-year+war+between+the+Muslim+world+and+the+global+north&rft.place=New+Haven+%3B+London&rft.series=The+Henry+L.+Stimson+lectures&rft.pages=459&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F982652240&rft.isbn=978-0-300-22290-6&rft.aulast=Polk&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F982652240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:37-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:37_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:37_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:37_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:37_71-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamatar2022" class="citation book cs1">Samatar, Abdi Ismail (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EXYOzwEACAAJ">Framing Somalia</a>. Red Sea Press. pp. 144–146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-789-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-789-9"><bdi>978-1-56902-789-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Framing+Somalia&rft.pages=144-146&rft.pub=Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-56902-789-9&rft.aulast=Samatar&rft.aufirst=Abdi+Ismail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEXYOzwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sudantribune.com/article16745/">"Ethiopian troops massed on Somali border"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Tribune" title="Sudan Tribune">Sudan Tribune</a>. June 17, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240902020515/https://sudantribune.com/article16745/">Archived</a> from the original on September 2, 2024. Retrieved December 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+troops+massed+on+Somali+border&rft.date=2006-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsudantribune.com%2Farticle16745%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reliefweb-2006b-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reliefweb-2006b_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reliefweb-2006b_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/border-war-feared-somali-islamists-vow-holy-war-against-ethiopia">"Border war feared as Somali Islamists vow holy war against Ethiopia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ReliefWeb" title="ReliefWeb">ReliefWeb</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Presse_Agentur" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Presse Agentur">Deutsche Presse Agentur</a>. 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Retrieved November 13, 2022. <q>Local Somali residents of Dolo and Lugh Ganane, towns at the border with Ethiopia told Deutsche Presse-Agentur dpa that they saw Ethiopian troops with 50 armoured vehicles cross into Somalia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReliefWeb&rft.atitle=Border+war+feared+as+Somali+Islamists+vow+holy+war+against+Ethiopia&rft.date=2006-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fsomalia%2Fborder-war-feared-somali-islamists-vow-holy-war-against-ethiopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sudantribune.com/article16755/">"Ethiopian troops enter Somalia – Islamic leader"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Tribune" title="Sudan Tribune">Sudan Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240903060001/https://sudantribune.com/article16755/">Archived</a> from the original on September 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+troops+enter+Somalia+%E2%80%93+Islamic+leader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsudantribune.com%2Farticle16755%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-One_India-2006-75"><a href="#cite_ref-One_India-2006_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oneindia.com/2006/06/17/ethiopia-troops-crossing-into-somalia-top-islamist-1150547823.html">"Ethiopia troops crossing into Somalia-top Islamist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/One_India" class="mw-redirect" title="One India">One India</a>. 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Indiana University Press. pp. 27–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253037503" title="Special:BookSources/9780253037503"><bdi>9780253037503</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Al-Shabaab+The+Secret+History+of+Al-Qaeda%27s+Most+Powerful+Ally&rft.pages=27-45&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2018-10&rft.isbn=9780253037503&rft.aulast=Maruf&rft.aufirst=Harun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMWhyDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Axe-1059-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Axe-1059_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Axe-1059_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxe" class="citation magazine cs1">Axe, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2010/12/wikileaked-cable-confirms-u-s-secret-somalia-op/">"WikiLeaked Cable Confirms U.S.' Secret Somalia Op"</a>. Wired. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a>. Retrieved June 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=WikiLeaked+Cable+Confirms+U.S.%27+Secret+Somalia+Op&rft.issn=1059-1028&rft.aulast=Axe&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2010%2F12%2Fwikileaked-cable-confirms-u-s-secret-somalia-op%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtieno2010" class="citation journal cs1">Otieno, Orwa Michael (May 20, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10402651003751362">"The U.S.–Africa Command and Pan-African Resistance"</a>. Peace Review. 22 (2): 136–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10402651003751362">10.1080/10402651003751362</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-2659">1040-2659</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146737860">146737860</a>. <q>Such was the case in 2006 when Ethiopia, backed by U.S. technical support and firepower from U.S. gunships based in Diego Garcia, invaded Somalia to rout the Union of Islamic Courts</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peace+Review&rft.atitle=The+U.S.%E2%80%93Africa+Command+and+Pan-African+Resistance&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=136-143&rft.date=2010-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146737860%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1040-2659&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10402651003751362&rft.aulast=Otieno&rft.aufirst=Orwa+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F10402651003751362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scahill-2013b-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scahill-2013b_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scahill-2013b_134-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScahill2013" class="citation book cs1">Scahill, Jeremy (2013). Dirty Wars: The World Is A Battlefield. New York, NY: Nation Books. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-671-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-671-7"><bdi>978-1-56858-671-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dirty+Wars%3A+The+World+Is+A+Battlefield&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Nation+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-56858-671-7&rft.aulast=Scahill&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRipley2010" class="citation book cs1">Ripley, Tim (July 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-WPNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT526">Middle East Airpower in the 21st Century</a>. Casemate Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-111-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-111-0"><bdi>978-1-78346-111-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Airpower+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2010-07-19&rft.isbn=978-1-78346-111-0&rft.aulast=Ripley&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-WPNDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScahill2013" class="citation book cs1">Scahill, Jeremy (April 23, 2013). Dirty Wars: The World Is a Battlefield. 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March 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B1+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A+%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1+%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A&rft.date=2008-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2F2008%2F3%2F26%2F%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2581-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B5%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%258A-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200805190036.html">"allAfrica.com: Somalia: Somali Rebels Seize Two More Towns (Page 1 of 1)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080520092415/http://allafrica.com/stories/200805190036.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 20, 2008. Retrieved June 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=allAfrica.com%3A+Somalia%3A+Somali+Rebels+Seize+Two+More+Towns+%28Page+1+of+1%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F200805190036.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200805230035.html">"allAfrica.com: Somalia: Islamist Rebels in Secret Deal With Kismayo Port Militia (Page 1 of 1)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080526142950/http://allafrica.com/stories/200805230035.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2008. Retrieved June 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=allAfrica.com%3A+Somalia%3A+Islamist+Rebels+in+Secret+Deal+With+Kismayo+Port+Militia+%28Page+1+of+1%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F200805230035.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters-2008-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters-2008_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters-2008_240-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters-2008_240-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE4BD0QA/">"Islamists close in on Somali capital"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. December 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Islamists+close+in+on+Somali+capital&rft.date=2008-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSTRE4BD0QA%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_241-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7274462.stm">US bombs Islamist town in Somalia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080305024223/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7274462.stm">Archived</a> March 5, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, March 3, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gKQ6Hm0yuq8jNqzJY4rRkn0qzwhQD8V60COG1">US Launches Airstrike in Somalia</a> <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, March 3, 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080309200145/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gKQ6Hm0yuq8jNqzJY4rRkn0qzwhQD8V60COG1">Archived</a> March 9, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7376760.stm">"Air raid kills Somali militants"</a>. BBC News. May 1, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080504030822/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7376760.stm">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2008. Retrieved May 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Air+raid+kills+Somali+militants&rft.date=2008-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F7376760.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_244-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_244-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLobe2008" class="citation web cs1">Lobe, Jim (September 4, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2008/Sept/7841/us_somalia_policy_likely_to_bring_blowback.aspx">"US' Somalia Policy Likely to Bring Blowback"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hiiraan_Online" title="Hiiraan Online">Hiiraan Online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inter_Press_Service" title="Inter Press Service">Inter Press Service</a>. Retrieved June 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hiiraan+Online&rft.atitle=US%27+Somalia+Policy+Likely+to+Bring+Blowback&rft.date=2008-09-04&rft.aulast=Lobe&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiiraan.com%2Fnews4%2F2008%2FSept%2F7841%2Fus_somalia_policy_likely_to_bring_blowback.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ibrahim, Mohamed (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02589001.2010.497350">"Somalia and global terrorism: A growing connection?"</a>. Journal of Contemporary African Studies. 28 (3): 283–295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02589001.2010.497350">10.1080/02589001.2010.497350</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9001">0258-9001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153548813">153548813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Somalia+and+global+terrorism%3A+A+growing+connection%3F&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=283-295&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153548813%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0258-9001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02589001.2010.497350&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F02589001.2010.497350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuyo2008" class="citation web cs1">Guyo, Mohammed (May 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issafrica.org/iss-today/somalia-can-the-un-succeed-where-igad-failed">"Somalia - Can the UN Succeed where IGAD Failed?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Security_Studies" title="Institute for Security Studies">Institute for Security Studies</a> Africa. Retrieved October 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+Security+Studies+Africa&rft.atitle=Somalia+-+Can+the+UN+Succeed+where+IGAD+Failed%3F&rft.date=2008-05-07&rft.aulast=Guyo&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissafrica.org%2Fiss-today%2Fsomalia-can-the-un-succeed-where-igad-failed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/afr520092008eng.pdf">Routinely Targeted: Attacks on civilians in Somalia</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. 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Retrieved June 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hiiraan+Online&rft.atitle=ICU+Spokesman%3A+We+Will+Continue+Attacks+on+Ethiopian+and+Somali+Military+Bases&rft.date=2008-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiiraan.com%2Fnews4%2F2008%2FJun%2F7019%2Ficu_spokesman_we_will_continue_attacks_on_ethiopian_and_somali_military_bases.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200806020030.html">"allAfrica.com: Somalia: Islamic Court Opened Near Mogadishu (Page 1 of 1)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004051233/http://allafrica.com/stories/200806020030.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=allAfrica.com%3A+Somalia%3A+Islamic+Court+Opened+Near+Mogadishu+%28Page+1+of+1%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F200806020030.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbadriSanders2008" class="citation web cs1">Albadri, Abukar; Sanders, Edmund (June 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/nation_world/20080601_Somalia_teeters_on_brink_of_breakdown.html">"Somalia teeters on brink of breakdown"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a>. 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Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8042-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8042-1"><bdi>978-1-4411-8042-1</bdi></a>. <q>Al-Shabaabs insurgency and martyrdom operations inflicted considerable casualties on the Ethiopian army with over a thousand of its personnel killed between 2007 and 2009.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Qaeda%27s+Post-9%2F11+Devolution%3A+The+Failed+Jihadist+Struggle+Against+the+Near+and+Far+Enemy&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2014-02-27&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-8042-1&rft.aulast=Celso&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4yDBAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruton-2011-296">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bruton-2011_296-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruton-2011_296-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrutonNorris2011" class="citation book cs1">Bruton, Bronwyn; Norris, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2011/09/pdf/somalia.pdf">Twenty Years of Collapse and Counting The Cost of Failure in Somalia</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a>. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twenty+Years+of+Collapse+and+Counting+The+Cost+of+Failure+in+Somalia&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Center+for+American+Progress&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Bruton&rft.aufirst=Bronwyn&rft.au=Norris%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.americanprogress.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fissues%2F2011%2F09%2Fpdf%2Fsomalia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/at-least-3-500-au-soldiers-killed-in-fight-against-al-shabaab-in-somalia">"At least 3,500 AU soldiers killed in fight against Al-Shabaab in Somalia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Garowe_Online" title="Garowe Online">Garowe Online</a>. 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(2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dehai.org/archives/dehai_news_archive/2015/apr/att-0161/Counterinsurgency_in_Somalia-Lessons_Learned_from_the_African_Union_Mission_in_Somalia__2007-2013.pdf">External Intervention in Somalia's civil war: Security promotion and national interests</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Totalf%C3%B6rsvarets_forskningsinstitut" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut">Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut</a>. p. 87. <q>No official figure for UPDF troop casualties in Somalia has ever been published</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=External+Intervention+in+Somalia%27s+civil+war%3A+Security+promotion+and+national+interests&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Totalf%C3%B6rsvarets+forskningsinstitut&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dehai.org%2Farchives%2Fdehai_news_archive%2F2015%2Fapr%2Fatt-0161%2FCounterinsurgency_in_Somalia-Lessons_Learned_from_the_African_Union_Mission_in_Somalia__2007-2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaalim2024" class="citation news cs1">Maalim, Mohamed (August 22, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240824043201/https://somalisignal.com/somali-fm-accuses-ethiopia-of-killing-over-20000-civilians-during-2007-2008-invasion/#:~:text=News-,Somali%20FM%20accuses%20Ethiopia%20of%20killing,civilians%20during%202007%2D2008%20invasion&text=Somalia's%20Foreign%20Minister%2C%20Ahmed%20Moalim,of%20Somalia%20in%202007%2D2008.">"Somali FM accuses Ethiopia of killing over 20,000 civilians during 2007-2008 invasion"</a>. Somali Signal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://somalisignal.com/somali-fm-accuses-ethiopia-of-killing-over-20000-civilians-during-2007-2008-invasion/#:~:text=News-,Somali%20FM%20accuses%20Ethiopia%20of%20killing,civilians%20during%202007-2008%20invasion&text=Somalia's%20Foreign%20Minister%2C%20Ahmed%20Moalim,of%20Somalia%20in%202007-2008.">the original</a> on August 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Somali+Signal&rft.atitle=Somali+FM+accuses+Ethiopia+of+killing+over+20%2C000+civilians+during+2007-2008+invasion&rft.date=2024-08-22&rft.aulast=Maalim&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsomalisignal.com%2Fsomali-fm-accuses-ethiopia-of-killing-over-20000-civilians-during-2007-2008-invasion%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DNews-%2CSomali%2520FM%2520accuses%2520Ethiopia%2520of%2520killing%2Ccivilians%2520during%25202007-2008%2520invasion%26text%3DSomalia%27s%2520Foreign%2520Minister%252C%2520Ahmed%2520Moalim%2Cof%2520Somalia%2520in%25202007-2008.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOMUCHTOFEAR-300"><a href="#cite_ref-SOMUCHTOFEAR_300-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbin-Lackey2008" class="citation journal cs1">Albin-Lackey, Christopher (August 12, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia1208webwcover.pdf">"So Much to Fear: War Crimes and Devastation in Somalia"</a> (PDF). Human Rights Watch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=So+Much+to+Fear%3A+War+Crimes+and+Devastation+in+Somalia&rft.date=2008-08-12&rft.aulast=Albin-Lackey&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2Fsomalia1208webwcover.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-301"><a href="#cite_ref-:32_301-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsman2021" class="citation web cs1">Osman, Jamal (May 27, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fanabc.com/english/tplf-loyalists-should-understand-that-selective-justice-is-injustice/">"TPLF loyalists should understand that selective justice is injustice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fana_Broadcasting_Corporate" title="Fana Broadcasting Corporate">Fana Broadcasting Corporate</a>. Retrieved August 19, 2024. <q>In Somalia, nicknamed as the butcher of Mogadishu, General Gebre and his TPLF soldiers killed tens of thousands of civilians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fana+Broadcasting+Corporate&rft.atitle=TPLF+loyalists+should+understand+that+selective+justice+is+injustice&rft.date=2021-05-27&rft.aulast=Osman&rft.aufirst=Jamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fanabc.com%2Fenglish%2Ftplf-loyalists-should-understand-that-selective-justice-is-injustice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polk_2018_458–461-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polk_2018_458–461_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polk_2018_458–461_302-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolk2018" class="citation book cs1">Polk, William R. 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New Haven ; London: Yale University Press. pp. 458–461. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22290-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22290-6"><bdi>978-0-300-22290-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/982652240">982652240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crusade+and+jihad%3A+the+thousand-year+war+between+the+Muslim+world+and+the+global+north&rft.place=New+Haven+%3B+London&rft.series=The+Henry+L.+Stimson+lectures&rft.pages=458-461&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F982652240&rft.isbn=978-0-300-22290-6&rft.aulast=Polk&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F982652240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2008/May/6572/ethiopian_troops_cut_throats_in_somalia_amnesty.aspx">"Ethiopian troops cut throats in Somalia: Amnesty"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hiiraan_Online" title="Hiiraan Online">Hiiraan Online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 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Terrorism and Political Violence. 30 (1): 116–141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546553.2016.1165213">10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0954-6553">0954-6553</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148494845">148494845</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240105203629/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2024. 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Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-2526-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-2526-8"><bdi>978-1-4422-2526-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somalia+Redux%3F%3A+Assessing+the+New+Somali+Federal+Government&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2013-09-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-2526-8&rft.aulast=Bryden&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPX_yAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudanTribune2009" class="citation web cs1">SudanTribune (February 4, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sudantribune.com/article29938/">"Ethiopian troops return to Somalia"</a>. Sudan Tribune. Retrieved October 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+troops+return+to+Somalia&rft.date=2009-02-04&rft.au=SudanTribune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsudantribune.com%2Farticle29938%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.somaliaffairs.com/news/somali-parties-call-for-removal-of-ethiopian-troops-blast-colluding-au-envoy/">"Somali parties call for removal of Ethiopian troops, blast "colluding" AU envoy"</a>. Somali Affairs. May 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Somali+parties+call+for+removal+of+Ethiopian+troops%2C+blast+%22colluding%22+AU+envoy&rft.pub=Somali+Affairs&rft.date=2020-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.somaliaffairs.com%2Fnews%2Fsomali-parties-call-for-removal-of-ethiopian-troops-blast-colluding-au-envoy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-13/ethiopia-withdraws-thousands-of-troops-from-neighboring-somalia">"Ethiopia Withdraws Thousands of Troops From Neighboring Somalia"</a>. Bloomberg. November 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+Withdraws+Thousands+of+Troops+From+Neighboring+Somalia&rft.pub=Bloomberg&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2020-11-13%2Fethiopia-withdraws-thousands-of-troops-from-neighboring-somalia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-327"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_327-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHochet-Bodin2022" class="citation news cs1">Hochet-Bodin, Noé (September 14, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2022/09/14/al-shabaab-seeks-to-put-down-roots-in-ethiopia_5996884_124.html">"Al-Shabab seeks to 'put down roots' in Ethiopia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a>. Retrieved July 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Al-Shabab+seeks+to+%27put+down+roots%27+in+Ethiopia&rft.date=2022-09-14&rft.aulast=Hochet-Bodin&rft.aufirst=No%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Fle-monde-africa%2Farticle%2F2022%2F09%2F14%2Fal-shabaab-seeks-to-put-down-roots-in-ethiopia_5996884_124.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+Somalia+%282006%E2%80%932009%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_the_war_in_Somalia_(2006–2009)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_the_war_in_Somalia_(2006–2009)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to the war in Somalia (2006–2009)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_in_Somalia_(2006–2009)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Somalia_War_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="Template:Somalia War (2006–2009)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Somalia_War_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="Template talk:Somalia War (2006–2009)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Somalia_War_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Somalia War (2006–2009)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_in_Somalia_(2006–2009)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_conflict" title="Ethiopian–Somali conflict">Ethiopian–Somali conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 in Somalia">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 in Somalia">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 in Somalia">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2009 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2009</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia_(1991%E2%80%932006)" title="History of Somalia (1991–2006)">History of Somalia (1991–2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="Factions in the Somali Civil War">Factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_and_humanitarian_efforts_in_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts in the Somali Civil War">Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_War_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in the War in Somalia">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disarmament_in_Somalia" title="Disarmament in Somalia">Disarmament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Islamic_Courts_Union_offensive" title="2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive">2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(2006)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (2006)">2006 Battle of Mogadishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_conflict" title="Ethiopian–Somali conflict">Ethiopian–Somali conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ogaden" title="Insurgency in Ogaden">Insurgency in Ogaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_at_reconciliation_in_Somalia_(1991%E2%80%932004)" title="Attempts at reconciliation in Somalia (1991–2004)">Somali Reconciliation Conferences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_on_National_Reconciliation_in_Somalia" title="Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Somali_Reconciliation_Conference" title="2002 Somali Reconciliation Conference">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Somali_National_Reconciliation_Conference" title="2007 Somali National Reconciliation Conference">2007</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baidoa" title="Battle of Baidoa">Battle of Baidoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bandiradley" title="Battle of Bandiradley">Battle of Bandiradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beledweyne_(2006)" title="Battle of Beledweyne (2006)">Battle of Beledweyne (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jowhar" title="Battle of Jowhar">Battle of Jowhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mogadishu" title="Fall of Mogadishu">Fall of Mogadishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jilib" title="Battle of Jilib">Battle of Jilib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kismayo" title="Fall of Kismayo">Fall of Kismayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_Kamboni" title="Battle of Ras Kamboni">Battle of Ras Kamboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(March%E2%80%93April_2007)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (March–April 2007)">Battle of Mogadishu (March–April 2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bargal_(2007)" title="Battle of Bargal (2007)">Battle of Bargal (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(November_2007)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (November 2007)">Battle of Mogadishu (November 2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(2008)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (2008)">Battle of Mogadishu (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beledweyne_(2008)" title="Battle of Beledweyne (2008)">Battle of Beledweyne (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baidoa" title="Siege of Baidoa">Siege of Baidoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kismayo_(2008)" title="Battle of Kismayo (2008)">Battle of Kismayo (2008)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">OEF–HOA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_Kamboni" title="Battle of Ras Kamboni">Battle of Ras Kamboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bargal_(2007)" title="Battle of Bargal (2007)">Battle of Bargal (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobley_airstrike" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobley airstrike">Dobley airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhusamareb_airstrike" title="Dhusamareb airstrike">Dhusamareb airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Mogadishu_TransAVIAexport_Airlines_Il-76_crash" title="2007 Mogadishu TransAVIAexport Airlines Il-76 crash">2007 Mogadishu TransAVIAexport Airlines Il-76 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2008_Bosaso_bombings" title="February 2008 Bosaso bombings">February 2008 Bosaso bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hidaya_Mosque_massacre" title="Al-Hidaya Mosque massacre">Al-Hidaya Mosque massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Mogadishu_bombing" title="2008 Mogadishu bombing">2008 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Hargeisa%E2%80%93Bosaso_bombings" title="2008 Hargeisa–Bosaso bombings">2008 Hargeisa–Bosaso bombings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabre_Heard" title="Gabre Heard">Gabre Heard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Dahir_Aweys" title="Hassan Dahir Aweys">Hassan Dahir Aweys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed" title="Sharif Sheikh Ahmed">Sharif Sheikh Ahmed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Itihaad_al-Islamiya" title="Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya">al-Itihaad al-Islamiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Abdullah_Hersi_al-Turki" title="Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki">Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabaab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Robow" title="Mukhtar Robow">Mukhtar Robow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Hashi_Farah_Ayro" title="Aden Hashi Farah Ayro">Aden Hashi Farah Aero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Restoration_of_Peace_and_Counter-Terrorism" title="Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism">ARPCT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdi_Hasan_Awale" title="Abdi Hasan Awale">Abdi Hasan Awale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Omar_Habeb" title="Mohamed Omar Habeb">Mohamed Omar Habeb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Transitional_federal_parliament_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional federal parliament of Somalia">Transitional Federal Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohammed_Ghedi" title="Ali Mohammed Ghedi">Ali Mohammed Ghedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Ahmed" title="Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed">Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Puntland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Puntland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Puntland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puntland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Puntland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Puntland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamud_Muse_Hersi" title="Mohamud Muse Hersi">Mohamud Muse Hersi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Galmudug" title="Galmudug">Galmudug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Warsame_Ali" title="Mohamed Warsame Ali">Mohamed Warsame Ali</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jendayi_Frazer" title="Jendayi Frazer">Jendayi Frazer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Next phase: <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">Somali Civil War (2009–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Somali_civil_war_(2009–present)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Template:Somali Civil War (2009–present)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Template talk:Somali Civil War (2009–present)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Somali Civil War (2009–present)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Somali_civil_war_(2009–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Somali_civil_war_(2009%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali civil war (2009–present)">Somali civil war (2009–present)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2009 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2010 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2011 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2012 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2013 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2014 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2015 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2016 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2017 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2018 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2019 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2020 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2021 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2022 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2023 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2024 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia_(1991%E2%80%932006)" title="History of Somalia (1991–2006)">History of Somalia (1991–2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="Factions in the Somali Civil War">Factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_and_humanitarian_efforts_in_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts in the Somali Civil War">Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_War_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in the War in Somalia">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disarmament_in_Somalia" title="Disarmament in Somalia">Disarmament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Islamic_Courts_Union_offensive" title="2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive">2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(2006)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (2006)">Battle of Mogadishu (2006)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_conflict" title="Ethiopian–Somali conflict">Ethiopian–Somali conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ogaden" title="Insurgency in Ogaden">Insurgency in Ogaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_at_reconciliation_in_Somalia_(1991%E2%80%932004)" title="Attempts at reconciliation in Somalia (1991–2004)">Somali Reconciliation Conferences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_on_National_Reconciliation_in_Somalia" title="Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Somali_Reconciliation_Conference" title="2002 Somali Reconciliation Conference">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Somali_National_Reconciliation_Conference" title="2007 Somali National Reconciliation Conference">2007</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations and battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Mogadishu" title="Battle of South Mogadishu">Battle of South Mogadishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(2009)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (2009)">Battle of Mogadishu (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Central_Somalia_(2009)" title="Battle for Central Somalia (2009)">Battle for Central Somalia (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wabho" title="Battle of Wabho">Battle of Wabho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kismayo_(2009)" title="Battle of Kismayo (2009)">Battle of Kismayo (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beledweyne_(2010)" title="Battle of Beledweyne (2010)">Battle of Beledweyne (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Somaliland_border" title="Ethiopia–Somaliland border">2010 Ayn clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kenya%E2%80%93Al-Shabaab_border_clash" title="2010 Kenya–Al-Shabaab border clash">2010 Kenya–Al-Shabaab border clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(2010%E2%80%932011)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (2010–2011)">Battle of Mogadishu (2010–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jubbada_Hoose" title="Battle of Jubbada Hoose">Battle of Jubbada Hoose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gedo" title="Battle of Gedo">Battle of Gedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elwaq" title="Battle of Elwaq">Battle of Elwaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi" title="Operation Linda Nchi">Operation Linda Nchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deynile" title="Battle of Deynile">Battle of Deynile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beledweyne_(2011)" title="Battle of Beledweyne (2011)">Battle of Beledweyne (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yurkud_(2012)" title="Battle of Yurkud (2012)">Battle of Yurkud (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kismayo_(2012)" title="Battle of Kismayo (2012)">Battle of Kismayo (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulo_Marer_hostage_rescue_attempt" title="Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt">Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Indian_Ocean" title="Operation Indian Ocean">Operation Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galgala_campaign" title="Galgala campaign">Galgala campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baure" title="Battle of Baure">Battle of Baure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leego_(2015)" title="Battle of Leego (2015)">Battle of Leego (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Janale_(2015)" title="Battle of Janale (2015)">Battle of Janale (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Adde" title="Battle of El Adde">Battle of El Adde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandala_campaign" title="Qandala campaign">Qandala campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulbiyow" title="Battle of Kulbiyow">Battle of Kulbiyow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_raid_on_Barii" title="2017 raid on Barii">2017 raid on Barii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Af_Urur" title="Battle of Af Urur">Battle of Af Urur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Golweyn_ambush" title="2017 Golweyn ambush">2017 Golweyn ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2017_Somalia_airstrike" title="November 2017 Somalia airstrike">November 2017 Somalia airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_African_Union_base_attack_in_Bulo_Marer" title="2018 African Union base attack in Bulo Marer">2018 African Union base attack in Bulo Marer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2018_airstrikes_in_Gandarshe" title="December 2018 airstrikes in Gandarshe">December 2018 airstrikes in Gandarshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Simba_attack" title="Camp Simba attack">Camp Simba attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Mogadishu_mutiny" title="2021 Mogadishu mutiny">2021 Mogadishu mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Golweyn_ambush" title="2021 Golweyn ambush">2021 Golweyn ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Galmudug_clashes" title="2021 Galmudug clashes">2021 Galmudug clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_al-Shabaab_invasion_of_Ethiopia" title="2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia">2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bal%27ad" title="Battle of Bal'ad">Battle of Bal'ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Runirgod" title="Battle of Runirgod">Battle of Runirgod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buulo_Mareer" title="Battle of Buulo Mareer">Battle of Buulo Mareer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attacks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_African_Union_base_bombings_in_Mogadishu" title="2009 African Union base bombings in Mogadishu">2009 African Union base bombings in Mogadishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Beledweyne_bombing" title="2009 Beledweyne bombing">2009 Beledweyne bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Hotel_Shamo_bombing" title="2009 Hotel Shamo bombing">2009 Hotel Shamo bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2010_Mogadishu_bombings" title="May 2010 Mogadishu bombings">May 2010 Mogadishu bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kampala_bombings" title="2010 Kampala bombings">2010 Kampala bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_Hotel_attack" title="Muna Hotel attack">Muna Hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Mogadishu_bombing" title="2011 Mogadishu bombing">2011 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2013_Mogadishu_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="June 2013 Mogadishu attack">June 2013 Mogadishu attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Mogadishu_Turkish_embassy_attack" title="2013 Mogadishu Turkish embassy attack">2013 Mogadishu Turkish embassy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westgate_shopping_mall_attack" title="Westgate shopping mall attack">Westgate shopping mall attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Beledweyne_attacks" title="2013 Beledweyne attacks">2013 Beledweyne attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Villa_Somalia_attack" title="2014 Villa Somalia attack">2014 Villa Somalia attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hotel_Amalo_attack" title="2014 Hotel Amalo attack">2014 Hotel Amalo attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hotel_attack" title="Central Hotel attack">Central Hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makka_al-Mukarama_hotel_attack" title="Makka al-Mukarama hotel attack">Makka al-Mukarama hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garissa_University_College_attack" title="Garissa University College attack">Garissa University College attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Ministry_of_Higher_Education_attack" title="2015 Ministry of Higher Education attack">2015 Ministry of Higher Education attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garowe_attack" title="Garowe attack">Garowe attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazeera_Palace_Hotel_bombing" title="Jazeera Palace Hotel bombing">Jazeera Palace Hotel bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahafi_Hotel_attacks" title="Sahafi Hotel attacks">Sahafi Hotel attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2016_Mogadishu_attack" title="January 2016 Mogadishu attack">January 2016 Mogadishu attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daallo_Airlines_Flight_159" title="Daallo Airlines Flight 159">Daallo Airlines Flight 159</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Mogadishu_attack" title="February 2016 Mogadishu attack">February 2016 Mogadishu attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidoa_suicide_bombing" title="Baidoa suicide bombing">Baidoa suicide bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2016_Mogadishu_attacks" title="June 2016 Mogadishu attacks">June 2016 Mogadishu attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Galkayo_bombings" title="2016 Galkayo bombings">2016 Galkayo bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2016_Mogadishu_car_bombing" title="November 2016 Mogadishu car bombing">November 2016 Mogadishu car bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2016_Mogadishu_suicide_bombing" title="December 2016 Mogadishu suicide bombing">December 2016 Mogadishu suicide bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_January_2017_Mogadishu_bombings" title="2 January 2017 Mogadishu bombings">2 January 2017 Mogadishu bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayah_Hotel_attack" title="Dayah Hotel attack">Dayah Hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2017_Mogadishu_bombing" title="February 2017 Mogadishu bombing">February 2017 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_October_2017_Mogadishu_bombings" title="14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings">14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_October_2017_Mogadishu_attacks" title="28 October 2017 Mogadishu attacks">28 October 2017 Mogadishu attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Mogadishu_attacks" title="February 2018 Mogadishu attacks">February 2018 Mogadishu attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2018_Mogadishu_bombing" title="March 2018 Mogadishu bombing">March 2018 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2018_Mogadishu_bombings" title="July 2018 Mogadishu bombings">July 2018 Mogadishu bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_September_2018_Mogadishu_bombing" title="2 September 2018 Mogadishu bombing">2 September 2018 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahafi_Hotel_attacks" title="Sahafi Hotel attacks">Sahafi Hotel attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2018_Mogadishu_bombing" title="December 2018 Mogadishu bombing">December 2018 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairobi_DusitD2_complex_attack" title="Nairobi DusitD2 complex attack">Nairobi DusitD2 complex attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairobi_Latema_Road_blast" title="Nairobi Latema Road blast">Nairobi Latema Road blast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_February_2019_Mogadishu_bombing" title="4 February 2019 Mogadishu bombing">4 February 2019 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_February_2019_Mogadishu_bombings" title="28 February 2019 Mogadishu bombings">28 February 2019 Mogadishu bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asasey_Hotel_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Asasey Hotel attack">Asasey Hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22_July_2019_Mogadishu_bombing" title="22 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing">22 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24_July_2019_Mogadishu_bombing" title="24 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing">24 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Kenya_bus_shooting" title="2019 Kenya bus shooting">2019 Kenya bus shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_Mogadishu_bombing" title="December 2019 Mogadishu bombing">December 2019 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Afgooye_bombing" title="2020 Afgooye bombing">2020 Afgooye bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Mogadishu_army_base_bombing" title="2020 Mogadishu army base bombing">2020 Mogadishu army base bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Mogadishu_hotel_attack" title="2020 Mogadishu hotel attack">2020 Mogadishu hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Galkayo_bombing" title="2020 Galkayo bombing">2020 Galkayo bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2021_Mogadishu_bombing" title="March 2021 Mogadishu bombing">March 2021 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_Mogadishu_bombing" title="June 2021 Mogadishu bombing">June 2021 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2021_Mogadishu_bombing" title="November 2021 Mogadishu bombing">November 2021 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Mandera_attack" title="2022 Mandera attack">2022 Mandera attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2022_Beledweyne_bombing" title="February 2022 Beledweyne bombing">February 2022 Beledweyne bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2022_Somalia_attacks" title="March 2022 Somalia attacks">March 2022 Somalia attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2022_Mogadishu_bombing" title="April 2022 Mogadishu bombing">April 2022 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2022_Mogadishu_attack" title="August 2022 Mogadishu attack">August 2022 Mogadishu attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2022_Beledweyne_attack" title="September 2022 Beledweyne attack">September 2022 Beledweyne attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2022_Beledweyne_bombings" title="October 2022 Beledweyne bombings">October 2022 Beledweyne bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kismayo_hotel_attack" title="2022 Kismayo hotel attack">2022 Kismayo hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2022_Mogadishu_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2022 Mogadishu bombings">October 2022 Mogadishu bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Villa_Rossa_Hotel" title="Siege of the Villa Rossa Hotel">Siege of the Villa Rossa Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahas_bombings" title="Mahas bombings">Mahas bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Mogadishu_hotel_attack" title="2023 Mogadishu hotel attack">2023 Mogadishu hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_military_academy_bombing" title="Mogadishu military academy bombing">Mogadishu military academy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Beledweyne_bombing" title="2023 Beledweyne bombing">2023 Beledweyne bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_tea_shop_bombing" title="Mogadishu tea shop bombing">Mogadishu tea shop bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">OEF–HOA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Baraawe_raid" title="2009 Baraawe raid">2009 Baraawe raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulo_Marer_hostage_rescue_attempt" title="Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt">Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_raid_on_Barawe" title="2013 raid on Barawe">2013 raid on Barawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_raid_on_Barii" title="2017 raid on Barii">2017 raid on Barii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Noramfaizul_Mohd_Nor" title="Death of Noramfaizul Mohd Nor">Death of Noramfaizul Mohd Nor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Somalia_Conference" title="London Somalia Conference">London Somalia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdiaziz_Abdinur_Ibrahim_controversy" title="Abdiaziz Abdinur Ibrahim controversy">Abdiaziz Abdinur Ibrahim controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daallo_Airlines_Flight_159" title="Daallo Airlines Flight 159">Daallo Airlines Flight 159</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awdiinle_massacre" title="Awdiinle massacre">Awdiinle massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Robow" title="Mukhtar Robow">Mukhtar Robow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Dhere" title="Ali Dhere">Ali Dhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_Qalaf" title="Fuad Qalaf">Fuad Qalaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/15px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/30px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Islam" title="Hizbul Islam">Hizbul Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Dahir_Aweys" title="Hassan Dahir Aweys">Hassan Dahir Aweys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Abdullah_Hersi_al-Turki" title="Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki">Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Federal Government of Somalia">Federal Government of Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud">Hassan Sheikh Mohamud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Sharmarke" title="Omar Sharmarke">Omar Sharmarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Sheikh_Hassan" title="Mohamed Sheikh Hassan">Mohamed Sheikh Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ahlu_Sunna_Waljama%27a" title="Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a">Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Galmudug" title="Galmudug">Galmudug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdi_Hasan_Awale" title="Abdi Hasan Awale">Abdi Hasan Awale</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Puntland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Puntland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Puntland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puntland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Puntland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Puntland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdiweli_Gaas" title="Abdiweli Gaas">Abdiweli Gaas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> United States <a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">AFRICOM</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/15px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/23px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/30px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in Somalia">Islamic State in Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Previous phase: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_on_terror" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_on_terror" title="Template:War on terror"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_on_terror" title="Template talk:War on terror"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_on_terror" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War on terror"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_on_terror" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2011%E2%80%932016)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–2011) (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_of_terrorism" title="Symbolism of terrorism">Symbolism of terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">ISAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participants_in_Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_bin_Laden" title="Hamza bin Laden">Hamza bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani" title="Jalaluddin Haqqani">Jalaluddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Haqqani" title="Anas Haqqani">Anas Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Haqqani" title="Khalil Haqqani">Khalil Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Saeed" title="Hafiz Saeed">Hafiz Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mohamed_Ahmed_Bahaziq" title="Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq">Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Jihad_al-Islami" title="Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami">Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiyah" title="Jemaah Islamiyah">Jemaah Islamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan" title="Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan">Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Philippines" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines">OEF – Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Train_and_Equip_Program" title="Georgia Train and Equip Program">Georgia Train and Equip Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Sustainment_and_Stability_Operations_Program" title="Georgia Sustainment and Stability Operations Program">Georgia Sustainment and Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">OEF – Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Juniper_Shield" title="Operation Juniper Shield">OEF – Trans Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">Drone strikes in Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Active_Endeavour" title="Operation Active Endeavour">Operation Active Endeavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi" title="Operation Linda Nchi">Operation Linda Nchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Terrorism in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">2007 Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_Memos" title="Torture Memos">Torture Memos</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006" title="Military Commissions Act of 2006">Military Commissions Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2009" title="Military Commissions Act of 2009">Military Commissions Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Surveillance_Program" title="President's Surveillance Program">President's Surveillance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protect_America_Act_of_2007" title="Protect America Act of 2007">Protect America Act of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_Surveillance_Program" title="Terrorist Surveillance Program">Terrorist Surveillance Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant_Status_Review_Tribunal" title="Combatant Status Review Tribunal">Combatant Status Review Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">Criticism of the war on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_black_sites" title="CIA black sites">CIA black sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri">Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">Enhanced interrogation techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_prisoners_of_the_United_States" title="Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States">Extrajudicial prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">Extraordinary rendition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Noble_Eagle" title="Operation Noble Eagle">Operation Noble Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Assist" title="Operation Eagle Assist">Operation Eagle Assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)">Situation Room photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsors of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposition_Matrix" title="Disposition Matrix">Targeted killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killing_in_International_Law" title="Targeted Killing in International Law">Targeted Killing in International Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killings" title="Targeted Killings">Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage_(organisation)" title="Cage (organisation)">CAGE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:War_on_terror" title="Category:War on terror">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror" class="extiw" title="commons:War on terror">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template talk:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Militant Islamism</a> in Sub-Saharan Africa</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Itihaad_al-Islamiya" title="Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya">Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Islam" title="Hizbul Islam">Hizbul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansaru" title="Ansaru">Ansaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Oneness_and_Jihad_in_West_Africa" title="Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa">Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mulathameen" title="Al-Mulathameen">Al-Mulathameen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal_Muslimin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin">Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_Dine" title="Ansar Dine">Ansar Dine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mourabitoun_(militant_group)" title="Al-Mourabitoun (militant group)">Al-Mourabitoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katiba_Macina" title="Katiba Macina">Katiba Macina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansarul_Islam_(Sahel)" title="Ansarul Islam (Sahel)">Ansarul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katibat_Salaheddin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katibat Salaheddin (page does not exist)">Katibat Salaheddin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Sharia_(Mali)" title="Ansar al-Sharia (Mali)">Ansar al-Sharia (Mali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Sharia_(Mauritania)" title="Ansar al-Sharia (Mauritania)">Ansar al-Sharia (Mauritania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces" title="Allied Democratic Forces">Allied Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_the_Greater_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in the Greater Sahara">Islamic State in the Greater Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_West_Africa_Province" title="Islamic State – West Africa Province">Islamic State – West Africa Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_-_Central_Africa_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State - Central Africa Province">Islamic State - Central Africa Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in Somalia">Islamic State in Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_State_-_Mozambique_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic State - Mozambique Province (page does not exist)">Islamic State - Mozambique Province</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(Mozambique)" title="Al-Shabaab (Mozambique)">Ansar al-Sunna (Mozambique)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Yassin_Mohamed" title="Ali Yassin Mohamed">Ali Yassin Mohamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Dahir_Aweys" title="Hassan Dahir Aweys">Hassan Dahir Aweys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_Qalaf" title="Fuad Qalaf">Fuad Qalaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Mumin" title="Abdul Qadir Mumin">Abdul Qadir Mumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokhtar_Belmokhtar" title="Mokhtar Belmokhtar">Mokhtar Belmokhtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelhamid_Abou_Zeid" title="Abdelhamid Abou Zeid">Abou Zeid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelmalek_Droukdel" title="Abdelmalek Droukdel">Abdelmalek Droukdel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Shekau" title="Abubakar Shekau">Abubakar Shekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Umar_Abu_Ubaidah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Umar Abu Ubaidah">Ahmad Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Yusuf_(Boko_Haram)" title="Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)">Mohammed Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyad_Ag_Ghaly" title="Iyad Ag Ghaly">Iyad Ag Ghaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadou_Koufa" title="Amadou Koufa">Amadou Koufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Abu_Walid_al-Sahrawi" title="Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi">Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedane_Ag_Hita" title="Sedane Ag Hita">Sedane Ag Hita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Malam_Dicko" title="Ibrahim Malam Dicko">Ibrahim Malam Dicko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djaffar_Dicko" title="Djaffar Dicko">Djaffar Dicko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Baluku" title="Musa Baluku">Musa Baluku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_the_Sahel" title="Islamist insurgency in the Sahel">Islamist insurgency in the Sahel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso">Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Niger" title="Jihadist insurgency in Niger">Jihadist insurgency in Niger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">Somali Civil War (2009–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Cabo Delgado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism" title="Template:Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li>Militant Islamism in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Template:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Template talk:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">conflicts in Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Egypt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis</a> (2011–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a> (2011–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-coup_unrest_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)">Post-coup unrest</a> (2013–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Terrorism in Egypt</a> (2013–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kufra_conflict" title="2008 Kufra conflict">2008 Kufra conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Libyan crisis (2011–present)">Libyan crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">2011 civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factional_violence_in_Libya_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)">2011–2014 factional violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">2014–2020 civil war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Western Sahara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a> (1970–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">War, 1975–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">Clashes, 2020–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a> (1991–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian revolution</a> (2010–2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Nigeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communal_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Communal conflicts in Nigeria">Communal conflicts in Nigeria</a> (1998–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">Herder–farmer conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Niger Delta conflict</a> (2003–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Niger_Delta_conflict" title="2016 Niger Delta conflict">2016 conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Southeastern_Nigeria" title="Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria">Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria</a> (2021–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Mali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tuareg rebellions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)">1990–1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)">2007–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a> (2012–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Sierra Leone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Liberia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Liberian Civil Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War" title="First Liberian Civil War">1989–1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War" title="Second Liberian Civil War">1999–2003</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Côte d'Ivoire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ivorian Civil Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Ivorian_Civil_War" title="First Ivorian Civil War">2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Ivorian_Civil_War" title="Second Ivorian Civil War">2010–2011</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Civil_War" title="Guinea-Bissau Civil War">Guinea-Bissau Civil War</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Guinea_clashes" title="2013 Guinea clashes">Guinea clashes</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a> (1982–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017_Gambian_constitutional_crisis" title="2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis">2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_military_intervention_in_the_Gambia" title="ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia">ECOWAS military intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Togoland_Rebellion" title="Western Togoland Rebellion">Western Togoland Rebellion</a> (2020–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Angola</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a> (1975–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinda_War" title="Cabinda War">Cabinda War</a> (1975–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">DR Congo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a> (1996–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> (1998–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> (2004–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_conflict" title="Dongo conflict">Dongo conflict</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a> conflict <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">2012–2013 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">2022–2024 offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batwa%E2%80%93Luba_clashes" title="Batwa–Luba clashes">Batwa–Luba clashes</a> (2013–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwina_Nsapu_rebellion" title="Kamwina Nsapu rebellion">Kamwina Nsapu rebellion</a> (2016–2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Republic of the Congo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Civil wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1993%E2%80%931994)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1993–1994)">1993–1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1997%E2%80%931999)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)">1997–1999</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932003_conflict_in_the_Pool_Department" title="2002–2003 conflict in the Pool Department">Pool Department conflict</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_War" title="Pool War">Pool War</a> (2016–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Central African Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Bush_War" title="Central African Republic Bush War">Bush War</a> (2004–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Civil_War" title="Central African Republic Civil War">Civil War (2012–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_conflict_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Central African Republic conflict (2013–2014)">Djotodia period, 2013–2014</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Chad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)">Civil War (2005–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northern_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Northern Chad">Insurgency in Northern Chad</a> (2016–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Northern_Chad_offensive" title="2021 Northern Chad offensive">2021 offensive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglophone_Crisis" title="Anglophone Crisis">Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a> (1987–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Ethiopia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OLA_insurgency" title="OLA insurgency">OLA insurgency, 2018–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ogaden" title="Insurgency in Ogaden">Insurgency in Ogaden</a> (1994–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Afar_insurgency" title="Second Afar insurgency">Second Afar insurgency</a> (1995–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict</a> (2000–2018) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">War, 1998–2000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" title="Afar–Somali clashes">Afar–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benishangul-Gumuz_conflict" title="Benishangul-Gumuz conflict">Benishangul-Gumuz conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromia%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia–Somali clashes">Oromia–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Amhara" title="War in Amhara">War in Amhara</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Somalia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puntland%E2%80%93Somaliland_dispute" title="Puntland–Somaliland dispute">Puntland–Somaliland dispute</a> (1998–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">2009–present phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Piracy off the coast of Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Kenya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_Kenya" title="Ethnic conflicts in Kenya">Ethnic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali%E2%80%93Kenyan_conflict" title="Somali–Kenyan conflict">Somali–Kenyan conflict</a> (1963–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likoni#The_Likoni_Massacres" title="Likoni">Likoni massacres</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Kenyan_crisis" title="2007–2008 Kenyan crisis">Kenyan crisis</a> (2007–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Tana_River_District_clashes" title="2012–2013 Tana River District clashes">2012–2013 Tana River District clashes</a> (2012–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baragoi_clashes" title="Baragoi clashes">Baragoi clashes</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">South Sudan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heglig_Crisis" title="Heglig Crisis">Heglig Crisis</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Nomadic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="South Sudanese Civil War">Civil War</a> (2013–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyei_conflict_(2022%E2%80%932023)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyei conflict (2022–2023)">Abyei conflict (2022–2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Sudan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a> (1983–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a> (2003–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Nomadic conflicts</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile" title="Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile">South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict</a> (2011–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heglig_Crisis" title="Heglig Crisis">Heglig Crisis</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022%E2%80%932023)" title="Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023)">Blue Nile clashes</a> (2022–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Uganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a> (1987–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a> (1996–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasese_clashes" title="Kasese clashes">Kasese clashes</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">genocide</a> (1990–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_Civil_War" title="Djiboutian Civil War">Djiboutian Civil War</a> (1991–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands_conflict" title="Hanish Islands conflict">Hanish Islands conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_invasion_of_Anjouan" title="2008 invasion of Anjouan">2008 invasion of Anjouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian%E2%80%93Eritrean_border_conflict" title="Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict">Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict</a></li> <li>Burundian conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War" title="Burundian Civil War">1993–2005 Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_unrest_(2015%E2%80%932018)" title="Burundian unrest (2015–2018)">2015–2018 unrest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Mozambique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a> (1977–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RENAMO_insurgency_(2013%E2%80%932021)" title="RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)">RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Cabo Delgado</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana crisis</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprivi_conflict" title="Caprivi conflict">Caprivi conflict</a> (1994–1999)</li> <li>Lesothan conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community_intervention_in_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern African Development Community intervention in Lesotho">SADC intervention in Lesotho</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Lesotho_political_crisis" title="2014 Lesotho political crisis">2014 Lesotho political crisis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006–2009)&oldid=1256104510">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_Somalia_(2006–2009)&oldid=1256104510</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="Category:War in Somalia 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