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<ul id="toc-Bass_guitar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Drums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Other instruments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Vocals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lyrics_and_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lyrics_and_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Lyrics and themes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lyrics_and_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recording_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recording_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Recording production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recording_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concerts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concerts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Concerts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concerts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing_and_fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing_and_fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Clothing and fashion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clothing_and_fashion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Clothing and fashion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Clothing_and_fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1980s–1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s–1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 1980s–1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s–1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adoption_by_mainstream" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_by_mainstream"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Adoption by mainstream </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption_by_mainstream-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s–2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s–2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 2000s–2010s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s–2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcohol_and_drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcohol_and_drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Alcohol and drugs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcohol_and_drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphic_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphic_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Graphic design </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphic_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Literature </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Literature subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Zines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Local newspapers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Role of women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1965–1985:_Roots,_predecessors,_and_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1965–1985:_Roots,_predecessors,_and_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 1965–1985: Roots, predecessors, and influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1965–1985:_Roots,_predecessors,_and_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1985–1991:_Early_development_and_rise_in_popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1985–1991:_Early_development_and_rise_in_popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 1985–1991: Early development and rise in popularity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1985–1991:_Early_development_and_rise_in_popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1991–1997:_Mainstream_success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1991–1997:_Mainstream_success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 1991–1997: Mainstream success </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1991–1997:_Mainstream_success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peak_of_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peak_of_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3.1 Peak of influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peak_of_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_in_popularity_and_end_of_subculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_in_popularity_and_end_of_subculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3.2 Decline in popularity and end of subculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_in_popularity_and_end_of_subculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_post-grunge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_post-grunge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3.3 Emergence of post-grunge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_post-grunge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction_by_Britpop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_by_Britpop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3.4 Reaction by Britpop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_by_Britpop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_1997:_Successors_and_revivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_1997:_Successors_and_revivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Since 1997: Successors and revivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_1997:_Successors_and_revivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second-wave_post-grunge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second-wave_post-grunge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4.1 Second-wave post-grunge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second-wave_post-grunge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grunge_revivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grunge_revivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4.2 Grunge revivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grunge_revivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Grunge</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" > 68 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC" title="غرنج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غرنج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qranj" title="Qranj – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qranj" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C" title="গ্রুঞ্জ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রুঞ্জ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Грандж – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грандж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Грандж – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грандж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Гръндж – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гръндж" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grun%C4%9Do" title="Grunĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grunĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC" title="گرانج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرانج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BAinse" title="Grúinse – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Grúinse" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%9F%B0%EC%A7%80" title="그런지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그런지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BB" title="Գրանջ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրանջ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grugg" title="Grugg – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grugg" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%27" title="גראנג' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גראנג'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9F%E1%83%98" title="გრანჟი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრანჟი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%C5%BEm%C5%ABzika" title="Grandžmūzika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grandžmūzika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purvinasis_rokas" title="Purvinasis rokas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Purvinasis rokas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%9F" title="Гранџ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гранџ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3ng-s%C3%B3%CC%A4_i%C3%A8u-g%C5%ABng" title="Bóng-só̤ ièu-gūng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bóng-só̤ ièu-gūng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8" title="グランジ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グランジ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granj" title="Granj – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Granj" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6" title="Гранж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гранж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge_music" title="Grunge music – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grunge music" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%9F" title="Гранџ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гранџ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="கிரஞ்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிரஞ்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%8C" title="กรันจ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรันจ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Ґрандж – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ґрандж" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Grunge" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9E%83%E5%9C%BE%E6%91%87%E6%BB%9A" title="垃圾摇滚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="垃圾摇滚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B9%E6%BC%AC%E6%90%96%E6%BB%BE" title="油漬搖滾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="油漬搖滾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genre of rock music</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the music genre. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Grunge_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Grunge (disambiguation)">Grunge (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Grunge</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Nirvana_around_1992.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nirvana_around_1992.jpg/220px-Nirvana_around_1992.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nirvana_around_1992.jpg/330px-Nirvana_around_1992.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Nirvana_around_1992.jpg 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="346" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">American rock band <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a> (pictured in 1992)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a><a href="#cite_note-nelson2018-1">[1]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">noise rock</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a><a href="#cite_note-anderson2007C1-3">[3]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage rock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a><a href="#cite_note-DiBlasi,_Alex_2013._p._520-4">[4]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a><a href="#cite_note-anderson2007C1-3">[3]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a><a href="#cite_note-DiBlasi,_Alex_2013._p._520-4">[4]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Mid-1980s, <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-grunge" title="Post-grunge">Post-grunge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">nu metal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Regional scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Washington_(state)#Grunge" title="Music of Washington (state)">Washington</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation X</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Grunge (sometimes referred to as the Seattle sound) is an <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">genre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a> which emerged during the mid-1980s in the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> and nearby towns. Grunge fuses elements of <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-anderson2007C1-3">[3]</a> The genre featured the <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">distorted</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a> sound used in both genres, although some bands performed with more emphasis on one or the other. Like these genres, grunge typically uses <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">bass guitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Drums">drums</a>, and vocals. Grunge also incorporates influences from <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a> bands such as <a href="/wiki/Sonic_Youth" title="Sonic Youth">Sonic Youth</a>. Lyrics are typically angst-filled and introspective, often addressing themes such as <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">social alienation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">self-doubt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">neglect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betrayal" title="Betrayal">betrayal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emotional_isolation" title="Emotional isolation">emotional</a> isolation, <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">psychological trauma</a>, and a desire for <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4volumes-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlanisMorissette-6">[6]</a> The early grunge movement revolved around Seattle's independent record label <a href="/wiki/Sub_Pop" title="Sub Pop">Sub Pop</a> and the region's <a href="/wiki/Underground_music" title="Underground music">underground music</a> scene, with local bands such as <a href="/wiki/Green_River_(band)" title="Green River (band)">Green River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Melvins" title="Melvins">Melvins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mudhoney" title="Mudhoney">Mudhoney</a> playing key roles in the genre's development. Sub Pop marketed the style shrewdly, encouraging media outlets to describe the Seattle sound as "grunge"; the style became known as a hybrid of <a href="/wiki/Punk_(subculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punk (subculture)">punk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metal_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal (music)">metal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> By the early 1990s, its popularity had spread, with grunge bands appearing in California, then emerging in other parts of the United States and in Australia, building strong followings and signing major record deals. Grunge was commercially successful in the early-to-mid-1990s due to releases such as <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nevermind" title="Nevermind">Nevermind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam" title="Pearl Jam">Pearl Jam</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ten_(Pearl_Jam_album)" title="Ten (Pearl Jam album)">Ten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soundgarden" title="Soundgarden">Soundgarden</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Badmotorfinger" title="Badmotorfinger">Badmotorfinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Chains" title="Alice in Chains">Alice in Chains</a>' <a href="/wiki/Dirt_(Alice_in_Chains_album)" title="Dirt (Alice in Chains album)">Dirt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stone_Temple_Pilots" title="Stone Temple Pilots">Stone Temple Pilots</a>' <a href="/wiki/Core_(Stone_Temple_Pilots_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Core (Stone Temple Pilots album)">Core</a>. The success of these bands boosted the popularity of alternative rock and made grunge the most popular form of <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusic_grunge-8">[8]</a> Several factors contributed to grunge's decline in prominence. During the mid-to-late 1990s, many grunge bands broke up or became less visible. Nirvana's <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Cobain" title="Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a>, labeled by Time as "the <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> of the swinging Northwest", struggled with an addiction to heroin before <a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kurt_Cobain" title="Suicide of Kurt Cobain">his suicide</a> in 1994. Although most grunge bands had disbanded or faded from view by the late 1990s, they influenced <a href="/wiki/Modern_rock" title="Modern rock">modern rock</a> music, as their lyrics brought socially conscious issues into <a href="/wiki/Pop_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop culture">pop culture</a><a href="#cite_note-Danaher-9">[9]</a> and added introspection and an exploration of what it means to <a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">be true to oneself</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Felix-Jager,_Steven_2017._p._134-10">[10]</a> Grunge was also an influence on later genres such as <a href="/wiki/Post-grunge" title="Post-grunge">post-grunge</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_term">Origin of the term</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of the term">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mark_Arm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A male guitarist and singer, Mark Arm, is onstage, holding an electric guitar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mark_Arm.jpg/250px-Mark_Arm.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mark_Arm.jpg/330px-Mark_Arm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mark_Arm.jpg/500px-Mark_Arm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="1521" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mark_Arm" title="Mark Arm">Mark Arm</a> of <a href="/wiki/Green_River_(band)" title="Green River (band)">Green River</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Dry_as_a_Bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry as a Bone">Dry as a Bone</a> EP was described as "ultra-loose grunge" in 1987</figcaption></figure> The word "grunge" is American slang for "someone or something that is repugnant" and also for "dirt".<a href="#cite_note-willis2011-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-marin-12">[12]</a> The word was first recorded as being applied to Seattle musicians in July 1987 when <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Pavitt" title="Bruce Pavitt">Bruce Pavitt</a> described <a href="/wiki/Green_River_(band)" title="Green River (band)">Green River</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dry_as_a_Bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry as a Bone">Dry as a Bone</a> EP in a <a href="/wiki/Sub_Pop" title="Sub Pop">Sub Pop</a> record company catalogue as "gritty vocals, roaring Marshall amps, ultra-loose GRUNGE that destroyed the morals of a generation".<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Although the word "grunge" has been used to describe bands since the 1960s, this was the first association of grunge with the grinding, sludgy sound of Seattle.<a href="#cite_note-anderson2007C2-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-azerrad2001p365-15">[15]</a> It is expensive and time-consuming to get a recording to sound clean, so for those northwestern bands just starting out it was cheaper for them to leave the sound dirty and just turn up their volume.<a href="#cite_note-anderson2007C2-14">[14]</a> This dirty sound, due to low budgets, unfamiliarity with recording, and a lack of professionalism may be the origin of the term "grunge".<a href="#cite_note-Strong,_Catherine_2016._p.18-16">[16]</a> The "Seattle scene" refers to a regional Pacific Northwest <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative music</a> movement that was linked to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> in Seattle, and <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_State_College" title="Evergreen State College">the Evergreen State College</a> in Olympia. Evergreen is a progressive college which does not use a conventional grading system and has its own radio station, <a href="/wiki/KAOS_(FM)" title="KAOS (FM)">KAOS</a>. Seattle's remoteness from Los Angeles led to a perceived purity [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] of its music. The music of these bands, many of which had recorded with Seattle's independent record label Sub Pop, became labeled as "grunge".<a href="#cite_note-Shuker,_Roy_2013._p._182-17">[17]</a> Nirvana's frontman <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Cobain" title="Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a>, in one of his final interviews, credited <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Poneman" title="Jonathan Poneman">Jonathan Poneman</a>, cofounder of Sub Pop, with coining the term "grunge" to describe the music.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The term "Seattle sound" became a marketing ploy for the music industry.<a href="#cite_note-Shuker,_Roy_2013._p._182-17">[17]</a> In September 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a> album <a href="/wiki/Nevermind" title="Nevermind">Nevermind</a> was released, bringing mainstream attention to the music of Seattle. Cobain loathed the word "grunge"<a href="#cite_note-anderson2007C1-3">[3]</a> and despised the new scene that was developing, feeling that record companies were signing old "<a href="/wiki/Cock_rock" title="Cock rock">cock-rock</a>" bands who were pretending to be grunge and claiming to be from Seattle.<a href="#cite_note-wall2016-19">[19]</a> Some bands associated with the genre, such as Soundgarden, Pearl Jam and Alice in Chains, have not been receptive to the label, preferring instead to be referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>" bands.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Shepherd" title="Ben Shepherd">Ben Shepherd</a> from Soundgarden stated that he "hates the word" grunge and hates "being associated with it."<a href="#cite_note-Garro-22">[22]</a> Seattle musician Jeff Stetson states that when he visited Seattle in the late 1980s and early 1990s as a touring musician, the local musicians did not refer to themselves as "grunge" performers or their style as "grunge" and they were not flattered that their music was being called "grunge".<a href="#cite_note-Stetson-23">[23]</a> Rolling Stone noted the genre's lack of a clear definition.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Robert Loss acknowledges the challenges of defining "grunge"; he stated that, while he can recount stories about grunge, they do not serve to provide a useful definition.<a href="#cite_note-loss-25">[25]</a> Roy Shuker states that the term "obscured a variety of styles."<a href="#cite_note-Shuker,_Roy_2013._p._182-17">[17]</a> Stetson states that grunge was not a movement, "monolithic musical genre", or a way to react to 1980s-era <a href="/wiki/Pop_metal" title="Pop metal">metal pop</a>; he calls the term a misnomer mostly based on hype.<a href="#cite_note-Stetson-23">[23]</a> Stetson states that prominent bands considered to be grunge (Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, Alice in Chains, Mudhoney and <a href="/wiki/Hammerbox" title="Hammerbox">Hammerbox</a>) all sound different.<a href="#cite_note-Stetson-23">[23]</a> Mark Yarm, author of Everybody Loves Our Town: An Oral History of Grunge, pointed out vast differences between grunge bands, with some being punk and others being metal-based.<a href="#cite_note-Garro-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Cornell" title="Chris Cornell">Chris Cornell</a>, in a 1994 interview with Rolling Stone noted the limitation of the "Seattle scene": <blockquote>... the rest of the country and the world and probably a lot of the bands that play in Seattle now think that what the Seattle scene was about is Soundgarden, Pearl Jam, Nirvana and Alice in Chains — guitar-based rock with punk influences and ’70s influences. Period. End of story. And that’s so far from what was going on. What was left out was the completely experimental music, from free jazz to theatrical bands to a lot of very Gothic-bent bands.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_style">Musical style</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Musical style">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seattle_Music_Scene_Exhibit_3,_EMP_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A museum exhibition of items associated with the 1990s Seattle music scene, including two Nirvana record album sleeves, a Soundgarden record sleeve, and instruments." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Seattle_Music_Scene_Exhibit_3%2C_EMP_Museum.jpg/170px-Seattle_Music_Scene_Exhibit_3%2C_EMP_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Seattle_Music_Scene_Exhibit_3%2C_EMP_Museum.jpg/255px-Seattle_Music_Scene_Exhibit_3%2C_EMP_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Seattle_Music_Scene_Exhibit_3%2C_EMP_Museum.jpg/340px-Seattle_Music_Scene_Exhibit_3%2C_EMP_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A museum exhibition about the Seattle music scene, with record sleeves of <a href="/wiki/Nevermind" title="Nevermind">Nevermind</a> and <a href="/wiki/In_Utero_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="In Utero (album)">In Utero</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Badmotorfinger" title="Badmotorfinger">Badmotorfinger</a> by <a href="/wiki/Soundgarden" title="Soundgarden">Soundgarden</a></figcaption></figure> In 1984, the punk rock band <a href="/wiki/Black_Flag_(band)" title="Black Flag (band)">Black Flag</a> toured small towns across the US to bring punk to the more remote parts of the country. By this time, their music had become slow and sludgy, less like the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a> and more like <a href="/wiki/Black_Sabbath" title="Black Sabbath">Black Sabbath</a>. <a href="/wiki/Krist_Novoselic" title="Krist Novoselic">Krist Novoselic</a>, later the <a href="/wiki/Bassist" title="Bassist">bassist</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a>, recalled going with the <a href="/wiki/Melvins" title="Melvins">Melvins</a> to see one of these shows, after which Melvins frontman <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Osborne" title="Buzz Osborne">Buzz Osborne</a> began writing "slow and heavy riffs" to form a <a href="/wiki/Dirge" title="Dirge">dirge</a>-like music that was the beginning of northwest grunge.<a href="#cite_note-novoselic2004-27">[27]</a> The Melvins were the most influential of the early grunge bands.<a href="#cite_note-anderson2007C1-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malfunkshun" title="Malfunkshun">Malfunkshun</a> have also been cited as an influence on the early sound of grunge by figures such as <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Cobain" title="Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Arm" title="Mark Arm">Mark Arm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Sub Pop producer Jack Endino described grunge as "seventies-influenced, slowed-down punk music".<a href="#cite_note-kallen2012-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-azerrad1992-31">[31]</a> Leighton Beezer, who played with <a href="/wiki/Mark_Arm" title="Mark Arm">Mark Arm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Turner_(guitarist)" title="Steve Turner (guitarist)">Steve Turner</a> in the Thrown Ups, state that when he heard <a href="/wiki/Green_River_(band)" title="Green River (band)">Green River</a> play Come On Down, he realized that they were playing punk rock backwards. He noted that the <a href="/wiki/Diminished_fifth" class="mw-redirect" title="Diminished fifth">diminished fifth</a> note was used by Black Sabbath to produce an ominous feeling but it is not used in punk rock. In the 1996 grunge film documentary <a href="/wiki/Hype!" title="Hype!">Hype!</a>, Beezer demonstrated on guitar the difference between punk and grunge. First he played the riff from "Rockaway Beach" by <a href="/wiki/The_Ramones" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ramones">the Ramones</a> that ascends the neck of the guitar, then "Come On Down" by Green River that descends the neck. The two pieces are only a few notes apart but sound unalike.<a href="#cite_note-cameron2014-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-true2006-33">[33]</a> He took the same rhythm with the same chord, however descending the neck made it sound darker, and therefore grunge.<a href="#cite_note-unterberger1999-34">[34]</a> Early grunge bands would also copy a riff from metal and slow it down, play it backwards, distort it and bury it in feedback, then shout lyrics with little melody over the top of it.<a href="#cite_note-anderson2007C2-14">[14]</a> Grunge fuses elements of <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> (specifically American <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> such as Black Flag) and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> (especially traditional, earlier heavy metal groups such as Black Sabbath), although some bands performed with more emphasis on one or the other.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusic_grunge-8">[8]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Alex DiBlasi feels that <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a> was a third key source, with the most important influence coming from <a href="/wiki/Sonic_Youth" title="Sonic Youth">Sonic Youth</a>'s "free-form" noise.<a href="#cite_note-DiBlasi,_Alex_2013._p._520-4">[4]</a> Grunge shares with punk a raw, <a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">lo fi</a> sound and similar lyrical concerns,<a href="#cite_note-AllMusic_grunge-8">[8]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] and it also used punk's haphazard and untrained approach to playing and performing. However, grunge was "deeper and darker"-sounding than punk rock and it decreased the "adrenaline"-fueled tempos of punk to a slow, "sludgy" speed,<a href="#cite_note-Felix-Jager,_Steven_2017._p._135-35">[35]</a> and used more <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonant</a> harmonies. Seattle music journalist <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Cross" title="Charles R. Cross">Charles R. Cross</a> defines "grunge" as distortion-filled, down-tuned and riff-based rock that uses loud <a href="/wiki/Audio_feedback" title="Audio feedback">electric guitar feedback</a> and heavy, "ponderous" <a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">basslines</a> to support its song melodies.<a href="#cite_note-Cross,_Charles_R_2012-36">[36]</a> Robert Loss calls grunge a melding of "violence and speed, muscularity and melody", where there is space for all people, including <a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">women musicians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-loss-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a> writer Dan Tucker feels that different grunge bands were influenced by different genres; that while Nirvana drew on punk, Pearl Jam was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">classic rock</a>, and that "sludgy, dark, heavy bands" such as <a href="/wiki/Soundgarden" title="Soundgarden">Soundgarden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Chains" title="Alice in Chains">Alice in Chains</a> had a sinister metal tone.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker-37">[37]</a> Grunge music has what has been called an "ugly" aesthetic, both in the roar of the distorted electric guitars and in the darker lyrical topics. This approach was chosen both to counter the "slick" elegant sound of the then-predominant mainstream rock and because grunge artists wanted to mirror the "ugliness" they saw around them and shine a light on unseen "depths and depravity" of the real world.<a href="#cite_note-Felix-Jager,_Steven_2017._p._136-38">[38]</a> Some key individuals in the development of the grunge sound, including <a href="/wiki/Sub_Pop" title="Sub Pop">Sub Pop</a> producer <a href="/wiki/Jack_Endino" title="Jack Endino">Jack Endino</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Melvins" title="Melvins">Melvins</a>, described grunge's incorporation of heavy rock influences such as <a href="/wiki/Kiss_(band)" title="Kiss (band)">Kiss</a> as "musical provocation". Grunge artists considered these bands "cheesy" but nonetheless enjoyed them; Buzz Osborne of the Melvins described it as an attempt to see what ridiculous things bands could do and get away with.<a href="#cite_note-Hype-39">[39]</a> In the early-1990s, Nirvana's signature "stop-start" song format and alternating between soft and loud sections became a genre convention.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusic_grunge-8">[8]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] In the book Accidental Revolution: The Story of Grunge, Kyle Anderson wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The twelve songs on <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Stone" title="Sixteen Stone">Sixteen Stone</a> sound exactly like what grunge is supposed to sound like, while the whole point of grunge was that it didn't really sound like anything, including itself. Just consider how many different bands and styles of music have been shoved under the "grunge" header in this discography alone, and you realize that grunge is probably the most ill-defined genre of music in history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007207-40">[40]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Instrumentation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_guitar">Electric guitar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Electric guitar">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MikeMcCready2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A male electric guitar player, Mike McCready, onstage with an electric guitar plugged into a guitar amplifier." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/MikeMcCready2013.JPG/250px-MikeMcCready2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/MikeMcCready2013.JPG/330px-MikeMcCready2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/MikeMcCready2013.JPG/500px-MikeMcCready2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="1389" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam" title="Pearl Jam">Pearl Jam</a> guitarist <a href="/wiki/Mike_McCready" title="Mike McCready">Mike McCready</a></figcaption></figure> Grunge guitarists like <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Cobain" title="Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a> often used "offset" guitars like the Fender Jaguar, Fender Jazzmaster, or Mustang. They used primarily offset guitars because at the time they were unpopular enough to offer a new image as opposed to more frequently seen Gibson Les Pauls or Fender Stratocaster and Telecaster used by mainstream pop & rock bands. Being unpopular when grunge started, offset guitars also offered excellent value for money.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Grunge is generally characterized by a sludgy <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a> sound with a thick middle register and rolled-off treble tone and a high level of <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">distortion</a> and fuzz, typically created with small 1970s-style <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">stompbox</a> pedals, with some guitarists chaining several fuzz pedals together and plugging them into a <a href="/wiki/Tube_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Tube amplifier">tube amplifier</a> and speaker cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-gibson.com-42">[42]</a> Grunge guitarists use very loud <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Amplification" title="Marshall Amplification">Marshall</a> guitar amplifiers<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> and some used powerful <a href="/wiki/Mesa-Boogie" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesa-Boogie">Mesa-Boogie</a> amplifiers, including Kurt Cobain and Dave Grohl (the latter in early, grunge-oriented <a href="/wiki/Foo_Fighters" title="Foo Fighters">Foo Fighters</a> songs).<a href="#cite_note-Bloomer-44">[44]</a> Grunge has been called the rock genre with the most "lugubrious sound"; the use of heavy distortion and loud amps has been compared to a massive "buildup of sonic fog".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> or even dismissed as "noise" by one critic.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> As with metal and punk, a key part of grunge's sound is very distorted <a href="/wiki/Power_chord" title="Power chord">power chords</a> played on the electric guitar.<a href="#cite_note-Felix-Jager,_Steven_2017._p._135-35">[35]</a> Whereas metal guitarists' overdriven sound generally comes from a combination of overdriven amplifiers and distortion pedals, grunge guitarists typically got all of their "dirty" sound from overdrive and fuzz pedals, with the amp just used to make the sound louder.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomer-44">[44]</a> Grunge guitarists tended to use the <a href="/wiki/Fender_Twin_Reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender Twin Reverb">Fender Twin Reverb</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fender_Champion_100" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender Champion 100">Fender Champion 100</a> combo amps (Cobain used both of these amps).<a href="#cite_note-Bloomer-44">[44]</a> The use of <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">pedals</a> by grunge guitarists was a move away from the expensive, studio-grade <a href="/wiki/Rackmount" class="mw-redirect" title="Rackmount">rackmount</a> <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects units</a> used in other rock genres. The positive way that grunge bands viewed stompbox pedals can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Mudhoney" title="Mudhoney">Mudhoney</a>'s use of the name of two overdrive pedals, the <a href="/wiki/Univox_Super-Fuzz" title="Univox Super-Fuzz">Univox Super-Fuzz</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Big_Muff" title="Big Muff">Big Muff</a>, in the title of their debut EP <a href="/wiki/Superfuzz_Bigmuff" title="Superfuzz Bigmuff">Superfuzz Bigmuff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shepherd_2012._p._23-47">[47]</a> In the song "Mudride", the band's guitars were said to have "growled malevolently" through its "Cro-magnon slog".<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boss_turbopedal_used.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A small effect unit pedal, painted in orange paint that is scuffed from heavy use." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boss_turbopedal_used.jpg/250px-Boss_turbopedal_used.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boss_turbopedal_used.jpg/330px-Boss_turbopedal_used.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boss_turbopedal_used.jpg/500px-Boss_turbopedal_used.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="1532" /></a><figcaption>The relatively affordable, widely available <a href="/wiki/Boss_Corporation" title="Boss Corporation">Boss</a> DS-2 distortion pedal was one of the key effects (including the related <a href="/wiki/Boss_DS-1" title="Boss DS-1">DS-1</a>) that created the growling, overdriven guitar sound in grunge.</figcaption></figure> Other key pedals used by grunge bands included four brands of distortion pedals (the <a href="/wiki/Big_Muff" title="Big Muff">Big Muff</a>, <a href="/wiki/DOD_Electronics" title="DOD Electronics">DOD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boss_DS-1" title="Boss DS-1">Boss DS-2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boss_DS-1" title="Boss DS-1">Boss DS-1</a> distortion pedals) and the <a href="/wiki/Small_Clone" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Clone">Small Clone</a> <a href="/wiki/Chorus_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus effect">chorus effect</a>, used by Kurt Cobain on "<a href="/wiki/Come_as_You_Are_(Nirvana_song)" title="Come as You Are (Nirvana song)">Come As You Are</a>" and by the <a href="/wiki/Screaming_Trees" title="Screaming Trees">Screaming Trees</a> on "<a href="/wiki/Nearly_Lost_You" title="Nearly Lost You">Nearly Lost You</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Bloomer-44">[44]</a> The DS-1 (later DS-2) distortion pedal played a key role in Cobain's switching from quiet to loud and back to quiet approach to songwriting.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The use of small pedals by grunge guitarists helped to start off the revival of interest in boutique, hand-soldered, 1970s-style analog pedals.<a href="#cite_note-gibson.com-42">[42]</a> The other effect that grunge guitarists used was one of the most low-tech effects devices, the <a href="/wiki/Wah-wah_pedal" title="Wah-wah pedal">wah-wah pedal</a>. Both "[Kim] <a href="/wiki/Kim_Thayil" title="Kim Thayil">Thayil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Chains" title="Alice in Chains">Alice in Chains</a>' <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Cantrell" title="Jerry Cantrell">Jerry Cantrell</a> ... were great advocates of the wah wah pedal."<a href="#cite_note-gibson.com-42">[42]</a> Wah was also used by the Screaming Trees, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, Mudhoney and <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosaur Jr">Dinosaur Jr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomer-44">[44]</a> Grunge guitarists played loud, with Kurt Cobain's early guitar sound coming from an unusual set-up of four 800 watt <a href="/wiki/PA_system" class="mw-redirect" title="PA system">PA system</a> <a href="/wiki/Power_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Power amplifier">power amplifiers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gibson.com-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Audio_feedback" title="Audio feedback">Guitar feedback</a> effects, in which a highly amplified electric guitar is held in front of its speaker, were used to create high-pitched, sustained sounds that are not possible with regular guitar technique. Grunge guitarists were influenced by the raw, primitive sound of punk, and they favored "... energy and lack of finesse over technique and precision"; key guitar influences included the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Dead_Boys" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dead Boys">the Dead Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Frost" title="Celtic Frost">Celtic Frost</a>, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_X" title="King's X">King's X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voivod_(band)" title="Voivod (band)">Voivod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Young" title="Neil Young">Neil Young</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rust_Never_Sleeps" title="Rust Never Sleeps">Rust Never Sleeps</a>, side two), <a href="/wiki/The_Replacements_(band)" title="The Replacements (band)">the Replacements</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCsker_D%C3%BC" title="Hüsker Dü">Hüsker Dü</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Flag_(band)" title="Black Flag (band)">Black Flag</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Melvins" title="Melvins">the Melvins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Prown_1997._p._242-243-51">[51]</a> Grunge guitarists often <a href="/wiki/Downtuned_guitar" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtuned guitar">downtuned</a> their instruments for a lower, heavier sound.<a href="#cite_note-gibson.com-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soundgarden" title="Soundgarden">Soundgarden</a>'s guitarist, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Thayil" title="Kim Thayil">Kim Thayil</a>, did not use a regular <a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">guitar amplifier</a>; instead, he used a <a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">bass combo amp</a> equipped with a 15-inch speaker as he played low riffs, and the bass amp gave him a deeper tone.<a href="#cite_note-gibson.com-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guitar_solos">Guitar solos</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Guitar solos">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soundgarden_@_McCallum_Park_(522012).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A male electric guitarist, Kim Thayil, onstage with an electric guitar. He has a beard." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Soundgarden_%40_McCallum_Park_%28522012%29.jpg/250px-Soundgarden_%40_McCallum_Park_%28522012%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Soundgarden_%40_McCallum_Park_%28522012%29.jpg/330px-Soundgarden_%40_McCallum_Park_%28522012%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Soundgarden_%40_McCallum_Park_%28522012%29.jpg/500px-Soundgarden_%40_McCallum_Park_%28522012%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soundgarden" title="Soundgarden">Soundgarden</a> guitarist <a href="/wiki/Kim_Thayil" title="Kim Thayil">Kim Thayil</a>'s punk attitudes encouraged him to downplay soloing in the 1980s; however, when other leading grunge bands such as Nirvana started to de-emphasize the role of the solo during the early 1990s, he began to do solos again.</figcaption></figure> Grunge guitarists "flatly rejected" the virtuoso <a href="/wiki/Shred_guitar" title="Shred guitar">"shredding"</a> <a href="/wiki/Guitar_solo" title="Guitar solo">guitar solos</a> that had become the centerpiece of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> songs, instead opting for melodic, <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>-inspired solos – focusing "on the song, not the guitar solo".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Cantrell" title="Jerry Cantrell">Jerry Cantrell</a> of Alice in Chains stated that solos should be to serve the song, rather than to show off a guitarist's technical skill.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In place of the strutting guitar heroes of metal, grunge had "guitar <a href="/wiki/Anti-hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-hero">anti-heroes</a>" like Cobain, who showed little interest in mastering the instrument.<a href="#cite_note-Prown_1997._p._242-243-51">[51]</a> In Will Byers' article "Grunge committed a crime against music—it killed the guitar solo" in The Guardian, he states that while the guitar solo managed to survive through the punk rock era, it was weakened by grunge.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> He also states that when Kurt Cobain played guitar solos that were a restatement of the main vocal melody, fans realized that they did not need to be a <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a>-level virtuoso to play the instrument; he then says this approach helped to make music feel accessible by fans in a way not seen since the 1960s folk music movement.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The producer of Nirvana's Nevermind, <a href="/wiki/Butch_Vig" title="Butch Vig">Butch Vig</a>, stated that this album and Nirvana "killed the guitar solo".<a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soundgarden" title="Soundgarden">Soundgarden</a> guitarist <a href="/wiki/Kim_Thayil" title="Kim Thayil">Kim Thayil</a> stated he feels in part to be responsible for the "death of the guitar solo"; he said that his <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rocker</a> aspects made him feel that he did not want to solo, so in the 1980s, he preferred to make noise and do <a href="/wiki/Audio_feedback" title="Audio feedback">feedback</a> during the guitar solo.<a href="#cite_note-Leslie-57">[57]</a> Baeble Music calls the grunge guitar solos of the 1990s "raw", "sloppy", and "basic".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Not all sources support the "grunge killed the guitar solo" argument. Sean Gonzalez states that <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam" title="Pearl Jam">Pearl Jam</a> has plentiful examples of guitar solos.<a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Azerrad" title="Michael Azerrad">Michael Azerrad</a> praises the guitar playing of Mudhoney's <a href="/wiki/Steve_Turner_(guitarist)" title="Steve Turner (guitarist)">Steve Turner</a>, calling him the "<a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a> of grunge", a reference to the British blues guitarist<a href="#cite_note-Azerrad-59">[59]</a> who Time magazine has named as number five in their list of "The 10 Best Electric Guitar Players".<a href="#cite_note-Tyrangiel-Time2009-08-14-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam" title="Pearl Jam">Pearl Jam</a> guitarist <a href="/wiki/Mike_McCready" title="Mike McCready">Mike McCready</a> has been praised for his blues-influenced, rapid licks.<a href="#cite_note-Harris-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Smashing_Pumpkins" title="The Smashing Pumpkins">The Smashing Pumpkins</a>' guitarist <a href="/wiki/Billy_Corgan" title="Billy Corgan">Billy Corgan</a> has been called the "arena rock genius of the '90s" for pioneering guitar playing techniques and showing through his playing skill that grunge guitarists do not have to be sloppy players to rebel against mainstream music.<a href="#cite_note-Harris-61">[61]</a> Thayil stated that when other major grunge bands, such as Nirvana, were reducing their guitar solos, Soundgarden responded by bringing back the solos.<a href="#cite_note-Leslie-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bass_guitar">Bass guitar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bass guitar">edit</a>]</div> The early Seattle grunge album <a href="/wiki/Skin_Yard_(album)" title="Skin Yard (album)">Skin Yard</a> recorded in 1987 by the <a href="/wiki/Skin_Yard" title="Skin Yard">band of the same name</a> included <a href="/wiki/Fuzz_bass" title="Fuzz bass">fuzz bass</a> (<a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">overdriven</a> bass guitar) played by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Endino" title="Jack Endino">Jack Endino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_House_(musician)" title="Daniel House (musician)">Daniel House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Some grunge bassists, such as <a href="/wiki/Ben_Shepherd" title="Ben Shepherd">Ben Shepherd</a>, layered <a href="/wiki/Power_chord" title="Power chord">power chords</a> with distorted low-end density by adding a fifth and an octave-higher note to a bass note.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> An example of the powerful, loud <a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">bass amplifier</a> systems used in grunge is <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Chains" title="Alice in Chains">Alice in Chains</a> bassist <a href="/wiki/Mike_Inez" title="Mike Inez">Mike Inez</a>'s setup. He uses four powerful <a href="/wiki/Ampeg_SVT" title="Ampeg SVT">Ampeg SVT</a>-2 PRO tube amplifier heads, two of them plugged into four 1×18" <a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">subwoofer</a> cabinets for the low register, and the other two plugged into two 8×10" cabinets.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Krist Novoselic and Jeff Ament are also known for using Ampeg SVT tube amplifiers.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-66">[66]</a> Ben Shepherd uses a 300 watt all-tube Ampeg SVT-VR amp and a 600 watt <a href="/wiki/Mesa/Boogie" title="Mesa/Boogie">Mesa/Boogie</a> Carbine M6 amplifier.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Ament uses four 6×10" speaker cabinets.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drums">Drums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Drums">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dave_Grohl_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dave Grohl playing drums circa 1989" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dave_Grohl_1989.jpg/220px-Dave_Grohl_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dave_Grohl_1989.jpg/330px-Dave_Grohl_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dave_Grohl_1989.jpg/440px-Dave_Grohl_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>Drummer <a href="/wiki/Dave_Grohl" title="Dave Grohl">Dave Grohl</a>, who played with <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a> and later went to form the band <a href="/wiki/Foo_Fighters" title="Foo Fighters">Foo Fighters</a></figcaption></figure> In contrast to the "massive <a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">drum kits</a>" used in 1980s <a href="/wiki/Pop_metal" title="Pop metal">pop metal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> grunge drummers used relatively smaller drum kits. One example is the drumkit used by Soundgarden drummer <a href="/wiki/Matt_Cameron" title="Matt Cameron">Matt Cameron</a>'s set-up. He uses a six-piece kit (this way of describing drumkits counts only the wooden drums, and does not count the <a href="/wiki/Cymbals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymbals">cymbals</a>), including a "12×8-inch rack <a href="/wiki/Tom-tom_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom-tom drum">tom</a>; 13×9-inch rack tom; 16×14-inch <a href="/wiki/Floor_tom" title="Floor tom">floor tom</a>; 18×16-inch floor tom; 24×14-inch <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a>" and a <a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">snare drum</a> and, for <a href="/wiki/Cymbals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymbals">cymbals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zildjian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zildjian">Zildjian</a> instruments, including "... 14-inch K Light [Hi-]<a href="/wiki/Hi-hat" title="Hi-hat">hats</a>; 17-inch K Custom Dark <a href="/wiki/Crash_cymbal" title="Crash cymbal">crash</a> [cymbal] and 18-inch K Crash Ride; 19-inch Projection crash; a 20-inch Rezo crash; ... and a ... 22-inch A Medium <a href="/wiki/Ride_cymbal" title="Ride cymbal">ride</a> [cymbal]".<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> A second example is Nirvana drummer <a href="/wiki/Dave_Grohl" title="Dave Grohl">Dave Grohl</a>'s set-up during 1990 and 1991. He used a four-piece <a href="/wiki/Tama_Drums" title="Tama Drums">Tama</a> drumset, with an 8" × 14" birch snare drum, a 14" × 15" rack tom, a 16" × 18" floor tom, and a 16" × 24" bass drum (this kit "was demolished at the Cabaret Metro, Chicago, 10/12/91").<a href="#cite_note-livenirvana-70">[70]</a> Like Matt Cameron, Dave Grohl used Zildjian cymbals. Grohl used the company's A Series Medium cymbals, including an 18" and a 20" crash cymbal, a 22" ride cymbal, and a pair of 15" hi-hat cymbals.<a href="#cite_note-livenirvana-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_instruments">Other instruments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other instruments">edit</a>]</div> Although other instruments are generally not included in grunge, Seattle band Gorilla created controversy by breaking the "guitars only" approach and using a 1960s-style <a href="/wiki/Vox_(musical_equipment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vox (musical equipment)">Vox organ</a> in their group.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam" title="Pearl Jam">Pearl Jam</a> added a keyboard player, <a href="/wiki/Boom_Gaspar" title="Boom Gaspar">Kenneth "Boom" Gaspar</a>, who played <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a>, and other keyboards; the addition of a keyboardist to the band would have been "inconceivable" in the band's "grungy" early years, but it shows how a group's sound can change over time.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocals">Vocals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vocals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PearlJam-9-23-06-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A male singer, Eddie Vedder, onstage and singing into a vocal microphone. He has an emotional look on his face as he sings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PearlJam-9-23-06-8.jpg/220px-PearlJam-9-23-06-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PearlJam-9-23-06-8.jpg/330px-PearlJam-9-23-06-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PearlJam-9-23-06-8.jpg/440px-PearlJam-9-23-06-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>Vocalist <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Vedder" title="Eddie Vedder">Eddie Vedder</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam" title="Pearl Jam">Pearl Jam</a>, is noted for his expressive singing style.</figcaption></figure> The grunge singing style was similar to the "outburst" of loud, heavily distorted electric guitar in tone and delivery; Kurt Cobain used a "gruff, slurred articulation and gritty timbre" and <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Vedder" title="Eddie Vedder">Eddie Vedder</a> of Pearl Jam made use of a "wide, powerful <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a>" to show his "depth of expression."<a href="#cite_note-Shepherd_2012._p._23-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Layne_Staley" title="Layne Staley">Layne Staley</a> voiced lyrics with a "heaviness" and <a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In general, grunge singers used a "deeper vocal style" which matched the lower-sounding, downtuned guitars and the darker-themed lyrical messages used in the style.<a href="#cite_note-gibson.com-42">[42]</a> Grunge singers used "gravelly, raspy" vocals,<a href="#cite_note-Felix-Jager,_Steven_2017._p._135-35">[35]</a> "... growls, moans, screams and mumbles"<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> and "plaintive groans"; this range of singing styles was used to communicate the "varied emotions" of the lyrics.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Cobain's reaction to the "bad times" and discontent of the era was that he screamed his lyrics.<a href="#cite_note-Talley,_Tara_pp._228-76">[76]</a> In general, grunge songs were sung "simply, often somewhat unintelligibly"; the virtuoso "<a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operatics</a> of hair-metal were shunned."<a href="#cite_note-Talley,_Tara_pp._228-76">[76]</a> Grunge singing has been characterized as "borderline out-of-tune vocals".<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lyrics_and_themes">Lyrics and themes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lyrics and themes">edit</a>]</div> Grunge lyrics are typically dark, <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilistic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DiBlasi,_Alex_2013._p._520-4">[4]</a> wretched, <a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">angst</a>-filled and anguished, often addressing themes such as <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">social alienation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">self-doubt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">abuse</a>, assault, <a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">neglect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betrayal" title="Betrayal">betrayal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">social isolation</a>/<a href="/wiki/Emotional_isolation" title="Emotional isolation">emotional isolation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">psychological trauma</a>, and a desire for <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4volumes-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlanisMorissette-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerry_Cantrell_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Jerry_Cantrell_2.jpg/250px-Jerry_Cantrell_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Jerry_Cantrell_2.jpg/360px-Jerry_Cantrell_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Jerry_Cantrell_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Cantrell" title="Jerry Cantrell">Jerry Cantrell</a> has been the lead guitarist and chief songwriter of <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Chains" title="Alice in Chains">Alice in Chains</a> since 1987.</figcaption></figure> An article by <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> states that grunge "lyrics [were] obsessed with disenfranchisement" and described a mood of "resigned despair".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Catherine Strong, in her book Grunge: Music and Memory, states that grunge songs were usually about "negative experiences or feelings", with the main themes being alienation and <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>, but with an "ironic sneer."<a href="#cite_note-Strong,_Catherine_2016._p.19-79">[79]</a> Grunge artists expressed "strong feelings" in their lyrics about "societal ills", including a "desire to 'crucify the insincere'", an approach which fans appreciated for its <a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">authenticity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Grunge lyrics have been criticized as "violent and often obscene."<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In 1996, conservative columnist <a href="/wiki/Rich_Lowry" title="Rich Lowry">Rich Lowry</a> wrote an essay criticizing grunge, entitled "Our Hero, Heroin"; he called it a music that is mostly "... shorn of ideals and the impulse for political action".<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> A number of factors influenced the focus on such subject matter. Many grunge musicians displayed a general disenchantment with the state of society, as well as a discomfort with <a href="/wiki/Social_prejudice" class="mw-redirect" title="Social prejudice">social prejudices</a>. Grunge lyrics contained "explicit political messages and ... questioning about ... society and how it might be changed."<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> While grunge lyrics were less overtly political than punk songs, grunge songs still indicated a concern for social issues, particularly those affecting young people.<a href="#cite_note-Strong,_Catherine_2016._p.19-79">[79]</a> The main themes in grunge were "tolerance of difference", "support of women", "mistrust of authority" and "cynicism towards big corporations."<a href="#cite_note-Strong,_Catherine_2016._p.19-79">[79]</a> Grunge song themes bear similarities to those addressed by punk rock musicians.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusic_grunge-8">[8]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] In 1992, music critic <a href="/wiki/Simon_Reynolds" title="Simon Reynolds">Simon Reynolds</a> said that "there's a feeling of <a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">burnout</a> in the culture at large. Kids are depressed about the future".<a href="#cite_note-success_NYT-84">[84]</a> The topics of grunge lyrics–<a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homelessness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Strong,_Catherine_2016._p.19-79">[79]</a> "broken homes, drug addiction and self-loathing"–contrasted sharply to the <a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">glam metal</a> lyrics of bands like <a href="/wiki/Poison_(American_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poison (American band)">Poison</a>, which described "life in the fast lane",<a href="#cite_note-Gina_Misiroglu_2015._p._343-85">[85]</a> partying, and hedonism. Grunge lyrics developed as part of "<a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation X</a> malaise", reflecting that demographic's feelings of "disillusionment and uselessness".<a href="#cite_note-United_States_2005._p._359-86">[86]</a> Grunge songs about love were usually about "failed, boring, doomed or destructive relationships" (e.g., "<a href="/wiki/Black_(Pearl_Jam_song)" title="Black (Pearl Jam song)">Black</a>" by Pearl Jam).<a href="#cite_note-Strong,_Catherine_2016._p.19-79">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Chains" title="Alice in Chains">Alice in Chains</a> songs "Sickman", "Junkhead", "God Smack", and "<a href="/wiki/Hate_to_Feel" title="Hate to Feel">Hate to Feel</a>" have references to <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-lyrics-88">[88]</a> Grunge lyrics tended to be more introspective and aimed to enable the listener to see into "hidden" personal issues and examine the "depravity" of the world.<a href="#cite_note-Felix-Jager,_Steven_2017._p._136-38">[38]</a> This approach can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Mudhoney" title="Mudhoney">Mudhoney</a>'s song "<a href="/wiki/Touch_Me_I%27m_Sick" title="Touch Me I'm Sick">Touch Me I'm Sick</a>", which includes lyrics with "deranged imagery" which depict a "broken world and a fragmented self-image"; the song includes the lines "I feel bad, and I've felt worse" and "I won't live long and I'm full of rot".<a href="#cite_note-Felix-Jager,_Steven_2017._p._135-35">[35]</a> Nirvana's song "<a href="/wiki/Lithium_(Nirvana_song)" title="Lithium (Nirvana song)">Lithium</a>", from their 1991 album <a href="/wiki/Nevermind" title="Nevermind">Nevermind</a>, is about a "man who finds faith after his girlfriend's suicide"; it depicts "irony and ugliness" as a way of dealing with these "dark issues".<a href="#cite_note-Felix-Jager,_Steven_2017._p._136-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recording_production">Recording production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Recording production">edit</a>]</div> Like punk, grunge's sound came from a <a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">lo fi</a> (low fidelity) recording and production approach.<a href="#cite_note-Felix-Jager,_Steven_2017._p._135-35">[35]</a> Before the arrival of major labels, early grunge albums were recorded using low-budget analogue studios: "Nirvana's first album <a href="/wiki/Bleach_(Nirvana_album)" title="Bleach (Nirvana album)">Bleach</a>, was recorded for $606.17 in 1989."<a href="#cite_note-Marin-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sub_Pop" title="Sub Pop">Sub Pop</a> recorded most of their music at a "low-rent studio named <a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_Recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Reciprocal Recording">Reciprocal</a>", where producer <a href="/wiki/Jack_Endino" title="Jack Endino">Jack Endino</a> created the grunge genre's aesthetic, a "raw and unpolished sound with <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">distortion</a>, but usually without any added <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">studio effects</a>".<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Endino is known for his stripped-down recording practices and his dislike of 'over-producing' music with <a href="/wiki/Effects_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects units">effects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audio_mastering" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio mastering">remastering</a>. His work on Soundgarden's <a href="/wiki/Screaming_Life" title="Screaming Life">Screaming Life</a> and Nirvana's Bleach as well as for the bands <a href="/wiki/Green_River_(band)" title="Green River (band)">Green River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Screaming_Trees" title="Screaming Trees">Screaming Trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/L7_(band)" title="L7 (band)">L7</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gits" title="The Gits">the Gits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hole_(band)" title="Hole (band)">Hole</a>, <a href="/wiki/7_Year_Bitch" title="7 Year Bitch">7 Year Bitch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tad_(band)" title="Tad (band)">TAD</a> helped to define the grunge sound. An example of the lower cost production approach is Mudhoney; even after the band signed to <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Music">Warner Music</a>, "[t]rue to [the band's] indie roots ... [they are] ... probably one of the few bands that would have to fight [their label] to record for a lower budget rather than a higher one."<a href="#cite_note-Azerrad-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Albini" title="Steve Albini">Steve Albini</a> was another important influence on the grunge sound. Albini preferred to be called a "recording engineer", because he believed that putting <a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">record producers</a> in charge of recording sessions often destroys the band's real sound, while the role of the recording engineer is to capture the actual sound of the musicians, not to threaten the artists' control over their creative product.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Albini's recordings have been analyzed by writers such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Azerrad" title="Michael Azerrad">Michael Azerrad</a>, who stated that Albini's "recordings were both very basic and very exacting: like Endino, Albini used few <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">special effects</a>; got an aggressive, often violent <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> sound; and made sure the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">rhythm section</a> slammed as one."<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Nirvana's <a href="/wiki/In_Utero_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="In Utero (album)">In Utero</a> is a typical example of Albini's recording approach. He preferred to have the entire band play live in the studio, rather than use mainstream rock's approach of recording each instrument on a separate track at different times, and then mixing them using <a href="/wiki/Multi-track_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-track recording">multi-track recording</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] While multitracking results in a more polished product, it does not capture the "live" sound of the band playing together. Albini used a range of different microphones for the vocals and instruments. Like most metal and punk recording engineers, he mics the guitar amp speakers and bass amp speakers to capture each performer's unique tone.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concerts">Concerts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Concerts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pearl_Jam_Philadelphia_2016_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A male bassist, Jeff Ament, playing upright bass in a concert. He is seated in front of several large, tall speaker cabinets." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pearl_Jam_Philadelphia_2016_01.JPG/250px-Pearl_Jam_Philadelphia_2016_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pearl_Jam_Philadelphia_2016_01.JPG/330px-Pearl_Jam_Philadelphia_2016_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pearl_Jam_Philadelphia_2016_01.JPG/500px-Pearl_Jam_Philadelphia_2016_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Grunge concerts, like the heavy metal, punk rock, and hardcore shows that influenced grunge's development, were loud. Pictured is <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam" title="Pearl Jam">Pearl Jam</a>'s bassist <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Ament" title="Jeff Ament">Jeff Ament</a> in front of a wall of <a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">bass stacks</a>.</figcaption></figure> Grunge concerts were known for being straightforward, high-energy performances. Grunge shows were "celebrations, parties [and] carnivals", where the audience expressed its spirit by stagediving, <a href="/wiki/Moshing" title="Moshing">moshing</a> and thrashing.<a href="#cite_note-Henderson,_Justin_2016-93">[93]</a> Simon Reynolds states that in "... some of the most masculine forms of rock—<a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">thrash metal</a>, grunge, moshing becomes a form of surrogate combat" in which "male bodies" can contact in the "sweat-and-bloodbath" of the moshpit.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> As with punk shows, grunge "performances were about frontmen who screamed and jumped around on stage and musicians who thrashed wildly on their instruments."<a href="#cite_note-popmatters-95">[95]</a> While grunge lyrical themes focused on "angst and rage", the audience at shows were positive and created a "life-affirming" attitude.<a href="#cite_note-Henderson,_Justin_2016-93">[93]</a> Grunge bands rejected the complex and high budget presentations of many mainstream musical genres, including the use of complex digitally controlled light arrays, pyrotechnics, and other visual effects then popular in "<a href="/wiki/Hair_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair metal">hair metal</a>" shows. Grunge performers viewed these elements unrelated to playing the music. Stage acting and "onstage theatrics" were generally avoided.<a href="#cite_note-Gina_Misiroglu_2015._p._343-85">[85]</a> Instead the bands presented themselves as no different from minor local bands. Jack Endino said in Hype! that Seattle bands were inconsistent live performers, since their primary objective was not to be entertainers, but simply to "rock out".<a href="#cite_note-Hype-39">[39]</a> Grunge bands gave enthusiastic performances; they would thrash their long hair during shows as "a symbolic weapon" for releasing "pent-up aggression" (<a href="/wiki/Dave_Grohl" title="Dave Grohl">Dave Grohl</a> was particularly noted for his "<a href="/wiki/Headbanging" title="Headbanging">head flips</a>").<a href="#cite_note-Fournier,_Karen_2015._p._44-96">[96]</a> Dave Rimmer writes that with the revival of punk ideals of stripped-down music in the early 1990s, "for Cobain, and lots of kids like him, rock & roll ... threw down a dare: Can you be pure enough, day after day, year after year, to prove your authenticity, to live up to the music ... And if you can't, can you live with being a <a href="/wiki/Poseur" title="Poseur">poseur</a>, a phony, a <a href="/wiki/Sellout" class="mw-redirect" title="Sellout">sellout</a>?"<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clothing_and_fashion">Clothing and fashion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Clothing and fashion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grunge_fashion" title="Grunge fashion">Grunge fashion</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s–1990s">1980s–1990s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1980s–1990s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Courtney_Love_on_stage_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A female musician, Courtney Love, singing into a microphone at a concert. She is wearing a lingerie corset and has long blonde hair." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Courtney_Love_on_stage_crop.jpg/170px-Courtney_Love_on_stage_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Courtney_Love_on_stage_crop.jpg/255px-Courtney_Love_on_stage_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Courtney_Love_on_stage_crop.jpg/340px-Courtney_Love_on_stage_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="1809" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Courtney_Love" title="Courtney Love">Courtney Love</a> has been considered one of the top ten women who defined 1990s style by popularizing the "<a href="/wiki/Kinderwhore" title="Kinderwhore">kinderwhore</a>" style.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>Clothing commonly worn by grunge musicians in Washington were a "mundane everyday style", in which they would wear the same clothes on stage that they wore at home.<a href="#cite_note-Felix-Jager,_Steven_2017._p._135-35">[35]</a> This Pacific Northwest "slacker style" or "slouch look" contrasted sharply with the "wild" <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_(hairstyle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawk (hairstyle)">mohawks</a>, leather jackets and chains worn by punks. This everyday clothing approach was used by grunge musicians because <a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">authenticity</a> was a key principle in the Seattle scene.<a href="#cite_note-Felix-Jager,_Steven_2017._p._135-35">[35]</a> The grunge look typically consisted of <a href="/wiki/Second-hand_clothes" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-hand clothes">second-hand clothes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Charity_shop" title="Charity shop">thrift store</a> items and the typical outdoor clothing (most notably <a href="/wiki/Flannel" title="Flannel">flannel</a> shirts) of the region, as well as a generally unkempt appearance and long hair.<a href="#cite_note-Gina_Misiroglu_2015._p._343-85">[85]</a> For grunge singers, long hair was used "as a mask to conceal the face" so they can "expres[s their] innermost thoughts"; Cobain is a notable example.<a href="#cite_note-Fournier,_Karen_2015._p._44-96">[96]</a> Male grunge musicians were "... unkempt ... [and] ... unshaven<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> [,] with ... tousled hair"<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> that was often unwashed, greasy and "... matted [into a] sheep-dog mop".<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-100">[100]</a> The lumberjack attire was a common sight in the thrift stores near Seattle for the low prices that musicians could afford.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Grunge style consisted of ripped jeans, <a href="/wiki/Thermal_underwear" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal underwear">thermal underwear</a>,<a href="#cite_note-United_States_2005._p._359-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Doc_Martens" class="mw-redirect" title="Doc Martens">Doc Martens</a> boots or combat boots (often unlaced), band <a href="/wiki/T-shirt" title="T-shirt">T-shirts</a>, oversized knit <a href="/wiki/Sweater" title="Sweater">sweaters</a>, long and droopy skirts, ripped tights, <a href="/wiki/Birkenstocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkenstocks">Birkenstocks</a>, hiking boots,<a href="#cite_note-1990sTrends-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> and eco-friendly clothing made from <a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">recycled textiles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">fair trade</a> organic cotton.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> As well, since women in the grunge scene wore the "... same plaid [shirt]s, boots, and short cropped heads as their male counterparts", women showed "... that they are not defined by their sex appeal."<a href="#cite_note-Komar-106">[106]</a> "Grunge ... became an <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">anti-consumerist</a> movement where the less you spent on clothes, the more 'coolness' you had."<a href="#cite_note-Ashgate-107">[107]</a> The style did not evolve out of a conscious attempt to create an appealing fashion; music journalist <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Cross" title="Charles R. Cross">Charles R. Cross</a> said, "[Nirvana frontman] <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Cobain" title="Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a> was just too lazy to shampoo", and Sub Pop's Jonathan Poneman said, "This [clothing] is cheap, it's durable, and it's kind of timeless. It also runs against the grain of the whole flashy aesthetic that existed in the 80s."<a href="#cite_note-success_NYT-84">[84]</a> The flannel and "... cracked leatherette coats" in the grunge scene were part of the Pacific Northwest's <a href="/wiki/Thrift_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrift store">thrift-shop</a> aesthetic.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-100">[100]</a> Grunge fashion was very much an anti-fashion response and a non-conformist move against the "manufactured image",<a href="#cite_note-Stevenson-108">[108]</a> often pushing musicians to dress in authentic ways and to not glamorize themselves. At the same time, Sub-Pop utilized the 'grunge look' in their marketing of their bands. In an interview with VH1, photographer Charles Peterson commented that members from grunge band Tad "were given blue collar identities that weren't entirely earned. Bruce (Pavitt) really got him to dress up in flannel and a real chain saw and really play up this image of a mountain man and it worked."<a href="#cite_note-Rise-109">[109]</a> Dazed magazine called <a href="/wiki/Courtney_Love" title="Courtney Love">Courtney Love</a> one of "ten women who defined the 1990s" from a style perspective: the "... image of Courtney Love's too-short baby doll dress, tattered fur coat and shock of platinum hair", a look dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Kinderwhore" title="Kinderwhore">kinderwhore</a>", "... topped with a tiara, of course – is seared on the memory of anyone who lived through the decade."<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The kinderwhore look consisted of torn, ripped tight or low-cut <a href="/wiki/Babydoll" title="Babydoll">babydoll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan_collar" title="Peter Pan collar">Peter-Pan-collared</a> dresses, slips, heavy makeup with dark eyeliner,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> barrettes, and leather boots or <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_(shoe)" title="Mary Jane (shoe)">Mary–Jane</a> shoes.<a href="#cite_note-elle-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kat_Bjelland" title="Kat Bjelland">Kat Bjelland</a> of <a href="/wiki/Babes_in_Toyland_(band)" title="Babes in Toyland (band)">Babes in Toyland</a> was the first to define it, while Courtney Love of <a href="/wiki/Hole_(band)" title="Hole (band)">Hole</a> was the first to popularize it. Love has claimed that she took the style from <a href="/wiki/Divinyls" title="Divinyls">Divinyls</a> frontwoman <a href="/wiki/Chrissy_Amphlett" title="Chrissy Amphlett">Chrissy Amphlett</a>.<a href="#cite_note-elle-112">[112]</a> The look became very popular in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)" title="Vogue (magazine)">Vogue</a> stated in 2014 that "Cobain pulled liberally from both ends of a woman's and a man's wardrobe, and his Seattle thrift-store look ran the gamut of masculine lumberjack workwear and 40s-by-way-of-70s feminine dresses. It was completely counter to the shellacked, flashy aesthetic of the 1980s in every way. In disheveled jeans and floral frocks, he softened the tough exterior of the archetypal rebel from the inside out, and set the ball in motion for a radical, millennial idea of androgyny."<a href="#cite_note-vogue.com-116">[116]</a> Cobain's way of dressing "was the antithesis of the macho American man", because he "... made it cooler to look slouchy and loose, no matter if you were a boy or a girl."<a href="#cite_note-vogue.com-116">[116]</a> Music and culture writer Julianne Escobedo Shepherd wrote that with Cobain's style of dress "Not only did he make it okay to be a freak, he made it desirable."<a href="#cite_note-vogue.com-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adoption_by_mainstream">Adoption by mainstream</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Adoption by mainstream">edit</a>]</div> Grunge music hit the mainstream in the early 1990s with bands such as Soundgarden, Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam, and Nirvana being signed to major record labels. Grunge fashion began to break into mainstream fashion in mid-1992 for both sexes and peaked in late 1993 and early 1994.<a href="#cite_note-1990sTrends-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-1994InReview-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-HitsNMisses94-118">[118]</a> As it picked up momentum, the grunge tag was being used by shops selling expensive flannelette shirts to cash in on the trend.<a href="#cite_note-Ashgate-107">[107]</a> Ironically, the non-conformist look suddenly became a mainstream trend. In the fashion world, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Jacobs" title="Marc Jacobs">Marc Jacobs</a> presented a show for Perry Ellis in 1992 (the Spring 1993 Collection,) featuring grunge-inspired clothing mixed with high-end fabrics. Jacobs found inspiration in the "<a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a>" of grunge streetwear; he mixed it with the luxury of fashion by sending models down the catwalk in beanies, floral dresses and silk flannel shirts.<a href="#cite_note-Worsley-119">[119]</a> This did, however, not sit well with the brand owners and Jacobs was dismissed. Other designers like <a href="/wiki/Anna_Sui" title="Anna Sui">Anna Sui</a>, also drew inspiration from grunge during the spring/summer 1993 season.<a href="#cite_note-Stevenson-108">[108]</a> In the same year, Vogue did a spread called "Grunge & Glory" with fashion photographer <a href="/wiki/Steven_Meisel" title="Steven Meisel">Steven Meisel</a> who shot supermodels <a href="/wiki/Kristen_McMenamy" title="Kristen McMenamy">Kristen McMenamy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Campbell" title="Naomi Campbell">Naomi Campbell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nadja_Auermann" title="Nadja Auermann">Nadja Auermann</a> in a savanna landscape wearing grunge-styled clothing.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> This shoot made McMenamy the face for grunge, as she had her eyebrows shaved and her hair cropped short. Designers like <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lacroix" title="Christian Lacroix">Christian Lacroix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donna_Karen" class="mw-redirect" title="Donna Karen">Donna Karen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld" title="Karl Lagerfeld">Karl Lagerfeld</a> incorporated the grunge influence into their looks.<a href="#cite_note-Worsley-119">[119]</a> In 1993, James Truman, editor of <a href="/wiki/Details_(magazine)" title="Details (magazine)">Details</a>, said: "to me the thing about grunge is it's not anti-fashion, it's unfashion. Punk was anti-fashion. It made a statement. Grunge is about not making a statement, which is why it's crazy for it to become a fashion statement."<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The unkempt fashion sense defined the look of the "slacker generation", who "skipped school, smoked pot ... [and] cigarettes and listened to music" hoping to become a <a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">rock star</a> one day.<a href="#cite_note-Rise-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s–2010s">2000s–2010s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2000s–2010s">edit</a>]</div> Even though grunge fashion had declined in popularity by the late 1990s, designers have continued to occasionally draw inspiration from the movement. Grunge appeared as a trend again in 2008, and for Fall/Winter 2013, <a href="/wiki/Hedi_Slimane" title="Hedi Slimane">Hedi Slimane</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yves Saint Laurent (brand)">Yves Saint Laurent</a> brought back grunge to the <a href="/wiki/Runway_(fashion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runway (fashion)">runway</a>. With <a href="/wiki/Courtney_Love" title="Courtney Love">Courtney Love</a> as his muse for the collection, she reportedly loved the collection. "No offense to MJ [Marc Jacobs] but he never got it right," Courtney said. "This is what it really was. Hedi knows his shit. He got it accurate, and MJ and Anna [Sui] did not."<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Both Cobain and Love apparently burnt the Perry Ellis collection they received from Marc Jacobs back in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In 2016, grunge inspired an upscale "reinvention" of the style by <a href="/wiki/A$AP_Rocky" class="mw-redirect" title="A$AP Rocky">A$AP Rocky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rihanna" title="Rihanna">Rihanna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elan-125">[125]</a> However, "dressing grunge is no longer a badge of authenticity, though: the signifiers of rebellion (Dr Martens boots, <a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">tartan</a> shirts) are omnipotent on the high street", says Lynette Nylander, deputy editor of <a href="/wiki/I-D_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="I-D magazine">i-D magazine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elan-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alcohol_and_drugs">Alcohol and drugs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Alcohol and drugs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BleachYour_Works.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A poster encouraging injection drug users to use bleach to clean their syringes and needles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BleachYour_Works.png/220px-BleachYour_Works.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BleachYour_Works.png/330px-BleachYour_Works.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BleachYour_Works.png/440px-BleachYour_Works.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="234" /></a><figcaption>The title of Nirvana's debut album <a href="/wiki/Bleach_(Nirvana_album)" title="Bleach (Nirvana album)">Bleach</a> referred to the 1980s-era public health posters which urged heroin injectors to use <a href="/wiki/Bleach" title="Bleach">bleach</a> to clean their needles, to prevent <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> transmission.</figcaption></figure> Many music subcultures are associated with particular drugs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counterculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>, both of which are associated with <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a> and psychedelics. In the 1990s, the media focused on the use of heroin by musicians in the Seattle grunge scene, with a 1992 New York Times article listing the city's "three principal drugs" as "<a href="/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">espresso</a>, beer and heroin"<a href="#cite_note-Marin-89">[89]</a> and a 1996 article calling Seattle's grunge scene the "... subculture that has most strongly embraced heroin".<a href="#cite_note-heroin-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Jonze" title="Tim Jonze">Tim Jonze</a> from The Guardian states that "... heroin had blighted the [grunge] scene ever since its inception in the mid-80s" and he argues that the "... involvement of heroin mirrors the self-hating, <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilistic</a> aspect to the music"; in addition to the heroin deaths, Jonze points out that <a href="/wiki/Stone_Temple_Pilots" title="Stone Temple Pilots">Stone Temple Pilots</a>' <a href="/wiki/Scott_Weiland" title="Scott Weiland">Scott Weiland</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Courtney_Love" title="Courtney Love">Courtney Love</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lanegan" title="Mark Lanegan">Mark Lanegan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Chamberlin" title="Jimmy Chamberlin">Jimmy Chamberlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evan_Dando" title="Evan Dando">Evan Dando</a> "... all had their run-ins with the drug, but lived to tell the tale."<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> A 2014 book stated that whereas in the 1980s, people used the "stimulant" <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> to socialize and "... celebrate good times", in the 1990s grunge scene, the "depressant" heroin was used to "retreat" into a "cocoon" and be "... sheltered from a harsh and unforgiving world which offered ... few prospects for ... change or hope."<a href="#cite_note-Marion_p._888-128">[128]</a> Justin Henderson states that all of the "downer" opiates, including "heroin, <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">etorphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">codeine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>, [and] <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">hydrocodone</a> ... seemed to be the habit of choice for many a grunger".<a href="#cite_note-auto-129">[129]</a> The title of Nirvana's debut album <a href="/wiki/Bleach_(Nirvana_album)" title="Bleach (Nirvana album)">Bleach</a> was inspired by a <a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">harm reduction</a> poster aimed at heroin injection users, which stated "Bleach your works [e.g., <a href="/wiki/Syringe" title="Syringe">syringe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypodermic_needle" title="Hypodermic needle">needle</a>] before you get stoned". The poster was released by the U.S. State Health Department which was trying to reduce <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> transmission caused through sharing used needles. Alice in Chains' song "God Smack" includes the line "stick your arm for some real fun", a reference to injecting heroin.<a href="#cite_note-heroin-126">[126]</a> Seattle musicians known to use heroin included Cobain, who was using "heroin when he shot himself in the head"; "<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wood_(singer)" title="Andrew Wood (singer)">Andrew Wood</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mother_Love_Bone" title="Mother Love Bone">Mother Love Bone</a> [who] overdosed on heroin in 1990"; "<a href="/wiki/Stefanie_Sargent" title="Stefanie Sargent">Stefanie Sargent</a> of <a href="/wiki/7_Year_Bitch" title="7 Year Bitch">7 Year Bitch</a> [who] died of an overdose of the same opiate in 1992 ... [and] <a href="/wiki/Layne_Staley" title="Layne Staley">Layne Staley</a> of Alice in Chains [who] publicly detailed his battles with heroin ...".<a href="#cite_note-seattletimes-130">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Starr_(musician)" title="Mike Starr (musician)">Mike Starr</a> of Alice in Chains<a href="#cite_note-Marion_p._888-128">[128]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Melvoin" title="Jonathan Melvoin">Jonathan Melvoin</a> from <a href="/wiki/The_Smashing_Pumpkins" title="The Smashing Pumpkins">the Smashing Pumpkins</a> also died from heroin. After Cobain's death, his "... widow, singer Courtney Love, characterized Seattle as a drug mecca, where heroin is easier to get than in San Francisco or Los Angeles."<a href="#cite_note-seattletimes-130">[130]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_House_(musician)" title="Daniel House (musician)">Daniel House</a>, who owned <a href="/wiki/C/Z_Records" title="C/Z Records">C/Z Records</a>, disputed these perceptions in 1994. House stated that there was "... no more (heroin) here [in Seattle] than anyplace else"; he stated that the "heroin is not a big part of the [Seattle music] culture", and that "marijuana and alcohol ... are far more prevalent". Jeff Gilbert, one of the editors of Guitar World magazine, stated in 1994 that the media association of the Seattle grunge scene with heroin was "really overblown"; instead, he says that Seattle musicians were "... all a bunch of potheads."<a href="#cite_note-seattletimes-130">[130]</a> Gil Troy's history of America in the 1990s states that in the Seattle grunge scene, the "... drug of choice switched from upscale cocaine [of the 1980s] to blue-collar marijuana."<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Rolling Stone magazine reported that members of Seattle's grunge scene were "coffee-crazed" by day on espresso and "... by night, they quaff[ed] oceans of beer – jolted by Java and looped with liquor, no wonder the [grunge] music sounds like it does."<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> "Some [Seattle] scene veterans maintain that <a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a>", a drug related to <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a>, "was a vital contributor to grunge", because it gave users a "body high" (in contrast to marijuana's "head high") that made them appreciate "bass-heavy <a href="/wiki/Groove_(music)" title="Groove (music)">grooves</a>".<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Pat Long's History of the NME states that scene members involved with the Sub Pop label would have multi-day MDMA parties in the woods, which shows that what Long calls Ecstasy's "warm glow" had an impact even in the wet, grey and isolated Pacific Northwest region.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Graphic_design">Graphic design</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Graphic design">edit</a>]</div> Regarding graphic design and images, a common feature of grunge bands was the use of "lo-fi" (low fidelity) and deliberately unconventional album covers, for example presenting intentionally murky or miscolored photography, collage or <a href="/wiki/Distressing" title="Distressing">distressed</a> lettering. Early grunge "[a]lbum covers and concert flyers appeared Xeroxed not in allegiance to some <a href="/wiki/DIY" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY">DIY</a> aesthetic" but because of "economic necessity", as "bands had so little money".<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> This was already a common feature of punk rock design, but could be extended in the grunge period due to the increasing use of <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh computer">Macintosh computers</a> for desktop publishing and digital image processing. The style was sometimes called 'grunge typography' when used outside music.<a href="#cite_note-Liu-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walker-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Businessweek-138">[138]</a> A famous example of 'grunge'-style experimental design was <a href="/wiki/Ray_Gun_(magazine)" title="Ray Gun (magazine)">Ray Gun</a> magazine, art directed by <a href="/wiki/David_Carson_(graphic_designer)" title="David Carson (graphic designer)">David Carson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Rise_And_Fall_Of_Grunge_Typography-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Palladino-140">[140]</a> Carson developed a technique of "ripping, shredding and remaking letters"<a href="#cite_note-The_Rise_And_Fall_Of_Grunge_Typography-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Palladino-140">[140]</a> and using "overprinted, disharmonious letters" and experimental design approaches, including "deliberate 'mistakes' in alignment".<a href="#cite_note-Eskilon,_Stephen_2012-141">[141]</a> Carson's art used "messy and chaotic design" and he did not "respect any rule of composition", using an "experimental, personal and intuitive" approach.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Another "grunge graphic designer" was <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Earls" title="Elliott Earls">Elliott Earls</a>, who used "distorted ... older typefaces" and "aggressively illegible" type which adopted the "unkempt expressiveness" of the "grunge [music] aesthetic"; this radical, anti-establishment approach in graphic design was influenced by the 1910s-era avant-garde <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-Eskilon,_Stephen_2012-141">[141]</a> Hat Nguyen's Droplet, Harriet Goren's Morire and Eric Lin's Tema Canante were all "signature grunge fonts."<a href="#cite_note-The_Rise_And_Fall_Of_Grunge_Typography-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Palladino-140">[140]</a> Sven Lennartz states that grunge design images have a "realistic, genuine look" which is created by adding simulated torn paper, dog-eared corners, creases, yellowed scotch tape, coffee cup stains, hand-drawn images and handwritten words, typically over a "dirty" background texture which is done with dull, subdued colors.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> A key figure in creating the "look" of the grunge scene for outsiders was music photographer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Peterson_(photographer)" title="Charles Peterson (photographer)">Charles Peterson</a>. Peterson's black and white, uncropped, and sometimes blurry shots of the underground Pacific Northwest music scene's members playing and jamming, wearing their characteristic everyday clothes, were used by Sub Pop to promote its Seattle bands. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zines">Zines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Zines">edit</a>]</div> Following the tradition in the 1980s US punk subculture of amateur, fan-produced <a href="/wiki/Zine" title="Zine">zines</a>, members of the grunge scene also produced <a href="/wiki/DIY" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY">DIY</a> publications which were "distributed at gigs or by mail order". The zines were typically photocopied and contained handwritten, "hand-colored pages", "typing errors and grammatical mistakes, misspellings and jumbled pagination", all proof of their amateur nature.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard,_Marion_2007._p._140-144">[144]</a> Backlash was a zine that was published from 1987 to 1991 by Dawn Anderson, covering the "dirtier, heavier, more underground and rock side of Seattle's music scene", including "punk, metal, underground rock, grunge before it was called grunge and even some local hip-hop."<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Grunge Gerl #1 was one early 1990s grunge zine; the publication was written by and for <a href="/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl">riot grrrls</a> in the Los Angeles area. It stated that "we're girls, we're angry, we're powerful."<a href="#cite_note-Leonard,_Marion_2007._p._140-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_newspapers">Local newspapers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Local newspapers">edit</a>]</div> In 1992, Rolling Stone music critic <a href="/wiki/Michael_Azerrad" title="Michael Azerrad">Michael Azerrad</a> called <a href="/wiki/The_Rocket_(music_magazine)" title="The Rocket (music magazine)">The Rocket</a> the Seattle music "scene's [most] respected commentator".<a href="#cite_note-Azerrad-59">[59]</a> The Rocket was a free newspaper about the Pacific Northwest music scene which was launched in 1979. Edited by <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Cross" title="Charles R. Cross">Charles R. Cross</a>, the paper covered "fairly obscure alternative bands" in the local area, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Fartz" title="The Fartz">the Fartz</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-McChesney-146">[146]</a> In the mid-1980s, the paper had stories on <a href="/wiki/Slayer" title="Slayer">Slayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_Dogs" title="Wild Dogs">Wild Dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensr%C3%BFche" title="Queensrÿche">Queensrÿche</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metal_Church" title="Metal Church">Metal Church</a>. By 1988, the metal scene had faded, and The Rocket's focus shifted to covering the pre-grunge local <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> bands. Dawn Anderson states that in 1988, long before any other publication took notice of them, <a href="/wiki/Soundgarden" title="Soundgarden">Soundgarden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a> were Rocket cover stars.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-147">[147]</a> In 1991, The Rocket expanded to include a Portland, Oregon edition. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fiction">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grunge_lit" title="Grunge lit">Grunge lit</a></div> Grunge lit is an Australian <a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">literary genre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fictional</a> or <a href="/wiki/Autobiographical_novel" title="Autobiographical novel">semi-autobiographical</a> writing in the early 1990s about young adults living in an "inner cit[y]" "... world of disintegrating futures where the only relief from ... <a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">boredom</a> was through a <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilistic</a> pursuit of sex, violence, drugs and alcohol".<a href="#cite_note-leishman-148">[148]</a> Often the central characters are disfranchised, alienated, and lacking drive and determination beyond the desire to satisfy their basic needs. It was typically written by "new, young authors"<a href="#cite_note-leishman-148">[148]</a> who examined "gritty, dirty, real existences"<a href="#cite_note-leishman-148">[148]</a> of everyday characters. It has been described as both a sub-set of <a href="/wiki/Dirty_realism" title="Dirty realism">dirty realism</a> and an offshoot of Generation X literature.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Stuart Glover states that the term "grunge lit" takes the term "grunge" from the "late '80s and early '90s— ... Seattle [grunge] bands".<a href="#cite_note-stuartglover.com.au-150">[150]</a> Glover states that the term "grunge lit" was mainly a marketing term used by publishing companies; he states that most of the authors who have been categorized as "grunge lit" writers reject the label.<a href="#cite_note-stuartglover.com.au-150">[150]</a> The Australian fiction authors McGahan, McGregor and Tsiolkas criticized the "homogenizing effect" of conflating such a different group of writers.<a href="#cite_note-leishman-148">[148]</a> Tsiolkas called the "grunge lit" term a "media creation".<a href="#cite_note-leishman-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_women">Role of women</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Role of women">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_rock" title="Women in rock">Women in rock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L7_band_live.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/L7_band_live.jpg/250px-L7_band_live.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/L7_band_live.jpg/330px-L7_band_live.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/L7_band_live.jpg/500px-L7_band_live.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3228" data-file-height="2421" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/L7_(band)" title="L7 (band)">L7</a> performing in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, June 2015</figcaption></figure> Many <a href="/wiki/All-female_band" title="All-female band">all-female</a> or woman-led bands are associated with grunge including <a href="/wiki/L7_(band)" title="L7 (band)">L7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunachicks" title="Lunachicks">Lunachicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dickless" title="Dickless">Dickless</a>, <a href="/wiki/7_Year_Bitch" title="7 Year Bitch">7 Year Bitch</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gits" title="The Gits">the Gits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courtney_Love" title="Courtney Love">Courtney Love</a>'s band <a href="/wiki/Hole_(band)" title="Hole (band)">Hole</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Babes_in_Toyland_(band)" title="Babes in Toyland (band)">Babes in Toyland</a>. VH1 writer Dan Tucker described L7 as an "all-female grunge band [that] emanated from the fertile L.A. underground scene and [which] had strong ties with ... <a href="/wiki/Black_Flag_(band)" title="Black Flag (band)">Black Flag</a> and could match any male band in attitude and volume."<a href="#cite_note-Tucker-37">[37]</a> Grunge was also closely linked with <a href="/wiki/Riot_Grrrl" class="mw-redirect" title="Riot Grrrl">Riot Grrrl</a>, an underground <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Riot Grrrl pioneer and <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Kill" title="Bikini Kill">Bikini Kill</a> frontwoman <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Hanna" title="Kathleen Hanna">Kathleen Hanna</a> was the source for the name of Nirvana's 1991 breakthrough single, "<a href="/wiki/Smells_Like_Teen_Spirit" title="Smells Like Teen Spirit">Smells Like Teen Spirit</a>", a reference to a <a href="/wiki/Teen_Spirit_(deodorant)" title="Teen Spirit (deodorant)">deodorant</a> marketed specifically to young women.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Notable women instrumentalists include the bassists <a href="/wiki/D%27arcy_Wretzky" title="D'arcy Wretzky">D'arcy Wretzky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melissa_Auf_der_Maur" title="Melissa Auf der Maur">Melissa Auf der Maur</a> from <a href="/wiki/The_Smashing_Pumpkins" title="The Smashing Pumpkins">the Smashing Pumpkins</a>, and drummers <a href="/wiki/Patty_Schemel" title="Patty Schemel">Patty Schemel</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hole_(band)" title="Hole (band)">Hole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lori_Barbero" title="Lori Barbero">Lori Barbero</a> of <a href="/wiki/Babes_in_Toyland_(band)" title="Babes in Toyland (band)">Babes in Toyland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90srock.about.com-154">[154]</a> The inclusion of women instrumentalists in grunge is notable, because professional <a href="/wiki/Women_in_music#Popular_music" title="Women in music">women instrumentalists</a> are uncommon in most rock genres.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bam_Bam_(Seattle_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bam Bam (Seattle band)">Bam Bam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bam_bam-156">[156]</a> formed in Seattle in 1983, was fronted by an African American woman named <a href="/wiki/Tina_Bell" title="Tina Bell">Tina Bell</a>, breaking the norm of what was predominantly a White dominated scene.<a href="#cite_note-AS-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbs_news-159">[159]</a> Bam Bam also included future <a href="/wiki/Soundgarden" title="Soundgarden">Soundgarden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam" title="Pearl Jam">Pearl Jam</a> drummer <a href="/wiki/Matt_Cameron" title="Matt Cameron">Matt Cameron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bam_bam-156">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Cobain" title="Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a> was a roadie for Bam Bam before he was famous; he was also a fan of the band.<a href="#cite_note-bam_bam-156">[156]</a> Bell died in 2012. Observers have speculated that the lack of recognition in her lifetime as one of the progenitors of grunge music was due to sexism and racism.<a href="#cite_note-bam_bam-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-AS-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbs_news-159">[159]</a> Women also played active non-musician roles in the underground grunge scene, such as riot grrrls who produced <a href="/wiki/Zines" class="mw-redirect" title="Zines">zines</a> about grunge bands and indie record labels (e.g., Grunge Gerl #1) and writer Dawn Anderson of the Seattle fanzine Backlash which supported many local bands before they achieved greater fame.<a href="#cite_note-Hype-39">[39]</a> Tina Casale was the co-founder of <a href="/wiki/C/Z_Records" title="C/Z Records">C/Z Records</a> in the 1980s (along with Chris Hanzsek), a Seattle indie label that released the seminal grunge compilation <a href="/wiki/Deep_Six_(album)" title="Deep Six (album)">Deep Six</a> in 1986. <a href="/wiki/Susan_Silver" title="Susan Silver">Susan Silver</a> was the first female manager of the Seattle music scene. She started her career in 1983 and managed several bands such as <a href="/wiki/The_U-Men" title="The U-Men">the U-Men</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soundgarden" title="Soundgarden">Soundgarden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Chains" title="Alice in Chains">Alice in Chains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Screaming_Trees" title="Screaming Trees">Screaming Trees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> In 1991, <a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a> called Silver "the most powerful figure in local rock management".<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Silver was also an advisor for <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Cobain" title="Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a> and bassist <a href="/wiki/Krist_Novoselic" title="Krist Novoselic">Krist Novoselic</a> consulted Silver for advice when they were not satisfied with Sub Pop's lack of promotion for their debut album, <a href="/wiki/Bleach_(Nirvana_album)" title="Bleach (Nirvana album)">Bleach</a>. Silver looked at their contract with the label and told them they needed a lawyer. Silver then introduced them to agent Don Muller and music business attorney Alan Mintz, who started sending out Nirvana's demo tape to major labels looking for deals. The band ended up choosing <a href="/wiki/DGC_Records" title="DGC Records">DGC</a> and the label released their breakthrough album <a href="/wiki/Nevermind_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevermind (album)">Nevermind</a> in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> When Nirvana was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a> in 2014, Novoselic thanked Silver during his speech for "introducing them to the music industry properly".<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1965–1985:_Roots,_predecessors,_and_influences">1965–1985: Roots, predecessors, and influences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1965–1985: Roots, predecessors, and influences">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neil_Young_1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Young in 2006." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Neil_Young_1976.jpg/183px-Neil_Young_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Neil_Young_1976.jpg/275px-Neil_Young_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Neil_Young_1976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neil_Young" title="Neil Young">Neil Young</a> has been called the "Godfather of Grunge". His albums <a href="/wiki/Rust_Never_Sleeps" title="Rust Never Sleeps">Rust Never Sleeps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ragged_Glory" title="Ragged Glory">Ragged Glory</a> have been described as proto-grunge and grunge.</figcaption></figure> The term proto-grunge has been used to describe artists as having elements of grunge well before the genre appeared in the mid- to late-1980s. Perhaps the earliest proto-grunge album is <a href="/wiki/Here_Are_the_Sonics" title="Here Are the Sonics">Here Are the Sonics</a>, released in 1965 by <a href="/wiki/The_Sonics" title="The Sonics">the Sonics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neil_Young" title="Neil Young">Neil Young</a>'s albums <a href="/wiki/Rust_Never_Sleeps" title="Rust Never Sleeps">Rust Never Sleeps</a> (1979) and <a href="/wiki/Ragged_Glory" title="Ragged Glory">Ragged Glory</a> (1990) have been proclaimed examples of proto-grunge and grunge music.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Additionally, he has been cited as an influence by <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam" title="Pearl Jam">Pearl Jam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> which led to them backing Young for the <a href="/wiki/Mirror_Ball_(Neil_Young_album)" title="Mirror Ball (Neil Young album)">Mirror Ball</a> album, released in 1995. Other acts described as proto-grunge include <a href="/wiki/Wipers_(band)" title="Wipers (band)">Wipers</a> and their album <a href="/wiki/Youth_of_America" title="Youth of America">Youth of America</a> (1981), <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Costello" title="Elvis Costello">Elvis Costello</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Blood_%26_Chocolate" title="Blood & Chocolate">Blood & Chocolate</a> album which <a href="/wiki/Will_Birch" title="Will Birch">Will Birch</a> hailed as "6 or 8 years ahead of its time" (1986),<a href="#cite_note-Birch-169">[169]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Stooges" title="The Stooges">the Stooges</a> and their album <a href="/wiki/Fun_House_(The_Stooges_album)" title="Fun House (The Stooges album)">Fun House</a> (1970).<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Grunge's sound partly resulted from <a href="/wiki/Seattle_music_scene" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle music scene">Seattle's isolation</a> from other music scenes. As Sub Pop's Jonathan Poneman noted, "Seattle was a perfect example of a secondary city with an active music scene that was completely ignored by an American media fixated on Los Angeles and New York [City]."<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Mark Arm claimed that the isolation meant, "this one corner of the map was being really inbred and ripping off each other's ideas".<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Seattle "was a remote and provincial city" in the 1980s; Bruce Pavitt states that the city was "very working class", a place of deprivation, and so the scene's "whole aesthetic – work clothes, thriftstore truckers' hats, pawnshop guitars" was not just a style, it was done because Seattle "was very poor."<a href="#cite_note-Hunter-Tilney-173">[173]</a> Indeed, when "<a href="/wiki/Nevermind" title="Nevermind">Nevermind</a> reached number one in the U.S. charts, Cobain was living in a car."<a href="#cite_note-Hunter-Tilney-173">[173]</a> Bands began to mix metal and punk in the Seattle music scene around 1984, with much of the credit for this fusion going to <a href="/wiki/The_U-Men" title="The U-Men">the U-Men</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> However, some critics have noted that in spite of the U-Men's canonical place as original grunge progenitors, that their sound was less indebted to heavy metal and much more akin to post-punk. However the idiosyncrasy of the band may have been the bigger inspiration, more than the aesthetics themselves.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Soon Seattle had a growing and "varied music scene" and "diverse urban personality" expressed by local "<a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a> <a href="/wiki/Garage_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Garage band">garage bands</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Felix-Jager,_Steven_2017._p._135-35">[35]</a> Grunge evolved from the local punk rock scene, and was inspired by bands such as <a href="/wiki/The_Fartz" title="The Fartz">the Fartz</a>, the U-Men, <a href="/wiki/10_Minute_Warning" title="10 Minute Warning">10 Minute Warning</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Acc%C3%BCsed" title="The Accüsed">the Accüsed</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fastbacks" title="Fastbacks">Fastbacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hype-39">[39]</a> Additionally, the slow, heavy, and sludgy style of the <a href="/wiki/Melvins" title="Melvins">Melvins</a> was a significant influence on the grunge sound.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Roy Shuker states that grunge's success built on the "foundations ... laid throughout the 1980s by earlier <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative music</a> scenes."<a href="#cite_note-Shuker,_Roy_2013._p._183-177">[177]</a> Shuker states that music critics "... emphasized the perceived purity and authenticity of the Seattle scene.<a href="#cite_note-Shuker,_Roy_2013._p._183-177">[177]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U-Men_at_the_Bat_Cave_Seattle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A rock band, the U-Men, playing onstage in a small venue with low ceilings. The band members are wearing matching grey suits and bow-ties." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/U-Men_at_the_Bat_Cave_Seattle.jpg/220px-U-Men_at_the_Bat_Cave_Seattle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/U-Men_at_the_Bat_Cave_Seattle.jpg/330px-U-Men_at_the_Bat_Cave_Seattle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/U-Men_at_the_Bat_Cave_Seattle.jpg/440px-U-Men_at_the_Bat_Cave_Seattle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>Seattle band <a href="/wiki/The_U-Men" title="The U-Men">the U-Men</a> performing in Seattle</figcaption></figure> Outside the Pacific Northwest, a number of artists and music scenes influenced grunge. Alternative rock bands from the Northeastern United States, including <a href="/wiki/Sonic_Youth" title="Sonic Youth">Sonic Youth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pixies_(band)" title="Pixies (band)">Pixies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Jr." title="Dinosaur Jr.">Dinosaur Jr.</a>, are important influences on the genre. Through their patronage of Seattle bands, Sonic Youth "inadvertently nurtured" the grunge scene, and reinforced the fiercely independent attitudes of its musicians.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Nirvana introduced into the Seattle scene the noise-inflected influences of <a href="/wiki/Scratch_Acid" title="Scratch Acid">Scratch Acid</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Butthole_Surfers" title="Butthole Surfers">Butthole Surfers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gina_Misiroglu_2015._p._343-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Several Australian bands, including <a href="/wiki/The_Scientists" title="The Scientists">the Scientists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Psychos" title="Cosmic Psychos">Cosmic Psychos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feedtime" title="Feedtime">Feedtime</a>, are cited as precursors to grunge, their music influencing the Seattle scene through the college radio broadcasts of Sub Pop founder Jonathan Poneman and members of Mudhoney on <a href="/wiki/KEXP-FM#KCMU:_The_early_years" title="KEXP-FM">KCMU</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-zan-181">[181]</a> The influence of Pixies on Nirvana was noted by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Cobain" title="Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a>, who commented in a Rolling Stone interview, "I connected with that band so heavily that I should have been in that band—or at least a Pixies cover band. We used their sense of dynamics, being soft and quiet and then loud and hard."<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> In August 1997, in an interview with <a href="/wiki/Guitar_World" title="Guitar World">Guitar World</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dave_Grohl" title="Dave Grohl">Dave Grohl</a> said: "From Kurt, <a href="/wiki/Krist_Novoselic" title="Krist Novoselic">Krist</a> [Novoselic] and I liking <a href="/wiki/The_Knack" title="The Knack">the Knack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_City_Rollers" title="Bay City Rollers">Bay City Rollers</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">Beatles</a> and <a href="/wiki/ABBA" title="ABBA">Abba</a> just as much as we liked <a href="/wiki/Flipper_(band)" title="Flipper (band)">Flipper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Flag_(band)" title="Black Flag (band)">Black Flag</a> ... You listen to any Pixies record and it's all over there. Or even <a href="/wiki/Black_Sabbath" title="Black Sabbath">Black Sabbath</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/War_Pigs" title="War Pigs">War Pigs</a>"—it's there: the power of the dynamic. We just sort of abused it with <a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">pop songs</a> and got sick with it."<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Aside from the genre's punk and alternative rock roots, many grunge bands were equally influenced by heavy metal of the early 1970s. <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Heylin" title="Clinton Heylin">Clinton Heylin</a>, author of Babylon's Burning: From Punk to Grunge, cited Black Sabbath as "perhaps the most ubiquitous pre-punk influence on the northwest scene".<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Black Sabbath played a role in shaping the grunge sound, through their own records and the records they inspired.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Musicologist <a href="/wiki/Bob_Gulla" title="Bob Gulla">Bob Gulla</a> asserted that Black Sabbath's sound "shows up in virtually all of grunge's most popular bands, including <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soundgarden" title="Soundgarden">Soundgarden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Chains" title="Alice in Chains">Alice in Chains</a>".<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Black Sabbath's 1971 album <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Reality" title="Master of Reality">Master of Reality</a> in particular has been noted as a key influence on grunge, largely in part due to the sound, as a result of guitarist <a href="/wiki/Tony_Iommi" title="Tony Iommi">Tony Iommi</a> down-tuning his guitar a step and a half.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> The influence of <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a> is also evident, particularly in the work of Soundgarden, whom Q magazine noted were "in thrall to '70s rock, but contemptuous of the genre's overt sexism and machismo".<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Jon Wiederhorn of Guitar World wrote: "So what exactly is grunge? ... Picture a supergroup made up of <a href="/wiki/Creedence_Clearwater_Revival" title="Creedence Clearwater Revival">Creedence Clearwater Revival</a>, Black Sabbath and <a href="/wiki/The_Stooges" title="The Stooges">the Stooges</a>, and you're pretty close."<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Catherine Strong stated that grunge's strongest metal influence was <a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">thrash metal</a>, which had a tradition of "equality with the audience", based on the notion that "anyone could start a band" (a way of thinking also shared by US <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a>, which Strong also cites as an influence on grunge) which was also taken up by grunge bands.<a href="#cite_note-Strong,_Catherine_2016._p.18-16">[16]</a> Strong stated that grunge musicians were opposed to the then-popular "<a href="/wiki/Hair_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair metal">hair metal</a>" bands.<a href="#cite_note-Strong,_Catherine_2016._p.18-16">[16]</a> Strong stated that "sections of what was [US] <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore</a> became known as grunge."<a href="#cite_note-Strong,_Catherine_2016._p.18-16">[16]</a> Seattle songwriter Jeff Stetson states that "[t]here is no real difference ... between Punk and Grunge."<a href="#cite_note-Stetson-23">[23]</a> Like punk bands, grunge groups were "embraced as back-to-basics rock 'n' roll bands which reminded the public that the music was supposed to be raw and raunchy".<a href="#cite_note-popmatters-95">[95]</a> One example of the influence of US hardcore on grunge is the impact that the Los Angeles hardcore punk band <a href="/wiki/Black_Flag_(band)" title="Black Flag (band)">Black Flag</a> had on grunge. Black Flag's 1984 record <a href="/wiki/My_War" title="My War">My War</a>, on which the band combined heavy metal with their traditional sound, made a strong impact in Seattle. Mudhoney's <a href="/wiki/Steve_Turner_(guitarist)" title="Steve Turner (guitarist)">Steve Turner</a> commented, "A lot of other people around the country hated the fact that Black Flag slowed down ... but up here it was really great ... we were like 'Yay!' They were weird and fucked-up sounding."<a href="#cite_note-Azerrad419-190">[190]</a> Turner explained grunge's integration of metal influences, noting, "Hard rock and metal was never that much of an enemy of punk like it was for other scenes. Here, it was like, 'There's only twenty people here, you can't really find a group to hate.'" Charles R. Cross stated that grunge was the "culmination of twenty years of <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a>" development.<a href="#cite_note-Cross,_Charles_R_2012-36">[36]</a> Cross states that the bands most representing the grunge genre were Seattle bands <a href="/wiki/Blood_Circus_(band)" title="Blood Circus (band)">Blood Circus</a>, Tad, and Mudhoney and Sub Pop's Denver band <a href="/wiki/The_Fluid" title="The Fluid">the Fluid</a>; he states that Nirvana, with its pop influences and blend of Sonic Youth and <a href="/wiki/Cheap_Trick" title="Cheap Trick">Cheap Trick</a>, was lighter-sounding than bands like Blood Circus.<a href="#cite_note-Cross,_Charles_R_2012-36">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CosmicPsychos2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An Australian rock band, the Cosmic Psychos, performing onstage. The dark stage is lit up by coloured lights. Three performers are visible: an electric bass player, an electric guitarist, and a drummer behind a drumkit." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CosmicPsychos2007.jpg/220px-CosmicPsychos2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CosmicPsychos2007.jpg/330px-CosmicPsychos2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CosmicPsychos2007.jpg/440px-CosmicPsychos2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Psychos" title="Cosmic Psychos">Cosmic Psychos</a>, one of several Australian bands which influenced and interacted with the Seattle scene</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Neil_Young" title="Neil Young">Neil Young</a> played a few concerts with Pearl Jam and recorded the album <a href="/wiki/Mirror_Ball_(Neil_Young_album)" title="Mirror Ball (Neil Young album)">Mirror Ball</a>. This was grounded not only in his work with his band <a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse_(band)" title="Crazy Horse (band)">Crazy Horse</a> and his regular use of distorted guitar—most notably on the album <a href="/wiki/Rust_Never_Sleeps" title="Rust Never Sleeps">Rust Never Sleeps</a>—but also his dress and persona.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> A similarly influential yet often overlooked album is <a href="/wiki/Neurotica_(album)" title="Neurotica (album)">Neurotica</a> by <a href="/wiki/Redd_Kross" title="Redd Kross">Redd Kross</a>, about which Jonathan Poneman said, "Neurotica was a life changer for me and for a lot of people in the Seattle music community."<a href="#cite_note-ew_rk-192">[192]</a> The context for the development of the Seattle grunge scene was a "golden age of failure, a time when a swath of American youth embraced the ... vices of indolence and lack of motivation".<a href="#cite_note-Hunter-Tilney-173">[173]</a> The "idlers of Generation X [were] trying to forestall the dread day of corporate enrollment" and embrace the "cult of the loser"; indeed Nirvana's 1991 song "<a href="/wiki/Smells_Like_Teen_Spirit" title="Smells Like Teen Spirit">Smells Like Teen Spirit</a>" "opens with Cobain intoning 'It's fun to lose.'"<a href="#cite_note-Hunter-Tilney-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1985–1991:_Early_development_and_rise_in_popularity">1985–1991: Early development and rise in popularity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 1985–1991: Early development and rise in popularity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_River_(1980s_Sub_Pop_promo_photo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Green_River_%281980s_Sub_Pop_promo_photo%29.jpg/250px-Green_River_%281980s_Sub_Pop_promo_photo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Green_River_%281980s_Sub_Pop_promo_photo%29.jpg/330px-Green_River_%281980s_Sub_Pop_promo_photo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Green_River_%281980s_Sub_Pop_promo_photo%29.jpg/500px-Green_River_%281980s_Sub_Pop_promo_photo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption>Seattle grunge pioneers <a href="/wiki/Green_River_(band)" title="Green River (band)">Green River</a></figcaption></figure> In 1985, the band <a href="/wiki/Green_River_(band)" title="Green River (band)">Green River</a> released their debut EP <a href="/wiki/Come_on_Down_(EP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Come on Down (EP)">Come on Down</a>, which is cited by many as being the first grunge record.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Another seminal release in the development of grunge was the <a href="/wiki/Deep_Six_(album)" title="Deep Six (album)">Deep Six</a> compilation, released by <a href="/wiki/C/Z_Records" title="C/Z Records">C/Z Records</a> in 1986. The record featured multiple tracks by six bands: Green River, <a href="/wiki/Soundgarden" title="Soundgarden">Soundgarden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melvins" title="Melvins">Melvins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malfunkshun" title="Malfunkshun">Malfunkshun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin_Yard" title="Skin Yard">Skin Yard</a>, and the U-Men. For many of them it was their first appearance on record. The artists had "a mostly heavy, aggressive sound that melded the slower tempos of heavy metal with the intensity of hardcore". The recording process was low-budget; each band was given four hours of studio time. As Jack Endino recalled, "People just said, 'Well, what kind of music is this? This isn't metal, it's not punk, What is it?' ... People went 'Eureka! These bands all have something in common.'"<a href="#cite_note-Azerrad419-190">[190]</a> Later that year <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Pavitt" title="Bruce Pavitt">Bruce Pavitt</a> released the <a href="/wiki/Sub_Pop_100" title="Sub Pop 100">Sub Pop 100</a> compilation and Green River's <a href="/wiki/Dry_As_a_Bone" title="Dry As a Bone">Dry As a Bone</a> EP as part of his new label, Sub Pop. An early Sub Pop catalog described the Green River EP as "ultra-loose GRUNGE that destroyed the morals of a generation".<a href="#cite_note-Azerrad420-194">[194]</a> Sub Pop's Bruce Pavitt and Jonathan Poneman, inspired by other regional music scenes in music history, worked to ensure that their label projected a "Seattle sound", reinforced by a similar style of production and album packaging. While music writer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Azerrad" title="Michael Azerrad">Michael Azerrad</a> acknowledged that early grunge bands like Mudhoney, Soundgarden, and Tad had disparate sounds, he noted "to the objective observer, there were some distinct similarities."<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deep_Six_ad_-_The_Rocket_(1986).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Deep_Six_ad_-_The_Rocket_%281986%29.jpg/220px-Deep_Six_ad_-_The_Rocket_%281986%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Deep_Six_ad_-_The_Rocket_%281986%29.jpg/330px-Deep_Six_ad_-_The_Rocket_%281986%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Deep_Six_ad_-_The_Rocket_%281986%29.jpg/440px-Deep_Six_ad_-_The_Rocket_%281986%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="2474" /></a><figcaption>Advertisment for grunge compilation <a href="/wiki/Deep_Six_(album)" title="Deep Six (album)">Deep Six</a>, featured in <a href="/wiki/The_Rocket_(music_magazine)" title="The Rocket (music magazine)">The Rocket</a>, April 1, 1986</figcaption></figure> Early grunge concerts were sparsely attended (many by fewer than a dozen people) but Sub Pop photographer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Peterson_(photographer)" title="Charles Peterson (photographer)">Charles Peterson</a>'s pictures helped create the impression that such concerts were major events.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Mudhoney, which was formed by former members of Green River, served as the flagship band of Sub Pop during their entire time with the label and spearheaded the Seattle grunge movement.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Other record labels in the Pacific Northwest that helped promote grunge included C/Z Records, <a href="/wiki/Estrus_Records" title="Estrus Records">Estrus Records</a>, EMpTy Records and <a href="/wiki/PopLlama_Records" title="PopLlama Records">PopLlama Records</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hype-39">[39]</a> In 1988 Mudhoney released their debut album <a href="/wiki/Superfuzz_Bigmuff" title="Superfuzz Bigmuff">Superfuzz Bigmuff</a>, which Bruce Pavitt called "the record that really put Sub Pop on the map," and of its impact said: "It really announced to the world that there was a new style of rock and roll being made in this very obscure city that most people had never heard of."<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Grunge attracted media attention in the United Kingdom after Pavitt and Poneman asked journalist <a href="/wiki/Everett_True" title="Everett True">Everett True</a> from the British magazine <a href="/wiki/Melody_Maker" title="Melody Maker">Melody Maker</a> to write an article on the local music scene. This exposure helped to make grunge known outside of the local area during the late 1980s and drew more people to local shows.<a href="#cite_note-Hype-39">[39]</a> The appeal of grunge to the music press was that it "promised the return to a notion of a regional, authorial vision for <a href="/wiki/American_rock" title="American rock">American rock</a>".<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Grunge's popularity in the <a href="/wiki/Underground_music" title="Underground music">underground music</a> scene was such that bands began to move to Seattle and approximate the look and sound of the original grunge bands. Mudhoney's Steve Turner said, "It was really bad. Pretend bands were popping up here, things weren't coming from where we were coming from."<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> As a reaction, many grunge bands diversified their sound, with Nirvana and Tad in particular creating more melodic songs.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Dawn Anderson of the Seattle fanzine Backlash recalled that by 1990 many locals had tired of the hype surrounding the Seattle scene and hoped that media exposure had dissipated.<a href="#cite_note-Hype-39">[39]</a> In a 1991 article, Mark Arm commented that "It was pretty funny when all the Seattle hype started, because there had been really good bands in Seattle for a long time who couldn't put out albums because they didn't have an outlet for it. Bands like <a href="/wiki/Malfunkshun" title="Malfunkshun">Malfunkshun</a> and <a href="/wiki/10_Minute_Warning" title="10 Minute Warning">10 Minute Warning</a>, who were amazing."<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Chris Dubrow from <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> states that in the late 1980s, Australia's "sticky-floored ... alternative pub scene" in seedy inner-city areas produced grunge bands with "raw and awkward energy" such as <a href="/wiki/The_Scientists" title="The Scientists">the Scientists</a>, <a href="/wiki/X_(Australian_band)" title="X (Australian band)">X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beasts_of_Bourbon" title="Beasts of Bourbon">Beasts of Bourbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feedtime" title="Feedtime">feedtime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Psychos" title="Cosmic Psychos">Cosmic Psychos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lubricated_Goat" title="Lubricated Goat">Lubricated Goat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dubrow-203">[203]</a> Dubrow said "Cobain ... admitted the Australian wave was a big influence" on his music.<a href="#cite_note-Dubrow-203">[203]</a> Everett True states that "[t]here's more of an argument to be had for grunge beginning in Australia with the Scientists and their scrawny punk ilk."<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-204">[204]</a> Grunge bands had made inroads to the musical mainstream in the late 1980s. Soundgarden was the first grunge band to sign to a major label when they joined the roster of <a href="/wiki/A%26M_Records" title="A&M Records">A&M Records</a> in 1989. Soundgarden, along with other major label signings <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Chains" title="Alice in Chains">Alice in Chains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mother_Love_Bone" title="Mother Love Bone">Mother Love Bone</a>, performed "okay" with their initial major label releases, according to Jack Endino.<a href="#cite_note-Hype-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a>, originally from <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen,_Washington" title="Aberdeen, Washington">Aberdeen, Washington</a>, was also courted by major labels, while releasing its first album <a href="/wiki/Bleach_(Nirvana_album)" title="Bleach (Nirvana album)">Bleach</a> in 1989. Nirvana got signed by <a href="/wiki/Geffen_Records" title="Geffen Records">Geffen Records</a> in 1990. Alice in Chains signed with <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a> in 1989,<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> and their debut album, <a href="/wiki/Facelift_(album)" title="Facelift (album)">Facelift</a>, was released on August 21, 1990.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> The album's second single, "<a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Box" title="Man in the Box">Man in the Box</a>", was released in January 1991, spent 20 weeks on the Top 20 of <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_(chart)" title="Mainstream Rock (chart)">Mainstream Rock</a> chart and its music video received heavy rotation on MTV.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Facelift became the first album from the grunge movement to be certified gold by the <a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America">Recording Industry Association of America</a> (RIAA) on September 11, 1991,<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> for selling over 500,000 copies.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1991–1997:_Mainstream_success">1991–1997: Mainstream success</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 1991–1997: Mainstream success">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peak_of_influence">Peak of influence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Peak of influence">edit</a>]</div> In September 1991, Nirvana released its major label debut, <a href="/wiki/Nevermind" title="Nevermind">Nevermind</a>. The album was at best hoped to be a minor success on par with Sonic Youth's <a href="/wiki/Goo_(album)" title="Goo (album)">Goo</a>, which Geffen had released a year earlier.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> It was the release of the album's first single "<a href="/wiki/Smells_Like_Teen_Spirit" title="Smells Like Teen Spirit">Smells Like Teen Spirit</a>" that "marked the instigation of the grunge music phenomenon". Due to the constant airplay of the song's music video on <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>, Nevermind was selling 400,000 copies a week by Christmas 1991,<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> and was certified gold on November 27, 1991.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> In January 1992, Nevermind replaced <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a> superstar <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dangerous_(Michael_Jackson_album)" title="Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)">Dangerous</a> at number one on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_200" title="Billboard 200">Billboard 200</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Nevermind was certified diamond by the RIAA in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-United_StatesNirvanaNevermindalbumCertRef-215">[215]</a> The success of Nevermind surprised the music industry. Nevermind not only popularized grunge, but also established "the cultural and commercial viability of alternative rock in general."<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> Michael Azerrad asserted that Nevermind symbolized "a sea-change in rock music" in which the <a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">glam metal</a> that had dominated rock music at that time fell out of favor in the face of music that was perceived as <a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">authentic</a> and culturally relevant.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Grunge made it possible for genres thought to be of a niche audience, no matter how radical, to prove their marketability and be co-opted by the mainstream, cementing the formation of an individualist, fragmented culture.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Other grunge bands subsequently replicated Nirvana's success. <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam" title="Pearl Jam">Pearl Jam</a>, which featured former <a href="/wiki/Mother_Love_Bone" title="Mother Love Bone">Mother Love Bone</a> members <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Ament" title="Jeff Ament">Jeff Ament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stone_Gossard" title="Stone Gossard">Stone Gossard</a>, had released its debut album <a href="/wiki/Ten_(Pearl_Jam_album)" title="Ten (Pearl Jam album)">Ten</a> in August 1991, a month before Nevermind, but album sales only picked up the following year. By the second half of 1992 Ten had become a breakthrough success, being certified gold and reaching number two on the Billboard charts.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Ten by Pearl Jam was certified 13× platinum by the RIAA.<a href="#cite_note-United_StatesPearl_JamTenalbumCertRef-220">[220]</a> The band Soundgarden's album <a href="/wiki/Badmotorfinger" title="Badmotorfinger">Badmotorfinger</a> and the band Alice in Chains' album <a href="/wiki/Dirt_(Alice_in_Chains_album)" title="Dirt (Alice in Chains album)">Dirt</a>, along with the band <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Dog" title="Temple of the Dog">Temple of the Dog</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Dog_(album)" title="Temple of the Dog (album)">self-titled album</a>, a collaboration featuring members of Pearl Jam and Soundgarden, were also among the 100 top selling albums of 1992.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> The popular breakthrough of these grunge bands prompted Rolling Stone to nickname Seattle "the new <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>".<a href="#cite_note-success_NYT-84">[84]</a> Major record labels signed most of the prominent grunge bands in Seattle, while a second influx of bands moved to the city in hopes of success.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> The grunge scene was the backdrop in the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Crowe" title="Cameron Crowe">Cameron Crowe</a> film <a href="/wiki/Singles_(1992_film)" title="Singles (1992 film)">Singles</a>. There were several small roles, performances, and cameos in the film by popular Seattle grunge bands including Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, and Alice in Chains. Filmed in and around Seattle in 1991, the film was not released until 1992 during the height of grunge popularity.<a href="#cite_note-success_NYT-84">[84]</a> The popularity of grunge resulted in a large interest in the Seattle music scene's perceived cultural traits. While the Seattle music scene in the late 1980s and early 1990s in actuality consisted of various styles and genres of music, its representation in the media "served to depict Seattle as a music 'community' in which the focus was upon the ongoing exploration of one musical idiom, namely grunge".<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> The fashion industry marketed "grunge fashion" to consumers, charging premium prices for items such as knit ski hats and tartan shirts. Critics asserted that advertising was co-opting elements of grunge and turning it into a fad. <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a> commented in a 1993 article, "There hasn't been this kind of exploitation of a subculture since the media discovered hippies in the '60s".<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Marketers used the "grunge" concept to sell grunge air freshener, grunge hair gel and even CDs of "easy-listening music" called "grunge light".<a href="#cite_note-Cross,_Charles_R_2012-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> compared the "grunging of America" to the mass-marketing of <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> in previous years.<a href="#cite_note-success_NYT-84">[84]</a> Ironically, the New York Times was tricked into printing a fake list of slang terms that were supposedly used in the grunge scene; often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Grunge_speak" title="Grunge speak">grunge speak</a> hoax. This media hype surrounding grunge was documented in the 1996 documentary <a href="/wiki/Hype!" title="Hype!">Hype!</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hype-39">[39]</a> As mass media began to use the term "grunge" in any news story about the key bands, Seattle scene members began to refer to the term as "the G-word".<a href="#cite_note-Cross,_Charles_R_2012-36">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PearlJam-DC2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A rock band, Pearl Jam, performing onstage. A vocalist sings into a microphone while playing tambourine. A drummer sits behind a drumkit. A guitarist plays electric guitar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PearlJam-DC2000.jpg/220px-PearlJam-DC2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PearlJam-DC2000.jpg/330px-PearlJam-DC2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PearlJam-DC2000.jpg/440px-PearlJam-DC2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="1492" /></a><figcaption>Grunge band Pearl Jam in <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Maryland" title="Columbia, Maryland">Columbia, Maryland</a> in 2000</figcaption></figure> A backlash against grunge began to develop in Seattle; in late 1992, Jonathan Poneman said that in the city, "All things grunge are treated with the utmost cynicism and amusement [. . .] Because the whole thing is a fabricated movement and always has been."<a href="#cite_note-success_NYT-84">[84]</a> Grunge and grunge bands received criticism from musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Blur_(band)" title="Blur (band)">Blur</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Damon_Albarn" title="Damon Albarn">Damon Albarn</a>, who was quoted saying "fuck grunge" and "<a href="/wiki/The_Smashing_Pumpkins" title="The Smashing Pumpkins">The Smashing Pumpkins</a> can kiss my fucking ass" while performing onstage.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Many grunge artists were uncomfortable with their success and the resulting attention it brought. Nirvana's Kurt Cobain told Michael Azerrad, "Famous is the last thing I wanted to be."<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Pearl Jam also felt the burden of success, with much of the attention falling on frontman <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Vedder" title="Eddie Vedder">Eddie Vedder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-crowe-227">[227]</a> Nirvana's follow-up album <a href="/wiki/In_Utero_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="In Utero (album)">In Utero</a> (1993) featured an intentionally abrasive album that Nirvana bassist <a href="/wiki/Krist_Novoselic" title="Krist Novoselic">Krist Novoselic</a> described as a "wild aggressive sound, a true alternative record".<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Nevertheless, upon its release in September 1993, In Utero topped the Billboard charts.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> In 1996, In Utero was certified 5× platinum by the RIAA.<a href="#cite_note-United_StatesNirvanaIn_UteroalbumCertRef-230">[230]</a> Pearl Jam also continued to perform well commercially with its second album, <a href="/wiki/Vs._(Pearl_Jam_album)" title="Vs. (Pearl Jam album)">Vs.</a> (1993). The album sold a record 950,378 copies in its first week of release, topped the Billboard charts, and outperformed all other entries in the top ten that week combined.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> In 1993, the grunge band <a href="/wiki/Candlebox" title="Candlebox">Candlebox</a> released their <a href="/wiki/Candlebox_(album)" title="Candlebox (album)">self-titled album</a>, which was certified 4× platinum by the RIAA.<a href="#cite_note-United_StatesCandleboxCandleboxalbumCertRef-232">[232]</a> In February 1994, Alice in Chains' EP, <a href="/wiki/Jar_of_Flies" title="Jar of Flies">Jar of Flies</a> peaked at number 1 on the Billboard 200 album chart.<a href="#cite_note-AliceinChainsBillboard200-233">[233]</a> Soundgarden's album <a href="/wiki/Superunknown" title="Superunknown">Superunknown</a>, which was also released in 1994, peaked at number 1 on the Billboard 200 chart,<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> and was certified 5× platinum by the RIAA.<a href="#cite_note-United_StatesSoundgardenSuperunknownalbumCertRef-235">[235]</a> In 1995, Alice in Chains' <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Chains_(album)" title="Alice in Chains (album)">self-titled album</a> became their second number 1 album on the Billboard 200,<a href="#cite_note-AliceinChainsBillboard200-233">[233]</a> and was certified 2× platinum.<a href="#cite_note-United_StatesAlice_in_ChainsAlice_in_ChainsalbumCertRef-236">[236]</a> At the height of grunge's commercial success in the early 1990s, the commercial success of grunge put record labels on a nationwide search for undiscovered talent to promote. This included <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>–based <a href="/wiki/Stone_Temple_Pilots" title="Stone Temple Pilots">Stone Temple Pilots</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Loudwire_STP-237">[237]</a> Texas-based <a href="/wiki/Tripping_Daisy" title="Tripping Daisy">Tripping Daisy</a><a href="#cite_note-AllMusic_grunge-8">[8]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toadies" title="Toadies">Toadies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Toadies_Sun-Sentinel-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toadies_DailyCal-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toadies_Rashbaum-241">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paw_(band)" title="Paw (band)">Paw</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Paste_50_Best_Grunge_Songs-242">[242]</a> Chicago-based <a href="/wiki/Veruca_Salt" title="Veruca Salt">Veruca Salt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Paste_50_Best_Grunge_Songs-242">[242]</a> and Australian band <a href="/wiki/Silverchair" title="Silverchair">Silverchair</a>, bands whose early work continues to be identified broadly (if not in Seattle itself) as "grunge". In 2014, Paste ranked Veruca Salt's "All Hail Me" #39 and Silverchair's "Tomorrow" #45 on their list of the 50 best grunge songs of all time.<a href="#cite_note-Paste_50_Best_Grunge_Songs-242">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Loudwire" title="Loudwire">Loudwire</a> named Stone Temple Pilots one of the ten best grunge bands of all time.<a href="#cite_note-Loudwire_STP-237">[237]</a> Grunge bands outside of the United States emerged in several countries. In Canada, <a href="/wiki/Eric%27s_Trip" title="Eric's Trip">Eric's Trip</a>, the first Canadian band signed by the Sub Pop label, has been classified as grunge<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-243">[243]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nickelback" title="Nickelback">Nickelback</a>'s debut album was considered to be grunge. Silverchair achieved mainstream success in the 1990s; the band's song "<a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_(Silverchair_song)" title="Tomorrow (Silverchair song)">Tomorrow</a>" went to number 22 on the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Songs_(chart)" title="Radio Songs (chart)">Radio Songs</a> chart in September 1995<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> and the band's debut album <a href="/wiki/Frogstomp" title="Frogstomp">Frogstomp</a>, released in June 1995, was certified 2× platinum by the RIAA in February 1996.<a href="#cite_note-United_StatesSilverchairFrogstompalbumCertRef-245">[245]</a> During this period, grunge bands that were not from Seattle were often panned by critics, who accused them of being bandwagon-jumpers; <a href="/wiki/Stone_Temple_Pilots" title="Stone Temple Pilots">Stone Temple Pilots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bush_(British_band)" title="Bush (British band)">Bush</a> in particular fell victim to this. In a January 1994 <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a> poll, <a href="/wiki/Stone_Temple_Pilots" title="Stone Temple Pilots">Stone Temple Pilots</a> was simultaneously voted "Best New Band" by Rolling Stone's readers and "Worst New Band" by the magazine's music critics, highlighting the disparity between critics and fans.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> Stone Temple Pilots became very popular; their album <a href="/wiki/Core_(Stone_Temple_Pilots_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Core (Stone Temple Pilots album)">Core</a> was certified 8× platinum by RIAA<a href="#cite_note-United_StatesStone_Temple_PilotsCorealbumCertRef-247">[247]</a> and their album <a href="/wiki/Purple_(Stone_Temple_Pilots_album)" title="Purple (Stone Temple Pilots album)">Purple</a> was certified 6× platinum by the RIAA.<a href="#cite_note-United_StatesStone_Temple_PilotsPurplealbumCertRef-248">[248]</a> The British post-grunge band <a href="/wiki/Bush_(British_band)" title="Bush (British band)">Bush</a> released their debut album Sixteen Stone in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-SixteenStoneAllMusic-249">[249]</a> In a review of their second album <a href="/wiki/Razorblade_Suitcase" title="Razorblade Suitcase">Razorblade Suitcase</a>, Rolling Stone criticized the album and called Bush "the most successful and shameless mimics of Nirvana's music".<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> In the book Fargo Rock City: A Heavy Metal Odyssey in Rural North Dakota, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Klosterman" title="Chuck Klosterman">Chuck Klosterman</a> wrote, "Bush was a good band who just happened to signal the beginning of the end; ultimately, they would become the grunge <a href="/wiki/Warrant_(American_band)" title="Warrant (American band)">Warrant</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlosterman2007240-251">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decline_in_popularity_and_end_of_subculture">Decline in popularity and end of subculture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Decline in popularity and end of subculture">edit</a>]</div> A number of factors contributed to grunge's decline in prominence. Critics and historians do not agree on the exact point that grunge ended.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> Catherine Strong wrote that "at the end of 1993 ... grunge had become unstable, and was entering the first stages of being killed off"; she pointed out that the "scene had become so successful" and widely known that "imitators had begun to enter the field".<a href="#cite_note-Strong,_Catherine_2016._p.55-253">[253]</a> Paste magazine states by 1994, grunge "was fading fast", with "<a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam" title="Pearl Jam">Pearl Jam</a> retreating from the spotlight as fast as they could; <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Chains" title="Alice in Chains">Alice in Chains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stone_Temple_Pilots" title="Stone Temple Pilots">Stone Temple Pilots</a> and hordes of others were battling horrid drug addictions and struggling for survival."<a href="#cite_note-Danaher-9">[9]</a> In Grunge: Seattle, Justin Henderson stated that the "downward spiral" began in mid-1994, as the influx of major label money into the scene changed the culture and it had "nowhere to go but down"; he states the death of <a href="/wiki/Hole_(band)" title="Hole (band)">Hole</a> bassist <a href="/wiki/Kristen_Pfaff" title="Kristen Pfaff">Kristen Pfaff</a> on June 16, 1994, from a heroin overdose, was "another nail in grunge's coffin."<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> In Jason Heller's 2013 article "Did grunge really matter?", in <a href="/wiki/The_A.V._Club" title="The A.V. Club">The A.V. Club</a>, he stated that Nirvana's <a href="/wiki/In_Utero_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="In Utero (album)">In Utero</a> (September 1993) was "grunge's death knell. As soon as Cobain grumbled, 'Teenage angst has paid off well / Now I'm bored and old,' it was all over."<a href="#cite_note-avclub-255">[255]</a> Heller states that after Cobain's death in 1994, the "hypocrisy" in the grunge of the time "became ... glaring" and "idealism became embarrassing", with the result being that "grunge became the new [mainstream] <a href="/wiki/Aerosmith" title="Aerosmith">Aerosmith</a>".<a href="#cite_note-avclub-255">[255]</a> Heller states that "grunge became an evolutionary dead end", because "it stood for nothing and was built on nothing, and that ethos of negation was all it was about."<a href="#cite_note-avclub-255">[255]</a> During the mid-1990s, many grunge bands broke up or became less visible. On April 8, 1994, Kurt Cobain was found dead in his Seattle home from an apparently self-inflicted gunshot wound; Nirvana summarily disbanded. After Cobain's death, Bruce Hardy wrote in Time magazine that he was "the <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> of the swinging Northwest", that he had struggled with a heroin addiction, and claimed that during the last weeks of his life there had been rumors in the music industry that Cobain had suffered a drug overdose and that Nirvana was breaking up.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> Cobain's suicide "served as a catalyst for grunge's ... demise", because it "deflated the energy from grunge and provided the opening for saccharine and corporate-formulated music to regain" its lost footing."<a href="#cite_note-Batchelor-257">[257]</a> That same year Pearl Jam canceled its summer tour in protest of ticket vendor <a href="/wiki/Ticketmaster" title="Ticketmaster">Ticketmaster</a>'s unfair business practices.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> Pearl Jam then began a boycott of the company; however, Pearl Jam's initiative to play only at non-Ticketmaster venues effectively, with a few exceptions, prevented the band from playing shows in the United States for the next three years.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> In 1996, Alice in Chains gave their final performances with their ailing and estranged lead singer, <a href="/wiki/Layne_Staley" title="Layne Staley">Layne Staley</a>,<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> who subsequently died from an overdose of cocaine and heroin in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> In 1996, Soundgarden and Screaming Trees released their final studio albums of the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Down_on_the_Upside" title="Down on the Upside">Down on the Upside</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dust_(Screaming_Trees_album)" title="Dust (Screaming Trees album)">Dust</a>,<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> respectively. Strong states that Roy Shuker and Stout have written that the "end of grunge" can be seen as being "as late as the breakup of Soundgarden in 1997".<a href="#cite_note-Strong,_Catherine_2016._p.55-253">[253]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_grsATX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A rock band performing onstage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bush_grsATX.jpg/250px-Bush_grsATX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bush_grsATX.jpg/330px-Bush_grsATX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bush_grsATX.jpg/500px-Bush_grsATX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>British band Bush were described by Matt Diehl of <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a> as "the most successful and shameless mimics of Nirvana's music".</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emergence_of_post-grunge">Emergence of post-grunge</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Emergence of post-grunge">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-grunge" title="Post-grunge">Post-grunge</a></div> During the latter half of the 1990s, grunge was supplanted by <a href="/wiki/Post-grunge" title="Post-grunge">post-grunge</a>, which remained commercially viable into the start of the 21st century. Post-grunge "... transformed the thick guitar sounds and candid lyrical themes of the Seattle bands into an accessible, often uplifting mainstream aesthetic".<a href="#cite_note-liveabout-264">[264]</a> These artists were seen as lacking the underground roots of grunge and were largely influenced by what grunge had become, namely "a wildly popular form of inward-looking, serious-minded hard rock". Post-grunge was a more commercially viable genre that tempered the distorted guitars of grunge with polished, radio-ready production.<a href="#cite_note-aboutpostgrunge-265">[265]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-AllMusic_postgrunge-266">[266]</a> When grunge became a mainstream genre, major labels started signing bands that sounded similar to these bands' sonic identities. Bands labeled as post-grunge that emerged when grunge was mainstream such as <a href="/wiki/Bush_(British_band)" title="Bush (British band)">Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candlebox" title="Candlebox">Candlebox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collective_Soul" title="Collective Soul">Collective Soul</a> all are noted for emulating the sound of the bands that launched grunge into the mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-aboutpostgrunge-265">[265]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] In 1995, SPIN writer Charles Aaron stated that with grunge "spent", <a href="/wiki/Pop_punk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop punk">pop punk</a> in a slump, <a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a> a "giddy memory" and album-oriented rock over, the music industry turned to "Corporate[-produced] Alternative", which he calls "soundalike fake grunge" or "scrunge".<a href="#cite_note-Charles,_Aaron_1995._p._131-267">[267]</a> Bands Aaron lists as "scrunge" groups include: <a href="/wiki/Better_Than_Ezra" title="Better Than Ezra">Better Than Ezra</a>; Bush; <a href="/wiki/Collective_Soul" title="Collective Soul">Collective Soul</a>; <a href="/wiki/Garbage_(band)" title="Garbage (band)">Garbage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hootie_%26_the_Blowfish" title="Hootie & the Blowfish">Hootie & the Blowfish</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hum_(band)" title="Hum (band)">Hum</a>; <a href="/wiki/Silverchair" title="Silverchair">Silverchair</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sponge_(band)" title="Sponge (band)">Sponge</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tripping_Daisy" title="Tripping Daisy">Tripping Daisy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Trynin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jennifer Trynin">Jennifer Trynin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weezer" title="Weezer">Weezer</a>; Aaron includes the <a href="/wiki/Foo_Fighters" title="Foo Fighters">Foo Fighters</a> in his list, but states that <a href="/wiki/Dave_Grohl" title="Dave Grohl">Dave Grohl</a> avoided becoming a "scrunge fall gu[y]" by combining 1980s <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> with 1970s arena trash music in his post-Nirvana group.<a href="#cite_note-Charles,_Aaron_1995._p._131-267">[267]</a> Bands described as grunge like Bush<a href="#cite_note-Newsobserver-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-USClubGigs-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-Graff_1996-270">[270]</a> and Candlebox<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> also have been largely categorized as post-grunge.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusic_postgrunge-266">[266]</a> These two bands became popular after 1992.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusic_postgrunge-266">[266]</a> Other bands categorized as post-grunge that emerged when Bush and Candlebox became popular include <a href="/wiki/Collective_Soul" title="Collective Soul">Collective Soul</a><a href="#cite_note-aboutpostgrunge-265">[265]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Live_(band)" title="Live (band)">Live</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reaction_by_Britpop">Reaction by Britpop</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Reaction by Britpop">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oasis-band-concert-Montreal-Canada-Aug2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A rock band, Oasis, performing onstage in front of a large projection screen with images on it. Four members are wearing guitars strapped to them." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Oasis-band-concert-Montreal-Canada-Aug2002.jpg/250px-Oasis-band-concert-Montreal-Canada-Aug2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Oasis-band-concert-Montreal-Canada-Aug2002.jpg/500px-Oasis-band-concert-Montreal-Canada-Aug2002.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3365" data-file-height="2209" /></a><figcaption>Britpop band Oasis performing in Canada in 2002</figcaption></figure> Conversely, another <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> genre, <a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a>, emerged in part as a reaction against the dominance of grunge in the United Kingdom. In contrast to the dourness of grunge, Britpop was defined by "youthful exuberance and desire for recognition".<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The leading Britpop bands, "<a href="/wiki/Blur_(band)" title="Blur (band)">Blur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oasis_(band)" title="Oasis (band)">Oasis</a> existed as reactionary forces to [grunge's] eternal downcast glare."<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> Britpop artists' new approach was inspired by Blur's tour of the United States in the spring of 1992. <a href="/wiki/Justine_Frischmann" title="Justine Frischmann">Justine Frischmann</a>, formerly of <a href="/wiki/Suede_(band)" title="Suede (band)">Suede</a> and leader of <a href="/wiki/Elastica" title="Elastica">Elastica</a> (and at the time in a relationship with Damon Albarn) explained, "Damon and I felt like we were in the thick of it at that point ... it occurred to us that Nirvana were out there, and people were very interested in American music, and there should be some sort of manifesto for the return of Britishness."<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> Britpop artists were vocal about their disdain for grunge. In a 1993 <a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a> interview, <a href="/wiki/Damon_Albarn" title="Damon Albarn">Damon Albarn</a> of Britpop band <a href="/wiki/Blur_(band)" title="Blur (band)">Blur</a> agreed with interviewer <a href="/wiki/John_Harris_(critic)" title="John Harris (critic)">John Harris</a>' assertion that Blur was an "anti-grunge band", and said, "Well, that's good. If punk was about getting rid of hippies, then I'm getting rid of grunge" (ironically Kurt Cobain once cited Blur as his favorite band).<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> <a href="/wiki/Noel_Gallagher" title="Noel Gallagher">Noel Gallagher</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oasis_(band)" title="Oasis (band)">Oasis</a>, while a fan of Nirvana, wrote music that refuted the pessimistic nature of grunge. Gallagher noted in 2006 that the 1994 Oasis single "<a href="/wiki/Live_Forever_(Oasis_song)" title="Live Forever (Oasis song)">Live Forever</a>" "was written in the middle of grunge and all that, and I remember Nirvana had a tune called 'I Hate Myself and I Want to Die,' and I was like ... 'Well, I'm not fucking having that.' As much as I fucking like him [Cobain] and all that shit, I'm not having that. I can't have people like that coming over here, on <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">smack</a> [heroin], fucking saying that they hate themselves and they wanna die. That's fucking rubbish."<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> In an interview during <a href="/wiki/Pinkpop_Festival" title="Pinkpop Festival">Pinkpop Festival 2000</a>, Oasis' <a href="/wiki/Liam_Gallagher" title="Liam Gallagher">Liam Gallagher</a> attacked <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam" title="Pearl Jam">Pearl Jam</a>, who were also performing, criticizing their depressing lyrical content and writing them off as "rubbish".<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_1997:_Successors_and_revivals">Since 1997: Successors and revivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Since 1997: Successors and revivals">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second-wave_post-grunge">Second-wave post-grunge</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Second-wave post-grunge">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Creed_(band)_in_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Creed_%28band%29_in_2002.jpg/240px-Creed_%28band%29_in_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Creed_%28band%29_in_2002.jpg/360px-Creed_%28band%29_in_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Creed_%28band%29_in_2002.jpg/480px-Creed_%28band%29_in_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2184" data-file-height="1458" /></a><figcaption>Post-grunge band Creed in 2002</figcaption></figure> Following the end of the original grunge movement, post-grunge increased in popularity in the late 1990s and early 2000s with newer bands such as <a href="/wiki/Creed_(band)" title="Creed (band)">Creed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickelback" title="Nickelback">Nickelback</a>, <a href="/wiki/3_Doors_Down" title="3 Doors Down">3 Doors Down</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puddle_of_Mudd" title="Puddle of Mudd">Puddle of Mudd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aboutpostgrunge-265">[265]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Other post-grunge bands include <a href="/wiki/Foo_Fighters" title="Foo Fighters">Foo Fighters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staind" title="Staind">Staind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matchbox_Twenty" title="Matchbox Twenty">Matchbox Twenty</a>. These post-grunge artists were criticized for their commercialized sound as well as their "worldview built around the comforts of community and romantic relationships", as opposed to grunge's lyrical exploration of "troubling issues such as suicide, societal hypocrisy and drug addiction."<a href="#cite_note-aboutpostgrunge-265">[265]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Adam Steininger criticized post-grunge bands' "diluted ditties filled with watered-down lyrics, all seemingly revolving around suffering through romance."<a href="#cite_note-Steininger-279">[279]</a> Criticizing many bands that have been described as post-grunge, Steininger criticized <a href="/wiki/Candlebox" title="Candlebox">Candlebox</a> for their "pop-filled" sound, focus on "love lyrics, and writing songs without "versatility and creativity; <a href="/wiki/Three_Days_Grace" title="Three Days Grace">Three Days Grace</a> for their "diluted" and "radio-friendly music"; 3 Doors Down for focusing on "snagging hit singles instead of creating quality albums"; <a href="/wiki/Finger_Eleven" title="Finger Eleven">Finger Eleven</a> for going in a "pop rock" direction; Bush's "random phrasings of nonsense"; <a href="/wiki/Live_(band)" title="Live (band)">Live</a>'s "pseudo pop poetry" that "strangled the essence of grunge", <a href="/wiki/Puddle_of_Mudd" title="Puddle of Mudd">Puddle of Mudd</a>'s "watered down post-grunge sound"; <a href="/wiki/Lifehouse_(band)" title="Lifehouse (band)">Lifehouse</a>, for tearing down "grunge's sound and groundbreaking structure to appeal more to the masses"; and <a href="/wiki/Nickelback" title="Nickelback">Nickelback</a>, which he calls the "featherweight ... punching bags of post-grunge" whose music is "dull as dishwater".<a href="#cite_note-Steininger-279">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grunge_revivals">Grunge revivals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Grunge revivals">edit</a>]</div> Many major grunge bands continued recording and touring with success in the 2000s and 2010s. Perhaps the most notable grunge act of the 21st century has been <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam" title="Pearl Jam">Pearl Jam</a>. In 2006, Rolling Stone writer Brian Hiatt described Pearl Jam as having "spent much of the past decade deliberately tearing apart their own fame", but noted the band had nevertheless developed a loyal concert following akin to that of the <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-secondcoming-280">[280]</a> They saw a return to wide commercial success with 2006's <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam_(album)" title="Pearl Jam (album)">Pearl Jam</a>, 2009's <a href="/wiki/Backspacer" title="Backspacer">Backspacer</a> and 2013's <a href="/wiki/Lightning_Bolt_(Pearl_Jam_album)" title="Lightning Bolt (Pearl Jam album)">Lightning Bolt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> Alice In Chains reformed for a handful of reunion dates in 2005 with several different vocalists replacing Layne Staley. Eventually settling on <a href="/wiki/William_DuVall" title="William DuVall">William DuVall</a> as Staley's replacement, in 2009 they released <a href="/wiki/Black_Gives_Way_to_Blue" title="Black Gives Way to Blue">Black Gives Way to Blue</a>, their first record in 14 years. The band's 2013 release, <a href="/wiki/The_Devil_Put_Dinosaurs_Here" title="The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here">The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here</a>, reached number 2 on the Billboard 200.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> Soundgarden reformed in 2010 and released their album <a href="/wiki/King_Animal" title="King Animal">King Animal</a> two years later which reached the top five of the national albums charts in Denmark, New Zealand, and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> Matt Cameron and Ben Shepherd joined <a href="/wiki/Alain_Johannes" title="Alain Johannes">Alain Johannes</a> (Queens of the Stone Age, Eleven), Mark Lanegan (Screaming Trees, Queens of the Stone Age) and <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Coats" title="Dimitri Coats">Dimitri Coats</a> (Off!) to form side project Ten Commandos in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> Despite Kurt Cobain's death, the remaining members of Nirvana have continued to be successful posthumously. Due to the high sales for Kurt Cobain's <a href="/wiki/Journals_(Cobain)" title="Journals (Cobain)">Journals</a> and the band's best-of compilation <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Nirvana_album)" title="Nirvana (Nirvana album)">Nirvana</a> upon their releases in 2002, The New York Times argued Nirvana "are having more success now than at any point since Mr. Cobain's suicide in 1994."<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> This trend has continued through the century's second decade, with the reissuing of the band's discography and release of the authorized documentary <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Cobain:_Montage_of_Heck" title="Kurt Cobain: Montage of Heck">Kurt Cobain: Montage of Heck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> In 2012, the surviving members of Nirvana re-united, with <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> in place of Cobain, to record a track for the soundtrack Dave Grohl's documentary <a href="/wiki/Sound_City_(film)" title="Sound City (film)">Sound City</a> titled "Cut Me Some Slack".<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> One of the most successful rock groups of the 21st century, <a href="/wiki/Queens_of_the_Stone_Age" title="Queens of the Stone Age">Queens of the Stone Age</a>, has featured major contributions from various grunge musicians. <a href="/wiki/Josh_Homme" title="Josh Homme">Josh Homme</a> had briefly played in <a href="/wiki/Screaming_Trees" title="Screaming Trees">Screaming Trees</a> with off-and-on QOTSA member <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lanegan" title="Mark Lanegan">Mark Lanegan</a>, before forming the group. Nirvana's <a href="/wiki/Dave_Grohl" title="Dave Grohl">Dave Grohl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleven_(band)" title="Eleven (band)">Eleven's</a> Alain Johannes have also provided notable contributions. Homme and Grohl joined with <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones_(musician)" title="John Paul Jones (musician)">John Paul Jones</a> to form the supergroup <a href="/wiki/Them_Crooked_Vultures" title="Them Crooked Vultures">Them Crooked Vultures</a> in 2009. Johannes also performed with the group as a touring member. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Courtney_Barnett_at_Rough_Trade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A female singer and guitarist performing onstage. She is singing into a microphone while playing electric guitar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Courtney_Barnett_at_Rough_Trade.jpg/250px-Courtney_Barnett_at_Rough_Trade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Courtney_Barnett_at_Rough_Trade.jpg/330px-Courtney_Barnett_at_Rough_Trade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Courtney_Barnett_at_Rough_Trade.jpg/500px-Courtney_Barnett_at_Rough_Trade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption>Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist <a href="/wiki/Courtney_Barnett" title="Courtney Barnett">Courtney Barnett</a> in 2015</figcaption></figure> In the early 2000s, grunge would make multiple regionally based resurgences, albeit minor ones. In 2005, <a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a> made note of grunge-influenced groups returning in the Seattle scene.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reported of grunge-influenced groups from <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Pile-Up" title="Dinosaur Pile-Up">Dinosaur Pile-Up</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulled_Apart_by_Horses" title="Pulled Apart by Horses">Pulled Apart by Horses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wonderswan_(band)" title="Wonderswan (band)">Wonderswan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> Also, in 2003, the New York Times noted a resurgence in grunge fashion.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> The 2010s have birthed a number of bands influenced by grunge. Unlike their forebears, some of these acts ascribe the label to themselves willingly. Many acts have been noted for affiliating and/or collaborating with prominent figures from the original alternative rock era. <a href="/wiki/Steve_Albini" title="Steve Albini">Steve Albini</a> has produced for or worked with members of bands such as <a href="/wiki/Bully_(band)" title="Bully (band)">Bully</a>,<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> Vomitface,<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-first-avenue.com-294">[294]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Wright" title="Shannon Wright">Shannon Wright</a>,<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Emma_Ruth_Rundle" title="Emma Ruth Rundle">Emma Ruth Rundle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marriages_(band)" title="Marriages (band)">Marriages</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> has toured with <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Osborne" title="Buzz Osborne">Buzz Osborne</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Melvins" title="Melvins">Melvins</a>. Other notable acts that have been labelled as grunge or as heavily influenced by the grunge era, include <a href="/wiki/Courtney_Barnett" title="Courtney Barnett">Courtney Barnett</a>,<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Alice" title="Wolf Alice">Wolf Alice</a>,<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yuck_(band)" title="Yuck (band)">Yuck</a>,<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> <a href="/wiki/Speedy_Ortiz" title="Speedy Ortiz">Speedy Ortiz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Kut" title="The Kut">the Kut</a>,<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mitski" title="Mitski">Mitski</a>,<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> <a href="/wiki/2:54" title="2:54">2:54</a>,<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> <a href="/wiki/False_Advertising_(band)" title="False Advertising (band)">False Advertising</a>,<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slothrust" title="Slothrust">Slothrust</a>,<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baby_in_Vain" title="Baby in Vain">Baby in Vain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> <a href="/wiki/Big_Thief" title="Big Thief">Big Thief</a>,<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> <a href="/wiki/Torres_(musician)" title="Torres (musician)">Torres</a>,<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> Lullwater,<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Sun_Rising" title="Red Sun Rising">Red Sun Rising</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> Media outlets also began referring to a revival of the grunge sound around the mid-2010s, with the label being given to bands such as <a href="/wiki/Title_Fight" title="Title Fight">Title Fight</a>,<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-Culture_creature-315">[315]</a> <a href="/wiki/InCrest" title="InCrest">InCrest</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Fangclub" title="Fangclub">Fangclub</a>,<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> <a href="/wiki/Code_Orange_(band)" title="Code Orange (band)">Code Orange</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Culture_creature-315">[315]</a> <a href="/wiki/My_Ticket_Home" title="My Ticket Home">My Ticket Home</a>,<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> <a href="/wiki/Citizen_(band)" title="Citizen (band)">Citizen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> <a href="/wiki/Milk_Teeth" title="Milk Teeth">Milk Teeth</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muskets_(band)" title="Muskets (band)">Muskets</a>,<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> some of which have been described as merging the genre with <a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">emo</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mudhoney_Clash_Club_Night_2_(2952836201).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photo of a rock band, Mudhoney, at a live show. The photo is blurred from the onstage motion. From left to right are the electric bassist, singer and guitarist." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mudhoney_Clash_Club_Night_2_%282952836201%29.jpg/220px-Mudhoney_Clash_Club_Night_2_%282952836201%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mudhoney_Clash_Club_Night_2_%282952836201%29.jpg/330px-Mudhoney_Clash_Club_Night_2_%282952836201%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mudhoney_Clash_Club_Night_2_%282952836201%29.jpg/440px-Mudhoney_Clash_Club_Night_2_%282952836201%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>This photo of a <a href="/wiki/Mudhoney" title="Mudhoney">Mudhoney</a> concert captures some of the band's live show energy.</figcaption></figure> In 2011, music critic Dave Whitaker wrote, "every generation since the beginning of recorded music has introduced a game-changing genre", from <a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing music</a> in the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> in the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> in the 1970s, and then grunge in the 1990s. However, he states "grunge was the last American musical revolution", as no post-grunge generation has introduced a new genre which radically changed the music scene.<a href="#cite_note-popmatters-95">[95]</a> He states that the "digital revolution" (online music, file sharing, etc.) has meant that there has not been a "generation-defining genre since grunge", because, for "one genre to so completely saturate the market requires ... a <a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">music industry</a> with immense control over the market".<a href="#cite_note-popmatters-95">[95]</a> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Rob_Zombie" title="Rob Zombie">Rob Zombie</a> stated that grunge caused the death of the "rock star"; he states that unlike previous stars like "<a href="/wiki/Alice_Cooper" title="Alice Cooper">Alice Cooper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gene_Simmons" title="Gene Simmons">Gene Simmons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>", who "might as well have been from another fuckin' planet", with grunge the attitude was "[we] need all our rock stars to look just like us."<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> Bob Batchelor states that the indie record mindset and values in Seattle which provided guidance for the development and emergence of Nirvana and Pearl Jam "conflicted with the major recording label desire to sell millions of CDs." Batchelor also states that despite grunge musicians' discomfort with the major labels' commercial goals, and the resistance by some key bands to do the promotional activities required by the labels, including music videos, <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>'s video programs "played an instrumental role in making [grunge]" become "mainstream, since many music fans received their first exposure" on MTV, rather than on local or "niche radio."<a href="#cite_note-Batchelor-257">[257]</a> Gil Troy states that the "grunge rebellion, like most others" in America's "consumerist" culture, ended up being "commodified, mass-produced, ritualized, and thus sanitized" by major corporations.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> In 2011, John Calvert stated that "timing" is the reason why a grunge revival did not happen; he says that the cultural mood of the late 1980s and early 1990s, which inspired the movement, were no longer present.<a href="#cite_note-Calvert-326">[326]</a> Seattle songwriter Jeff Stetson states that people from the 2010s who are listening to grunge should learn about the "context and history of how it all came to be" and "respect for what a truly amazing thing it was that happened here [in Seattle,] because you probably won't see anything like it again."<a href="#cite_note-Stetson-23">[23]</a> Paste magazine's Michael Danaher states that the grunge "movement changed the course of rock 'n' roll, bringing ... tales of abuse and depression" and socially conscious issues" into <a href="/wiki/Pop_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop culture">pop culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Danaher-9">[9]</a> Calvert stated that Nirvana's "<a href="/wiki/Smells_Like_Teen_Spirit" title="Smells Like Teen Spirit">Smells Like Teen Spirit</a>" has an "iconic place in history" as it had "generation-defining resonance" for <a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">young people from its era</a>"; he states that "no other band ... made the urge to self-destruct ... as listenable", with "authentic" pain and "disaffection".<a href="#cite_note-Calvert-326">[326]</a> Calvert also calls the record "chart history's most ferocious, dark and intense" music since early punk rock, and he says it was "heavy when heavy was needed" by young people of that era, "jarr[ing] young America awake" and giving them something to "cling to" in difficult times.<a href="#cite_note-Calvert-326">[326]</a> A 2017 book stated that grunge "forever changed the identity of <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> in a way analogous to punk"; moreover, grunge added "introspective" lyrics about "<a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existential</a> authenticity" and "what it means to be <a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">true to oneself</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Felix-Jager,_Steven_2017._p._134-10">[10]</a> Grunge's Kurt Cobain has been called the "voice of Generation X", playing the same role for this demographic as <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> played for 1960s youth and that <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> played for the 1970s generation.<a href="#cite_note-Felix-Jager,_Steven_2017._p._134-10">[10]</a> Bob Batchelor stated that Nirvana was "as important as <a href="/wiki/Elvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Elvis">Elvis</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Beatles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatles">Beatles</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Batchelor-257">[257]</a> In 2008, Darragh McManus of The Guardian states that grunge was not simply a young person's trend or a musical fad; she states that grunge synthesized the key philosophies of the modern era, from "<a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, irony, apathy, cynicism/idealism ... <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">anti-authoritarianism</a>, [to] wry <a href="/wiki/Post-modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-modernism">post-modernism</a>". McManus states that grunge dealt with serious, "weighty" topics, which does not occur often in popular music. McManus stated that for Generation X, grunge was not just music, it was a key cultural influence.<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a> Marlen Komar stated that Nirvana's success popularized "non-heterosexist", non-binary ways of thinking about "gender and sexuality", emphasized how men and women were alike and promoted progressive political thinking.<a href="#cite_note-Komar-106">[106]</a> When asked about the '90s grunge movement in 2021, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lanegan" title="Mark Lanegan">Mark Lanegan</a> commented, "It's not something that was contrived or cooked up around the campfire somewhere. It just happened organically. It's hard for me to comment, because there's always great new music and there probably always will be – as long as the sun keeps shining."<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:EC1835_C_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/40px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/60px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:1990s" title="Portal:1990s">1990s portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Guitar_1.svg/22px-Guitar_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Guitar_1.svg/34px-Guitar_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Guitar_1.svg/45px-Guitar_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="886" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rock_music" title="Portal:Rock music">Rock music portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grunge_bands" title="List of grunge bands">List of grunge bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grunge_albums" title="List of grunge albums">List of grunge albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl">Riot grrrl</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grunge&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nelson2018-1"><a href="#cite_ref-nelson2018_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNelson2018" class="citation news cs1">Nelson, Kim (December 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2018/12/how-st-paul-punk-pioneers-husker-du-paved-the-way-for-grunge-music/">"How St. Paul punk pioneers Hüsker Dü paved the way for grunge music"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MinnPost" title="MinnPost">MinnPost</a>. Retrieved August 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MinnPost&rft.atitle=How+St.+Paul+punk+pioneers+H%C3%BCsker+D%C3%BC+paved+the+way+for+grunge+music&rft.date=2018-12-10&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minnpost.com%2Fmnopedia%2F2018%2F12%2Fhow-st-paul-punk-pioneers-husker-du-paved-the-way-for-grunge-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrunge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAzerrad2018" class="citation book cs1">Azerrad, Michael (2018). 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Retrieved 30 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cruel+To+Be+Kind%3A+The+Life+and+Music+of+Nick+Lowe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E234-%3C%2Fspan%3E235&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2019-08-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4721-2914-7&rft.aulast=Birch&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt32IDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrunge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/50-greatest-grunge-albums-798851/stooges-fun-house-1970-798900/">"50 Greatest Grunge Albums"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>. 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Retrieved February 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=What+Kurt+Cobain+teaches+us+about+the+American+way+of+failure&rft.date=2014-03-28&rft.aulast=Hunter-Tilney&rft.aufirst=Ludovic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F32fd8cf0-b42c-11e3-a102-00144feabdc0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrunge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Azerrad (2001), p. 418. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/u-men-mw0003104006">"U-Men – U-Men"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>. 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January 27, 1994. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuitar_World1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guitar_World" title="Guitar World">Guitar World</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4R0xtoz_gQ8C">Guitar World Presents Nirvana and the Grunge Revolution</a>. Milwaukee: <a href="/wiki/Hal_Leonard_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hal Leonard Corporation">Hal Leonard Corporation</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4R0xtoz_gQ8C&pg=178&dq=%22Beatles+and+Abba+just+as+much+as+we+liked+Flipper+and+Black+Flag%22%22You+listen+to+any+Pixies+record+and+it's+all+over+there.+Or+even+Black+Sabbath's%22%22War%20Pigs%22%22it's+there:+the+power+of+the+dynamic.+We+just+sort+of+abused+it+with+pop+songs+and+got+sick+with+it.%22">170–1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7935-9006-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7935-9006-X"><bdi>0-7935-9006-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guitar+World+Presents+Nirvana+and+the+Grunge+Revolution&rft.place=Milwaukee&rft.pages=170-1&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7935-9006-X&rft.au=Guitar+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4R0xtoz_gQ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrunge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Heylin, p. 601. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Carden, Andrew. "Black Sabbath". Q: Nirvana and the Story of Grunge. December 2005. p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Gulla" title="Bob Gulla">Gulla, Bob</a>, The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History: The grunge and post-grunge years, 1991–2005, <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Press</a>, 2006, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhino.com/article/doom-generation-inside-black-sabbaths-master-of-reality">"Doom Generation: Inside Black Sabbath's Master of Reality"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rhino_Entertainment" title="Rhino Entertainment">Rhino Entertainment</a>. 19 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhino+Entertainment&rft.atitle=Doom+Generation%3A+Inside+Black+Sabbath%27s+Master+of+Reality&rft.date=2021-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhino.com%2Farticle%2Fdoom-generation-inside-black-sabbaths-master-of-reality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrunge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Brannigan, Paul. 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Hal Leonard. pp. 1–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7935-9006-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7935-9006-3"><bdi>978-0-7935-9006-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seattle+Reign%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Seattle+Grunge&rft.btitle=Guitar+World+Presents+Nirvana+and+the+Grunge+Revolution&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7935-9006-3&rft.au=Guitar+World&rft.au=Jon+Wiederhorn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguitarworldprese0000nirv%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrunge" class="Z3988"> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guitarworldprese0000nirv/page/2/mode/2up">Quote</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Azerrad419-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Azerrad419_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Azerrad419_190-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Azerrad" title="Michael Azerrad">Azerrad, Michael</a>. <a href="/wiki/Our_Band_Could_Be_Your_Life" title="Our Band Could Be Your Life">Our Band Could Be Your Life</a>: Scenes from the American Indie Underground, 1981–1991. 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Retrieved May 15, 2016. <q>Few would argue that <a href="/wiki/Rubberneck_(album)" title="Rubberneck (album)">Rubberneck</a> is the most influential album of the '90s, but it is distinctly grunge, and it is distinctly Texan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Californian&rft.atitle=Texas+band+Toadies+ready+for+anniversary+tour&rft.date=2014-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailycal.org%2F2014%2F03%2F22%2Ftexan-band-toadies-ready-anniversary-tour%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrunge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toadies_Rashbaum-241"><a href="#cite_ref-Toadies_Rashbaum_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRashbaum2004" class="citation web cs1">Rashbaum, Alyssa (June 22, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130129071137/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1488609/20040622/burden_brothers.jhtml">"The Burden Brothers' Key To Success: Stop Trying"</a>. 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Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-35819-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-35819-8"><bdi>978-0-312-35819-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accidental+Revolution%3A+The+Story+of+Grunge&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-312-35819-8&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN9pHV2h8B7gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrunge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAzerrad2001" class="citation book cs1">Azerrad, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q07AQAAQBAJ">Our Band Could Be Your Life: Scenes from the American Indie Underground 1981-1991</a>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316787536" title="Special:BookSources/978-0316787536"><bdi>978-0316787536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Band+Could+Be+Your+Life%3A+Scenes+from+the+American+Indie+Underground+1981-1991&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0316787536&rft.aulast=Azerrad&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Q07AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrunge" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Humphrey, Clark (1999). Loser: The Real Seattle Music Story. <a href="/wiki/Harry_N._Abrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry N. Abrams">Harry N. Abrams</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-9290692-4-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-9290692-4-3">1-9290692-4-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlosterman2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Klosterman" title="Chuck Klosterman">Klosterman, Chuck</a> (2007). Fargo Rock City: A Heavy Metal Odyssey in Rural North Dakota. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-8952-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-8952-5"><bdi>978-1-4165-8952-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fargo+Rock+City%3A+A+Heavy+Metal+Odyssey+in+Rural+North+Dakota&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-8952-5&rft.aulast=Klosterman&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrunge" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Masco, Maire (2015). Desperate Times: The Summer of 1981. Fluke Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1938476013" title="Special:BookSources/978-1938476013">978-1938476013</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Pavitt" title="Bruce Pavitt">Pavitt, Bruce</a> (2014). SUB POP U.S.A.: The Subterraneanan Pop Music Anthology, 1980–1988 <a href="/wiki/Bazillion_Points" title="Bazillion Points">Bazillion Points</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935950-11-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935950-11-0">978-1-935950-11-0</a>.</li> <li>Pavitt, Bruce (2013). Experiencing Nirvana: Grunge in Europe, 1989. Bazillion Points. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935950-10-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935950-10-3">978-1-935950-10-3</a>.</li> <li>Peterson, Charles (1995). Screaming Life: A Chronicle of the Seattle Music Scene. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-0625864-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-0625864-0-8">0-0625864-0-8</a>.</li> <li>Prato, Greg (2010). Grunge Is Dead: The Oral History of Seattle Rock Music. <a href="/wiki/ECW_Press" title="ECW Press">ECW Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5502287-7-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-5502287-7-3">1-5502287-7-3</a>.</li> <li>Prato, Greg (2023). I Love Grunge: 'Grunge Is Dead' Outtakes. Independently published. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8852167330" title="Special:BookSources/979-8852167330">979-8852167330</a>.</li> <li>Tow, Stephen (2011). The Strangest Tribe: How a Group of Seattle Rock Bands Invented Grunge. <a href="/wiki/Sasquatch_Books" title="Sasquatch Books">Sasquatch Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5706174-3-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-5706174-3-0">1-5706174-3-0</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alternative_rock234" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alternative_rock" title="Template:Alternative rock"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alternative_rock" title="Template talk:Alternative rock"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative_rock" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative rock"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alternative_rock234" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jangle" title="Jangle">Jangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-punk" title="Avant-punk">Avant-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">Hardcore punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-hardcore" title="Post-hardcore">Post-hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl">Riot grrrl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-punk" title="Proto-punk">Proto-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_rock_genres" title="Category:Alternative rock genres">Styles and fusion genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_country" title="Alternative country">Alternative country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_country" title="Gothic country">Gothic country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_dance" title="Alternative dance">Alternative dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Britpop" title="Post-Britpop">Post-Britpop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_pop" title="Chamber pop">Chamber pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_alternative_rock" title="Christian alternative rock">Christian alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_rock" title="College rock">College rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_cabaret" title="Dark cabaret">Dark cabaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolewave" title="Dolewave">Dolewave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geek_rock" title="Geek rock">Geek rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wizard_rock" title="Wizard rock">Wizard rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">Grebo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grunge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-grunge" title="Post-grunge">Post-grunge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">Indie rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_folk" title="Indie folk">Indie folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangle_pop" title="Jangle pop">Jangle pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunedin_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunedin Sound">Dunedin Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_Underground" title="Paisley Underground">Paisley Underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Math_rock" title="Math rock">Math rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_rave" title="New rave">New rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slowcore" title="Slowcore">Slowcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_rock" title="Industrial rock">Industrial rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_metal" title="Industrial metal">Industrial metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alternative" title="Latin alternative">Latin alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madchester" title="Madchester">Madchester</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baggy" title="Baggy">Baggy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangue_bit" title="Mangue bit">Mangue bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-psychedelia" title="Neo-psychedelia">Neo-psychedelia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_pop" title="Dream pop">Dream pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoegaze" title="Shoegaze">Shoegaze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackgaze" title="Blackgaze">Blackgaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_gaze" title="Nu gaze">Nu gaze</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_of_new_wave" title="New wave of new wave">New wave of new wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_pop" title="Noise pop">Noise pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_rock" title="Pagan rock">Pagan rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk_revival" title="Post-punk revival">Post-punk revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal">Post-metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacker_rock" title="Slacker rock">Slacker rock</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alternative_metal21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_metal" title="Alternative metal">Alternative metal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funk_metal" title="Funk metal">Funk metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_H%C3%A4rte" title="Neue Deutsche Härte">Neue Deutsche Härte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">Nu metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_metal" title="Rap metal">Rap metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Airplay" title="Alternative Airplay">Alternative Airplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorak_(slang)" title="Anorak (slang)">Anorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alternative_rock_artists" title="List of alternative rock artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C86" title="C86">C86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">Campus radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_music" title="Independent music">Independent music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_pop" title="Indie pop">Indie pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Independent record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">Lo-fi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollapalooza" title="Lollapalooza">Lollapalooza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_music" title="Outsider music">Outsider music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_rock" title="Category:Alternative rock">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Punk_rock112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Punk" title="Template:Punk"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Punk" title="Template talk:Punk"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Punk" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Punk"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Punk_rock112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">Garage rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-punk" title="Proto-punk">Proto-punk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres and fusion genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two-tone_(music_genre)" title="Two-tone (music genre)">2 tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-punk" title="Afro-punk">Afro-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk" title="Crust punk">Crust punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk#Crack_rock_steady" title="Crust punk">Crack rock steady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk#Crustcore" title="Crust punk">Crustcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-beat" title="D-beat">D-beat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_punk" title="Art punk">Art punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-punk" title="Avant-punk">Avant-punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biker_metal" title="Biker metal">Biker metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_punk" title="Christian punk">Christian punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hardcore" title="Christian hardcore">Christian hardcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowpunk" title="Cowpunk">Cowpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">Dance-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_cabaret" title="Dark cabaret">Dark cabaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_punk" title="Egg punk">Egg punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emo_pop" title="Emo pop">Emo pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo_rap" title="Emo rap">Emo rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo_revival" title="Emo revival">Emo revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_punk" title="Folk punk">Folk punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-folk" title="Anti-folk">Anti-folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_punk" title="Celtic punk">Celtic punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_punk" title="Gypsy punk">Gypsy punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_punk_(fusion_genre)" title="Garage punk (fusion genre)">Garage punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_punk" title="Glam punk">Glam punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">Hardcore punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatdown_hardcore" title="Beatdown hardcore">Beatdown hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_thrash" title="Crossover thrash">Crossover thrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_hardcore" title="Digital hardcore">Digital hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnacore" title="Krishnacore">Krishnacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_hardcore" title="Melodic hardcore">Melodic hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalcore" title="Metalcore">Metalcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deathcore" title="Deathcore">Deathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicore" title="Electronicore">Electronicore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunkcore" title="Crunkcore">Crunkcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendocore" title="Nintendocore">Nintendocore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathcore" title="Mathcore">Mathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_metalcore" title="Melodic metalcore">Melodic metalcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_metalcore" title="Progressive metalcore">Progressive metalcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queercore" title="Queercore">Queercore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl">Riot grrrl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwacore" title="Taqwacore">Taqwacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrashcore" title="Thrashcore">Thrashcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_punk" title="Horror punk">Horror punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_punk" title="Latino punk">Latino punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_punk" title="Nazi punk">Nazi punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oi!" title="Oi!">Oi!</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Street_punk" title="Street punk">Street punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-punk" title="Pop-punk">Pop-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skate_punk" title="Skate punk">Skate punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-hardcore" title="Post-hardcore">Post-hardcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emo_revival" title="Emo revival">Emo revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_(music)" title="Ultra (music)">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music#Progressive_punk" title="Progressive music">Progressive punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychobilly" title="Psychobilly">Psychobilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_blues" title="Punk blues">Punk blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_funk" title="Punk funk">Punk funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_jazz" title="Punk jazz">Punk jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_subgenres#Punk_metal" title="Punk rock subgenres">Punk metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_pathetique" title="Punk pathetique">Punk pathetique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rap" title="Punk rap">Punk rap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emo_rap" title="Emo rap">Emo rap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_punk" title="Reggae punk">Reggae punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_punk" title="Ska punk">Ska punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_wave_ska" class="mw-redirect" title="Third wave ska">Third wave ska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_punk" title="Street punk">Street punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_punk_(music_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surf punk (music genre)">Surf punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock#Synth-punk" title="Electronic rock">Synth-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">Grebo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scene_(subculture)" title="Scene (subculture)">Scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_metal" title="Speed metal">Speed metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">Thrash metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Australia" title="Punk rock in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_in_Brazil" title="Punk in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_punk_rock" title="Canadian punk rock">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_punk" title="Estonian punk">Estonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Estonian_punk_bands" title="List of Estonian punk bands">List of bands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_punk" title="French punk">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_punk" title="German punk">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_punk" title="Greek punk">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Punk" title="Dutch Punk">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Spain" title="Punk rock in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Radical_Rock" title="Basque Radical Rock">Basque Radical Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_in_Sweden" title="Punk in Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nsrock" title="Könsrock">Könsrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trallpunk" title="Trallpunk">Trallpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_bands_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of punk bands from the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_punk" title="Celtic punk">Celtic punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_punk" title="Scottish Gaelic punk">Scottish Gaelic punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States#Rock,_metal,_and_punk" title="Music of the United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_California" title="Punk rock in California">California</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Yugoslavia" title="Punk rock in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1970s_punk_rock_musicians" title="List of 1970s punk rock musicians">First wave punk musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musicians_in_the_second_wave_of_punk_rock" title="List of musicians in the second wave of punk rock">Second wave punk musicians</a></li> <li>List of punk bands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_bands,_0%E2%80%93K" title="List of punk rock bands, 0–K">#–K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_bands,_L%E2%80%93Z" title="List of punk rock bands, L–Z">L–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_filmmakers" title="List of punk filmmakers">Punk filmmakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_punk_rock" title="Women in punk rock">Women in punk rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_compilation_albums" title="List of punk rock compilation albums">List of punk compilation albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_festivals" title="List of punk rock festivals">List of punk rock festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_and_punk_subculture" title="Animal rights and punk subculture">Animal rights and punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Punk" title="Conservative Punk">Conservative Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Deneke" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Brian Deneke">Death of Brian Deneke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshing" title="Moshing">Moshing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseur" title="Poseur">Poseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_fashion" title="Punk fashion">Punk fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_ideologies" title="Punk ideologies">Punk ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">Punk visual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_literature" title="Punk literature">Punk literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_zine" title="Punk zine">Punk zine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puntala-rock" title="Puntala-rock">Puntala-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Punk film">Punk films</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_films" title="List of punk films">List of punk films</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_punk_rock" title="Timeline of punk rock">Timeline of punk rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rock_music522" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_music" title="Template:Rock music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_music" title="Template talk:Rock music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rock_music522" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)#Backbeat" title="Beat (music)">Backbeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">Rock band</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">Electric guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">Electric bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">Drum kit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres by decade of origin (sub-subgenres not included)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_rock" title="Instrumental rock">Instrumental rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_rock" title="Latin rock">Latin rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">Pop rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_and_roll" title="British rock and roll">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music">Surf music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Anatolian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">Art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">Beat music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">Blues rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie_rock" title="Boogie rock">Boogie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_pop" title="Chamber pop">Chamber pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_rock" title="Christian rock">Christian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_rock" title="Comedy rock">Comedy rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">Country rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock" title="Electronic rock">Electronic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Experimental rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_rock" title="Flamenco rock">Flamenco rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">Folk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">Garage rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">Hard rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">Heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_band" title="Jam band">Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">Jazz rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_rock" title="Occult rock">Occult rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">Progressive rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">Psychedelic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">Raga rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots_rock" title="Roots rock">Roots rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">Samba rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">Soft rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_rock" title="Space rock">Space rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_rock" title="Swamp rock">Swamp rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_rock" title="Arena rock">Arena rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_rock" title="Cello rock">Cello rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cock_rock" title="Cock rock">Cock rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-rock" title="Dance-rock">Dance-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_rock" title="Funk rock">Funk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">Glam rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_rock" title="Heartland rock">Heartland rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_rock" title="Industrial rock">Industrial rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-progressive" title="Post-progressive">Post-progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_pop" title="Power pop">Power pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_rock_(Australia)" title="Pub rock (Australia)">Pub rock (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_rock_(United_Kingdom)" title="Pub rock (United Kingdom)">Pub rock (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_rock" title="Shock rock">Shock rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">Soft rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht_rock" title="Yacht rock">Yacht rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_pop" title="Dream pop">Dream pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">Grebo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">Indie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangle_pop" title="Jangle pop">Jangle pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_rock" title="Rap rock">Rap rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_kapak" title="Rock kapak">Rock kapak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoegaze" title="Shoegaze">Shoegaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacker_rock" title="Slacker rock">Slacker rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rock" title="Tropical rock">Trop rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Math_rock" title="Math rock">Math rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-grunge" title="Post-grunge">Post-grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_rock" title="Stoner rock">Stoner rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_rock" title="Sufi rock">Sufi rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_rock" title="Viking rock">Viking rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_rock" title="American rock">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Desert_Scene" title="Palm Desert Scene">Palm Desert Scene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_Canada" title="Rock music of Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica#Rock_music" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_rock" title="Cuban rock">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_rock" title="Dominican rock">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_rock" title="Haitian rock">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Mexico" title="Rock music in Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rock" title="Chicano rock">Chicano rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_rock" title="Argentine rock">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_rock" title="Brazilian rock">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_thrash_metal" title="Brazilian thrash metal">Brazilian thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">Samba rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_rock" title="Chilean rock">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_rock" title="Colombian rock">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_rock" title="Ecuadorian rock">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_rock" title="Peruvian rock">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_rock" title="Uruguayan rock">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_rock" title="Venezuelan rock">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Albania" title="Rock music in Albania">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Belarus" title="Rock music in Belarus">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Belgium" title="Rock music in Belgium">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Rock music in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_music" title="British rock music">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_and_roll" title="British rock and roll">British rock and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Britpop" title="Post-Britpop">Post-Britpop</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia#Rock" title="Music of Croatia">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Denmark" title="Rock music in Denmark">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_the_Netherlands" title="Rock music in the Netherlands">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indorock" title="Indorock">Indorock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederbeat" title="Nederbeat">Nederbeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_(music)" title="Ultra (music)">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Estonia" title="Rock music in Estonia">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Finland" title="Rock music in Finland">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_France" title="Rock music in France">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Germany" title="Rock music in Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Greece" title="Rock music in Greece">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Hungary" title="Rock music in Hungary">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Iceland" title="Rock music in Iceland">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Italy" title="Rock music in Italy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Latvia" title="Rock music in Latvia">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Lithuania" title="Rock music in Lithuania">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia#Rock_music" title="Music of North Macedonia">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Norway" title="Rock music in Norway">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Poland" title="Rock music in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Portugal" title="Rock music in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Romania" title="Rock music in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Russia" title="Rock music in Russia">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Serbia" title="Rock music in Serbia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Slovenia" title="Rock music in Slovenia">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Spain" title="Rock music in Spain">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Sweden" title="Popular music in Sweden">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Switzerland" title="Rock music in Switzerland">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ukraine" title="Rock music in Ukraine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li>Yugoslavian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Art_rock" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Hard_rock_and_heavy_metal" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Hard rock and heavy metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Extreme_metal" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Extreme metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Neo-rockabilly" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Neo-rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music_in_Yugoslavia" title="New wave music in Yugoslavia">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Post-punk" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Yugoslavia" title="Punk rock in Yugoslavia">Punk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_rock" title="Armenian rock">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_rock" title="Azerbaijani rock">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_rock" title="Bangladeshi rock">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia#Cambodian_rock_and_pop" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rock_(1960s%E2%80%931970s)" title="Cambodian rock (1960s–1970s)">1959–1975</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_rock" title="Chinese rock">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy_rock" title="Pinoy rock">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisrock" title="Bisrock">Bisrock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rock" title="Indian rock">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock music of West Bengal">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">Raga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rock" title="Indonesian rock">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_rock" title="Israeli rock">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock" title="Japanese rock">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_rock" title="Korean rock">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_rock" title="Malaysian rock">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_kapak" title="Rock kapak">Rock kapak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rock" title="Nepalese rock">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rock" title="Pakistani rock">Pakistani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_rock" title="Sufi rock">Sufi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Russia" title="Rock music in Russia">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_rock" title="Taiwanese rock">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_rock" title="Thai rock">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Angola" title="Rock music in Angola">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_blues" title="Desert blues">Sahara desert region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamrock" title="Zamrock">Zambian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Australia" title="Rock music in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_New_Zealand" title="Rock music in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_rock" title="Active rock">Active rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_album_alternative" title="Adult album alternative">Adult album alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album-oriented_rock" title="Album-oriented rock">Album-oriented rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">Classic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_rock" title="Mainstream rock">Mainstream rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_rock" title="Modern rock">Modern rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock_(radio_format)" title="Progressive rock (radio format)">Progressive rock (radio format)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>History</li><li>Culture</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_rock_music" title="List of years in rock music">List of years in rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_rock_and_roll" title="Origins of rock and roll">Origins of rock and roll</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_in_rock_music" title="Electronics in rock music">Electronics in rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_effects_of_rock_music" title="Social effects of rock music">Social effects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Communism" title="Rock Against Communism">Rock Against Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism" title="Rock Against Racism">Rock Against Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_and_the_fall_of_communism" title="Rock music and the fall of communism">Rock music and the fall of communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockism_and_poptimism" title="Rockism and poptimism">Rockism and poptimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_rock" title="Women in rock">Women in rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatlesque" title="Beatlesque">Beatlesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_genres" title="List of rock genres">List of rock genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorik" title="Motorik">Motorik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_country" title="Outlaw country">Outlaw country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_concert" title="Rock concert">Rock concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_festival" title="Rock festival">Rock festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_musical" title="Rock musical">Rock musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_opera" title="Rock opera">Rock opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagnerian_rock" title="Wagnerian rock">Wagnerian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Sound" title="Wall of Sound">Wall of Sound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:Rock_music" title="Category:Rock music">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rock_music" title="Portal:Rock music">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heavy_metal303" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heavy_metal_music" title="Template:Heavy metal music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heavy_metal_music" title="Template talk:Heavy metal music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heavy_metal_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heavy metal music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heavy_metal303" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">Heavy metal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_genres" title="Heavy metal genres">Subgenres and fusion genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_metal" title="Alternative metal">Alternative metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_metal" title="Avant-garde metal">Avant-garde metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatdown_hardcore" title="Beatdown hardcore">Beatdown hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biker_metal" title="Biker metal">Biker metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">Black metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_black_metal" title="National Socialist black metal">National Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_black_metal" title="Symphonic black metal">Symphonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackened_death_metal" title="Blackened death metal">Blackened death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackgaze" title="Blackgaze">Blackgaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_metal" title="Christian metal">Christian metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_death_metal" title="Christian death metal">Christian death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unblack_metal" title="Unblack metal">Unblack metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk" title="Crust punk">Crust punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_metal" title="Death metal">Death metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutal_death_metal" title="Brutal death metal">Brutal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_death_metal" title="Melodic death metal">Melodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_death_metal" title="Technical death metal">Technical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathgrind" class="mw-redirect" title="Deathgrind">Deathgrind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_%27n%27_roll" title="Death 'n' roll">Death 'n' roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathcore" title="Deathcore">Deathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-doom" title="Death-doom">Death-doom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_doom" title="Funeral doom">Funeral doom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djent" title="Djent">Djent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doom_metal" title="Doom metal">Doom metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_metal" title="Drone metal">Drone metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicore" title="Electronicore">Electronicore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_metal" title="Extreme metal">Extreme metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_metal" title="Folk metal">Folk metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_metal" title="Celtic metal">Celtic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_metal" title="Medieval metal">Medieval metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_metal" title="Funk metal">Funk metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">Glam metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goregrind" title="Goregrind">Goregrind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornogrind" title="Pornogrind">Pornogrind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_metal" title="Gothic metal">Gothic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindcore" title="Grindcore">Grindcore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_metal" title="Groove metal">Groove metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_metal" title="Industrial metal">Industrial metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii_metal" title="Kawaii metal">Kawaii metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_metal" title="Latin metal">Latin metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathcore" title="Mathcore">Mathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalcore" title="Metalcore">Metalcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_metalcore" title="Melodic metalcore">Melodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_metalcore" title="Progressive metalcore">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_metal" title="Neoclassical metal">Neoclassical metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_H%C3%A4rte" title="Neue Deutsche Härte">Neue Deutsche Härte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendocore" title="Nintendocore">Nintendocore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">Nu metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_metal" title="Pagan metal">Pagan metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_metal" title="Pirate metal">Pirate metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornogrind" title="Pornogrind">Pornogrind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal">Post-metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_metal" title="Pop metal">Pop metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_metal" title="Power metal">Power metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_metal" title="Progressive metal">Progressive metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_metal" title="Rap metal">Rap metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge_metal" title="Sludge metal">Sludge metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_metal" title="Speed metal">Speed metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoner metal">Stoner metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_metal" title="Symphonic metal">Symphonic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">Thrash metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_thrash" title="Crossover thrash">Crossover thrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal">Viking metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_bass" title="Heavy metal bass">Bass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzz_bass" title="Fuzz bass">Fuzz bass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_drumming" title="Heavy metal drumming">Drumming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blast_beat" title="Blast beat">Blast beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbal_choke" title="Cymbal choke">Cymbal choke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_gallop" title="Heavy metal gallop">Gallop drumbeat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_guitar" title="Heavy metal guitar">Guitar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_solo" title="Guitar solo">Guitar solo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_mute" title="Palm mute">Palm muting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_chord" title="Power chord">Power chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shred_guitar" title="Shred guitar">Shred guitar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_lyrics" title="Heavy metal lyrics">Lyrics</a></li> <li>Vocals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_growl" title="Death growl">Death growl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screaming_(music)" title="Screaming (music)">Screaming</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable scenes and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_heavy_metal" title="African heavy metal">African heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_heavy_metal" title="Argentine heavy metal">Argentine heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_thrash_metal" title="Australian thrash metal">Australian thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_heavy_metal" title="Australian heavy metal">Australian heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_heavy_metal" title="Bangladeshi heavy metal">Bangladeshi heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_thrash_metal" title="Bay Area thrash metal">Bay Area thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_thrash_metal" title="Brazilian thrash metal">Brazilian thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heavy_metal" title="Canadian heavy metal">Canadian heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_heavy_metal" title="Chinese heavy metal">Chinese heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_death_metal" title="Florida death metal">Florida death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_metal" title="Hungarian metal">Hungarian metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_metal_music" title="Indigenous metal music">Indigenous metal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_metal" title="Japanese metal">Japanese metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_L%C3%A9gions_Noires" title="Les Légions Noires">Les Légions Noires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_of_American_heavy_metal" title="New wave of American heavy metal">New wave of American heavy 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[\"CITEREFCrossBerkenstadt2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowe1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanaher2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDasein1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiehl1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonelson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubrow2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErlewine,_Stephen_Thomas\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFelix-Jager2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoege1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFournier2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaris2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarland2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarro\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlover1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzalez2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordinier,_Jeff1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraff1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenblatt2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrierson\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGuitar_World1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuitar_WorldJon_Wiederhorn1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHajari1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHandy,_Bruce1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHealey2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeller2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiatt,_Brian2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHood-Morris1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter-Tilney2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJisi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonze2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKallen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeneagy1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerr2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKies2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlosterman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKobel1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKomar2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKot1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLa_Ferla,_Ruth2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaban2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLennartz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeslie2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipez2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoss2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLovitt2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManders2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarin1992\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazullo2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcManus2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeltzer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuthu2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson,_Chris2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNme.Com2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNnadi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovoselic2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlsen,_Eric2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalladino2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearlin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerone2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrato2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPunknews.org2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRagland1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRashbaum2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScanlon,_Tom2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShetty2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson,_Dave2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSola2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStalker-Wilde2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStegemeyerPrice_Alford2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteininger2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStetson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrongScottHawkins2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrugatz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTillman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorreano\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrue2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrue2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrue2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTrue2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyrangiel2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUitti2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnterberger2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnterbergerHicks1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWall2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitaker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiederhorn2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorsley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWroten2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Sola2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFnevadch2012\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"' \\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"'s\"] = 2,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"AllMusic\"] = 2,\n [\"Alternative metal\"] = 1,\n [\"Alternative rock\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 11,\n [\"BillboardURLbyName\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 4,\n [\"Certification Cite Ref\"] = 9,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 30,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 37,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 124,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 10,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"Heavy metal\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 14,\n [\"Infobox music genre\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 9,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Punk rock\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rock music\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Vanchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","16.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","14.2"],["dataWrapper 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