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vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a 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href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-语料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#语料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>语料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-语料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-可能的系属关系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#可能的系属关系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>可能的系属关系</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-可能的系属关系-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关可能的系属关系子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-可能的系属关系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-无法分类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#无法分类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>无法分类</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-无法分类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-突厥语系或阿尔泰语言联盟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#突厥语系或阿尔泰语言联盟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>突厥语系或阿尔泰语言联盟</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-突厥语系或阿尔泰语言联盟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-叶尼塞语系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#叶尼塞语系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>叶尼塞语系</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-叶尼塞语系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-印欧语系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#印欧语系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>印欧语系</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-印欧语系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-乌拉尔语系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#乌拉尔语系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>乌拉尔语系</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-乌拉尔语系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-可能的文字" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#可能的文字"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>可能的文字</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-可能的文字-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-脚注" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#脚注"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>脚注</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-脚注-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参考</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">匈人语</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。30种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_hunu" title="Idioma hunu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma hunu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun_dili" title="Hun dili – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hun dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AC%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="هون تورکجه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هون تورکجه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Хунски език – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хунски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BAnnic" title="Húnnic – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Húnnic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Хун чĕлхи – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хун чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnic_language" title="Hunnic language – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hunnic language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huna_lingvo" title="Huna lingvo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Huna lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_huno" title="Idioma huno – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma huno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunoera" title="Hunoera – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hunoera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnique" title="Hunnique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hunnique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_huna" title="Lingua huna – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua huna" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun_nyelv" title="Hun nyelv – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hun nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_unna" title="Lingua unna – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua unna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="フン語 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フン語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჰუნური ენა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰუნური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xun_tili" title="Xun tili – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Xun tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D2%B1%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Ғұн тілі – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ғұн тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun%C5%B3_kalba" title="Hunų kalba – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hunų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Хунски јазик – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хунски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunisk" title="Hunisk – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hunisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_hu%C5%84ski" title="Język huński – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język huński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_huna" title="Língua huna – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua huna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Гуннский язык – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гуннский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาฮัน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาฮัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunca" title="Hunca – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hunca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun_tele" title="Hun tele – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Hun tele" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Гунська мова – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гунська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xun_tili" title="Xun tili – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xun tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84078810">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="color: black; background-color: white;">匈人语</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><b>区域</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">来自于<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F" title="欧亚大草原">欧亚大草原</a>后入<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%BB%85%E4%BA%A1" title="語言滅亡">滅亡</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">6世纪之后</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%B3%BB%E5%B1%9E%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="语言系属分类">語系</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="text-align:left;">未明，可能是<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="突厥語系">突厥語系</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: white;;">語言代碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/xhc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:xhc">xhc</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>匈人语</b>是历史上<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="匈人帝國">匈人帝国</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA" title="匈人">匈人</a>所使用的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="语言">语言</a>，匈人帝国是异质的多民族部落联盟，4-5世纪间入侵中东欧，并统治的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%98%E8%AF%BA%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="潘诺尼亚平原">潘诺尼亚平原</a>大部。关于该语言的记录非常零散，只有留有少数单词。匈人帝国内部的语言很多样，<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:377</sup>当时学者<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%AB%E6%96%AF" title="普利斯庫斯">普利斯库斯</a>指出，匈人帝国内匈人语、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="哥德语">哥德语</a>和其他被征服部落的语言一起使用。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:382</sup> </p><p>由于没有保留任何匈人语的铭文或整句，该语言的书面证据非常有限，几乎完全是希腊语和拉丁语资料中转写的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E6%9C%89%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="专有名词">专有名词</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:376</sup> </p><p>匈人语目前还无法分类，<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:201</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPronk-Tiethoff2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPronk-Tiethoff2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:58</sup>但由于这些专有名词的来源，可将它与<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="突厥语系">突厥语系</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="蒙古语系">蒙古语系</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E5%B0%BC%E5%A1%9E%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="叶尼塞语系">叶尼塞语系</a>语言相比较。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPronk-Tiethoff2013_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPronk-Tiethoff2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:58</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:30</sup><sup id="cite_ref-#1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>大多数学者支持突厥语。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavelyevJeong2020_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavelyevJeong2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>许多学者认为现有证据不足以确定系属。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="语料"><span id=".E8.AF.AD.E6.96.99"></span>语料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：语料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>当时欧洲匈人的观察家，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%AB%E6%96%AF" title="普利斯庫斯">普利斯库斯</a>和6世纪史学家<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="约达尼斯">约达尼斯</a>记录下来匈人语3个词： </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>在村庄里，我们得到了食物--小米而不是玉米--以及当地人所称的medos。我们的随从得到了小米和一种大麦饮料，野蛮人称之为kamos。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:424</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPronk-Tiethoff2013_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPronk-Tiethoff2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:58</sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>匈人以这样的哀鸣来悼念他[阿提拉]时，在他的坟墓上举行了他们称之为strava的庆祝活动，并大肆欢庆。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:425</sup></p></blockquote> <p>medos是一种类似于<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%82%E8%9C%9C%E9%85%92" title="蜂蜜酒">蜂蜜酒</a>的饮料；kamos是一种<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%A6" title="大麦">大麦</a>饮料；strava是一种<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%AC%E7%A4%BC" title="葬礼">葬礼</a>宴席，这些词都来自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="印欧语系">印欧语系</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:424–426</sup>它们可能是斯拉夫语、日耳曼语和/或伊朗语来源。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:424–426</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPronk-Tiethoff2013_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPronk-Tiethoff2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:58</sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Maenchen-Helfen认为strava可能来自讲斯拉夫语的线人。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:425</sup> </p><p>所有其他匈人语信息都在人名和部落名称中。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:376</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="可能的系属关系"><span id=".E5.8F.AF.E8.83.BD.E7.9A.84.E7.B3.BB.E5.B1.9E.E5.85.B3.E7.B3.BB"></span>可能的系属关系</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：可能的系属关系"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="无法分类"><span id=".E6.97.A0.E6.B3.95.E5.88.86.E7.B1.BB"></span>无法分类</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：无法分类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>鉴于语料库过小，一些学者认为匈人语不可分类。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoerfer1973_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoerfer1973-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:50</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2006_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:136–137</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:201–202</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2006_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:148</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2010_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:209</sup>András Róna-Tas指出，“非常少的信息来源往往是相互矛盾的。”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:208</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="突厥语系或阿尔泰语言联盟"><span id=".E7.AA.81.E5.8E.A5.E8.AF.AD.E7.B3.BB.E6.88.96.E9.98.BF.E5.B0.94.E6.B3.B0.E8.AF.AD.E8.A8.80.E8.81.94.E7.9B.9F"></span>突厥语系或阿尔泰语言联盟</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：突厥语系或阿尔泰语言联盟"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karl Heinrich Menges、Omeljan Pritsak等历史学家和语言学家们认为，这些专有名词只允许将匈人语定为<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%B0%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="阿尔泰语系">阿尔泰语系</a>语言。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenges1995_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenges1995-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:17</sup>虽然Menges对语言证据持保留态度，但他对匈人的看法是：“有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%AD%A6" title="民族学">民族学</a>理由认为他们是突厥人或接近突厥人。”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenges1995_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenges1995-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:17</sup>作为进一步的可能性，Menges认为匈人语可能是<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="蒙古语系">蒙古语系</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1-%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="满-通古斯语系">满-通古斯语系</a>，也可能是介于蒙古语和突厥语间的语言。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenges1995_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenges1995-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:17</sup>Pritsak分析了33个现存已知匈人语人名后得出结论：“它不是突厥语，而是一种介于突厥语和蒙古语间的语言，可能比后者更接近前者。与<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="保加尔语">保加尔语</a>和现代<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="楚瓦什语">楚瓦什语</a>有很强联系，但也与<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="奥斯曼土耳其语">奥斯曼土耳其语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%BA%93%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="雅库特语">雅库特语</a>有词汇和形态上的联系。”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1982_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1982-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:470</sup> </p><p>传统和普遍的观点是，匈奴人和/或匈人是讲突厥语的。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavelyevJeong2020_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavelyevJeong2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Otto Maenchen-Helfen认为，匈人许多部落和专有名词似乎源于突厥语，就表明该语言是突厥语。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:392–411</sup>金尹真同样认为，“从我们所知道的专有名词来看，似乎极有可能大部分人讲突厥语，至少匈人精英主要是讲突厥语的。”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:30</sup><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E8%AF%BA" title="丹尼斯·塞诺">丹尼斯·塞诺</a>虽然不大认可将匈人作为一个整体进行分类，但他指出，部分匈人精英可能讲突厥语，尽管部分匈人的名字不可能是突厥语。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:202</sup>历史学家Peter Heather虽然在1995年支持突厥假说为“最佳假说”，<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather1995_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather1995-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:5</sup>此后却转而表示怀疑，<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2006_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:148</sup>2010年说“事实是我们不知道匈人说什么语言，而且可能永远不会知道。”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2010_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:209</sup>Savelyev和Jeong同样指出，“以前提出的大多数匈人名字的突厥词源远非明确，所以还不能从这类数据中得出定论。”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavelyevJeong2020_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavelyevJeong2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="叶尼塞语系"><span id=".E5.8F.B6.E5.B0.BC.E5.A1.9E.E8.AF.AD.E7.B3.BB"></span>叶尼塞语系</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：叶尼塞语系"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一些学者--最著名的是Lajos Ligeti(1950/51)和<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B2%E7%AB%8B%E6%9C%AC" title="蒲立本">蒲立本</a>(1962)--声称西伯利亚的语言，特别是<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="凯特语">凯特语</a>--<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E5%B0%BC%E5%A1%9E%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="叶尼塞语系">叶尼塞语系</a>的成员--可能是匈奴和/或匈人语的主要来源（甚至可能是语言核心）。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVajda2013_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVajda2013-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:4, 14, 48, 103–6, 108–9, 130–1, 135–6, 182, 204, 263, 286, 310</sup>匈奴语为叶尼塞语系说最早由蒲立本提出，后来由于科特语、Pumpokol词表的完善，亚历山大·沃文利用这些词表进行了更准确的重建，从而加强了这一理论。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>金尹真2013年提出，匈奴人经历了像<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%9F%E5%90%88%E5%8F%B0%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="察合台汗国">察合台汗国</a>那样的语言翻转，在吸收了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E9%9B%B6" title="丁零">丁零</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%95%E5%8B%92" title="敕勒">敕勒</a>人后从叶尼塞语变为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%8F%A4%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="乌古尔语支">乌古尔语支</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:20–30</sup> </p><p>Vajda (et al. 2013)提出，匈人精英讲叶尼塞语，并影响了该地区的其他语言。<sup id="cite_ref-#1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E5%B0%BC%E5%A1%9E%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="叶尼塞人">叶尼塞人</a>后来可能被突厥和蒙古群体同化。 </p><p>Alexander Savelyev和郑聪元批评了蒲立本的叶尼塞说，指出叶尼塞词汇可能来自匈奴人和叶尼塞人都不具备的共享文化词汇。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavelyevJeong2020_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavelyevJeong2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="印欧语系"><span id=".E5.8D.B0.E6.AC.A7.E8.AF.AD.E7.B3.BB"></span>印欧语系</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：印欧语系"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>所有3个被古代文献描述为“匈人语”的词似乎都来自印欧语。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:424–426</sup> </p><p>一些学者认为，一种日耳曼语，可能是<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="哥德语">哥德语</a>，可能与另一种匈人语共存，充当匈人帝国的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="通用语">通用语</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1990_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1990-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:254</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:142</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2010_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:329</sup>Maenchen-Helfen认为medos和kamos这两个词就可能是日耳曼语的。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:424–426</sup>他认为Attila、Bleda、Laudaricus、Onegesius、Ragnaris和Ruga这些人名都是日耳曼语的，<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:386–389</sup>Heather还加上了Scottas和Berichus这两个名字。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:329</sup>金尹真对这样的方法提出质疑，认为有“更可能的突厥语来源”。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:30</sup>在其他地方，他认为匈人名字的日耳曼化可能是帝国西部的匈人精英们一项有意识的政策。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2015_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:111</sup> </p><p>Maenchen-Helfen还将一些名字归类为<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="伊朗语支">伊朗语支</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:390–391</sup>Christopher Atwood认为，作为他提出的“匈”人词源的一种解释，“他们的国家或联盟必须被视为<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="粟特语">粟特语</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="巴克特里亚语">巴克特里亚语</a>[讲伊朗语]领导和组织的结果。”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2012_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:47</sup>匈奴人的对象包括操伊朗语支语言的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%84%E8%94%A1" title="奄蔡">奄蔡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="萨尔马提亚人">萨尔马提亚人</a>，<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:146–167</sup>Maenchen-Helfen认为，伊朗语支名字可能是从波斯人那里借来的，而且不早于5世纪；他认为这意味着<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%84%E8%94%A1" title="奄蔡">奄蔡</a>在阿提拉帝国内部的影响力很小。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:443</sup>金尹真则认为匈人中有许多人讲伊朗语支语言。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2015_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:4, 8</sup> </p><p>strava一词被认为是<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="斯拉夫语族">斯拉夫语族</a>来源，表明匈奴人中存在讲斯拉夫语的人。然而，Peter Heather认为，这个词“当然是一个非常小的桩子，可用来证明本无记载的斯拉夫人在阿提拉帝国中发挥了重要作用的说法。”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2010_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:394</sup>19世纪，一些俄国学者认为，匈人作为一个整体都使用斯拉夫语。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1945_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1945-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:223</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="乌拉尔语系"><span id=".E4.B9.8C.E6.8B.89.E5.B0.94.E8.AF.AD.E7.B3.BB"></span>乌拉尔语系</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：乌拉尔语系"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>19世纪，德国<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%A6" title="汉学">汉学</a>家<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E6%81%92%E5%84%92" class="mw-redirect" title="柯恒儒">柯恒儒</a>认为匈人语属于<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0-%E4%B9%8C%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="芬兰-乌戈尔语族">芬兰-乌戈尔语族</a>，并将他们与古<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%89%8E%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="马扎尔人">马扎尔人</a>相联系。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1997_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1997-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:87–89</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="可能的文字"><span id=".E5.8F.AF.E8.83.BD.E7.9A.84.E6.96.87.E5.AD.97"></span>可能的文字</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：可能的文字"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>匈人语的书面形式是有可能存在的，可能还能从文物中识别出来。普利斯库斯记载，匈人秘书用一份名单读出了逃犯的名字。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:204</sup>Franz Altheim认为这不是希腊语或拉丁语，而是一种类似<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="保加尔人">保加尔人</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%8F%A4%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="乌古尔语支">乌古尔语支</a>的文字。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:204</sup>他认为，这种符文是由匈人从<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A" title="中亚">中亚</a>带入欧洲的，是适应匈人语（乌古尔突厥语）的古<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="粟特字母">粟特字母</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:55, 204</sup>Zacharias Rhetor在507/508 AD写道，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%98%AD_(%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2)" title="阿蘭 (高加索)">阿兰</a>Qardust主教到高加索匈人土地上待了7年，回来时带着用匈人语写的书。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:204</sup>关于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="匈奴">匈奴</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%9C%E5%8D%91" title="鲜卑">鲜卑</a>的符文系统是否真的存在，以及是否是更广泛的欧亚文字的一部分，它们与8世纪产生的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="突厥字母">突厥字母</a>的关系，尚存在一些争议。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:205</sup> </p> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globelang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Globelang.svg/32px-Globelang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Globelang.svg/48px-Globelang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Globelang.svg/64px-Globelang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="178" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Portal:语言">语言主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="脚注"><span id=".E8.84.9A.E6.B3.A8"></span>脚注</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：脚注"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-0"><sup><b>1.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-1"><sup><b>1.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-2"><sup><b>1.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-3"><sup><b>1.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-4"><sup><b>1.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-5"><sup><b>1.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-6"><sup><b>1.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-7"><sup><b>1.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-8"><sup><b>1.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-9"><sup><b>1.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-10"><sup><b>1.10</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-11"><sup><b>1.11</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-12"><sup><b>1.12</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-13"><sup><b>1.13</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973_1-14"><sup><b>1.14</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973">Maenchen-Helfen 1973</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990_2-0"><sup><b>2.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990_2-1"><sup><b>2.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990_2-2"><sup><b>2.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinor1990">Sinor 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPronk-Tiethoff2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPronk-Tiethoff2013_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPronk-Tiethoff2013_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPronk-Tiethoff2013_3-2"><sup><b>3.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPronk-Tiethoff2013_3-3"><sup><b>3.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPronk-Tiethoff2013">Pronk-Tiethoff 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013_4-2"><sup><b>4.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013_4-3"><sup><b>4.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013_4-4"><sup><b>4.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013_4-5"><sup><b>4.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013_4-6"><sup><b>4.6</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013_4-7"><sup><b>4.7</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013_4-8"><sup><b>4.8</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2013">Kim 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_5-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_5-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vajda, Edward J. (2013). Yeniseian Peoples and Languages: A History of Yeniseian Studies with an Annotated Bibliography and a Source Guide. Oxford/New York: Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavelyevJeong2020-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavelyevJeong2020_6-0"><sup><b>6.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavelyevJeong2020_6-1"><sup><b>6.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavelyevJeong2020_6-2"><sup><b>6.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavelyevJeong2020_6-3"><sup><b>6.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSavelyevJeong2020">Savelyev & Jeong 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_M._Schenker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander M. Schenker（页面不存在）">Schenker, Alexander M.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0lzGQgAACAAJ">The Dawn of Slavic: an introduction to Slavic philology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. 1995: 6 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-11-22</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780520015968" title="Special:网络书源/9780520015968"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780520015968</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123083748/https://books.google.hr/books?id=0lzGQgAACAAJ">存档</a>于2015-11-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Alexander+M.&rft.aulast=Schenker&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+of+Slavic%3A+an+introduction+to+Slavic+philology&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780520015968&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0lzGQgAACAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A1bor_V%C3%A9kony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gábor Vékony（页面不存在）">Vékony, Gábor</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/daciansromansrom0000veko">Dacians, Romans, Romanians</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthias_Corvinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthias Corvinus（页面不存在）">Matthias Corvinus</a>. 2000: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/daciansromansrom0000veko/page/236">236</a> <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-03-04</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781882785131" title="Special:网络书源/9781882785131"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9781882785131</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924031853/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/chk/">存档</a>于2015-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rft.aulast=V%C3%A9kony&rft.btitle=Dacians%2C+Romans%2C+Romanians&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781882785131&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Matthias+Corvinus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdaciansromansrom0000veko&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoerfer1973-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoerfer1973_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoerfer1973">Doerfer 1973</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2006-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2006_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden2006">Golden 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2006-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2006_11-0"><sup><b>11.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2006_11-1"><sup><b>11.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2006">Heather 2006</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFHeather2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2010-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2010_12-0"><sup><b>12.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2010_12-1"><sup><b>12.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2010_12-2"><sup><b>12.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2010_12-3"><sup><b>12.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2010">Heather 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRóna-Tas1999">Róna-Tas 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenges1995-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenges1995_14-0"><sup><b>14.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenges1995_14-1"><sup><b>14.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenges1995_14-2"><sup><b>14.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMenges1995">Menges 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1982-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1982_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPritsak1982">Pritsak 1982</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather1995-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather1995_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather1995">Heather 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. G. Pulleyblank, "The consonontal system of old Chinese" [Pt 1], <i>Asia Major</i>, vol. IX (1962), pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVajda2013-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVajda2013_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVajda2013">Vajda 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Vovin, Alexander. Did the Xiong-nu Speak a Yeniseian Language?. Central Asiatic Journal. 2000, <b>44</b> (1): 87–104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Did+the+Xiong-nu+Speak+a+Yeniseian+Language%3F&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.aulast=Vovin&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Central+Asiatic+Journal&rft.pages=87-104&rft.volume=44&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1990-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1990_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1990">Wolfram 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1997">Wolfram 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005_22-0"><sup><b>22.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005_22-1"><sup><b>22.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2015-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2015_23-0"><sup><b>23.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2015_23-1"><sup><b>23.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2015">Kim 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2012-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtwood2012_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtwood2012">Atwood 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1945-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1945_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1945">Maenchen-Helfen 1945</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1997-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1997_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1997">Wright 1997</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83"></span>参考</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：参考"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Atwood, Christopher P. Huns and Xiōngnú: New Thoughts on an Old Problem. Boeck, Brian J.; Martin, Russell E.; Rowland, Daniel (编). Dubitando: Studies in History and Culture in Honor of Donald Ostrowski. Cambridge University Press. 2012: 27–52. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8-9357-404-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8-9357-404-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-8-9357-404-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Huns+and+Xi%C5%8Dngn%C3%BA%3A+New+Thoughts+on+an+Old+Problem&rft.aufirst=Christopher+P.&rft.aulast=Atwood&rft.btitle=Dubitando%3A+Studies+in+History+and+Culture+in+Honor+of+Donald+Ostrowski&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-8-9357-404-8&rft.pages=27-52&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Doerfer, Gerhard. Zur Sprache der Hunnen. Central Asiatic Journal. 1973, <b>17</b> (1): 1–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Zur+Sprache+der+Hunnen&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft.aulast=Doerfer&rft.date=1973&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Central+Asiatic+Journal&rft.pages=1-50&rft.volume=17&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Golden, Peter B. Some Thoughts on the Origins of the Turks and the Shaping of the Turkic Peoples. Mair, Victor H. (编). Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 2006: 136–157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Some+Thoughts+on+the+Origins+of+the+Turks+and+the+Shaping+of+the+Turkic+Peoples&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.btitle=Contact+and+Exchange+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=136-157&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Heather, Peter. The Huns and the End of the Roman Empire in Western Europe. English Historical Review. 1995, <b>90</b> (435): 4–41. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FCX.435.4"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1093/ehr/CX.435.4</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=The+Huns+and+the+End+of+the+Roman+Empire+in+Western+Europe&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=435&rft.jtitle=English+Historical+Review&rft.pages=4-41&rft.volume=90&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FCX.435.4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Heather&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Heather（页面不存在）">Heather, Peter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empiresbarbarian0000heat">Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe</a>. Oxford University Press. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-973560-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-973560-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-19-973560-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.btitle=Empires+and+Barbarians%3A+The+Fall+of+Rome+and+the+Birth+of+Europe&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973560-0&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempiresbarbarian0000heat&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Heather, Peter. The fall of the Roman Empire : a new history of Rome and the barbarians. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005: 146–167. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-515954-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-515954-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-19-515954-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.btitle=The+fall+of+the+Roman+Empire+%3A+a+new+history+of+Rome+and+the+barbarians&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515954-7&rft.pages=146-167&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKim2013" class="citation book">Hyun Jin Kim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC">The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe</a>. Cambridge University Press. 2013 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-02-16</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781107009066" title="Special:网络书源/9781107009066"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9781107009066</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124055230/https://books.google.com/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC">存档</a>于2021-11-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&rft.au=Hyun+Jin+Kim&rft.btitle=The+Huns%2C+Rome+and+the+Birth+of+Europe&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781107009066&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjCpncXFzoFgC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Kim, Hyun Jin. The Huns. Routledge. 2015. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781138841758" title="Special:网络书源/9781138841758"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9781138841758</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Hyun+Jin&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.btitle=The+Huns&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781138841758&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_J._Maenchen-Helfen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen（页面不存在）">Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CrUdgzSICxcC_2">The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. 1973. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780520015968" title="Special:网络书源/9780520015968"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780520015968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Otto+J.&rft.aulast=Maenchen-Helfen&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Huns%3A+Studies+in+Their+History+and+Culture&rft.date=1973&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780520015968&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_CrUdgzSICxcC_2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. Huns and Hsiung-Nu. Byzantion. 1945, <b>17</b>: 222–243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Huns+and+Hsiung-Nu&rft.aufirst=Otto+J.&rft.aulast=Maenchen-Helfen&rft.date=1945&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantion&rft.pages=222-243&rft.volume=17&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Menges, Karl Heinrich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rS8n872Je4MC&pg=PA17">The Turkic Languages and Peoples: An Introduction to Turkic Studies</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 1995 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-02-16</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-447-03533-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-447-03533-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-3-447-03533-0</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204032346/http://books.google.com/books?id=rS8n872Je4MC&pg=PA17">存档</a>于2013-12-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Karl+Heinrich&rft.aulast=Menges&rft.btitle=The+Turkic+Languages+and+Peoples%3A+An+Introduction+to+Turkic+Studies&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-447-03533-0&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrS8n872Je4MC%26pg%3DPA17&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Pohl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Pohl（页面不存在）">Pohl, Walter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe/page/501">Huns</a><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="需要免费注册"><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>. Bowersock, G. W.; Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg (编). Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 1999: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe/page/501">501–502</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-674-51173-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-674-51173-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-674-51173-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Huns&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.btitle=Late+Antiquity%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Postclassical+World&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-674-51173-6&rft.pages=501-502&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flateantiquitygui00bowe%2Fpage%2F501&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omeljan_Pritsak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omeljan Pritsak（页面不存在）">Pritsak, Omeljan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/huri/files/vvi_n4_dec1982.pdf">The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Harvard Ukrainian Studies (Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute（页面不存在）">Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute</a>). 1982, <b>IV</b> (4) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-02-16</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0363-5570"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0363-5570</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161213172602/http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/huri/files/vvi_n4_dec1982.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2016-12-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=The+Hunnic+Language+of+the+Attila+Clan&rft.aufirst=Omeljan&rft.aulast=Pritsak&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0363-5570&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.volume=IV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojects.iq.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fhuri%2Ffiles%2Fvvi_n4_dec1982.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Pronk-Tiethoff, Saskia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0iWLAgAAQBAJ">The Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic</a>. Rodopi. 2013 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-02-16</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789401209847" title="Special:网络书源/9789401209847"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9789401209847</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614105927/https://books.google.com/books?id=0iWLAgAAQBAJ">存档</a>于2021-06-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Saskia&rft.aulast=Pronk-Tiethoff&rft.btitle=The+Germanic+loanwords+in+Proto-Slavic&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789401209847&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0iWLAgAAQBAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Róna-Tas, András. Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History. Budapest: Central European University Press. 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A1s&rft.aulast=R%C3%B3na-Tas&rft.btitle=Hungarians+and+Europe+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages%3A+An+Introduction+to+Early+Hungarian+History&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Savelyev, Alexander; Jeong, Choongwon. Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West. Evolutionary Human Sciences (Cambridge University Press (CUP)). 2020, <b>2</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2513-843X"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 2513-843X</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fehs.2020.18"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.18</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Early+nomads+of+the+Eastern+Steppe+and+their+tentative+connections+in+the+West&rft.au=Jeong%2C+Choongwon&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.aulast=Savelyev&rft.date=2020&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=2513-843X&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Human+Sciences&rft.volume=2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fehs.2020.18&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Sinor, Denis. The Hun Period. Sinor, Denis (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC">The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia</a> 1. publ. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Press. 1990: 177–203 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-02-16</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521243049" title="Special:网络书源/9780521243049"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780521243049</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403001809/https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC">存档</a>于2017-04-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=The+Hun+Period&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.aulast=Sinor&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+early+Inner+Asia&rft.date=1990&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9780521243049&rft.pages=177-203&rft.place=Cambridge+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DST6TRNuWmHsC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Wolfram, Herwig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xsQxcJvaLjAC">History of the Goths</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. 1990 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-02-16</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-5200-6983-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-5200-6983-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-5200-6983-1</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702065325/https://books.google.com/books?id=xsQxcJvaLjAC">存档</a>于2019-07-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Goths&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-5200-6983-1&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxsQxcJvaLjAC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herwig_Wolfram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herwig Wolfram（页面不存在）">Wolfram, Herwig</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tOnQDfRU-poC">The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. 1997: 142 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-02-16</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-5200-8511-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-5200-8511-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-5200-8511-4</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702061359/https://books.google.com/books?id=tOnQDfRU-poC">存档</a>于2019-07-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+and+Its+Germanic+Peoples&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-5200-8511-4&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtOnQDfRU-poC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Vajda, Edward J. Yeniseian Peoples and Languages: A History of Yeniseian Studies with an Annotated Bibliography and a Source Guide. Oxford/New York: Routledge. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft.aulast=Vajda&rft.btitle=Yeniseian+Peoples+and+Languages%3A+A+History+of+Yeniseian+Studies+with+an+Annotated+Bibliography+and+a+Source+Guide&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Oxford%2FNew+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Wright, David Curtis. The Hsiung-Nu-Hun Equation Revisited. Eurasian Studies Yearbook. 1997, <b>69</b>: 77–112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=The+Hsiung-Nu-Hun+Equation+Revisited&rft.aufirst=David+Curtis&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasian+Studies+Yearbook&rft.pages=77-112&rft.volume=69&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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<li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%AD%9C%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="乌孜别克语">乌孜别克语</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="南乌兹别克语">南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="北乌兹别克语">北</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%8A%AA%E8%AF%AD" title="艾努语">艾努语</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="土尔克语">伊犁土尔克语</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li>已消亡 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E8%AF%AD" title="喀喇汗语">喀喇汗語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%89%8C%E5%AD%90%E6%A8%A1%E8%AA%9E_(%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E)" title="花剌子模語 (突厥語)">花剌子模突厥語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%9F%E5%90%88%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E" title="察合台語">察合台語</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A6%E5%AF%9F%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="钦察语支">欽察語支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%90%E5%A4%A7%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F" title="東歐大草原">旁狄-裏海</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E9%9F%83%E9%9D%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="克里米亞韃靼語">克里米亞韃靼語</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E6%81%B0%E4%BC%8A-%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="卡拉恰伊-巴尔卡尔语">卡拉恰伊-巴尔卡尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%8A%E5%A7%86%E8%AA%9E" title="卡拉伊姆語">卡拉伊姆語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A7%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="克里姆查克语">克里木察克語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="庫梅克語">庫梅克語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E5%A7%86%E8%AF%AD" title="乌鲁姆语">乌鲁姆语</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li>已消亡 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A6%E5%AF%9F%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="钦察语支">欽察語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%AC%BD%E5%AF%9F%E8%AA%9E" title="亞美尼亞欽察語">亞美尼亞-欽察語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%9C%A8%E8%B7%AF%E5%85%8B-%E6%AC%BD%E5%AF%9F%E8%AA%9E" title="馬木路克-欽察語">馬木路克-欽察語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="庫曼語">庫曼語</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%B9%E6%B5%B7" title="鹹海">鹹海</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%8F%E6%B5%B7" title="裏海">裏海</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%95%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="卡拉卡尔帕克语">卡拉卡尔帕克语</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="哈萨克语">哈萨克语</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B%E5%AD%9C%E8%AF%AD" title="柯尔克孜语">柯尔克孜语</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%93%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="諾蓋語">諾蓋語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%9E%91%E9%9D%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="西伯利亚鞑靼语">西伯利亞韃靼語</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴拉巴語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Baraba language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴拉巴語（页面不存在）">巴拉巴語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraba_language" class="extiw" title="en:Baraba language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Baraba language</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E6%B3%B0%E8%AA%9E" title="阿爾泰語">阿爾泰語</a></li> <li>已消亡 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E7%88%BE%E5%B9%B2%E7%B4%8D-%E6%AC%BD%E5%AF%9F%E8%AA%9E" title="費爾干納-欽察語">費爾干納-欽察語</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="乌拉尔山脉">乌拉尔</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%8F%E6%B5%B7" title="裏海">裏海</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BB%80%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="巴什基尔语">巴什基尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%91%E9%9D%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="鞑靼语">鞑靼语</a></li> <li>已消亡 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%9F%83%E9%9D%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="古韃靼語">古韃靼語</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="烏古斯語支">烏古斯語支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A4%AB%E6%B2%99%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="阿夫沙爾語">阿夫沙爾語</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86%E8%AF%AD" title="阿塞拜疆语">阿塞拜疆语</a></b> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="薩爾楚克語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Salchuq language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E6%A5%9A%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薩爾楚克語（页面不存在）">薩爾楚克語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salchuq_language" class="extiw" title="en:Salchuq language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Salchuq language</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="恰哈瑪哈勒突厥語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chaharmahali Turkic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%B0%E5%93%88%E7%91%AA%E5%93%88%E5%8B%92%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恰哈瑪哈勒突厥語（页面不存在）">恰哈瑪哈勒突厥語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turkic" class="extiw" title="en:Chaharmahali Turkic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chaharmahali Turkic</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%91%8A%E8%8C%B2%E8%AA%9E" title="加告茲語">加告茲語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E7%BE%85%E7%8F%8A%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="呼羅珊突厥語">呼羅珊突厥語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E4%BB%80%E5%8A%A0%E8%AA%9E" title="卡什加語">卡什加語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="魯米利亞突厥語">魯米利亞突厥語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="撒拉语">撒拉语</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="土耳其语">土耳其语</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="土库曼语">土库曼语</a></b></li> <li>已消亡 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%88%87%E6%B6%85%E6%A0%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="佩切涅格語">佩切涅格語</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="舊安那托利亞土耳其語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Old Anatolian Turkish"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%8A%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E6%89%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="舊安那托利亞土耳其語（页面不存在）">舊安那托利亞土耳其語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Anatolian_Turkish" class="extiw" title="en:Old Anatolian Turkish"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Old Anatolian Turkish</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿傑姆突厥語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ajem-Turkic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%82%91%E5%A7%86%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿傑姆突厥語（页面不存在）">阿傑姆突厥語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajem-Turkic" class="extiw" title="en:Ajem-Turkic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ajem-Turkic</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="奥斯曼土耳其语">奥斯曼土耳其语</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="西伯利亞語支">西伯利亞語支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E5%88%A9%E5%A7%86%E8%AA%9E" title="楚利姆語">楚利姆語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2%E8%AF%AD" title="多尔干语">多尔干语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E8%A3%95%E6%9F%AF%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B%E5%AD%9C%E8%AF%AD" title="富裕柯尔克孜语">富裕柯尔克孜语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="哈卡斯语">哈卡斯语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%B5%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="邵爾語">邵爾語</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="索尤特語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soyot-Tsaatan language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%A4%E7%89%B9%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="索尤特語（页面不存在）">索尤特語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyot-Tsaatan_language" class="extiw" title="en:Soyot-Tsaatan language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soyot-Tsaatan language</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" title="托法語">托法語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E7%93%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="图瓦语">图瓦语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E7%BA%A5%E4%B9%8C%E6%A2%81%E6%B5%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="回纥乌梁海语">圖哈語</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%BA%93%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="雅库特语">雅库特语</a>（萨哈语）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A8%E8%A3%95%E5%9B%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="西部裕固语">西部裕固语</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li>已消亡 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%82%E5%B0%94%E6%B5%91%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="鄂尔浑突厥语">鄂爾渾突厥语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="古代突厥語">古代突厥語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E9%B9%98%E8%AF%AD" title="回鹘语">回鹘语</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%8F%A4%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="乌古尔语支">乌古尔语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E" title="楚瓦什語">楚瓦什語</a></li> <li>已消亡 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="保加尔语">保加尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%96%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="可薩語">可薩語</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E8%AF%AD" title="混合语">混合语</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>2</small></sup></span> 分類爭議</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" 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