CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.niemanlab.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '92b194f7ef49fd67',cH: 'NTCel2ZQtNUHle_0Lt.JuRqVYIZHjY0Qy9edaPol9jo-1743777847-1.2.1.1-dcaf4KGSSp6crhRi9e3EWYaAE3aLS5IZoKJG8_4By3ZnHEiKEBXnAut9dUuu_Khk',cUPMDTk: "\/archives\/?__cf_chl_tk=7eWgXFXN.o0EnBYLRLb8FXKJrC2ECLxyFgxkeOyxd3I-1743777847-1.0.1.1-bny4woUQhCvH35d1aUM1dPBils6VOSfy8GddTA.9GBs",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1743777847',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/archives\/?__cf_chl_f_tk=7eWgXFXN.o0EnBYLRLb8FXKJrC2ECLxyFgxkeOyxd3I-1743777847-1.0.1.1-bny4woUQhCvH35d1aUM1dPBils6VOSfy8GddTA.9GBs",md: "4xlnt1gPyeIkwc3KRLUYhGBc00SLtQxndw_RxbKJC8Y-1743777847-1.2.1.1-QNVfR2T4HW4ITWAWcr1BdR_RnvBzRV0JEy8dsxTCMEUa2eI2IYNJvf6bxntTzJt5eogfFAwcEsz6fC7J3lrjMsPFjiZBoYhLs3g.HF17Va584RUMC_aYeQArrbvZhqyd7Lm9wLssjtS_dziJv.ZNPDclsiYaUraFInc3_npE_Z7NkE2wRDEHjsWG3BTr.17RX4s2wHwRhBLKSQohGmjQrj4CfI.H_StpU2AhQEevC0rr2oLHh8UkiW4Ck8al8KQeTku1kh369ExTn1_eslPsUT1eOiIfhnkxrpk1LDgPugtQHSvEyFXZ0M6LZKC8YmDPUOWfV9N1WVUU0OKU8SNInq1I3K0CSAeMAOTR9MxzwYI.nh5_IsRmfCexbVmFWGfDstpep7185gp6UQd_7BL3GudIgx5SW8oNImVMkcTLcxlCGd3b7p.0XRZORgHIlU8TABaz4QK5FlDRY77jPOe6yO7QwDbvW_kPdjxxUYCHdq4PTcxRJwCG3UqcC3L3RU1CGYw0183pxivn61.8oVXNAr08x43VQUcvPh5WAiE7BnIOTlnGhwzMC1saW3zpXj_CZ7kQd5YaVc4HtmVD_g_NYEaLRZ8CGj3GnkfzpESOz85pU3PMCQ.mBziwX2QEbi60ioWdEp77P2GhA_epFYgyiKmZLIwnTtVWxTvxGt.HXVYxQT9wcJ4Ruw76FUuuBgFCLC7yfTJLUdGYQCcfw8xfy9Nu8mAbUayGLtQzxsxHeahUf97mVAt.rn5bRvHzmOIVhDJbfd5G0oXoTQR_F0DTzM116rnkqpHOAxtxZ.I2uRNcgY1aMzLTs5taWUT7YwOSTfaGQ0IT1tGpyMJgj.liIgVJxSzZ9UpHk4cBAhxhHetkz2Qkb3.SjG4LE2Z44Wc02qXNOR26mZ0YK8pTJAavqAL9kT6Ptt28ufz9hyTPEPHV5oPkzrCysbcTd3bBnppLLz4ut5UAv4KyuBuqvxV7aTv3SJ9ZACP8Ah5N313jEYbbfboGBq9ucIhei9DpxLKRt.gNqcZTPtp94iiVkm26dsStHKwLyIkpiNwmz0qCAzo3Ajw6fplPPW5ZHe4XgFU1P3vtI_By92_geJhL3alZzw",mdrd: "Mps4lPxIBTiDS1EsiIe8L0mUks5I1VtrrbViRtebMUE-1743777847-1.2.1.1-PczzKtBkMSqEnEJ1NRNX2rwRfxGzL5fxMQ.9mPoES42j8LznOcW4XTN.ROVSe2Pq0U8I4jj_VOdd0Io6Bud7GODiThqAK_xtXzV.Qxy10PP44yunWGdQPoZT2ftYB6oW7n9XYeMksyOHFu5zLVzuVBp90ZcXy6zWU54six4AFd4g0YocUJ4ovhkCxKl.Wh.ejyIeBoIUomGNSoFeJ1j0fqRRB5ul_7YHwx18C8HCZ2q8yZI_dSqnvW.v3FdbpKtC8CiDzJvyPRozV1Bn8J8wcekz1TZuLaFiIFurDmIc1M02tqxNJ7uwa.i1BPv7RRTRQNh01Vb0XbLB7bxOHQfv_fgPxJ3yXQiPZPLuWZUy_Yqhra4gAP2T6PM2Z_OeApRjjTj5wmtfzWVZ.bGKH4rsSiinZmbusckk7sVzI529nsjrvpk3UQRssGHywYsKa_qUaln8LH.SjWE06g1tcniyomMmiRIN.Uh_iCYIZghU7INTbYnv6pYBGm1DmHNoodNnV0fjY0t7Uqd32Iqlh0RAsa2xwgQ41BacVcXwp4KDmwwwR5Q3TVPotBUjV0liw1lr9tyVMXlCvyTblgcpepn_GRUCFyePBcATMwxgsSgQDpMUV1mxgFmedEpP26KYbQFp4PcWOnztYzKsYHytcEPkZ2SMvw.sQ.KWkxzxArlPST9zmFWekG98b6AZlH06XmuRnbvVx2Q4AfwG.T4pi_iuJWeEnqwjfhJY4ABMU8WE9TNBiybwc6y4tX_MpnuTZwR3UbN5hJFZrZ9I7UCX7yLDtWgm_6bETjYlAzja40W.cwTnrgMMW8.nh6hTW0IoBWBTRCVOBCS0DU087QtqQAm6xx.rGYmWyZX4nPeu2gajO.rN7nRMk_gikbufCU8F3A8PA3On3dVLUrjZR4AKP50.xatkd99VRnkcTsfqsIFiHD.tkhWKVhU3ChHbq7Ss8MWvtUATvAyGPekrMrRfqAwWKGqkY41INU6a08Ft9I58ObbQScAW.Qi5iXNLNq_VuP5iqGxIBAiF4XOC2yJxFiCLcZkxUeHCSoJRcUyzLqCpeFjncUiFyzAow7LyI.VRmmvwGVhpKCJkmwjfb5u94RLx3KrZbJjTMrfi3WoXNC2p3pHJvFbhpHpzKf9Ir0jlLYdFrqRW5WckcRmoV5rMVMMMEItaIdWgOd.zYorhKWg7BZgSs9NoAqOMrOSel9xm2TDVyjs9yAMvO2E23dZNOGZjl_TGFQtLM10nSJH2cjd7ukQziFuWKRbqhlmXeCJLKjVnfQAFgL.gpapjcRzv4nZfyyddTOy13FpDTzbDFuuRIeg6SwqV2hVDhBOFNW3II8By7CiROG6.YMbI1Z48jgkX9YrV6L0c9NWWUK.S5LRfaH6SqpX3LmI3xwtgQcqyi4X3xYhPtVACyX3f2o5GEwznsS9D_..yzLR3YwpP5ZP0LhrOY2YqTXlgmXTEym3X47C5jYajADU4aRjzN6VOEmA4QlZSOdmf1IsmPv.eQ_rM5H30UPv6Df9F29q5S7C61_Wg5N6nfIrMyyn4R4LZgPLRCtRXl2wSWWNycB3m.E1Chy6vBeH4d1PUOLotTlNEOW.6tc2oAppZuDAhGSWeYlpGbH3X.FirjZHHYIZiggWadHN1jnMtJxjbdolGcDnDf7cx4p0bzmwsKXCLpi0cLzXx1n56n0FyJVvGS.drPSm2A.GRfxAANIbdE4yLDWvMmU7ZxuKVHcnVzWjA2G8wSla7okvtMkUfrA6kUFK.R8_WP_NN1VWqtRdVg48_LeWw6gavFmmmiI3Kl4NI.vGIFqsrNKEcSHdpJu9dPi8HgD4gsN5VAhuZOKUvhwGHp.5tK5zw9owIMuzYW_XGiiwASXB21Xc.wlExytZ7UYyPMc6zEl6k6HnXaztUUD.CCM8WbiDecCEJTV9I3sOF6G2aKg0Ucu4y7SA6.OJgbKqEoJSHV9NiLV52M0RAAZ8nWq2y9F2b3erl7DiYO8JJyqoYU_ByXvdVoA.6yOtiqP6REyKBR4_K_g0szc9ASZVvK5A2nJrFlblCSshvGsP4dq9NU3tcKzlJuW0PqTPk.hgU1j9ZkTc"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=92b194f7ef49fd67';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/archives\/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=7eWgXFXN.o0EnBYLRLb8FXKJrC2ECLxyFgxkeOyxd3I-1743777847-1.0.1.1-bny4woUQhCvH35d1aUM1dPBils6VOSfy8GddTA.9GBs" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>