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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angels_and_judges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Angels and judges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angels_and_judges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_plural-singulars_in_biblical_Hebrew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_plural-singulars_in_biblical_Hebrew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Other plural-singulars in biblical Hebrew </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_plural-singulars_in_biblical_Hebrew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Divine_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Divine_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 The Divine Council </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Divine_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sons_of_God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sons_of_God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Sons of God </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sons_of_God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elohist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elohist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Elohist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elohist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latter_Day_Saint_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latter_Day_Saint_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Latter Day Saint movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latter_Day_Saint_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raëlism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raëlism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Raëlism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raëlism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gnosticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gnosticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Gnosticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gnosticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 General bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Elohim</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%88%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85" title="إلوهيم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إلوهيم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE" title="এলোহিম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এলোহিম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Елохим – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Елохим" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85" title="الوهیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الوهیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lohim" title="Élohim – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élohim" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%98%EB%A1%9C%ED%9E%98" title="엘로힘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엘로힘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Елохим – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Елохим" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85" title="الوهيم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الوهيم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85" title="الوهیم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="الوهیم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AD%E3%83%92%E3%83%A0" title="エロヒム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エロヒム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Элохим – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Элохим" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%86%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ئیلۆھیم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیلۆھیم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Елохим – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Елохим" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1" title="เอโลฮิม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอโลฮิม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Елогім – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Елогім" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Elohim" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%B4%9B%E5%B8%8C%E5%A7%86" title="埃洛希姆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃洛希姆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q868915#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Elohim" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Hebrew word. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Elohim_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Elohim (disambiguation)">Elohim (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elohim.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Elohim.svg/220px-Elohim.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Elohim.svg/330px-Elohim.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Elohim.svg/440px-Elohim.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="81" /></a><figcaption>Elohim in Hebrew script. The letters are, right-to-left: <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">aleph</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">lamed</a>-<a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">he</a>-<a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">yud</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">mem</a>.</figcaption></figure> Elohim (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: אֱלֹהִים, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: ʾĔlōhīm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[(ʔ)eloˈ(h)im]</a>), the plural of אֱלוֹהַּ (ʾĔlōah), is a Hebrew word meaning "gods" or "godhood". Although the word is grammatically <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> it most often takes singular verbal or pronominal <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical agreement">agreement</a> and refers to a single <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>, particularly but not always the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God of Israel</a>. In other verses it takes plural agreement and refers to gods in the plural. <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphologically</a>, the word is the plural form of the word אֱלוֹהַּ<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> (eloah) and related to <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">el</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> to the word 'l-h-m which is found in <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic" title="Ugaritic">Ugaritic</a>, where it is used as the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">pantheon</a> for <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanite gods">Canaanite gods</a>, the children of <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a>, and conventionally vocalized as "Elohim". Most uses of the term Elohim in the later Hebrew text imply a view that is at least <a href="/wiki/Monolatrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monolatrist">monolatrist</a> at the time of writing, and such usage (in the singular), as a proper title for Deity, is distinct from generic usage as elohim, "gods" (plural, simple noun). Rabbinic scholar <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> wrote that Elohim "Divinity" and elohim "gods" are commonly understood to be <a href="/wiki/Homonym" title="Homonym">homonyms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-maimonides-2">[1]</a> One modern theory suggests that the notion of <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divinity</a> underwent radical changes in the early period of <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelite</a> identity and development of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Hebrew religion">Ancient Hebrew religion</a>. In this view, the ambiguity of the term elohim is the result of such changes, cast in terms of "vertical translatability", i.e. the re-interpretation of the gods of the earliest recalled period as the <a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">national god</a> of <a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">monolatrism</a> as it emerged in the 7th to 6th century BCE in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>, and further in terms of <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> by the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinical Judaism">Rabbinical Judaism</a> in the 2nd century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201019-3">[2]</a> Another theory, building on an idea by Gesenius, argues that even before Hebrew became a distinct language, the plural elohim had both a plural meaning of "gods" and an abstract meaning of "godhood" or "divinity", much as the plural of "father", avot, can mean either "fathers" or "fatherhood". Elohim then came to be used so frequently in reference to specific deities, both male and female, domestic and foreign (for instance, the goddess of the Sidonians in 1 Kings 11:33), that it came to be concretized from meaning "divinity" to meaning "deity", though still occasionally used adjectivally as "divine".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnett2001-4">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar_and_etymology">Grammar and etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elohim&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Grammar and etymology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El (deity)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilah" title="Ilah">Ilah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></div> The word elohim or 'elohiym (ʼĕlôhîym) is a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">grammatically plural</a> <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> for "<a href="/wiki/Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Gods">gods</a>" or "deities" or various other words in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Strong_1890-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biblehub-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_1998-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-BibleStudyTools-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biblica_1902-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elohim_NIE-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> In Hebrew, the ending <a href="/wiki/Suffixes_in_Hebrew#Gender_and_number" title="Suffixes in Hebrew">-im</a> normally indicates a masculine plural. However, when referring to the Jewish God, Elohim is usually understood to be grammatically singular (i.e., it governs a singular verb or adjective).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2000401–402-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999353-13">[12]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>, it is often referred to in the singular despite the -im ending that denotes plural masculine nouns in Hebrew.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> It is generally thought that Elohim is derived from eloah,<a href="#cite_note-Strong_1890-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biblehub-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_1998-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-BibleStudyTools-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biblica_1902-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elohim_NIE-10">[9]</a> the latter being an expanded form of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest Semitic</a> noun 'il.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee1999285–288-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-DDD-17">[16]</a> The related nouns eloah (אלוה) and el (אֵל) are used as proper names or as generics, in which case they are interchangeable with elohim.<a href="#cite_note-DDD-17">[16]</a> The term contains an added <a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">heh</a> as <a href="/wiki/Triconsonantal" class="mw-redirect" title="Triconsonantal">third radical</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">biconsonantal root</a>. Discussions of the <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of elohim essentially concern this expansion. An exact cognate outside of Hebrew is found in Ugaritic ʾlhm,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee1999285–288-16">[15]</a> the family of El, the <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator god</a> and chief deity of the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanite pantheon">Canaanite pantheon</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical Aramaic</a> ʼĔlāhā and later <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> Alaha ("God"), and in Arabic <a href="/wiki/%CA%BEil%C4%81h" class="mw-redirect" title="ʾilāh">ʾilāh</a> ("god, deity") (or <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> as "The [single] God").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee1999285–288-16">[15]</a> "El" (the basis for the extended root ʾlh) is usually derived from a root meaning "to be strong" and/or "to be in front".<a href="#cite_note-DDD-17">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canaanite_religion">Canaanite religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elohim&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Canaanite religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Canaanite_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Canaanite religion">Ancient Canaanite religion</a></div> The word el (singular) is a standard term for "god" in Aramaic, paleo-Hebrew, and other related Semitic languages including Ugaritic. The Canaanite pantheon of gods was known as 'ilhm,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee1999p._285_"The_term_expressing_the_simple_notion_of_'gods'_in_these_texts_is_''ilm''..."-18">[17]</a> the Ugaritic equivalent to elohim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999352–353,_360–364-19">[18]</a> For instance, the Ugaritic <a href="/wiki/Baal_Cycle" title="Baal Cycle">Baal Cycle</a> mentions "seventy sons of <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a>". Each "son of god" was held to be the originating deity for a particular people (<a href="/wiki/Keilschrift_Texte_aus_Ugarit" class="mw-redirect" title="Keilschrift Texte aus Ugarit">KTU</a> 2 1.4.VI.46).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200323-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elohim&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew grammar">Hebrew grammar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God in Judaism</a></div> Elohim occurs frequently throughout the Torah. In some cases (e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0203.htm#4">Exodus 3:4</a>, "Elohim called unto him out of the midst of the bush ..."), it behaves like a singular noun in Hebrew grammar and is then generally understood to denote the single God of Israel. In other cases, elohim acts as an ordinary plural of the word eloah and refers to the <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> notion of multiple gods (for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0220.htm#3">Exodus 20:3</a>, "You shall have no other gods before me"). The word Elohim occurs more than 2500 times in the Hebrew Bible, with meanings ranging from "gods" in a general sense (as in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#12">Exodus 12:12</a>, where it describes "the gods of Egypt"), to specific gods (the frequent references to <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> as the "elohim" of Israel), to <a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">seraphim</a>, and other supernatural beings, to the <a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">spirits of the dead</a> brought up at the behest of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a28.htm#13">1 Samuel 28:13</a>, and even to kings and prophets (e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0204.htm#16">Exodus 4:16</a>).<a href="#cite_note-DDD-17">[16]</a> The phrase <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_God" title="Sons of God">bene elohim</a>, translated "sons of the Gods", has an exact parallel in <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugaritic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> texts, referring to the council of the gods.<a href="#cite_note-DDD-17">[16]</a> Elohim occupy the seventh rank of ten in the medieval rabbinic scholar <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>' <a href="/wiki/Jewish_angelic_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish angelic hierarchy">Jewish angelic hierarchy</a>. Maimonides wrote: "I must premise that every Hebrew [now] knows that the term Elohim is a homonym, and denotes God, angels, judges, and the rulers of countries ..."<a href="#cite_note-maimonides-2">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_plural_verb">With plural verb</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elohim&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: With plural verb">edit</a>]</div> In the Hebrew Bible, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a28.htm#13">1 Samuel 28:13</a>, elohim is used with a plural verb. The <a href="/wiki/Witch_of_Endor" title="Witch of Endor">witch of Endor</a> tells <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> that she saw elohim ascending (olim עֹלִים, plural verb) out of the earth when she summoned the spirit of the <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">Prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a> at Saul's request.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> The word elohim, in this context, can refer to spirits as well as deities.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Some traditional Jewish sources say that the spirits of deceased human beings are being referred to[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. The <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> states: "olim indicates that there were two of them. One of them was Samuel, but the other, who was he? – Samuel went and brought <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> with him."<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> gives this interpretation in his commentary on the verse.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Regarding this, <a href="/wiki/Obadiah_ben_Jacob_Sforno" title="Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno">Sforno</a> states that "every disembodied creature is known as elohim; this includes the soul of human beings known as [the] 'Image of God'."<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0120.htm#13">Genesis 20:13</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, before the polytheistic <a href="/wiki/Philistine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philistine">Philistine</a> king <a href="/wiki/Abimelech" title="Abimelech">Abimelech</a>, says that "Elohim (translated as 'God') caused (התעו, plural verb) me to wander".<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Whereas the Greek <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> (LXX) has a singular verb form (ἐξήγαγε(ν), aorist II), most English versions usually translate this as "God caused" (which does not distinguish between a singular and plural verb).<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Regarding this, the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> states: "All Names written regarding our father Abraham are holy [i.e., referring to the one God] except one which is profane, it was when the gods made me err from my father's house. But some say this one also is holy, [i.e.,] 'were it not for God, they [humans] already would have made me err'."<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> The same disagreement appears in <a href="/wiki/Soferim_(Talmud)" title="Soferim (Talmud)">Tractate Soferim</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Haninah_ben_Ahi_R._Joshua" title="Haninah ben Ahi R. Joshua">Haninah ben Ahi R. Joshua</a> maintained that the word is "holy".<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> An alternative view (held by <a href="/wiki/Onkelos" title="Onkelos">Onkelos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahya_ben_Asher" title="Bahya ben Asher">Bahya ben Asher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Asher" title="Jacob ben Asher">Jacob ben Asher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obadiah_ben_Jacob_Sforno" title="Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno">Sforno</a>, and Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Tzvi_Mecklenburg" title="Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg">Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg</a>) is that the word means "gods" and the verse means that Abraham's distaste for the <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a> of his father <a href="/wiki/Terah" title="Terah">Terah</a> led him to decide to wander far from home.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah_ben_Manoah" title="Hezekiah ben Manoah">Chizkuni</a>, interpret elohim as a reference to wicked rulers like <a href="/wiki/Amraphel" title="Amraphel">Amraphel</a> (often equated with <a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a>).<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0135.htm#7">Genesis 35:7</a>, Jacob builds an altar at <a href="/wiki/Bethel" title="Bethel">El-Bethel</a> "because there elohim revealed himself [plural verb] to [Jacob]". The verb niglu ("revealed himself") is plural, even though one would expect the singular.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> This is one of several instances where the Bible uses plural verbs with the name elohim.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Some Jewish sources (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Targum_Jonathan" title="Targum Jonathan">Targum Jonathan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Ibn Ezra</a>, add <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah_ben_Manoah" title="Hezekiah ben Manoah">Chizkuni</a>), seeking to explain the plural language of Genesis 35:7, translate elohim here as "angels",<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> noting that in the story being referenced Jacob experiences a vision of malakhei elohim (angels of God) ascending and descending the ladder.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Kimhi" title="David Kimhi">Radak</a> agrees that this is a reference to angels but also presents the alternative view that the plural form in the verse is a <a href="/wiki/Royal_we" title="Royal we">majestic plural</a>, as seen in other verses such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt26e9.htm#2">Psalms 149:2</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2735.htm#10">Job 35:10</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Elohim can be seen used in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a> in a variety of other cases, such as in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2608.htm#6">Psalms 8:6</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2682.htm#1">82:1–6</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_singular_verb">With singular verb</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elohim&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: With singular verb">edit</a>]</div> Elohim, when meaning the God of Israel, is mostly grammatically singular, and is commonly translated as "God", and capitalised. For example, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0101.htm#26">Genesis 1:26</a>, it is written: "Then Elohim (translated as God) said (singular verb), 'Let us (plural) make (plural verb) man in our (plural) image, after our (plural) likeness'". In the traditional Jewish understanding of the verse, the plural refers to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> taking <a href="/wiki/Divine_Council" title="Divine Council">council</a> with His <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a> (who He had created by this point) before creating <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> It should also be noted that in the following verse of Genesis 1:27: "So God created man in his [own] image, in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them"; the singular verb בָּרָא (bārāʾ), meaning "He created" is used as it is elsewhere in all the acts of creation featured in Genesis. This shows us that the actual creation of man (and everything else) in Genesis was a singular act by God alone.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Wilhelm Gesenius</a> and other Hebrew grammarians traditionally described this as the <a href="/wiki/Pluralis_excellentiae" title="Pluralis excellentiae">pluralis excellentiae</a> (plural of excellence), which is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Pluralis_majestatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralis majestatis">pluralis majestatis</a> (plural of majesty, or "Royal we").<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[b]</a> Gesenius comments that the singular Hebrew term Elohim is to be distinguished from elohim used to refer to plural gods, and remarks that: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> The supposition that אֱלֹהִים (elohim) is to be regarded as merely a remnant of earlier polytheistic views (i.e. as originally only a numerical plural) is at least highly improbable, and, moreover, would not explain the analogous plurals (see below). That the language has entirely rejected the idea of numerical plurality in אֱלֹהִים (whenever it denotes one God), is proved especially by its being almost invariably joined with a singular attribute (cf. §132h), e.g. אֱלֹהִים צַדִּיק <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2607.htm#10">Psalms 7:10</a>, &c. Hence אֱלֹהִים may have been used originally not only as a numerical but also as an abstract plural (corresponding to the Latin <a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">numen</a>, and our <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Godhead</a>), and, like other abstracts of the same kind, have been transferred to a concrete single god (even of the heathen). To the same class (and probably formed on the analogy of אֱלֹהִים) belong the plurals קְדשִׁים (kadoshim), meaning the Most Holy (only of Yahweh, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1312.htm#1">Hosea 12:1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2809.htm#10">Proverbs 9:10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2830.htm#3">30:3</a> – cf. אֱלֹהִים קְדשִׁים elohiym kadoshim in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0624.htm#19">Joshua 24:19</a> and the singular Aramaic עֶלְיוֹנִין the Most High, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3407.htm#18">Daniel 7:18</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3407.htm#22">7:22</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3407.htm#25">7:25</a>); and probably תְּרָפִים (<a href="/wiki/Teraphim" title="Teraphim">teraphim</a>) (usually taken in the sense of <a href="/wiki/Penates" class="mw-redirect" title="Penates">penates</a>), the image of a god, used especially for obtaining oracles. Certainly in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a19.htm#13">1 Samuel 19:13</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a19.htm#16">19:16</a> only one image is intended; in most other places a single image may be intended; in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2310.htm#2">Zechariah 10:2</a> alone is it most naturally taken as a numerical plural.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGesenius1910" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius, Wilhelm</a> (1910). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/124._The_Various_Uses_of_the_Plural-form">"124. The Various Uses of the Plural-form" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Emil_Kautzsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil Kautzsch">Kautzsch, Emil</a> (ed.). Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ernest_Cowley" title="Arthur Ernest Cowley">Cowley, Arthur Ernest</a> (2nd, revised and enlarged ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 399 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=124.+The+Various+Uses+of+the+Plural-form&rft.btitle=Gesenius%27+Hebrew+Grammar&rft.pages=399&rft.edition=2nd%2C+revised+and+enlarged&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Gesenius&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></cite></div></blockquote> There are a number of notable exceptions to the rule that Elohim is treated as singular when referring to the God of Israel, including <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0120.htm#13">Genesis 20:13</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0135.htm#7">Genesis 35:7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08b07.htm#23">2 Samuel 7:23</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2658.htm#11">Psalms 58:11</a>, and notably the epithet of the "Living God" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0505.htm#26">Deuteronomy 5:26</a> etc.), which is constructed with the plural adjective, Elohim ḥayyim (אלהים חיים) but still takes singular verbs. The treatment of Elohim as both singular and plural is, according to Mark Sameth, consistent with a theory put forth by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Postel" title="Guillaume Postel">Guillaume Postel</a> (16th century) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michelangelo_Lanci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michelangelo Lanci (page does not exist)">Michelangelo Lanci</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Lanci" class="extiw" title="it:Michelangelo Lanci">it</a>] (19th century) that the God of Israel was understood by the ancient priests to be a singular, dual-gendered deity.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> In the Septuagint and <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> translations, Elohim has the singular ὁ θεός even in these cases, and modern translations follow suit in giving "<a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">God</a>" in the singular. The <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan Torah">Samaritan Torah</a> has edited out some of these exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angels_and_judges">Angels and judges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elohim&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Angels and judges">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angel_head_with_Hebrew_(%3F)_text,_St_George%27s,_Dublin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Angel_head_with_Hebrew_%28%3F%29_text%2C_St_George%27s%2C_Dublin.jpg/250px-Angel_head_with_Hebrew_%28%3F%29_text%2C_St_George%27s%2C_Dublin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Angel_head_with_Hebrew_%28%3F%29_text%2C_St_George%27s%2C_Dublin.jpg/330px-Angel_head_with_Hebrew_%28%3F%29_text%2C_St_George%27s%2C_Dublin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Angel_head_with_Hebrew_%28%3F%29_text%2C_St_George%27s%2C_Dublin.jpg/500px-Angel_head_with_Hebrew_%28%3F%29_text%2C_St_George%27s%2C_Dublin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="4896" /></a><figcaption>Carved angel's head with Hebrew text "Elohim", from <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Church,_Dublin" title="St. George's Church, Dublin">St. George's Church, Dublin</a></figcaption></figure> In a few cases in the Greek Septuagint (LXX), Hebrew elohim with a plural verb, or with implied plural context, was rendered either angeloi ("angels") or to kriterion tou Theou ("the judgement of God").<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> These passages then entered first the Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>, then the English <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> (KJV) as "angels" and "judges", respectively. From this came the result that <a href="/wiki/James_Strong_(theologian)" title="James Strong (theologian)">James Strong</a>, for example, listed "angels" and "judges" as possible meanings for elohim with a plural verb in his <a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Strong_1890-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biblehub-6">[5]</a> and the same is true of many other 17th–20th century reference works. Both Gesenius' Hebrew Lexicon and the <a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a> Lexicon<a href="#cite_note-Biblehub-6">[5]</a> list both "angels" and "judges" as possible alternative meanings of elohim with plural verbs and adjectives. Gesenius and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Wilhelm_Hengstenberg" title="Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg">Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg</a> have questioned the reliability of the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> translation in this matter. Gesenius lists the meaning without agreeing with it.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Hengstenberg stated that the Hebrew Bible text never uses elohim to refer to "angels", but that the Septuagint translators refused the references to "gods" in the verses they amended to "angels".<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> The Greek New Testament (NT) quotes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2608.htm#4">Psalms 8:4–6</a> in Hebrews 2:6b-8a, where the Greek NT has ἀγγέλους (angelous) in vs. 7,<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> quoting <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2608.htm#5">Psalms 8:5</a> (8:6 in the LXX), which also has ἀγγέλους in a version of the Greek Septuagint.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> In the KJV, elohim (Strong's number H430) is translated as "angels" only in Psalm 8:5.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> The KJV translates elohim as "judges" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0221.htm#6">Exodus 21:6</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/exodus/22-8.htm">Exodus 22:8</a>; twice in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/exodus/22-9.htm">Exodus 22:9</a> <a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> as "judge" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/1_samuel/2-25.htm">1 Samuel 2:25</a>, and as "gods" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/exodus/22-28.htm#lexicon">Exodus 22:28</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/psalms/82-1.htm#lexicon">Psalm 82:1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/psalms/82-6.htm#lexicon">Psalm 82:6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/psalms/95-3.htm#lexicon">Psalm 95:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/psalms/96-4.htm#lexicon">Psalm 96:4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/psalms/97-9.htm#lexicon">Psalm 97:9</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/psalms/138-1.htm#lexicon">Psalm 138:1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a> cited in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and external literature often contain the related noun <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">ʾĒl</a> (אֵל) in their <a href="/wiki/Theophory_in_the_Bible" title="Theophory in the Bible">theophoric</a> names such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_plural-singulars_in_biblical_Hebrew">Other plural-singulars in biblical Hebrew</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elohim&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other plural-singulars in biblical Hebrew">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a> has several nouns with -im (masculine plural) and -oth (feminine plural) endings which nevertheless take singular verbs, adjectives and pronouns. For example, <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baalim</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adon" title="Adon">Adonim</a>,<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Behemoth" title="Behemoth">Behemoth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> This form is known as the "honorific plural", in which the pluralization is a sign of power or honor.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] A very common singular Hebrew word with plural ending is the word achoth, meaning sister, with the irregular plural form achioth.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Alternatively, there are several other frequently used words in the Hebrew language that contain a masculine plural ending but also maintain this form in singular concept. The major examples are: Sky/Heavens (שמים shamayim), Face (פנים panim), Life (חיים - chayyim), Water (מים mayim). Of these four nouns, three appear in the first sentence of Genesis<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> (along with elohim). Three of them also appear in the first sentence of the Eden creation story<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> (also along with elohim). Instead of "honorific plural" these other plural nouns terms represent something which is constantly changing. Water, sky, face, life are "things which are never bound to one form".<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Divine_Council">The Divine Council</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elohim&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Divine Council">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Divine_Council" title="Divine Council">Divine Council</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> God standeth in the congregation of the mighty; he judgeth among the gods. ... I have said, Ye [are] gods; and all of you [are] children of the most High. But ye shall die like men, and fall like one of the princes.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Psalm 82:1, 6–7 (AV)</cite></div></blockquote> Marti Steussy, in Chalice Introduction to the Old Testament, discusses: "The first verse of Psalm 82: 'Elohim has taken his place in the divine council.' Here elohim has a singular verb and clearly refers to God. But in verse 6 of the Psalm, God says to the other members of the council, 'You [plural] are elohim.' Here elohim has to mean gods."<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> Mark Smith, referring to this same Psalm, states in God in Translation: "This psalm presents a scene of the gods meeting together in divine council ... Elohim stands in the council of El. Among the elohim he pronounces judgment: ..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2010134-71">[69]</a> In Hulsean Lectures for..., H. M. Stephenson discussed Jesus' argument in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+10:34-36+9&version=NRSV">John 10:34-36 9</a> concerning <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm+82:6-7&version=NRSV">Psalm 82:6-7</a>. (In answer to the charge of blasphemy Jesus replied:) "Is it not written in your law, I said, Ye are gods. If he called them gods, unto whom the word of God came, and the scripture cannot be broken; Say ye of him, whom the Father hath sanctified, and sent into the world, Thou blasphemest; because I said, I am the Son of God?" – "Now what is the force of this quotation 'I said ye are gods.' It is from the Asaph Psalm which begins 'Elohim hath taken His place in the mighty assembly. In the midst of the Elohim He is judging.'"<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sons_of_God">Sons of God</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elohim&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sons of God">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_God" title="Sons of God">Sons of God</a></div> The Hebrew word for "son" is ben; plural is bānim (with the <a href="/wiki/Construct_state" title="Construct state">construct state</a> form being "benei"). The Hebrew term benei elohim ("sons of God" or "sons of the gods") in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0106.htm#2">Genesis 6:2</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> compares to the use of "sons of gods" (Ugaritic: b'n il) sons of <a href="/wiki/El_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="El (god)">El</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugaritic mythology">Ugaritic mythology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karel_van_der_Toorn" title="Karel van der Toorn">Karel van der Toorn</a> states that gods can be referred to collectively as bene elim, bene elyon, or bene elohim.<a href="#cite_note-DDD-17">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elohist">Elohist</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elohim&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Elohist">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elohist" title="Elohist">Elohist</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Documentary_Hypothesis_Sources_Distribution_English.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Documentary_Hypothesis_Sources_Distribution_English.png/250px-Documentary_Hypothesis_Sources_Distribution_English.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Documentary_Hypothesis_Sources_Distribution_English.png/330px-Documentary_Hypothesis_Sources_Distribution_English.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Documentary_Hypothesis_Sources_Distribution_English.png/500px-Documentary_Hypothesis_Sources_Distribution_English.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Elliott_Friedman" title="Richard Elliott Friedman">Friedman</a>'s distribution of materials by source of the first four books of the Hebrew Bible, including a <a href="/wiki/Redaction" title="Redaction">redactor</a> (black), according to the <a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">documentary hypothesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Friedman_1987-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berlin-Brettler-76">[74]</a></figcaption></figure> The Hebrew Bible uses various names for the God of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Dever_2001-77">[75]</a>: 102  According to the <a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">documentary hypothesis</a>, these variations are the products of different <a href="/wiki/Source_text" title="Source text">source texts</a> and narratives that constitute the <a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_Torah" title="Composition of the Torah">composition of the Torah</a>: Elohim is the name of God used in the <a href="/wiki/Elohist" title="Elohist">Elohist</a> (E) and <a href="/wiki/Priestly_source" title="Priestly source">Priestly</a> (P) sources, while <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> is the name of God used in the <a href="/wiki/Jahwist" title="Jahwist">Jahwist</a> (J) source.<a href="#cite_note-Friedman_1987-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berlin-Brettler-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dever_2001-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elohist_NIE-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Form_criticism" title="Form criticism">Form criticism</a> postulates the differences of names may be the result of geographical origins; the P and E sources coming from the North and J from the South.<a href="#cite_note-Dever_2001-77">[75]</a>: 102 <a href="#cite_note-Elohist_NIE-78">[76]</a> There may be a theological point, that God did not reveal his name, Yahweh, before the time of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, though <a href="/wiki/Hans_Heinrich_Schmid" title="Hans Heinrich Schmid">Hans Heinrich Schmid</a> showed that the Jahwist was aware of the prophetic books from the 7th and 8th centuries BCE.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> The Jahwist source presents Yahweh <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphically</a>: for example, walking through the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> looking for Adam and Eve. The Elohist source often presents Elohim as more distant and frequently involves <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>, as in the Elohist version of the tale of <a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Ladder" title="Jacob's Ladder">Jacob's Ladder</a>, in which there is a ladder to the clouds, with angels climbing up and down, with Elohim at the top. In the Jahwist version of the tale, Yahweh is simply stationed in the sky, above the clouds without the ladder or angels. Likewise, the Elohist source describes <a href="/wiki/Jacob_wrestling_with_the_angel" title="Jacob wrestling with the angel">Jacob wrestling with an angel.</a> The classical documentary hypothesis, first developed in the late 19th century among <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical scholar">biblical scholars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual critics</a>, holds that the Jahwist portions of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> were composed in the 10th-9th century BCE<a href="#cite_note-Dever_2001-77">[75]</a>: 102  and the Elohist portions in the 9th-8th century BCE,<a href="#cite_note-Dever_2001-77">[75]</a>: 102 <a href="#cite_note-Elohist_NIE-78">[76]</a> i.e. during the early period of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>. This, however, is not universally accepted as <a href="/wiki/Redaction_criticism" title="Redaction criticism">later literary scholarship</a> seems to show evidence of a later "Elohist redaction" (<a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">post-exilic</a>) during the 5th century BCE which sometimes makes it difficult to determine whether a given passage is "Elohist" in origin, or the result of a later editor.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latter_Day_Saint_movement">Latter Day Saint movement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elohim&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Latter Day Saint movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">God in Mormonism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_practices_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a>, Elohim refers to <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2003-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-EoM-82">[80]</a> Elohim is the father of Jesus in both the physical and the spiritual realms, whose name before birth is said to be <a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2003-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-EoM-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> In the belief system held by the Christian churches that adhere to the Latter Day Saint movement and most <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormon denominations</a>, including <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church), the term God refers to Elohim (the Eternal Father),<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2003-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-EoM-82">[80]</a> whereas <a href="/wiki/Godhead_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Godhead (Christianity)">Godhead</a> means a council of three distinct gods: Elohim (God the Father), <a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a> (the Son of God, Jesus Christ),<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2003-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-EoM-82">[80]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Ghost</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">non-trinitarian conception of the Godhead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2003-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-EoM-82">[80]</a> In Mormonism, the three persons are considered to be physically separate beings, or personages, but united in will and purpose; this conception differs significantly from <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainline Christian">mainline Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">trinitarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2003-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-EoM-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> As such, the term Godhead differs from how it is used in mainstream Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2003-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-EoM-82">[80]</a> This description of God represents the <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a> of the LDS Church, established early in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2003-81">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Abraham" title="Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred text">sacred text</a> accepted by some branches of the Latter Day Saint movement, contains a paraphrase of the first chapter of Genesis which explicitly translates Elohim as "the Gods" multiple times; this is suggested by Mormon <a href="/wiki/Apostle_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Apostle (Latter Day Saints)">apostle</a> <a href="/wiki/James_E._Talmage" title="James E. Talmage">James E. Talmage</a> to indicate a "plurality of excellence or intensity, rather than distinctively of number,"<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> in contrast to his contemporary apostle <a href="/wiki/Orson_F._Whitney" title="Orson F. Whitney">Orson F. Whitney</a>'s explanation that, while to "the modern Jew [Elohim] means the plural of majesty, not of number...to the Latter-day Saint it signifies both."<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Raëlism">Raëlism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elohim&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Raëlism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlian_beliefs_and_practices" title="Raëlian beliefs and practices">Raëlian beliefs and practices</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">International Raëlian Movement</a>, founded by the French journalist <a href="/wiki/Claude_Vorilhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Vorilhon">Claude Vorilhon</a> (who later became known as "Raël") in 1974,<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> claims that the Hebrew word Elohim from the Book of Genesis actually means “those who came from the sky” and refers to a species of <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial aliens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elohim&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gnosticism">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> text known as the <a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_John" title="Apocryphon of John">Secret Book of John</a>, Elohim is another name for <a href="/wiki/Abel" title="Abel">Abel</a>, whose parents are <a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demiurge#Yaldabaoth" title="Demiurge">Yaldabaoth</a>. He rules over the elements of water and earth, alongside <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a>, who is seen as <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> ruling over the elements of fire and wind.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> However, the 2nd century Gnostic teacher <a href="/wiki/Justin_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin (gnostic)">Justin</a> proposed a cosmological model with three original divinities. The first is a transcendental being called the Good, the second is Elohim, appearing here as an intermediate male figure, and the third is an <a href="/wiki/Earth_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth goddess">Earth-mother</a> called <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Eden</a>. The world along with the first humans are created from the love between Elohim and Eden, but when Elohim learns about the existence of the Good above him and ascends trying to reach it, he causes evil to enter the universe.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elohim&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anunnaki" title="Anunnaki">Anunnaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism#Canaanite_religion_and_Yahwism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism § Canaanite religion and Yahwism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elyon" title="Elyon">Elyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry#In_ancient_Israel" title="Monolatry">Monolatry § In ancient Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophory_in_the_Bible" title="Theophory in the Bible">Theophory in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahumma" title="Allahumma">Allahumma</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elohim&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Because of the <a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">mappiq</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Heh_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heh (letter)">Heh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">patach</a> is pronouced before the Heh. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> According to Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hertz" title="Joseph Hertz">Joseph Hertz</a>, the word's use in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0101.htm#1">Genesis 1:1</a> "indicates that God comprehends and unifies all the forces of eternity and infinity".<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elohim&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-maimonides-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maimonides_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maimonides_2-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Moses_Maimonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses Maimonides">Moses Maimonides</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/gfp/gfp012.htm">Guide for the Perplexed</a> (1904 translation by Friedländer). Starting from the beginning of chapter 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201019-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201019_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnett2001-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnett2001_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurnett2001">Burnett 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Strong_1890-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strong_1890_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strong_1890_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strong_1890_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrong1890" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Strong_(theologian)" title="James Strong (theologian)">Strong, James</a> (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H430">"H430 - 'elohiym"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a>. <a href="/wiki/Blue_Letter_Bible" title="Blue Letter Bible">Blue Letter Bible</a>. Retrieved 1 August 2020. <q>אֱלֹהִים ʼĕlôhîym, el-o-heem; plural of H433 (אֱלוֹהַּ ĕlôah); gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with the article) of the supreme God; occasionally applied by way of deference to magistrates; and sometimes as a superlative:—angels, X exceeding, God (gods) (-dess, -ly), X (very) great, judges, X mighty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=H430+-+%27elohiym&rft.btitle=Strong%27s+Concordance&rft.pub=Blue+Letter+Bible&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Flang%2Flexicon%2Flexicon.cfm%3Fstrongs%3DH430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biblehub-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biblehub_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblehub_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblehub_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblehub_6-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/str/hebrew/430.htm">"Strong's Hebrew: 430. אֱלֹהִים (elohim) -- God (Strong's Concordance; Englishman's Concordance; NAS Exhaustive Concordance; Brown-Driver-Briggs definition; Strong's Exhaustive Concordance definition; Forms and Transliterations)"</a>. Biblehub.com. 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Strong%27s+Hebrew%3A+430.+%D7%90%D6%B1%D7%9C%D6%B9%D7%94%D6%B4%D7%99%D7%9D+%28elohim%29+--+God+%28Strong%27s+Concordance%3B+Englishman%27s+Concordance%3B+NAS+Exhaustive+Concordance%3B+Brown-Driver-Briggs+definition%3B+Strong%27s+Exhaustive+Concordance+definition%3B+Forms+and+Transliterations%29&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fstr%2Fhebrew%2F430.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica_1998-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1998_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1998_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Elohim">"Elohim - Hebrew god"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> 20 July 1998. Retrieved 1 August 2020. <q>Elohim, singular Eloah, (Hebrew: God), the God of Israel in the Old Testament. The term Elohim—though sometimes used for other deities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moabite</a> god <a href="/wiki/Chemosh" title="Chemosh">Chemosh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Sidonian</a> goddess <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a>, and also for other majestic beings such as angels, kings, judges (the Old Testament <a href="/wiki/Shophet" title="Shophet">shofeṭim</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Messiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Messiah">Messiah</a>—is usually employed in the Old Testament for the one and only God of Israel, whose personal name was revealed to <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> as <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">YHWH</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> (q.v.). When referring to Yahweh, elohim very often is accompanied by the article ha-, to mean, in combination, "the God," and sometimes with a further identification Elohim ḥayyim, meaning "the living God." Though Elohim is plural in form, it is understood in the singular sense. Thus, in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> the words, "In the beginning God (Elohim) created the heavens and the earth," Elohim is monotheistic in connotation, though its grammatical structure seems polytheistic. The Israelites probably borrowed the Canaanite plural noun Elohim and made it singular in meaning in their cultic practices and theological reflections.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elohim+-+Hebrew+god&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1998-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FElohim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BibleStudyTools-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BibleStudyTools_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BibleStudyTools_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/nas/elohiym.html">"'elohiym Meaning in Bible - Old Testament Hebrew Lexicon - New American Standard"</a>. Bible Study Tools. Retrieved 10 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Study+Tools&rft.atitle=%27elohiym+Meaning+in+Bible+-+Old+Testament+Hebrew+Lexicon+-+New+American+Standard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblestudytools.com%2Flexicons%2Fhebrew%2Fnas%2Felohiym.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biblica_1902-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_1902_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_1902_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFE._K.1902" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">E. K. (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib03cheyuoft/page/n343/mode/2up">"DIVINE NAMES - 114. "Elōhīm""</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Sutherland_Black" title="John Sutherland Black">Black, John S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kelly_Cheyne" title="Thomas Kelly Cheyne">Cheyne, Thomas K.</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica" title="Encyclopaedia Biblica">Encyclopaedia Biblica</a>. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Company</a>. pp. 343–344. Retrieved 10 August 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=DIVINE+NAMES+-+114.+%22El%C5%8Dh%C4%ABm%22&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Biblica&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E343-%3C%2Fspan%3E344&rft.pub=Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1902&rft.au=E.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopaediabib03cheyuoft%2Fpage%2Fn343%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elohim_NIE-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elohim_NIE_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elohim_NIE_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilmanPeckColby1905" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman" title="Daniel Coit Gilman">Gilman, D. C.</a>; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Elohim">"Elohim" </a>. <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a> (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elohim&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/Lexicon/Lexicon.cfm?strongs=H430&t=NASB">"Outline of Biblical Usage"</a>. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Outline+of+Biblical+Usage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Flang%2FLexicon%2FLexicon.cfm%3Fstrongs%3DH430%26t%3DNASB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2000401–402-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2000401–402_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLaughlin2000">McLaughlin 2000</a>, pp. 401–402. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999353-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999353_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1999">Van der Toorn 1999</a>, p. 353. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Glinert, Modern Hebrew: An Essential Grammar, Routledge, p. 14, section 13 "(b) <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">Agreement</a>". </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Gesenius, A Grammar of the Hebrew Language. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee1999285–288-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardee1999285–288_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardee1999285–288_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardee1999285–288_16-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPardee1999">Pardee 1999</a>, pp. 285–288. </li> <li id="cite_note-DDD-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DDD_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DDD_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DDD_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DDD_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DDD_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DDD_17-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerrmann1999" class="citation book cs1">Herrmann, W. (1999). Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA274">El</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 274–280, 352–353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_El">10.1163/2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_El</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11119-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11119-0"><bdi>90-04-11119-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E274-%3C%2Fspan%3E280%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E352-%3C%2Fspan%3E353&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_El&rft.isbn=90-04-11119-0&rft.aulast=Herrmann&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee1999p._285_"The_term_expressing_the_simple_notion_of_'gods'_in_these_texts_is_''ilm''..."-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardee1999p._285_"The_term_expressing_the_simple_notion_of_'gods'_in_these_texts_is_''ilm''..."_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPardee1999">Pardee 1999</a>, p. 285 "The term expressing the simple notion of 'gods' in these texts is ilm...". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999352–353,_360–364-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999352–353,_360–364_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1999">Van der Toorn 1999</a>, pp. 352–353, 360–364. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200323-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200323_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDay2003">Day 2003</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Brian B. Schmidt, "Israel's beneficent dead: ancestor cult and necromancy in ancient Israelite Religion and Tradition", Forschungen zum Alten Testament, N. 11 (Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr Siebeck, 1994), p. 217: "In spite of the fact that the MT plural noun 'elohim of v.13 is followed by a plural participle 'olim, a search for the antecedent to the singular pronominal suffix on mah-to'ro in v.14 what does he/it look like? has led interpreters to view the 'elohim ... 'olim as a designation for the dead Samuel, 'a god ascending'. The same term 'elohim ... He, therefore, urgently requests verification of Samuel's identity, mah-to'"ro, 'what does he/it look like?' The ... 32:1, 'elohim occurs with a plural finite verb and denotes multiple gods in this instance: 'elohim '"seryel'ku I fydnenu, 'the gods who will go before us'. Thus, the two occurrences of 'elohim in 1 Sam 28:13,15 – the first complemented by a plural ... 28:13 manifests a complex textual history, then the 'elohim of v. 13 might represent not the deified dead, but those gods known to be summoned – some from the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">netherworld</a> – to assist in the retrieval of the ghost.373 ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Bill T. Arnold, Necromancy and Cleromancy in 1 and 2 Samuel, CBQ, 66:2, p.202 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Chagigah.4b.9?lang=bi">"Chagigah 4b:9"</a>. Sefaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Chagigah+4b%3A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FChagigah.4b.9%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Rashi_on_I_Samuel.28.13.1?lang=bi">"Rashi on I Samuel 28:13:1"</a>. Sefaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Rashi+on+I+Samuel+28%3A13%3A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FRashi_on_I_Samuel.28.13.1%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Sforno_on_Deuteronomy.21.23.1?lang=bi">"Sforno on Deuteronomy 21:23:1"</a>. Sefaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Sforno+on+Deuteronomy+21%3A23%3A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FSforno_on_Deuteronomy.21.23.1%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenamozeghMaxwell_Luria1995" class="citation book cs1">Benamozegh, Elia; Maxwell Luria (1995). Israel and Humanity. Paulist Press International. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809135417" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809135417"><bdi>978-0809135417</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+Humanity&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Paulist+Press+International&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0809135417&rft.aulast=Benamozegh&rft.aufirst=Elia&rft.au=Maxwell+Luria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2012" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Victor P. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vUry0cGNR_IC&pg=PT1003">Exodus: An Exegetical Commentary</a>. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801031830" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801031830"><bdi>978-0801031830</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exodus%3A+An+Exegetical+Commentary&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0801031830&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Victor+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvUry0cGNR_IC%26pg%3DPT1003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0120.htm#13">Genesis 20:13</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: התעו אתי אלהים מבית אבי, where התעו is from <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: תעה "to err, wander, go astray, stagger", the <a href="/wiki/Hif%27il" class="mw-redirect" title="Hif'il">causative</a> plural "they caused to wander". </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">LXX</a>: ἐξήγαγέν με ὁ θεὸς ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ πατρός; <a href="/wiki/KJV" class="mw-redirect" title="KJV">KJV</a>: "when God caused me to wander from my father's house". </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Jerusalem_Talmud_Megillah.1.9.17?lang=bi">"Jerusalem Talmud Megillah 1:9:17"</a>. Sefaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Jerusalem+Talmud+Megillah+1%3A9%3A17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FJerusalem_Talmud_Megillah.1.9.17%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Tractate_Soferim.4.6?lang=bi">"Tractate Soferim 4:6"</a>. Sefaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Tractate+Soferim+4%3A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FTractate_Soferim.4.6%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Rabbeinu_Bahya%2C_Bereshit.20.13.1?lang=bi">"Rabbeinu Bahya, Bereshit 20:13:1"</a>. Sefaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Rabbeinu+Bahya%2C+Bereshit+20%3A13%3A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FRabbeinu_Bahya%252C_Bereshit.20.13.1%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Tur_HaArokh%2C_Genesis.20.13.1?lang=bi">"Tur HaArokh, Genesis 20:13:1"</a>. Sefaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Tur+HaArokh%2C+Genesis+20%3A13%3A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FTur_HaArokh%252C_Genesis.20.13.1%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Sforno_on_Genesis.20.13.1?lang=bi">"Sforno on Genesis 20:13:1"</a>. Sefaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Sforno+on+Genesis+20%3A13%3A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FSforno_on_Genesis.20.13.1%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/HaKtav_VeHaKabalah%2C_Genesis.20.13.1?lang=bi">"HaKtav VeHaKabalah, Genesis 20:13:1"</a>. Sefaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=HaKtav+VeHaKabalah%2C+Genesis+20%3A13%3A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FHaKtav_VeHaKabalah%252C_Genesis.20.13.1%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Chizkuni%2C_Genesis.20.13.1?lang=bi">"Chizkuni, Genesis 20:13:1"</a>. Sefaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Chizkuni%2C+Genesis+20%3A13%3A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FChizkuni%252C_Genesis.20.13.1%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> NET Bible with Companion CD-ROM, W. Hall Harris, 3rd ed., 2003. "35:14 So Jacob set up a sacred stone pillar in the place where God spoke with him.30 He poured out a 20tn Heb 'revealed themselves'. The verb iVl] (niglu), translated 'revealed himself', is plural, even though one expects the singular." </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Haggai and Malachi p36 Herbert Wolf, 1976. "If both the noun and the verb are plural, the construction can refer to a person, just as the statement 'God revealed Himself' in Genesis 35:7 has a plural noun and verb. But since the word God, 'Elohim', is plural in form,8 the verb ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> J. Harold Ellens, Wayne G. Rollins, Psychology and the Bible: From Genesis to apocalyptic vision, 2004, p. 243: "Often the plural form Elohim, when used in reference to the biblical deity, takes a plural verb or adjective (Gen. 20:13, 35:7; Exod. 32:4, 8; 2 Sam. 7:23; Ps. 58:12)." </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Targum_Jonathan_on_Genesis.35.7?lang=bi">"Targum Jonathan on Genesis 35:7"</a>. Sefaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Targum+Jonathan+on+Genesis+35%3A7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FTargum_Jonathan_on_Genesis.35.7%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Ibn_Ezra_on_Genesis.35.7.1?lang=bi">"Ibn Ezra on Genesis 35:7:1"</a>. Sefaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Ibn+Ezra+on+Genesis+35%3A7%3A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FIbn_Ezra_on_Genesis.35.7.1%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Chizkuni%2C_Genesis.35.7.1?lang=bi">"Chizkuni, Genesis 35:7:1"</a>. Sefaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Chizkuni%2C+Genesis+35%3A7%3A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FChizkuni%252C_Genesis.35.7.1%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/genesis/28-12.htm">"Genesis 28:12 Hebrew Text: Westminster Leningrad Codex, Interlinear Bible"</a>. BibleHub.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BibleHub&rft.atitle=Genesis+28%3A12+Hebrew+Text%3A+Westminster+Leningrad+Codex%2C+Interlinear+Bible&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Ftext%2Fgenesis%2F28-12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Radak_on_Genesis.35.7.3?lang=bi">"Radak on Genesis 35:7:3"</a>. Sefaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Radak+on+Genesis+35%3A7%3A3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FRadak_on_Genesis.35.7.3%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Psalms.8.6?with=all&lang=bi">"Psalms 8:6"</a>. Sefaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Psalms+8%3A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FPsalms.8.6%3Fwith%3Dall%26lang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/interlinear/psalms/8-5.htm">"Psalms 8:5 Hebrew Text: Westminster Leningrad Codex, Interlinear Bible"</a>. Bible Hub.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Hub&rft.atitle=Psalms+8%3A5+Hebrew+Text%3A+Westminster+Leningrad+Codex%2C+Interlinear+Bible&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Finterlinear%2Fpsalms%2F8-5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Psalms.82?lang=bi">"Psalms 82"</a>. Sefaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Psalms+82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FPsalms.82%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Rashi_on_Genesis.1.26.1?lang=bi">"Rashi on Genesis 1:26:1"</a>. Sefaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Rashi+on+Genesis+1%3A26%3A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FRashi_on_Genesis.1.26.1%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/interlinear/genesis/1-27.htm">"Genesis 1:27 Hebrew Text: Westminster Leningrad Codex, Interlinear Bible"</a>. Bible Hub.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Hub&rft.atitle=Genesis+1%3A27+Hebrew+Text%3A+Westminster+Leningrad+Codex%2C+Interlinear+Bible&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Finterlinear%2Fgenesis%2F1-27.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pealim.com/dict/257-livro/">"Conjugation of לִבְרוֹא"</a>. Pealim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pealim&rft.atitle=Conjugation+of+%D7%9C%D6%B4%D7%91%D6%B0%D7%A8%D7%95%D6%B9%D7%90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pealim.com%2Fdict%2F257-livro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Rashi_on_Genesis.1.26.2?with=all&lang=bi">"Rashi on Genesis 1:26:2"</a>. Sefaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Rashi+on+Genesis+1%3A26%3A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FRashi_on_Genesis.1.26.2%3Fwith%3Dall%26lang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Gesenius, Hebrew Grammar: 124g, without article 125f, with article 126e, with the singular 145h, with plural 132h, 145i </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHertz1960" class="citation book cs1">Hertz, J. H., ed. (1960) [1937]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16730346">The Pentateuch and Haftorahs: Hebrew Text, English Translation and Commentary</a> (2nd ed.). London: Soncino Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900689-21-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-900689-21-8"><bdi>0-900689-21-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16730346">16730346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pentateuch+and+Haftorahs%3A+Hebrew+Text%2C+English+Translation+and+Commentary&rft.place=London&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Soncino+Press&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16730346&rft.isbn=0-900689-21-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F16730346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSameth2020" class="citation book cs1">Sameth, Mark (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ozzpDwAAQBAJ&q=%22The+Name:+A+History+of+the+Dual-Gendered+Hebrew+Name+for+God%22">The Name: A History of the Dual-Gendered Hebrew Name for God</a>. Wipf and Stock. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-9384-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-9384-7"><bdi>978-1-5326-9384-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Name%3A+A+History+of+the+Dual-Gendered+Hebrew+Name+for+God&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5326-9384-7&rft.aulast=Sameth&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DozzpDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522The%2BName%3A%2BA%2BHistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BDual-Gendered%2BHebrew%2BName%2Bfor%2BGod%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2015" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Robert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xyoBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22earlier+form+1551;+final+state+1566%22&pg=PA337">Tetragrammaton: Western Christians and the Hebrew Name of God</a>. Boston: Brill. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789024702039" title="Special:BookSources/9789024702039"><bdi>9789024702039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tetragrammaton%3A+Western+Christians+and+the+Hebrew+Name+of+God.&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789024702039&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xyoBgAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522earlier%2Bform%2B1551%3B%2Bfinal%2Bstate%2B1566%2522%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPostel1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Postel, Guillaume (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EmkytAEACAAJ">Le thrésor des prophéties de l'univers</a> (in French). Springer. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789024702039" title="Special:BookSources/9789024702039"><bdi>9789024702039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+thr%C3%A9sor+des+proph%C3%A9ties+de+l%27univers&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9789024702039&rft.aulast=Postel&rft.aufirst=Guillaume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEmkytAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLanci1845" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lanci, Michelangelo (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-q4WAAAAQAAJ&dq=Paralipomeni+Alla+Illustrazione+Della+Sagra+Scrittura&pg=PR15">Paralipomeni alla illustrazione della sagra Scrittura</a> (in Italian). Dondey-Dupre. pp. 100–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1274016911" title="Special:BookSources/978-1274016911"><bdi>978-1274016911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paralipomeni+alla+illustrazione+della+sagra+Scrittura&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.pub=Dondey-Dupre&rft.date=1845&rft.isbn=978-1274016911&rft.aulast=Lanci&rft.aufirst=Michelangelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-q4WAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3DParalipomeni%2BAlla%2BIllustrazione%2BDella%2BSagra%2BScrittura%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Richard N. Soulen, R. Kendall Soulen, Handbook of biblical criticism, Westminster John Knox Press, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22314-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22314-4">978-0-664-22314-4</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Brenton Septuagint <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0221.htm#6">Exodus 21:6</a>: προσάξει αὐτὸν ὁ κύριος αὐτοῦ πρὸς τὸ κριτήριον τοῦ θεοῦ </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> The Biblical Repositor p. 360, ed. Edward Robinson, 1838. "Gesenius denies that elohim ever means angels; and he refers in this denial particularly to Ps. 8: 5, and Ps. 97: 7; but he observes, that the term is so translated in the ancient versions." </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Samuel Davidsohn, An Introduction to the New Testament, Vol. III, 1848, p. 282: "Hengstenberg, for example, affirms, that the usus loquendi is decisive against the direct reference to angels, because Elohim never signifies angels. He thinks that the Septuagint translator could not understand the representation ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/Bible.cfm?b=Hbr&c=2&v=7&t=KJV#conc/7">"Hebrews 2:7 with Greek"</a>. Retrieved 18 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hebrews+2%3A7+with+Greek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2FBible.cfm%3Fb%3DHbr%26c%3D2%26v%3D7%26t%3DKJV%23conc%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/Bible.cfm?b=Psa&c=8&v=5&t=KJV#conc/5">"Psalm 8:5 with Greek (8:6 in the LXX)"</a>. Retrieved 18 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Psalm+8%3A5+with+Greek+%288%3A6+in+the+LXX%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2FBible.cfm%3Fb%3DPsa%26c%3D8%26v%3D5%26t%3DKJV%23conc%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/search/search.cfm?Criteria=angel%2A+h430&t=KJV#s=s_primary_0_1">"Elohim as angels in the KJV only in Psalm 8:5 (8:6 in LXX)"</a>. Retrieved 18 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elohim+as+angels+in+the+KJV+only+in+Psalm+8%3A5+%288%3A6+in+LXX%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Fsearch%2Fsearch.cfm%3FCriteria%3Dangel%252A%2Bh430%26t%3DKJV%23s%3Ds_primary_0_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/search/search.cfm?Criteria=%22judges%22&t=KJV#s=s_primary_0_1">"Elohim as 'judges' in the KJV"</a>. Retrieved 18 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elohim+as+%27judges%27+in+the+KJV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Fsearch%2Fsearch.cfm%3FCriteria%3D%2522judges%2522%26t%3DKJV%23s%3Ds_primary_0_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Exodus 21:34, 22:11, Ecclesiastes 5:10, 7:12, Job 31:39 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Genesis 39:20, 42:30, 42:33, I Kings 16:24 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Job 40:15 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Mark Futato (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nas.org/articles/Ask_a_Scholar_What_Does_YHWH_Elohim_Mean">"Ask a Scholar: What Does YHWH Elohim Mean?"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balashon.com/2008/08/ach-and-achot.html">ach and achot</a> at balashon.com </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Genesis 1:1–2 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Genesis 2:4–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZagoria-Moffet2015" class="citation web cs1">Zagoria-Moffet, Adam (2015-05-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stateofformation.org/2015/05/but-not-in-number-one-and-many-in-hebrew-grammar/">"'But Not in Number': One and Many in Hebrew Grammar"</a>. Retrieved 2019-12-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27But+Not+in+Number%27%3A+One+and+Many+in+Hebrew+Grammar&rft.date=2015-05-13&rft.aulast=Zagoria-Moffet&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stateofformation.org%2F2015%2F05%2Fbut-not-in-number-one-and-many-in-hebrew-grammar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteussy2013" class="citation book cs1">Steussy, Marti (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NkP4QlnlEmYC&q=the+divine+council+of+elohim&pg=PA11">Chalice Introduction to the Old Testament</a>. Chalice Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780827205666" title="Special:BookSources/9780827205666"><bdi>9780827205666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chalice+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament&rft.pub=Chalice+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780827205666&rft.aulast=Steussy&rft.aufirst=Marti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNkP4QlnlEmYC%26q%3Dthe%2Bdivine%2Bcouncil%2Bof%2Belohim%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2010134-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2010134_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Stephenson, H. M. (1890) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K3tPAAAAYAAJ&q=Ye+are+gods&pg=RA1-PA14">Hulsean Lectures for... lecture 1, page 14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> (e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0106.htm#2">Genesis 6:2</a>, "... the sons of the Elohim (e-aleim) saw the daughters of men (e-adam, "the adam") that they were fair; and they took them for wives ...", </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Marvin H. Pope, El in the Ugaritic texts, "Supplements to Vetus Testamentum", Vol. II, Leiden, Brill, 1955. Pp. x—l–116, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman_1987-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_1987_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_1987_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Elliott_Friedman" title="Richard Elliott Friedman">Friedman, Richard Elliott</a> (2019) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9SuDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">Who Wrote the Bible?</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. pp. 10–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-9240-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-9240-1"><bdi>978-1-5011-9240-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Wrote+the+Bible%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5011-9240-1&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Richard+Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9SuDDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berlin-Brettler-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berlin-Brettler_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berlin-Brettler_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrettler2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Zvi_Brettler" title="Marc Zvi Brettler">Brettler, Marc Zvi</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aDuy3p5QvEYC&pg=PA1">"Torah: Introduction"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Adele_Berlin" title="Adele Berlin">Berlin, Adele</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marc_Zvi_Brettler" title="Marc Zvi Brettler">Brettler, Marc Zvi</a> (eds.). The Jewish Study Bible: Featuring The Jewish Publication Society TANAKH Translation. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 1–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195297515" title="Special:BookSources/9780195297515"><bdi>9780195297515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Torah%3A+Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Study+Bible%3A+Featuring+The+Jewish+Publication+Society+TANAKH+Translation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780195297515&rft.aulast=Brettler&rft.aufirst=Marc+Zvi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaDuy3p5QvEYC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dever_2001-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dever_2001_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dever_2001_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dever_2001_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dever_2001_77-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dever_2001_77-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDever2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_G._Dever" title="William G. Dever">Dever, William G.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC&pg=PA97">"Getting at the "History behind the History""</a>. <a href="/wiki/What_Did_the_Biblical_Writers_Know_and_When_Did_They_Know_It%3F" title="What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?">What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge, U.K.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans">Wm. B. Eerdmans</a>. pp. 97–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2126-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2126-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-2126-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46394298">46394298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Getting+at+the+%22History+behind+the+History%22&rft.btitle=What+Did+the+Biblical+Writers+Know+and+When+Did+They+Know+It%3F%3A+What+Archeology+Can+Tell+Us+About+the+Reality+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan+and+Cambridge%2C+U.K.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46394298&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2126-3&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6-VxwC5rQtwC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elohist_NIE-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elohist_NIE_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elohist_NIE_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elohist_NIE_78-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilmanPeckColby1905" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman" title="Daniel Coit Gilman">Gilman, D. C.</a>; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Elohist_and_Yahwist">"Elohist and Yahwist" </a>. <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a> (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elohist+and+Yahwist&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobsHirsch1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jacobs" title="Joseph Jacobs">Jacobs, Joseph</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emil_G._Hirsch" title="Emil G. Hirsch">Hirsch, Emil G.</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5705-elohist">"ELOHIST"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kopelman_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopelman Foundation">Kopelman Foundation</a>. Retrieved 10 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ELOHIST&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Kopelman+Foundation&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+Emil+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F5705-elohist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> H. H. Schmid, Der Sogenannte Jahwist (Zurich: TVZ, 1976) </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_2003-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2003_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2003_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2003_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2003_81-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2003_81-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2003_81-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2003_81-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2003_81-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Davies" title="Douglas Davies">Davies, Douglas J.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fw8DIziwEDsC&pg=PA67">"Divine–human transformations: God"</a>. An Introduction to Mormonism. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 67–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511610028.004">10.1017/CBO9780511610028.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511610028" title="Special:BookSources/9780511610028"><bdi>9780511610028</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/438764483">438764483</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146238056">146238056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Divine%E2%80%93human+transformations%3A+God&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Mormonism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F438764483&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146238056%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511610028.004&rft.isbn=9780511610028&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfw8DIziwEDsC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoM-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoM_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoM_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoM_82-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoM_82-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoM_82-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoM_82-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoM_82-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonBurgonTurnerLargey1992" class="citation cs2">Robinson, Stephen E.; Burgon, Glade L.; Turner, Rodney; Largey, Dennis L. (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/God_the_Father">"God the Father"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow" title="Daniel H. Ludlow">Ludlow, Daniel H.</a> (ed.), <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism" title="Encyclopedia of Mormonism">Encyclopedia of Mormonism</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishing">Macmillan Publishing</a>, pp. 548–552, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-879602-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-879602-0"><bdi>0-02-879602-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140">24502140</a>, retrieved 7 May 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Harold_B._Lee_Library" title="Harold B. Lee Library">Harold B. Lee Library</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=God+the+Father&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E548-%3C%2Fspan%3E552&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24502140&rft.isbn=0-02-879602-0&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft.au=Burgon%2C+Glade+L.&rft.au=Turner%2C+Rodney&rft.au=Largey%2C+Dennis+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feom.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FGod_the_Father&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Presidency_(LDS_Church)" title="First Presidency (LDS Church)">First Presidency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)" title="Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)">Quorum of the Twelve Apostles</a>, "The Father and the Son", <a href="/wiki/Improvement_Era" title="Improvement Era">Improvement Era</a>, August 1916, pp. 934–42; reprinted as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/2002/04/the-father-and-the-son?lang=eng">"The Father and the Son"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)" title="Ensign (LDS magazine)">Ensign</a>, April 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> The term with its distinctive Mormon usage first appeared in <a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Faith" title="Lectures on Faith">Lectures on Faith</a> (published 1834), Lecture 5 ("We shall in this lecture speak of the Godhead; we mean the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit."). The term Godhead also appears several times in Lecture 2 in its sense as used in the <a href="/wiki/Authorized_King_James_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorized King James Version">Authorized King James Version</a>, meaning divinity. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTalmage1915" class="citation book cs1">Talmage, James E. (September 1915). Jesus the Christ, (1956 ed.). p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+the+Christ%2C+%281956+ed.%29&rft.pages=38&rft.date=1915-09&rft.aulast=Talmage&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Elias:_An_Epic_of_the_Ages" title="Elias: An Epic of the Ages">Elias: An Epic of the Ages</a> by Orson F. Whitney. 1914. p 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDericquebourg2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_Dericquebourg" title="Régis Dericquebourg">Dericquebourg, Régis</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tkswEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA472">"Rael and the Raelians"</a>. In Zeller, Ben (ed.). Handbook of UFO Religions. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 20. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 472–490. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004435537_024">10.1163/9789004435537_024</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43437-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43437-0"><bdi>978-90-04-43437-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239738621">239738621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rael+and+the+Raelians&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+UFO+Religions&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E472-%3C%2Fspan%3E490&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004435537_024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239738621%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43437-0&rft.aulast=Dericquebourg&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9gis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtkswEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalmerSentes2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_J._Palmer" title="Susan J. Palmer">Palmer, Susan J.</a>; Sentes, Bryan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RM0AAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167">"The International Raëlian Movement"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Olav_Hammer" title="Olav Hammer">Hammer, Olav</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mikael_Rothstein" title="Mikael Rothstein">Rothstein, Mikael</a> (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to New Religious Movements. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 167–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL9780521196505.012">10.1017/CCOL9780521196505.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19650-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19650-5"><bdi>978-0-521-19650-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2012015440">2012015440</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151563721">151563721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+International+Ra%C3%ABlian+Movement&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+New+Religious+Movements&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCCOL9780521196505.012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151563721%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2012015440&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19650-5&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Susan+J.&rft.au=Sentes%2C+Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRM0AAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarvin_MeyerWillis_Barnstone2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Meyer" title="Marvin Meyer">Marvin Meyer</a>; <a href="/wiki/Willis_Barnstone" title="Willis Barnstone">Willis Barnstone</a> (June 30, 2009). "The Secret Book of John". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gnosis.org/naghamm/apocjn-meyer.html">The Gnostic Bible</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Publications" title="Shambhala Publications">Shambhala</a>. Retrieved 2022-01-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Secret+Book+of+John&rft.btitle=The+Gnostic+Bible&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft.au=Marvin+Meyer&rft.au=Willis+Barnstone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgnosis.org%2Fnaghamm%2Fapocjn-meyer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/gnosticism/Apocryphon-of-John">"Gnosticism - Apocryphon of John"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 2022-01-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gnosticism+-+Apocryphon+of+John&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fgnosticism%2FApocryphon-of-John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elohim&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: General bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurnett2001" class="citation book cs1">Burnett, Joel (2001). A Reassessment of Biblical Elohim. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589830165" title="Special:BookSources/9781589830165"><bdi>9781589830165</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47689804">47689804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reassessment+of+Biblical+Elohim&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47689804&rft.isbn=9781589830165&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooganBrettlerNewsomPerkins2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Coogan" title="Michael Coogan">Coogan, Michael D.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marc_Zvi_Brettler" title="Marc Zvi Brettler">Brettler, Marc Z.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carol_A._Newsom" title="Carol A. Newsom">Newsom, Carol A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pheme_Perkins" title="Pheme Perkins">Perkins, Pheme</a>, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nc-i_pQsiW8C&pg=PA544">"Glossary: 'Elohim'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Annotated_Bible" title="Oxford Annotated Bible">The New Oxford Annotated Bible: New Revised Standard Version with the Apocrypha</a> (3rd, Augmented ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. Glossary: 544. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-528880-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-528880-3"><bdi>978-0-19-528880-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glossary%3A+%27Elohim%27&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Annotated+Bible%3A+New+Revised+Standard+Version+with+the+Apocrypha&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=Glossary%3A+544&rft.edition=3rd%2C+Augmented&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-528880-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNc-i_pQsiW8C%26pg%3DPA544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDay2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Day_(Old_Testament_scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Day (Old Testament scholar)">Day, John</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2xadCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">Reviewed work: Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan, John Day</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_for_the_Study_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Journal for the Study of the Old Testament">Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series</a>. Vol. 265. <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Academic_Press" title="Sheffield Academic Press">Sheffield Academic Press</a>. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3217888">10.2307/3217888</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-850-75986-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-850-75986-7"><bdi>978-1-850-75986-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3217888">3217888</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161791734">161791734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reviewed+work%3A+Yahweh+and+the+Gods+and+Goddesses+of+Canaan%2C+John+Day&rft.place=Sheffield&rft.series=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Old+Testament%3A+Supplement+Series&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3217888&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161791734%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3217888%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-850-75986-7&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2xadCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2000" class="citation book cs1">McLaughlin, John L. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA401">"Elohim"</a>. In Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Eerdmans">Eerdmans</a>. pp. 401–402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2400-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2400-5"><bdi>0-8028-2400-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elohim&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E401-%3C%2Fspan%3E402&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8028-2400-5&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC%26pg%3DPA401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_D._Miller" title="Patrick D. Miller">Miller, Patrick D.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JBhY9BQ7hIQC&q=the+religion+of+ancient+israel">The Religion of Ancient Israel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>: <a href="/wiki/Westminster_John_Knox_Press" title="Westminster John Knox Press">Westminster John Knox Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22145-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22145-4"><bdi>978-0-664-22145-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22145-4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Patrick+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJBhY9BQ7hIQC%26q%3Dthe%2Breligion%2Bof%2Bancient%2Bisrael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillerHayes1986" class="citation book cs1">Miller, James M.; Hayes, John H. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uDijjc_D5P0C&q=%22Yahweh%22%22national+god+of+Israel+and+Judah%22&pg=PA110">A History of Ancient Israel and Judah</a>. <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>: <a href="/wiki/Westminster_John_Knox_Press" title="Westminster John Knox Press">Westminster John Knox Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664212629" title="Special:BookSources/9780664212629"><bdi>9780664212629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Israel+and+Judah&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780664212629&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft.au=Hayes%2C+John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuDijjc_D5P0C%26q%3D%2522Yahweh%2522%2522national%2Bgod%2Bof%2BIsrael%2Band%2BJudah%2522%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNiehr1995" class="citation book cs1">Niehr, Herbert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bua2dMa9fJ4C&pg=PA45">"The Rise of YHWH in Judahite and Israelite Religion"</a>. In Edelman, Diana Vikander (ed.). The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms. Contributions to Biblical Exegesis and Theology. Vol. 13. <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peeters_Publishers" title="Peeters Publishers">Peeters Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-390-0124-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-390-0124-0"><bdi>978-90-390-0124-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+YHWH+in+Judahite+and+Israelite+Religion&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+Elohim%3A+From+Yahwisms+to+Judaisms&rft.place=Leuven&rft.series=Contributions+to+Biblical+Exegesis+and+Theology&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-390-0124-0&rft.aulast=Niehr&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbua2dMa9fJ4C%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPardee1999" class="citation book cs1">Pardee, Dennis (1999). Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA285">Eloah</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 285–288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_Eloah">10.1163/2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_Eloah</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11119-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11119-0"><bdi>90-04-11119-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eloah&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E285-%3C%2Fspan%3E288&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_Eloah&rft.isbn=90-04-11119-0&rft.aulast=Pardee&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPreuss1995" class="citation book cs1">Preuss, Horst Dietrich (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Le7BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA147">Old Testament Theology</a>. The Old Testament Library. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>: <a href="/wiki/Westminster_John_Knox_Press" title="Westminster John Knox Press">Westminster John Knox Press</a>. pp. 147–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-21844-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-21844-X"><bdi>0-664-21844-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Testament+Theology&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.series=The+Old+Testament+Library&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-664-21844-X&rft.aulast=Preuss&rft.aufirst=Horst+Dietrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Le7BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRömer2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R%C3%B6mer" title="Thomas Römer">Römer, Thomas</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z59XCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">"The God of Israel and His Name"</a>. The Invention of God. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-50497-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-50497-4"><bdi>978-0-674-50497-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+God+of+Israel+and+His+Name&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+God&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-674-50497-4&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6mer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ59XCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSameth2020" class="citation book cs1">Sameth, Mark (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ozzpDwAAQBAJ&q=%22The+Name:+A+History+of+the+Dual-Gendered+Hebrew+Name+for+God%22">The Name: A History of the Dual-Gendered Hebrew Name for God</a>. Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-9384-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-9384-7"><bdi>978-1-5326-9384-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Name%3A+A+History+of+the+Dual-Gendered+Hebrew+Name+for+God&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5326-9384-7&rft.aulast=Sameth&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DozzpDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522The%2BName%3A%2BA%2BHistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BDual-Gendered%2BHebrew%2BName%2Bfor%2BGod%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Smith" title="Mark S. Smith">Smith, Mark S.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&q=%22facts+militate+against+an+identification+of+Yahweh+as+originally+a+title+of+El%22&pg=PA385">"El"</a>. In Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Eerdmans">Eerdmans</a>. pp. 384–386. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789053565032" title="Special:BookSources/9789053565032"><bdi>9789053565032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=El&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E384-%3C%2Fspan%3E386&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789053565032&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC%26q%3D%2522facts%2Bmilitate%2Bagainst%2Ban%2Bidentification%2Bof%2BYahweh%2Bas%2Boriginally%2Ba%2Btitle%2Bof%2BEl%2522%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Mark S. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=afkRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA133">"El, Yahweh, and the Original God of Israel and the Exodus"</a>. The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 133–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2F019513480X.003.0008">10.1093/019513480X.003.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195134803" title="Special:BookSources/9780195134803"><bdi>9780195134803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=El%2C+Yahweh%2C+and+the+Original+God+of+Israel+and+the+Exodus&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Biblical+Monotheism%3A+Israel%27s+Polytheistic+Background+and+the+Ugaritic+Texts&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2F019513480X.003.0008&rft.isbn=9780195134803&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DafkRDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Mark S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1yM3AuBh4AsC&q=%22Iron+I+Israel+was+largely+Canaanite%22&pg=PA28">The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Eerdmans">Eerdmans</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802839725" title="Special:BookSources/9780802839725"><bdi>9780802839725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+God%3A+Yahweh+and+the+Other+Deities+in+Ancient+Israel&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780802839725&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1yM3AuBh4AsC%26q%3D%2522Iron%2BI%2BIsrael%2Bwas%2Blargely%2BCanaanite%2522%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Mark S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yvWlC0kUlkYC&q=%22various+chief+gods%22%22stand+more+or+less+on+par%22&pg=PA119">God in Translation: Deities in Cross-Cultural Discourse in the Biblical World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Eerdmans">Eerdmans</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6433-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6433-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-6433-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+in+Translation%3A+Deities+in+Cross-Cultural+Discourse+in+the+Biblical+World&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6433-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyvWlC0kUlkYC%26q%3D%2522various%2Bchief%2Bgods%2522%2522stand%2Bmore%2Bor%2Bless%2Bon%2Bpar%2522%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karel_van_der_Toorn" title="Karel van der Toorn">Van der Toorn, Karel</a> (1999). Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Willem_van_der_Horst" title="Pieter Willem van der Horst">Van der Horst, Pieter W.</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA352">God (I)</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 352–353, 360–364. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_Godi">10.1163/2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_Godi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11119-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11119-0"><bdi>90-04-11119-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+%28I%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E352-%3C%2Fspan%3E353%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E360-%3C%2Fspan%3E364&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_Godi&rft.isbn=90-04-11119-0&rft.aulast=Van+der+Toorn&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26pg%3DPA352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVriezenVan_der_Woude2005" class="citation book cs1">Vriezen, T. C.; Van der Woude, S. A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VeOwyTae71cC&q=Ajrud+potsherd+Asherah&pg=PA18">Ancient Israelite and Early Jewish Literature</a>. Translated by Doyle, Brian. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12427-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12427-1"><bdi>978-90-04-12427-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Israelite+and+Early+Jewish+Literature&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12427-1&rft.aulast=Vriezen&rft.aufirst=T.+C.&rft.au=Van+der+Woude%2C+S.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVeOwyTae71cC%26q%3DAjrud%2Bpotsherd%2BAsherah%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elohim&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H430">'elohiym</a> (אֱלֹהִים), <a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a> (1890).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilmanPeckColby1905" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman" title="Daniel Coit Gilman">Gilman, D. C.</a>; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Elohim">"Elohim" </a>. <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a> (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elohim&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEisensteinMcLaughlin1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Eisenstein" title="Julius Eisenstein">Eisenstein, Judah D.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Fletcher_McLaughlin" title="John Fletcher McLaughlin">McLaughlin, John F.</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11305-names-of-god#anchor3">"NAMES OF GOD - Elohim"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kopelman_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopelman Foundation">Kopelman Foundation</a>. Retrieved 10 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=NAMES+OF+GOD+-+Elohim&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Kopelman+Foundation&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Eisenstein&rft.aufirst=Judah+D.&rft.au=McLaughlin%2C+John+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F11305-names-of-god%23anchor3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElohim" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi#Names" title="Hayyi Rabbi">In Mandaeism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adon" title="Adon">Adonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khuda" title="Khuda">Khuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvardigar" title="Parvardigar">Parvardigar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathala" title="Bathala">Bathala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiranyagarbha" title="Hiranyagarbha">Hiranyagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasadiya_Sukta" title="Nasadiya Sukta">Tad Ekam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Đài">Cao Đài</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukwu" title="Chukwu">Chukwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devla" title="Devla">Devla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Sof" title="Ein Sof">Ein Sof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elohim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elyon" title="Elyon">El Elyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai" title="El Shaddai">El Shaddai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">God the Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manitou" title="Manitou">Manitou</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gitche_Manitou" title="Gitche Manitou">Gitche Manitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakan_Tanka" title="Wakan Tanka">Wakan Tanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haneunim" title="Haneunim">Haneunim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huwa" title="Huwa">Huwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">Hyang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acintya" title="Acintya">Acintya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghyang_Adi_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanghyang Adi Buddha">Sanghyang Adi Buddha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsistos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypsistos">Hypsistos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am that I Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahbulon" title="Jahbulon">Jahbulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_SubGenius" title="Church of the SubGenius">Jehovah 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">Kami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawu" title="Mawu">Mawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulungu" title="Mulungu">Mulungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngai" title="Ngai">Ngai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyame" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyame">Nyame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzambi_a_Mpungu" title="Nzambi a Mpungu">Nzambi a Mpungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olodumare" class="mw-redirect" title="Olodumare">Olodumare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cl%E1%BB%8Drun" title="Ọlọrun">Ọlọrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olofi" class="mw-redirect" title="Olofi">Olofi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osanobua" title="Osanobua">Osanobua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roog" title="Roog">Roog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhu_(Chinese_name_of_God)" title="Tianzhu (Chinese name of God)">Tianzhu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus_(deity)" title="Elagabalus (deity)">Elagabalus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Tenrikyo" title="God in Tenrikyo">Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus#The_One" title="Plotinus">The One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umvelinqangi" title="Umvelinqangi">Umvelinqangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unkulunkulu" title="Unkulunkulu">Unkulunkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">YHWH</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jah" title="Jah">Jah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elohim&oldid=1282040271">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elohim&oldid=1282040271</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Angels_in_Judaism" title="Category:Angels 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class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-fb96cc848-lqrn7","wgBackendResponseTime":189,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.214","walltime":"1.429","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9224,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":207386,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15163,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":20,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":277382,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1244.717 1 -total"," 24.33% 302.807 2 Template:Reflist"," 13.56% 168.725 35 Template:Cite_book"," 11.65% 145.035 2 Template:Blockquote"," 8.62% 107.245 3 Template:Langx"," 7.76% 96.605 1 Template:Cite_wikisource"," 7.04% 87.591 11 Template:Sfn"," 6.91% 86.011 31 Template:Cite_web"," 5.94% 73.906 1 Template:Names_of_God"," 5.70% 70.995 1 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.772","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18923704,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF1905\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFBenamozeghMaxwell_Luria1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrettler2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnett2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooganBrettlerNewsomPerkins2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDericquebourg2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDever2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE._K.1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEisensteinMcLaughlin1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGesenius1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerrmann1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHertz1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsHirsch1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanci1845\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarvin_MeyerWillis_Barnstone2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLaughlin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2000\"] = 1,\n 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wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Italic title\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 38,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Names of God\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 11,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Slink\"] = 2,\n [\"Strong-number\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-77d76c48d9-qcmwk","timestamp":"20250402223040","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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