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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Consistency model used in distributed computing to achieve high availability</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Technical plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-technical" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be too technical for most readers to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eventual_consistency&action=edit">help improve it</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Eventual consistency</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Consistency_model" title="Consistency model">consistency model</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed computing</a> to achieve <a href="/wiki/High_availability" title="High availability">high availability</a> that informally guarantees that, if no new updates are made to a given data item, eventually all accesses to that item will return the last updated value.<sup id="cite_ref-Vogels_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vogels-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventual consistency, also called <a href="/wiki/Optimistic_replication" title="Optimistic replication">optimistic replication</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is widely deployed in distributed systems and has origins in early mobile computing projects.<sup id="cite_ref-Bayou_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayou-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A system that has achieved eventual consistency is often said to have <b>converged</b>, or achieved <b>replica convergence</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bayou-Conflicts_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayou-Conflicts-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventual consistency is a weak guarantee – most stronger models, like <a href="/wiki/Linearizability" title="Linearizability">linearizability</a>, are trivially eventually consistent. </p><p>Eventually-consistent services are often classified as providing BASE semantics (basically-available, soft-state, eventual consistency), in contrast to traditional <a href="/wiki/ACID" title="ACID">ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In chemistry, a base is the opposite of an acid, which helps in remembering the acronym.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the same resource, these are the rough definitions of each term in BASE: </p> <ul><li><b>Basically available</b>: reading and writing operations are available as much as possible (using all nodes of a database cluster), but might not be consistent (the write might not persist after conflicts are reconciled, and the read might not get the latest write)</li> <li><b>Soft-state</b>: without consistency guarantees, after some amount of time, we only have some probability of knowing the state, since it might not yet have converged</li> <li><b>Eventually consistent</b>: If we execute some writes and then the system functions long enough, we can know the state of the data; any further reads of that data item will return the same value</li></ul> <p>Eventual consistency is sometimes criticized<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as increasing the complexity of distributed software applications. This is partly because eventual consistency is purely a <a href="/wiki/Liveness" class="mw-redirect" title="Liveness">liveness</a> guarantee (reads eventually return the same value) and does not guarantee <a href="/wiki/Safety_(distributed_computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety (distributed computing)">safety</a>: an eventually consistent system can return any value before it converges. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflict_resolution">Conflict resolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eventual_consistency&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Conflict resolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to ensure replica convergence, a system must reconcile differences between multiple copies of distributed data. This consists of two parts: </p> <ul><li>exchanging versions or updates of data between servers (often known as <b>anti-entropy</b>);<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li>choosing an appropriate final state when concurrent updates have occurred, called <b>reconciliation</b>.</li></ul> <p>The most appropriate approach to reconciliation depends on the application. A widespread approach is "last writer wins".<sup id="cite_ref-Vogels_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vogels-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another is to invoke a user-specified conflict handler.<sup id="cite_ref-Bayou-Conflicts_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayou-Conflicts-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lamport_timestamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamport timestamps">Timestamps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vector_clock" title="Vector clock">vector clocks</a> are often used to detect concurrency between updates. Some people use "first writer wins" in situations where "last writer wins" is unacceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reconciliation of concurrent writes must occur sometime before the next read, and can be scheduled at different instants:<sup id="cite_ref-Bayou_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayou-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Confront_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confront-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Read repair: The correction is done when a read finds an inconsistency. This slows down the read operation.</li> <li>Write repair: The correction takes place during a write operation, slowing down the write operation.</li> <li>Asynchronous repair: The correction is not part of a read or write operation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strong_eventual_consistency">Strong eventual consistency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eventual_consistency&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Strong eventual consistency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whereas eventual consistency is only a <a href="/wiki/Liveness" class="mw-redirect" title="Liveness">liveness</a> guarantee (updates will be observed eventually), <b>strong eventual consistency</b> (SEC) adds the <a href="/wiki/Safety_(distributed_computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety (distributed computing)">safety</a> guarantee that any two nodes that have received the same (unordered) set of updates will be in the same state. If, furthermore, the system is <a href="/wiki/Monotonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonic">monotonic</a>, the application will never suffer rollbacks. A common approach to ensure SEC is <a href="/wiki/Conflict-free_replicated_data_type" title="Conflict-free replicated data type">conflict-free replicated data types</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eventual_consistency&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACID" title="ACID">ACID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eventual_consistency&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Vogels-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vogels_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vogels_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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"Epidemic algorithms for replicated database maintenance". <i>Proceedings of the sixth annual ACM Symposium on Principles of distributed computing - PODC '87</i>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F41840.41841">10.1145/41840.41841</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89791-239-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89791-239-6"><bdi>978-0-89791-239-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1889203">1889203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epidemic+algorithms+for+replicated+database+maintenance&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+sixth+annual+ACM+Symposium+on+Principles+of+distributed+computing+-+PODC+%2787&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1889203%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F41840.41841&rft.isbn=978-0-89791-239-6&rft.aulast=Demers&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Greene%2C+D.&rft.au=Hauser%2C+C.&rft.au=Irish%2C+W.&rft.au=Larson%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEventual+consistency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rockford Lhotka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lhotka.net/Article.aspx?id=890d3e3c-8a49-486c-ae48-a44e7e1f7844">"Concurrency techniques"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180511145619/http://www.lhotka.net/Article.aspx?id=890d3e3c-8a49-486c-ae48-a44e7e1f7844">Archived</a> 2018-05-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Confront-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Confront_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivier_Mallassi2010" class="citation web cs1">Olivier Mallassi (2010-06-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.octo.com/en/nosql-lets-play-with-cassandra-part-13/">"Let's play with Cassandra… (Part 1/3)"</a>. OCTO Talks!<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-23</span></span>. <q>Of course, at a given time, chances are high that each node has its own version of the data. Conflict resolution is made during the read requests (called read-repair) and the current version of Cassandra does not provide a Vector Clock conflict resolution mechanisms [sic] (should be available in the version 0.7). Conflict resolution is so based on timestamp (the one set when you insert the row or the column): the higher timestamp win[s] and the node you are reading the data [from] is responsible for that. This is an important point because the timestamp is specified by the client, at the moment the column is inserted. Thus, all Cassandra clients' [sic] need to be synchronized...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Let%27s+play+with+Cassandra%E2%80%A6+%28Part+1%2F3%29&rft.pub=OCTO+Talks%21&rft.date=2010-06-09&rft.au=Olivier+Mallassi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.octo.com%2Fen%2Fnosql-lets-play-with-cassandra-part-13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEventual+consistency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiroPreguiçaBaqueroZawirski2011" class="citation journal cs1">Shapiro, Marc; Preguiça, Nuno; Baquero, Carlos; Zawirski, Marek (2011-10-10). "Conflict-free replicated data types". <i>SSS'11 Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Stabilization, Safety, and the Security of Distributed Systems</i>. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg: 386–400.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SSS%2711+Proceedings+of+the+13th+International+Conference+on+Stabilization%2C+Safety%2C+and+the+Security+of+Distributed+Systems&rft.atitle=Conflict-free+replicated+data+types&rft.pages=386-400&rft.date=2011-10-10&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Pregui%C3%A7a%2C+Nuno&rft.au=Baquero%2C+Carlos&rft.au=Zawirski%2C+Marek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEventual+consistency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eventual_consistency&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurckhardt2014" class="citation journal cs1">Burckhardt, Sebastian (2014-10-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1561/2500000011">"Principles of Eventual Consistency"</a>. <i>Foundations and Trends in Programming Languages</i>. <b>1</b> (1–2): 1–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1561%2F2500000011">10.1561/2500000011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2325-1107">2325-1107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+and+Trends+in+Programming+Languages&rft.atitle=Principles+of+Eventual+Consistency&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-150&rft.date=2014-10-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1561%2F2500000011&rft.issn=2325-1107&rft.aulast=Burckhardt&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1561%2F2500000011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEventual+consistency" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eventual_consistency&oldid=1228677241">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eventual_consistency&oldid=1228677241</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Consistency_models" title="Category:Consistency models">Consistency models</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_that_are_too_technical_from_January_2017" title="Category:Wikipedia articles that are too technical from January 2017">Wikipedia articles that are too technical from January 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_are_too_technical" title="Category:All articles that are too technical">All articles that are too technical</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 June 2024, at 15:18<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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