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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Canadian-American photographer</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">William Rulofson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:William_H_Rulofson_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/William_H_Rulofson_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-William_H_Rulofson_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/William_H_Rulofson_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-William_H_Rulofson_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/William_H_Rulofson_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-William_H_Rulofson_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="673" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1826-09-27</span>)</span>September 27, 1826<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_New_Brunswick" title="Hampton, New Brunswick">Hampton, New Brunswick</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 2, 1878<span style="display:none">(1878-11-02)</span> (aged 52)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, California, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Canadian-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian-American">Canadian-American</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Photography</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Amelia</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elected</th><td class="infobox-data org"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>President - <a href="/wiki/National_Photographic_Association_of_the_United_States" title="National Photographic Association of the United States">National Photographic Association</a></li> <li>Official Photographer - <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Club" title="Bohemian Club">Bohemian Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William Herman Rulofson</b> (September 27, 1826 – November 2, 1878)<sup id="cite_ref-Haas1955_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haas1955-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 289">: 289 </span></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Canadian-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian-American">Canadian-American</a> <a href="/wiki/Photographer" title="Photographer">photographer</a>, who along with his partner, <a href="/wiki/H._W._Bradley" title="H. W. Bradley">H. W. Bradley</a>, was considered one of the leading photographers in the city of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco, California</a>. He was also the brother of <a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Rulloff" title="Edward H. Rulloff">Edward H. Rulloff</a>, a notorious murderer who was hanged for his crime in 1871. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Rulofson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rulofson was the youngest of six brothers in <a href="/wiki/Hampton,_New_Brunswick" title="Hampton, New Brunswick">Hampton, New Brunswick</a>, Canada, three of whom survived past childhood. His father, also named William Herman, died while Rulofson was still an infant, and his mother, Priscilla Amelia Howard, was the granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Lightfoot" title="Hannah Lightfoot">Hannah Lightfoot</a>, who was alleged to have been the first wife of King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>. The Rulofson family had emigrated from Denmark to New York in the early 18th century. Loyalists during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, they relocated to New Brunswick in 1781. As a teenager, Rulofson learned how to take <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotypes</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Apprentice" class="mw-redirect" title="Apprentice">apprentice</a> to a relative who was one of the earliest daguerreotypists in <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haas1955_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haas1955-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 289–91">: 289–91 </span></sup> </p><p>By 1846, he was traveling across North America and Europe to gain additional training in his craft. During this period, he was a passenger on <a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Britain" title="SS Great Britain">SS <i>Great Britain</i></a> when it was shipwrecked off the coast of Northern Ireland. He was able to use his skills to earn enough money to return home, where he married Amelia Violet Currie. Their first son William Howard was born in 1848. Later that year, he left his family and came to <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> during the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">Gold Rush</a>, arriving in San Francisco in June 1849. In 1850, he journeyed back across the U.S. to <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> to meet his wife and son, who had been making their way west. The reunited family then returned to Sonora.<sup id="cite_ref-Haas1955_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haas1955-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 291–93">: 291–93 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Rulofson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rulofson_and_Cameron_mobile_daguerreotype_studio.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rulofson_and_Cameron_mobile_daguerreotype_studio.png/220px-Rulofson_and_Cameron_mobile_daguerreotype_studio.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rulofson_and_Cameron_mobile_daguerreotype_studio.png/330px-Rulofson_and_Cameron_mobile_daguerreotype_studio.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rulofson_and_Cameron_mobile_daguerreotype_studio.png/440px-Rulofson_and_Cameron_mobile_daguerreotype_studio.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Mobile daguerreotype studio of William Rulofson and John Cameron</figcaption></figure> <p>In Sonora, Rulofson established the first permanent photograph gallery in the state<sup id="cite_ref-acrbio_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acrbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and plied his trade with a traveling daguerreotype wagon with partner <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_B._Cameron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John B. Cameron (page does not exist)">John B. Cameron</a>, taking portraits of miners. His work was highly regarded, with newspaper articles praising his skill.<sup id="cite_ref-Haas1955_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haas1955-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 293">: 293 </span></sup> The mobile nature of his studio proved to be very useful, for at one time, the city of Sonora was destroyed by fire, but he and Cameron simply yoked a team of oxen to pull it to safety.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1857, he bought out Cameron to become the sole proprietor of his business, which was destroyed in another fire in 1860. However, he had been successful enough to be able to afford to rebuild it.<sup id="cite_ref-Haas1955_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haas1955-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 294">: 294 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1863, Rulofson moved to San Francisco and joined Bradley's studio,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which soon became very well-respected. In addition to being technically proficient, Rulofson had a knack for business, growing the studio with plenty of advertising, as well as supplying prints to newspapers in exchange for bylines.<sup id="cite_ref-Haas1955_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haas1955-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 296">: 296 </span></sup> The pair were responsible for numerous portraits of leading Californians and also were noted for publishing the works of <a href="/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge" title="Eadweard Muybridge">Eadweard Muybridge</a>. He even testified on Muybridge's behalf when the latter was on trial for the murder of his wife's lover (he was acquitted, the act having been ruled as <a href="/wiki/Justifiable_homicide" title="Justifiable homicide">justifiable homicide</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-rogue_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rogue-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rulofson's photographic talent was renowned. In 1873, he won gold prize at a competition in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, and he was also elected president of the <a href="/wiki/National_Photographic_Association_of_the_United_States" title="National Photographic Association of the United States">National Photographic Association</a> in 1874. He was also a founding member as well as the official photographer of the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Club" title="Bohemian Club">Bohemian Club</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rogue_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rogue-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On one occasion, when taking official photographs of the fortress <a href="/wiki/Alcatraz_Island" title="Alcatraz Island">Alcatraz Island</a> for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">Department of War</a>, he was arrested as a <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> spy but was released.<sup id="cite_ref-acrbio_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acrbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rulofson also gained notoriety for his role in the publication of the <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirical</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Dance_of_Death_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Dance of Death (book) (page does not exist)">The Dance of Death</a></i>. Written by <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Bierce" title="Ambrose Bierce">Ambrose Bierce</a> with Rulofson's son-in-law [mThomas A. Harcourt and released under the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> "William Herman", the book describes the "intolerable nastiness" of the <a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">waltz</a>. A man engaged in the dance is described: "his eyes, gleaming with a fierce intolerable lust, gloat <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyr</a>-like over [his partner]."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bierce later said, "Rulofson ... suggested the scheme and supplied the sinews of sin." Rulofson himself said of the book, "I have shown society what a loathsome ulcer festers in its midst."<sup id="cite_ref-rogue_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rogue-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Rulofson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the years, Rulofson and his wife had five children. After Amelia's death in 1867, Rulofson married Mary Jane Morgan, who was 18 years younger than him and who had been working as a <a href="/wiki/Secretary" title="Secretary">secretary</a> in the photography studio.<sup id="cite_ref-Haas1955_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haas1955-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 296">: 296 </span></sup> They also had five children together. Morgan apparently had an eye for the art and was influential in many of his works, although she was never credited as photographer. After Rulofson's death, Morgan took control of his share of the studio, remaining in charge until 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rulofson was rumored to have a vicious temper. He became estranged from his second son, who went to sea after Amelia's death "to escape the severity of his father's punishment". Upon his return at age 19, father and son agreed that the boy would be adopted by the ship's captain. The children from his first marriage did not appear to take well to his second marriage, as Morgan was of their generation.<sup id="cite_ref-Haas1956_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haas1956-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47">: 47 </span></sup> During one dispute, the youngest daughter of his first marriage died, apparently killed by her half-brother Charles.<sup id="cite_ref-rogue_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rogue-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William Rulofson died on November 2, 1878, after falling from the roof of the Bradley & Rulofson studio in San Francisco. According to a report by <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, he was heard to have exclaimed, "I am killed" during the descent.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Rulofson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He sold the Sonora studio in 1865 and under various owners, it remained in business until 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-Haas1955_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haas1955-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 295">: 295 </span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Rulofson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Haas1955-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haas1955_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haas1955_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haas1955_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haas1955_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haas1955_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haas1955_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haas1955_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haas1955_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHaas1955" class="citation journal cs1">Haas, Robert Bartlett (1955). "William Herman Rulofson: Pioneer Daguerreotypist and Photographic Educator". <i>California Historical Society Quarterly</i>. <b>34</b> (4): 289–300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25155010">10.2307/25155010</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25155010">25155010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Historical+Society+Quarterly&rft.atitle=William+Herman+Rulofson%3A+Pioneer+Daguerreotypist+and+Photographic+Educator&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=289-300&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25155010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25155010%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=Robert+Bartlett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Rulofson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-acrbio-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-acrbio_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-acrbio_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Alfred C. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgenealogy.com/sf/bio4.htm">the original</a> on April 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alfred+C.+Rulofson&rft.btitle=Pacific+Coast+and+Exposition+Biographies&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Chronicle+Publishing&rft.date=1914&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgenealogy.com%2Fsf%2Fbio4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Rulofson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbiagazette.com/daguerrean.htm">"COLUMBIA PHOTOGRAPHERS"</a>. Columbia Booksellers & Stationers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COLUMBIA+PHOTOGRAPHERS&rft.pub=Columbia+Booksellers+%26+Stationers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbiagazette.com%2Fdaguerrean.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Rulofson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rogue-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rogue_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rogue_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rogue_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rogue_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2003" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Richard W. (2003). "Prologue: Guilty Secrets". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/0472113372-pro.pdf"><i>Rogue Scholar: The Sinister Life and Celebrated Death of Edward H. Rulloff</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Michigan Press. pp. 4–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prologue%3A+Guilty+Secrets&rft.btitle=Rogue+Scholar%3A+The+Sinister+Life+and+Celebrated+Death+of+Edward+H.+Rulloff&rft.pages=4-7&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.umich.edu%2Fpdf%2F0472113372-pro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Rulofson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://familygrove.webjaw.com/?p=7">"Rulofson-Morgan Connection"</a>. Family Grove. May 7, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rulofson-Morgan+Connection&rft.pub=Family+Grove&rft.date=2006-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffamilygrove.webjaw.com%2F%3Fp%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Rulofson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman1877" class="citation book cs1">Herman, William (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dancedeath00rulogoog"><i>The Dance of Death</i></a>. H. Keller & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dancedeath00rulogoog/page/n28">24</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dance+of+Death&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=H.+Keller+%26+Co.&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdancedeath00rulogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Rulofson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070712011859/http://www.shapingsf.org/ezine/womens/postgrph/main.html">"Women's Photography After the Gold Rush"</a>. Shaping San Francisco. 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"William Herman Rulofson: Pioneer Daguerreotypist and Photographic Educator (Concluded)". <i>California Historical Society Quarterly</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 47–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25155033">10.2307/25155033</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25155033">25155033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Historical+Society+Quarterly&rft.atitle=William+Herman+Rulofson%3A+Pioneer+Daguerreotypist+and+Photographic+Educator+%28Concluded%29&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-58&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25155033&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25155033%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=Robert+Bartlett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Rulofson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1878/11/11/80735129.pdf">"WILLIAM H. RULOFSON'S FATAL FALL"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. November 11, 1878.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=WILLIAM+H.+RULOFSON%27S+FATAL+FALL&rft.date=1878-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1878%2F11%2F11%2F80735129.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Rulofson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Rulofson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:William_Rulofson" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:William Rulofson">William Rulofson</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman1877" class="citation book cs1">Herman, William (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dancedeath00rulogoog"><i>The Dance of Death</i></a>. 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