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<span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><i>Ad hoc</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%B5_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85)" title="مخصص (علوم) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مخصص (علوم)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%95" title="অ্যাড হক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাড হক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%DA%A9" title="اد هوک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اد هوک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A0%EB%93%9C%ED%98%B9" title="애드혹 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="애드혹" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A7" title="אד הוק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אד הוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="അഡ്‌ഹോക്ക് കമ്മിറ്റി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഡ്‌ഹോക്ക് കമ്മിറ്റി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4-%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Ад-хок – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ад-хок" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%9B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="アドホック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アドホック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad-hoc" title="Ad-hoc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ad-hoc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Ad hoc" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192683#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Latin phrase signifying a solution meant to address one specific problem or task</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Latin phrase. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ad hoc (disambiguation)">Ad hoc (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">A priori and a posteriori</a>.</div> <p> <i><b>Ad hoc</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases" title="List of Latin phrases">Latin phrase</a> meaning literally <span class="nowrap">'</span><b>for this</b><span class="nowrap">'</span>. In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, it typically signifies a solution designed for a specific purpose, problem, or task rather than a <a href="/wiki/Generalization" title="Generalization">generalized</a> solution adaptable to collateral instances (compare with <i><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">a priori</a></i>). </p><p>Common examples include ad hoc <a href="/wiki/Committee" title="Committee">committees</a> and commissions created at the national or international level for a specific task, and the term is often used to describe arbitration (ad hoc arbitration). In other fields, the term could refer to a military unit created under special circumstances (see <i><a href="/wiki/Task_force" title="Task force">task force</a></i>), a handcrafted <a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">network protocol</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc_network" title="Ad hoc network">ad hoc network</a>), a temporary collaboration among geographically-linked franchise locations (of a given national brand) to issue advertising coupons, or a purpose-specific <a href="/wiki/Equation" title="Equation">equation</a> in mathematics or science. </p><p>Ad hoc can also function as an adjective describing temporary, provisional, or improvised methods to deal with a particular problem, the tendency of which has given rise to the noun <i><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">adhocism</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concept highlights the flexibility and adaptability often required in problem-solving across various domains. </p><p>In everyday language, "ad hoc" is sometimes used informally to describe improvised or makeshift solutions, emphasizing their temporary nature and specific applicability to immediate circumstances. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styling">Styling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad_hoc&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Styling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Style guides disagree on whether Latin phrases like ad hoc should be italicized. The trend is not to use italics.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a></i> recommends that familiar Latin phrases that are listed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary" title="Webster's Dictionary">Webster's Dictionary</a></i>, including "ad hoc", not be italicized.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. Who is the author, is he an expert in his field and what makes it a reliable source? (November 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hypothesis">Hypothesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad_hoc&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc_hypothesis" title="Ad hoc hypothesis">Ad hoc hypothesis</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, ad hoc means the addition of extraneous <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypotheses</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theory</a> to save it from being <a href="/wiki/Falsified" class="mw-redirect" title="Falsified">falsified</a>. Ad hoc hypotheses compensate for anomalies not anticipated by the theory in its unmodified form. </p><p>Scientists are often <a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">skeptical</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific theories">scientific theories</a> that rely on frequent, unsupported adjustments to sustain them. Ad hoc hypotheses are often characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudo-scientific</a> subjects such as <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopathy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_military">In the military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad_hoc&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Changing_of_the_Guard_parade_Ottawa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Changing_of_the_Guard_parade_Ottawa.JPG/220px-Changing_of_the_Guard_parade_Ottawa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Changing_of_the_Guard_parade_Ottawa.JPG/330px-Changing_of_the_Guard_parade_Ottawa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Changing_of_the_Guard_parade_Ottawa.JPG/440px-Changing_of_the_Guard_parade_Ottawa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_Guard_(Canada)" title="Ceremonial Guard (Canada)">Ceremonial Guard</a> parading in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>. The CG is an ad hoc unit of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Forces</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the military, ad hoc units are created during unpredictable situations, when the cooperation between different units is suddenly needed for fast action, or from remnants of previous units which have been overrun or otherwise whittled down. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_governance">In governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad_hoc&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In national and sub-national governance, ad hoc bodies may be established to deal with specific problems not easily accommodated by the current structure of governance or to address multi-faceted issues spanning several areas of governance. In the UK and other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">commonwealth</a> countries, ad hoc <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commissions</a> <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may be set up to address specific questions as directed by <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_diplomacy">In diplomacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad_hoc&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In diplomacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In diplomacy, diplomats may be appointed by a government as <a href="/wiki/Special_Envoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Envoy">special envoys</a>, or diplomats who serve on a ad hoc basis due to the possibility that such envoys' offices may either not be retained by a future government or may only exist during the duration of a relevant cause. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Networking">Networking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad_hoc&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Networking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wireless_ad_hoc_network" title="Wireless ad hoc network">Wireless ad hoc network</a></div> <p>The term <i>ad hoc networking</i> typically refers to a system of network elements that combine to form a network requiring little or no planning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad_hoc&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc_testing" title="Ad hoc testing">Ad hoc testing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_infinitum" title="Ad infinitum">Ad infinitum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_libitum" title="Ad libitum">Ad libitum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuristic" title="Heuristic">Heuristic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_rule" title="House rule">House rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Inductive reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad_hoc&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms, 2nd Edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yateendra Joshi, " <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.editage.com/insights/latin-phrases-in-scientific-writing-italics-or-not">Latin phrases in scientific writing: italics or not</a>", 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grammarpartyblog.com/2012/02/23/when-to-italicize-foreign-words-and-phrases/">the original</a> on 22 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+to+italicize+foreign+words+and+phrases&rft.pub=Grammarpartyblog.com&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrammarpartyblog.com%2F2012%2F02%2F23%2Fwhen-to-italicize-foreign-words-and-phrases%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAd+hoc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2012" class="citation cs2">Carroll, Robert T. (23 February 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/adhoc.html">"Ad hoc hypothesis"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Skeptic%27s+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Ad+hoc+hypothesis&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskepdic.com%2Fadhoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAd+hoc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/258957.stm">"Royal commissions"</a>. BBC. 27 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+commissions&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2008-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F258957.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAd+hoc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad_hoc&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRheingold2002" class="citation cs2">Rheingold, Howard. (2002), <i>Smart Mobs: the Next Social Revolution</i>, <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smart+Mobs%3A+the+Next+Social+Revolution&rft.pub=Perseus&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Rheingold&rft.aufirst=Howard.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAd+hoc" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad_hoc&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ad_hoc" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ad hoc"><i>ad hoc</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ad_hoc&oldid=1259925815">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ad_hoc&oldid=1259925815</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_words_and_phrases" title="Category:Latin words and phrases">Latin words and phrases</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2016" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2016">Use dmy dates from January 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from November 2024">Articles lacking reliable references from November 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 21:10<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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