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Cabeiri - Wikipedia
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</button> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depiction_in_literary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depiction_in_literary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Depiction in literary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="toc-Thebes_in_Boeotia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Myth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A_(%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%84%D9%8A)" title="كابيري (آلهة العالم السفلي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كابيري (آلهة العالم السفلي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Кабири – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кабири" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabirs" title="Cabirs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cabirs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabeirov%C3%A9" title="Kabeirové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kabeirové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabiren" title="Kabiren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kabiren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Κάβειροι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάβειροι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabiros" title="Cabiros – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cabiros" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabeiroj" title="Kabeiroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kabeiroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اسرار کابیریان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسرار کابیریان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabires" title="Cabires – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cabires" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կաբիրաներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաբիրաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabiroi" title="Kabiroi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kabiroi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabiri" title="Cabiri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cabiri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabeirai" title="Kabeirai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kabeirai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabeiren" title="Cabeiren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cabeiren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%99%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9" title="カベイロス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カベイロス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabirowie" title="Kabirowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kabirowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabiros" title="Cabiros – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cabiros" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Кабиры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кабиры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabirer" title="Kabirer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kabirer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabeiroi" title="Kabeiroi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kabeiroi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Кабіри – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кабіри" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Greek divinities</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cabiri" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cabiri_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cabiri (disambiguation)">Cabiri (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Samothrace_Louvre_Ma697.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Relief_Samothrace_Louvre_Ma697.jpg/250px-Relief_Samothrace_Louvre_Ma697.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Relief_Samothrace_Louvre_Ma697.jpg/330px-Relief_Samothrace_Louvre_Ma697.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Relief_Samothrace_Louvre_Ma697.jpg/500px-Relief_Samothrace_Louvre_Ma697.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="2260" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talthybius" title="Talthybius">Talthybius</a> and Epeius, relief from <a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a>, ca. 560 BC, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the <b>Cabeiri</b> or <b>Cabiri</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Κάβειροι</span>, <i>Kábeiroi</i>), also transliterated <b>Kabeiri</b> or <b>Kabiri</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were a group of enigmatic <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">chthonic</a> deities. They were worshipped in a <a href="/wiki/Mystery_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystery cult">mystery cult</a> closely associated with that of <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a>, centered in the north <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean Islands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a>—at the <a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace temple complex</a>—and at <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their distant origins the Cabeiri and the Samothracian gods may include pre-Greek elements,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or other non-Greek elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenians" title="Tyrrhenians">Tyrrhenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelasgian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelasgian">Pelasgian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lemnian_language" title="Lemnian language">Lemnian</a> cult was always local to Lemnos, but the Samothracian mystery cult spread rapidly throughout the Greek world during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic</a> period, eventually initiating <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>. </p><p>The ancient sources disagree about whether the deities of Samothrace were Cabeiri or not; and the accounts of the two cults differ in detail. But the two islands are close to each other, at the northern end of the Aegean, and the cults are at least similar, and neither fits easily into the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic gods">Olympic pantheon</a>: the Cabeiri were given a mythic genealogy as sons of Hephaestus and <a href="/wiki/Cabeiro" title="Cabeiro">Cabeiro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accounts of the Samothracian gods, whose names were secret, differ in the number and sexes of the gods: usually between two and four, some of either sex. The number of Cabeiri also varies, with some accounts citing four (often a pair of males and a pair of females), and some even more, such as a tribe or whole race of Cabeiri, often presented as all male.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cabeiri were also worshipped at other sites in the vicinity, including <a href="/wiki/Seuthopolis" title="Seuthopolis">Seuthopolis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and various sites in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. One of these is posited to be <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica_(theme)" title="Thessalonica (theme)">Thessalonica</a> and possibly was the cult of mysteries of which <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> warns against in <a href="/wiki/Epistles_to_the_Thessalonians_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Epistles to the Thessalonians (disambiguation)">his letters</a> to the church there.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, Cabeiri are most honored in <a href="/wiki/Imbros" title="Imbros">Imbros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a> but also in other cities too.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_origin">Etymology and origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabeiri&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabeiri&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the past, the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> word <i>kabir</i> ("great") has been compared to Κάβειροι since at least <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Justus_Scaliger" title="Joseph Justus Scaliger">Joseph Justus Scaliger</a> in the sixteenth century, but nothing else seemed to point to a Semitic origin, until the idea of "great" gods expressed by the Semitic root <i>kbr</i> was definitively attested for North Syria in the thirteenth century BCE, in texts from <a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a> published by D. Arnaud in 1985–87. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Schelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling">Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling</a> connected the Greek word to the Hebrew חבר (<i>khaver</i> "friend, associate") and via this to several priest names as one attached to the Persians ("Chaverim"), linking them to the <a href="/wiki/Dioskouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioskouri">Dioskouri</a> or priestly blacksmiths alternatively.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> T. J. Wackernagel in 1907 proposed a connection with the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit God</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera/Kuvera</a></i> which means "the ill-shaped one".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1925 <a href="/wiki/A._H._Sayce" class="mw-redirect" title="A. H. Sayce">A. H. Sayce</a> had suggested a connection to <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Habiru" class="mw-redirect" title="Habiru">habiri</a></i> ("looters", "outlaws"), but subsequent discoveries have made this implausible on phonological grounds. Dossein compares Κάβειροι to the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> word <i>kabar</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A connection with the Greek word <i>Kaio</i> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Καίω</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'burn') has also been suggested, considering the nature of the Cabeiri as <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a> of volcanic fire;<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was suggested by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlieb_Welcker" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker">Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ferdinand_Alfred_Maury" title="Louis Ferdinand Alfred Maury">Louis Ferdinand Alfred Maury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> wrote that the Cabeiri were named "after the mountain Kabeiros in Berekynthia".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">R. S. P. Beekes</a> believes that their name is of non-Indo-European, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Greek">pre-Greek</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name of the <i>Cabeiri</i> recalls Mount Kabeiros, a mountain in the region of Berekyntia in Asia Minor, closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother Goddess</a>. The name of Kadmilus (Καδμῖλος), or <i>Kasmilos</i>, one of the Cabeiri who was usually depicted as a young boy, was linked even in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a> to <i>Camillus</i>, an old <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word for a boy-attendant in a cult, likely a loan from the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan language</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which may be related to Lemnian.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to Beekes, the name <i>Kadmilus</i> may be of pre-Greek origin, as seems to be the case with the name <i><a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabeiri&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cabeiri's origins are unknown. <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Wackernagel" title="Jacob Wackernagel">Jacob Wackernagel</a> posited that they were possibly originally <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> deities and protectors of <a href="/wiki/Sailor" title="Sailor">sailors</a>, who were imported into Greek ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i>, the deities may have been <a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygian mythology">Phrygian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not known who brought these deities to Greece, but it was probably a group of <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, perhaps only a family which settled on the countryside of Thebes.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depiction_in_literary_sources">Depiction in literary sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabeiri&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Depiction in literary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They were most commonly depicted as two people: an old man, Axiocersus, and his son, Cadmilus. Due to the cult's secrecy, however, their exact nature and relationship with other ancient Greek and <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thracian</a> religious figures remained mysterious. As a result, the membership and roles of the Cabeiri changed significantly over time, with common variants including a female pair (Axierus and Axiocersa) and twin youths (frequently confused with <a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a>, who were also worshiped as protectors of sailors). Roman antiquarians identified the Cabeiri with the three Capitoline deities or with the <a href="/wiki/Di_Penates" title="Di Penates">Di Penates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911916_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911916-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lemnos">Lemnos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabeiri&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lemnos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lemnians were originally non-Greek; they were <a href="/wiki/Hellenized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenized">Hellenized</a> after <a href="/wiki/Miltiades_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Miltiades the Younger">Miltiades</a> conquered the island for Athens in the sixth century BCE. In <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a> the cult of the Cabeiri survived, according to archaeological evidence, through the conquest: an ancient sanctuary dedicated to the Cabeiri is identifiable by traces of inscriptions, and seems to have survived the process of Hellenization. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Walter Burkert</a> records that wine jars are "the only characteristic group of finds" from the Cabeirium of Lemnos and that the Cabeirium was the location for initiation into an ancient mystery cult.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to the secret nature of <a href="/wiki/Mystery_cults" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystery cults">mystery cults</a> in the ancient world little survives to indicate what was involved in these initiation ceremonies; indeed, Hugh Bowden notes that on the basis of our evidence we do not know what happened at Lemnos beyond the fact of initiation, and that "we have no descriptions and nothing on which even to base speculation".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> Eleventh Edition</a>, Lemnos held an annual festival of the Cabeiri, lasting nine days, during which all the fires were extinguished and fire brought from <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911916_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911916-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The geographer <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> reported (Geogr. 10,3,21) that in Lemnos, the mother (there was no father) of the Cabeiri was <b>Kabeiro</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>: Καβειρώ) herself, a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Nereus" title="Nereus">Nereus</a> (one of the "old men of the sea") and a goddess whom the Greeks might have called <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a>. </p><p>In general Greek myth identifies the Cabeiri as divine craftsmen, sons or grandsons of <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a>, who was also chiefly worshipped on Lemnos. <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> wrote a tragedy called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kabeiroi" title="The Kabeiroi">The Kabeiroi</a></i>, which apparently featured the deities as a chorus greeting the <a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a> at Lemnos and the Argonauts' initiation into the cult of the Cabeiri. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samothrace">Samothrace</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabeiri&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Samothrace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothracians</a> were also originally non-Greek, and are associated with the <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a>; they used a foreign language in the temple through <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s time.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samothrace offered an initiatory mystery, which promised safety and prosperity to seamen. The secret of these mysteries has largely been kept; but we know that of three things about the ritual, the aspirants were asked the worst action they had ever committed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The mysteries of Samothrace did not publish the names of their gods; and the offerings at the shrine are all inscribed <i>to the gods</i> or <i>to the great gods</i> rather than with their names. But ancient sources<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tell us that there were two goddesses and a god: <i>Axieros</i>, <i>Axiokersa</i>, and <i>Axiokersos</i>, and their servant <i>Cadmilos</i> or <i>Casmilos</i>. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ker%C3%A9nyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Kerényi">Karl Kerényi</a> conjectured that Axieros was male, and the three gods were the sons of Axiokersa (Cadmilos, the youngest, was also the father of the three); Burkert disagrees.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Classical Greek culture the mysteries of the Cabeiri at Samothrace remained popular, though little was entrusted to writing beyond a few names and bare genealogical connections. Seamen among the Greeks might invoke the Cabeiri as "great gods" in times of danger and stress. The archaic sanctuary of Samothrace was rebuilt in Greek fashion; by classical times, the Samothrace mysteries of the Cabeiri were known at Athens. <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> had been initiated. But at the entrance to the sanctuary, which has been thoroughly excavated, the Roman antiquary <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a> learned that there had been twin pillars of brass, phallic <a href="/wiki/Herma" class="mw-redirect" title="Herma">hermae</a>, and that in the sanctuary it was understood that the child of the Goddess, Cadmilus, was in some mystic sense also her consort. Varro also describes these twin pillars as Heaven and Earth, denying the vulgar error that they are <a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thebes_in_Boeotia">Thebes in Boeotia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabeiri&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Thebes in Boeotia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a> there are more varied finds than on Lemnos; they include many little bronze votive <a href="/wiki/Bull_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (mythology)">bulls</a> and which carry on into Roman times, when the traveller <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, always alert to the history of <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult (religion)">cults</a>, learned that it was <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> <i>Kabeiriia</i> who instigated the initiation cult there in the name of <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> and his son Aitnaios. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Walter Burkert</a> (1985) writes, "This points to guilds of smiths analogous to the Lemnian Hephaistos." The votive dedications at Thebes are to a <i>Kabeiros</i> (Greek: Κάβειρος) in the singular, and childish toys like votive spinning tops for <i>Pais</i> suggest a manhood initiation. Copious wine was drunk, out of characteristic cups that were ritually smashed. Fat, primitive dwarves (similar to the followers of <a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a>) with prominent genitalia were painted on the cups. Thebes is connected to Samothrace in myth, primarily the wedding of <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harmonia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonia (mythology)">Harmonia</a>, which took place there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Myth">Myth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabeiri&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Myth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In myth, the Cabeiri bear many similarities to other fabulous races, such as the <a href="/wiki/Telchines" title="Telchines">Telchines</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cyclopes" title="Cyclopes">Cyclopes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactyl (mythology)">Dactyls</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Korybantes" title="Korybantes">Korybantes</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kuretes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuretes">Kuretes</a>. These different groups were often confused or identified with one another since many of them, like the Cyclopes and Telchines, were also associated with <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> said of the Cabeiri that they were <i>Idaioi dactyloi</i> ("Idaian <a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactyl (mythology)">Dactyls</a>"). The Idaian Dactyls were a race of divine beings associated with the <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother Goddess</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida" title="Mount Ida">Mount Ida</a>, a mountain in <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> sacred to the goddess. <a href="/wiki/Hesychius_of_Alexandria" title="Hesychius of Alexandria">Hesychius of Alexandria</a> wrote that the Cabeiri were <i>karkinoi</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>"). The Cabeiri as Karkinoi were apparently thought of as amphibious beings (again recalling the Telchines). They had pincers instead of hands, which they used as <a href="/wiki/Tongs" title="Tongs">tongs</a> (Greek: <i>karkina</i>) in metalworking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabeiri&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Cabiri">"Cabiri"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Cabiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FCabiri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabeiri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kabiri</i> is the transliteration used in John Raffan's translation of <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Walter Burkert</a>, <i>Greek Religion</i> (Harvard University Press, 1985).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeck1898" class="citation web cs1">Peck, Harry Thurston (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=cabeiria-harpers">"Cabeiria"</a>. <i>Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities</i>. Tufts University: Perseus Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harpers+Dictionary+of+Classical+Antiquities&rft.atitle=Cabeiria&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=Harry+Thurston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062%3Aid%3Dcabeiria-harpers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabeiri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Burkert, <i>Greek Religion</i>, 1985, VI.1.3: '"the secret of the mysteries is rendered more enigmatic by the addition of a non-Greek, pre-Greek element, which is also hinted at in the <a href="/wiki/Kaukones" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaukones">Kaukon</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Andania" title="Andania">Andania</a>" (a <i><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenia</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The inhabitants of Lemnos were called <i>Tyrsenoi</i> by the Greeks, and thus identified with the Etruscans, or alternatively with the Pelasgians." (Burkert 1985, <i>eo. loc.</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Acusilaus" title="Acusilaus">Acusilaus</a>, fr. 20; <a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Athens" title="Pherecydes of Athens">Pherecydes</a> fr. 48; and <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> 3..37 are noted by Burkert.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burkert, pp 281-84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdson1948" class="citation journal cs1">Edson, Charles (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1508109">"Cults of Thessalonica (Macedonica III)"</a>. <i>The Harvard Theological Review</i>. <b>41</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">153–</span>204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000019441">10.1017/S0017816000019441</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8160">0017-8160</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1508109">1508109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Cults+of+Thessalonica+%28Macedonica+III%29&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.date=1948&rft.issn=0017-8160&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1508109%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816000019441&rft.aulast=Edson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1508109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabeiri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, Geography.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling: <i>Ueber die Gottheiten von Samothrace</i>. Stuttgart and Tübingen (Cotta) 1815, p. 110 sqq. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ueberdiegottheit01sche#page/110/mode/2up">online text</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noted by Walter Burkert, <i>The Orientalizing revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age</i> (1992, p 2 note 3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDasen2013" class="citation book cs1">Dasen, Veronique (2013). <i>Dwarfs in Ancient Egypt and Greece</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dwarfs+in+Ancient+Egypt+and+Greece&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Dasen&rft.aufirst=Veronique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabeiri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buckert, <i>Greek Religion</i> (1985), p. 282 and notes on page 457.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDecharme1884" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Decharme, Paul (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nU9msl7p2vMC&pg=PA263"><i>Mythologie de la Grèce antique</i></a> (in French). Garnier Frères. p. 263.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythologie+de+la+Gr%C3%A8ce+antique&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Garnier+Fr%C3%A8res&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Decharme&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnU9msl7p2vMC%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabeiri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPsilopoulos2023" class="citation book cs1">Psilopoulos, Dionysious (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p1GqEAAAQBAJ"><i>Goddess Mystery Cults and the Miracle of Minyan Prehistoric Greece: The Path of the Serpent</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-9119-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-9119-6"><bdi>978-1-5275-9119-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess+Mystery+Cults+and+the+Miracle+of+Minyan+Prehistoric+Greece%3A+The+Path+of+the+Serpent&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-9119-6&rft.aulast=Psilopoulos&rft.aufirst=Dionysious&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp1GqEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabeiri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">R. S. P. Beekes</a>. "The Origin of the Kabeiroi" <i>Mnemosyne</i>. Vol. 57, Fasc. 4 (2004: 465–477); <i>Etymological Dictionary of Greek</i>, Brill, 2009, p. 612.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Aegean relations of the Etruscan language are denied at some length by <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Pallottino" title="Massimo Pallottino">Massimo Pallottino</a>, in <i>The Etruscans</i> (tr. 1975) and elsewhere.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. S. P. Beekes, <i>Etymological Dictionary of Greek</i>, Brill, 2009, pp. 613–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Wackernagel" title="Jacob Wackernagel">Wackernagel, Jacob</a>. (1907) <i>Zeitschrift fir vergleichende Sprrachforschung</i>, XLI, 1907, pp. 317f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The secret of the mysteries is rendered more enigmatic by the addition of a non-Greek, pre-Greek element" (Burkert 1985:281). Burkert does not intend to suggest that the pre-Greek component was <i>added</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cabeiri">"Cabeiri"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Cabeiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCabeiri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabeiri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchachter2005" class="citation book cs1">Schachter, Albert (2005). "Evolution of a Mystery Cult: The Theban Kabiroi". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cosmopoulos" title="Michael Cosmopoulos">Cosmopoulos, Michael B.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=de6CAgAAQBAJ"><i>Greek Mysteries: The Archaeology of Ancient Greek Secret Cults</i></a>. Routledge. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-53616-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-53616-0"><bdi>978-1-134-53616-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+a+Mystery+Cult%3A+The+Theban+Kabiroi&rft.btitle=Greek+Mysteries%3A+The+Archaeology+of+Ancient+Greek+Secret+Cults&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-134-53616-0&rft.aulast=Schachter&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dde6CAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabeiri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911916-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911916_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911916_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 916.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burkert, <i>Greek Religion</i>, p. 281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowden2010" class="citation book cs1">Bowden, Hugh (2010). <i>Mystery Cults of the Ancient World</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691146386" title="Special:BookSources/9780691146386"><bdi>9780691146386</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mystery+Cults+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780691146386&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabeiri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burkert, <i>Greek Religion</i> 282, citing <a href="/wiki/Diodorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diodorus">Diodorus</a>, 5.47.3, which says that their own language is still used in religion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chisholm 1911:916 and Kerenyi 1951:87 note 210 credit a <a href="/wiki/Scholium" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholium">scholium</a> on <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i> i.916, for the connection of the four names of divinities recorded at Samothrace— Axieros, Axiokersa, Axiokersos and Kadmilos — with <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> respectively.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kerényi, <i>Gods of Greece</i> 1951:86-7; Burkert <i>Greek Religion</i> 1985:283 and notes.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabeiri&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Burkert, Walter</a> (1985). <i>Greek Religion</i>, Sect. VI.1.3 "The Kabeiroi and Samothrace",Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-36281-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-36281-0">0-674-36281-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cabeiri"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cabeiri">"Cabeiri" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">916–</span>917.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cabeiri&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E916-%3C%2Fspan%3E917&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACabeiri" class="Z3988"></span> This contains more details, as understood at the time, of the Lemnos and Samothrace cults and references some 19th-century archeological discoveries.</li> <li>Ferguson, John (1970). <i>The Religions of the Roman Empire</i> (pp. 122–123). London: Thames and Hudson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9311-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9311-0">0-8014-9311-0</a>.</li> <li>Hammond, N.G.L. & Scullard, H.H. (Eds.) (1970). <i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary</i> (p. 186). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-869117-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-869117-3">0-19-869117-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kerenyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Kerenyi">Kerenyi, Karl</a> (1951). <i>Gods of the Greeks</i>. Thames & Hudson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-27048-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-27048-1">0-500-27048-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Evslin" title="Bernard Evslin">Bernard Evslin</a>. <i>Gods, Demigods and Demons: A Handbook of Greek Mythology</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-321-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-321-6">978-1-84511-321-6</a>.</li> <li>The Odd Fellows Improved Manual, A.B Grosh 1871 p. 91</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Noll" title="Richard Noll">Richard Noll</a>, <i>Mysteria: Jung and the Ancient Mysteries</i> (unpublished page proofs, 1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/6698999/Mysteria_Jung_and_the_Ancient_Mysteries_1994_uncorrected_page_proofs_of_a_book_cancelled_prior_to_publication_due_to_objections_by_the_Jung_family_">[1]</a></li> <li>Albert Schachter, "Evolutions of a Mystery Cult: The Theban Kabiroi", in <i>Greek Mysteries: The Archaeology and Ritual of Ancient Greek Secret Cults</i>, ed. Michael B. Cosmopoulos. London–NY: Routledge, 2003, pp. 112–142. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-24873-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-24873-6">0-415-24873-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabeiri&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemera" title="Hemera">Hemera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ourea" title="Ourea">Ourea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)" title="Pontus (mythology)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">The twelve <a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeus" title="Coeus">Coeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crius" title="Crius">Crius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(Titaness)" title="Dione (Titaness)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(Titan)" title="Hyperion (Titan)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus" title="Iapetus">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnemosyne" title="Mnemosyne">Mnemosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(Titaness)" title="Phoebe (Titaness)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia" title="Theia">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Descendants of the Titans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteria" title="Asteria">Asteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astraeus" title="Astraeus">Astraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimetheus" title="Epimetheus">Epimetheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menoetius" title="Menoetius">Menoetius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Titan)" title="Pallas (Titan)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perses_(son_of_Crius)" title="Perses (son of Crius)">Perses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Olympian <br /> deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Olympian Gods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileithyia" title="Eileithyia">Eileithyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyo" title="Enyo">Enyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonia" title="Harmonia">Harmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebe_(mythology)" title="Hebe (mythology)">Hebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paean_(god)" title="Paean (god)">Paean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Daughters of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calliope" title="Calliope">Calliope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clio" title="Clio">Clio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euterpe" title="Euterpe">Euterpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erato" title="Erato">Erato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melpomene" title="Melpomene">Melpomene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyhymnia" title="Polyhymnia">Polyhymnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terpsichore" title="Terpsichore">Terpsichore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalia_(Muse)" title="Thalia (Muse)">Thalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania" title="Urania">Urania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Daughters of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollonis" title="Apollonis">Apollonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borysthenis" title="Borysthenis">Borysthenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephisso" title="Cephisso">Cephisso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a> Muses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aoede" title="Aoede">Aoide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melete" title="Melete">Melete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mneme" title="Mneme">Mneme</a></li></ul></li> <li>Muses of the <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypate" title="Hypate">Hypate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mese_(mythology)" title="Mese (mythology)">Mese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nete_(mythology)" title="Nete (mythology)">Nete</a></li></ul></li> <li>Muses at <a href="/wiki/Sicyon" title="Sicyon">Sicyon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polymatheia" title="Polymatheia">Polymatheia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Charites" title="Charites">Charites</a> (Graces)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aglaia_(Grace)" title="Aglaia (Grace)">Aglaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne" title="Euphrosyne">Euphrosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemone" title="Hegemone">Hegemone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasithea" title="Pasithea">Pasithea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalia_(Grace)" title="Thalia (Grace)">Thalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Horae" title="Horae">Horae</a> (Hours)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dike_(mythology)" title="Dike (mythology)">Dike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirene_(goddess)" title="Eirene (goddess)">Eirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunomia" title="Eunomia">Eunomia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia_(mythology)" title="Bia (mythology)">Bia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kratos_(mythology)" title="Kratos (mythology)">Kratos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelus" title="Zelus">Zelus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_water_deities" title="Greek water deities">Water <br /> deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Sea deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthesikyme" title="Benthesikyme">Benthesikyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brizo" title="Brizo">Brizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliste_(mythology)" title="Calliste (mythology)">Calliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(mythology)" title="Calypso (mythology)">Calypso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceto" title="Ceto">Ceto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurybia_(mythology)" title="Eurybia (mythology)">Eurybia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucus" title="Glaucus">Glaucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucothea" title="Leucothea">Leucothea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melicertes" title="Melicertes">Melicertes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereus" title="Nereus">Nereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerites_(mythology)" title="Nerites (mythology)">Nerites</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nesoi" title="Nesoi">Nesoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorcys" title="Phorcys">Phorcys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)" title="Pontus (mythology)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodos" title="Rhodos">Rhodos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassa" title="Thalassa">Thalassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumas" title="Thaumas">Thaumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Oceanids" title="Oceanids">Oceanids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acaste_(Oceanid)" title="Acaste (Oceanid)">Acaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admete_(Oceanid)" title="Admete (Oceanid)">Admete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Oceanid)" title="Asia (Oceanid)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callirhoe_(Oceanid)" title="Callirhoe (Oceanid)">Callirhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceto_(Greek_myth)" title="Ceto (Greek myth)">Ceto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clymene_(mother_of_Phaethon)" title="Clymene (mother of Phaethon)">Clymene (consort of Helios)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clymene_(wife_of_Iapetus)" title="Clymene (wife of Iapetus)">Clymene (wife of Iapetus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clytie_(Oceanid)" title="Clytie (Oceanid)">Clytie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(Titaness)" title="Dione (Titaness)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodone_(mythology)" title="Dodone (mythology)">Dodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_(Oceanid)" title="Doris (Oceanid)">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra_(Oceanid)" title="Electra (Oceanid)">Electra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurynome_(Oceanid)" title="Eurynome (Oceanid)">Eurynome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idyia" title="Idyia">Idyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melia_(consort_of_Apollo)" title="Melia (consort of Apollo)">Melia (consort of Apollo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melia_(consort_of_Inachus)" title="Melia (consort of Inachus)">Melia (consort of Inachus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perse_(mythology)" title="Perse (mythology)">Perse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philyra_(Oceanid)" title="Philyra (Oceanid)">Philyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleione_(mythology)" title="Pleione (mythology)">Pleione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plouto_(Oceanid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plouto (Oceanid)">Plouto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesto_(mythology)" title="Telesto (mythology)">Telesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(Oceanid)" title="Theia (Oceanid)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeuxo_(Oceanid)" title="Zeuxo (Oceanid)">Zeuxo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Nereids" title="Nereids">Nereids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amatheia_(mythology)" title="Amatheia (mythology)">Amatheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphithoe_(mythology)" title="Amphithoe (mythology)">Amphithoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(mythology)" title="Arethusa (mythology)">Arethusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymatolege_(mythology)" title="Cymatolege (mythology)">Cymatolege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymo_(mythology)" title="Cymo (mythology)">Cymo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamene" title="Dynamene">Dynamene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acis_and_Galatea" title="Acis and Galatea">Galatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galene_(mythology)" title="Galene (mythology)">Galene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protomedeia" title="Protomedeia">Protomedeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamathe_(Nereid)" title="Psamathe (Nereid)">Psamathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sao_(mythology)" title="Sao (mythology)">Sao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spio" title="Spio">Spio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalia_(Nereid)" title="Thalia (Nereid)">Thalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/River_gods_(Greek_mythology)" title="River gods (Greek mythology)">River gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achelous" title="Achelous">Achelous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_(deity)" title="Alpheus (deity)">Alpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapus" title="Anapus">Anapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asopus" title="Asopus">Asopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterion_(god)" title="Asterion (god)">Asterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axius_(mythology)" title="Axius (mythology)">Axius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caanthus" title="Caanthus">Caanthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebren" title="Cebren">Cebren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephissus_(mythology)" title="Cephissus (mythology)">Cephissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enipeus_(deity)" title="Enipeus (deity)">Enipeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kladeos" title="Kladeos">Kladeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_(mythology)" title="Meander (mythology)">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilus_(mythology)" title="Nilus (mythology)">Nilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numicus" title="Numicus">Numicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_(river_god)" title="Phyllis (river god)">Phyllis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peneus" title="Peneus">Peneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangarius_(mythology)" title="Sangarius (mythology)">Sangarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selemnus_(god)" title="Selemnus (god)">Selemnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simoeis" title="Simoeis">Simoeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strymon_(mythology)" title="Strymon (mythology)">Strymon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Naiad" title="Naiad">Naiads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegina_(mythology)" title="Aegina (mythology)">Aegina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achiroe" title="Achiroe">Achiroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aganippe_(naiad)" title="Aganippe (naiad)">Aganippe</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anigrides" title="Anigrides">Anigrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyra_(mythology)" title="Argyra (mythology)">Argyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bistonis" title="Bistonis">Bistonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolbe" title="Bolbe">Bolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliadne" title="Caliadne">Caliadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassotis" title="Cassotis">Cassotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalia" title="Castalia">Castalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleocharia" title="Cleocharia">Cleocharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creusa_(Naiad)" title="Creusa (Naiad)">Creusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne" title="Daphne">Daphne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosera_(naiad)" title="Drosera (naiad)">Drosera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpina" title="Harpina">Harpina</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ionides" title="Ionides">Ionides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismenis" title="Ismenis">Ismenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larunda" title="Larunda">Larunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilaea" title="Lilaea">Lilaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liriope_(nymph)" title="Liriope (nymph)">Liriope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melite_(naiad)" title="Melite (naiad)">Melite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metope_(mythology)" title="Metope (mythology)">Metope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minthe" title="Minthe">Minthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria_(nymph)" title="Moria (nymph)">Moria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_(Greek_mythology)" title="Nana (Greek mythology)">Nana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaea_(mythology)" title="Nicaea (mythology)">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orseis" title="Orseis">Orseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(daughter_of_Triton)" title="Pallas (daughter of Triton)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirene_(nymph)" title="Pirene (nymph)">Pirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmacis" title="Salmacis">Salmacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilbe" title="Stilbe">Stilbe</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Thriae" title="Thriae">Thriae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corycia" title="Corycia">Corycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleodora_(nymph)" title="Cleodora (nymph)">Cleodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina" title="Melaina">Melaina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiasa" title="Tiasa">Tiasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Personifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algos" class="mw-redirect" title="Algos">Algos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphillogiai" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphillogiai">Amphillogiai</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Androktasiai" title="Androktasiai">Androktasiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Atë">Atë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(deity)" title="Dysnomia (deity)">Dysnomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horkos" title="Horkos">Horkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysminai" title="Hysminai">Hysminai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethe_(daughter_of_Eris)" title="Lethe (daughter of Eris)">Lethe</a></li> <li>Logoi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limos" title="Limos">Limos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machai" title="Machai">Machai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neikea" class="mw-redirect" title="Neikea">Neikea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonoi" title="Phonoi">Phonoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponos" title="Ponos">Ponos</a></li> <li>Pseudea</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apate" title="Apate">Apate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geras" title="Geras">Geras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Hesperides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Keres" title="Keres">Keres</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Moirai" title="Moirai">Moirai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropos" title="Atropos">Atropos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotho" title="Clotho">Clotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachesis" title="Lachesis">Lachesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momus" title="Momus">Momus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moros" title="Moros">Moros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis" title="Nemesis">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oizys" title="Oizys">Oizys</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Oneiros" title="Oneiros">Oneiroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotes" title="Philotes">Philotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achlys" title="Achlys">Achlys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adephagia" title="Adephagia">Adephagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aergia" title="Aergia">Aergia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidos" title="Aidos">Aidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aion_(deity)" title="Aion (deity)">Aion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alala" title="Alala">Alala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alastor" title="Alastor">Alastor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aletheia" title="Aletheia">Aletheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alke" title="Alke">Alke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amechania" title="Amechania">Amechania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaideia" title="Anaideia">Anaideia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananke" title="Ananke">Ananke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelia" title="Angelia">Angelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apheleia" title="Apheleia">Apheleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arete_(mythology)" title="Arete (mythology)">Arete</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Arae" title="Arae">Arae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astraea" title="Astraea">Astraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerus" title="Caerus">Caerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronos" title="Chronos">Chronos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysus" title="Chrysus">Chrysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corus_(mythology)" title="Corus (mythology)">Corus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(deity)" title="Deimos (deity)">Deimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dike_(mythology)" title="Dike (mythology)">Dikaiosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyssebeia" title="Dyssebeia">Dyssebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiresione" title="Eiresione">Eiresione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekecheiria" title="Ekecheiria">Ekecheiria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulabeia_(mythology)" title="Eulabeia (mythology)">Eulabeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupraxia_(mythology)" title="Eupraxia (mythology)">Eupraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">Eusebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersa" title="Ersa">Ersa</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Erotes" title="Erotes">Erotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anteros" title="Anteros">Anteros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedylogos" title="Hedylogos">Hedylogos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditus" title="Hermaphroditus">Hermaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymen_(god)" title="Hymen (god)">Hymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotes#Pothos" title="Erotes">Pothos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelos_(mythology)" title="Gelos (mythology)">Gelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedone" title="Hedone">Hedone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimarmene" title="Heimarmene">Heimarmene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homados" title="Homados">Homados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonoia_(mythology)" title="Homonoia (mythology)">Homonoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horme" title="Horme">Horme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacchus" title="Iacchus">Iacchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioke_(mythology)" title="Ioke (mythology)">Ioke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakia" title="Kakia">Kakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koalemos" title="Koalemos">Koalemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kydoimos" title="Kydoimos">Kydoimos</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Litae" title="Litae">Litae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyssa" title="Lyssa">Lyssa</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Maniae" title="Maniae">Maniae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methe" title="Methe">Methe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomos_(mythology)" title="Nomos (mythology)">Nomos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palioxis" title="Palioxis">Palioxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peitharchia" title="Peitharchia">Peitharchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peitho" title="Peitho">Peitho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penia" title="Penia">Penia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthus" title="Penthus">Penthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepromene" title="Pepromene">Pepromene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheme" title="Pheme">Pheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(mythology)" title="Phobos (mythology)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrike" title="Phrike">Phrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthonus" title="Phthonus">Phthonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poena" title="Poena">Poine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemos" title="Polemos">Polemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porus_(mythology)" title="Porus (mythology)">Poros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxidice" title="Praxidice">Praxidice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proioxis" title="Proioxis">Proioxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophasis" title="Prophasis">Prophasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soter_(daimon)" title="Soter (daimon)">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteria_(mythology)" title="Soteria (mythology)">Soteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasos" title="Thrasos">Thrasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tyche</a></li> <li>The Younger <a href="/wiki/Charites" title="Charites">Charites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucleia" title="Eucleia">Eucleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupheme_(deity)" title="Eupheme (deity)">Eupheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenia" title="Euthenia">Euthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philophrosyne" title="Philophrosyne">Philophrosyne</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Sky</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Anemoi" title="Anemoi">Anemoi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boreas" title="Boreas">Boreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurus" title="Eurus">Eurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notus" title="Notus">Notus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrus" title="Zephyrus">Zephyrus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaethon" title="Phaethon">Phaethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrape_and_Bronte" title="Astrape and Bronte">Astrape and Bronte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(mythology)" title="Aura (mythology)">Aura</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Hesperides</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hyades_(mythology)" title="Hyades (mythology)">Hyades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephele" title="Nephele">Nephele</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pleiades (Greek mythology)">Pleiades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcyone_(Pleiad)" title="Alcyone (Pleiad)">Alcyone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterope_(Pleiad)" title="Sterope (Pleiad)">Sterope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celaeno" title="Celaeno">Celaeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra_(Pleiad)" title="Electra (Pleiad)">Electra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maia" title="Maia">Maia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merope_(Pleiad)" title="Merope (Pleiad)">Merope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taygete" title="Taygete">Taygete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_(mythology)" title="Sirius (mythology)">Sirius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritopatores" title="Tritopatores">Tritopatores</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despoina" title="Despoina">Despoina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunostus" title="Eunostus">Eunostus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opora_(mythology)" title="Opora (mythology)">Opora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomelus" title="Philomelus">Philomelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutus" title="Plutus">Plutus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceso" title="Aceso">Aceso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epione" title="Epione">Epione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaso" title="Iaso">Iaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygieia" title="Hygieia">Hygieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paean_(god)" title="Paean (god)">Paean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panacea" title="Panacea">Panacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesphorus_(mythology)" title="Telesphorus (mythology)">Telesphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Rustic <br />deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aetna_(nymph)" title="Aetna (nymph)">Aetna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agdistis" title="Agdistis">Agdistis</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Alseid" title="Alseid">Alseids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonis" title="Amphictyonis">Amphictyonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristaeus" title="Aristaeus">Aristaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attis" title="Attis">Attis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britomartis" title="Britomartis">Britomartis</a></li> <li>The <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cabeiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comus" title="Comus">Comus</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dryad" title="Dryad">Dryades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erato_(dryad)" title="Erato (dryad)">Erato</a></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hamadryad" title="Hamadryad">Hamadryades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrysopeleia" title="Chrysopeleia">Chrysopeleia</a></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Epimelides" title="Epimelides">Epimelides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecaterus" title="Hecaterus">Hecaterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuce_(mythology)" title="Leuce (mythology)">Leuce</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">Maenades</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Meliae" title="Meliae">Meliae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperborean_maidens" title="Hyperborean maidens">Hyperborean maidens</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Oread" title="Oread">Oreads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(mythology)" title="Echo (mythology)">Echo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapso" title="Rhapso">Rhapso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telete" title="Telete">Telete</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexiares_and_Anicetus" title="Alexiares and Anicetus">Alexiares and Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphroditus" title="Aphroditus">Aphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arke" title="Arke">Arke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxesia_(Greek_mythology)" title="Auxesia (Greek mythology)">Auxesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enodia" title="Enodia">Enodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyalius" title="Enyalius">Enyalius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestra_(mythology)" title="Palaestra (mythology)">Palaestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanes" title="Phanes">Phanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipolis_(god)" title="Sosipolis (god)">Sosipolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q940138#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1036" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q940138#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1036" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q940138#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/72188816">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1530159234790503372744">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/219221432">3</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118714406">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85018572">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007293765405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118714406">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027848116">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5c6f46dcf‐pz8dp Cached time: 20250330020734 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.512 seconds Real time usage: 0.726 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3436/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 113896/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3133/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 68837/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.307/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 16010040/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 576.167 1 -total 22.58% 130.116 1 Template:Reflist 15.29% 88.110 2 Template:Langx 14.19% 81.749 3 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