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Climate Change Indicators: U.S. and Global Temperature | US EPA
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class="breadcrumb__link" href="/climate-indicators/view-indicators">View the Indicators</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb__item"> <a class="breadcrumb__link" href="/climate-indicators/weather-climate">Weather and Climate</a> </li> </ol> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="l-sidebar l-sidebar--reversed"> <div class="l-sidebar__main"> <article class="article" lang="en"> <h1 class="page-title"> Climate Change Indicators: U.S. and Global Temperature </h1> <div class="u-hide-for-print js-toggle-admin-content"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> <div> <div> <p>This indicator describes trends in average surface temperature for the United States and the world.</p> <div class="slideshow-container"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-sm margin-bottom-2 padding-1"> <div class="grid-col-4 margin-bottom-1"><button class="thumb usa-button usa-button--outline" id="thumb1"><img alt="graph figure" src="/system/files/images/2023-07/graph-icon.png"><strong> Figure 1</strong>. Temperatures in the U.S.</button></div> <div class="grid-col-4 margin-bottom-1"><button class="thumb usa-button usa-button--unstyled" id="thumb2"><img alt="graph figure" src="/system/files/images/2023-07/graph-icon.png"><strong> Figure 2</strong>. Temperatures Worldwide</button></div> <div class="grid-col-4 margin-bottom-1"><button class="thumb usa-button usa-button--unstyled" id="thumb3"><img alt="map figure" src="/system/files/images/2022-04/map_icon.png"><strong> Figure 3</strong>. Rate of Temperature Change</button></div> </div> <div class="slides fade" id="slide1"><strong>Figure 1.</strong> Temperatures in the Contiguous 48 States, 1901–2023 <figure class="figure figure--large is-centered"> <div class="figure__media"> <img loading="eager" srcset="/system/files/styles/small/private/images/2024-06/temperature_figure1_2024.png?itok=2HYXmokH 320w, /system/files/styles/medium/private/images/2024-06/temperature_figure1_2024.png?itok=ISWdL6fI 640w, /system/files/styles/large/private/images/2024-06/temperature_figure1_2024.png?itok=QrDQcf9D 928w" sizes="(max-width: 960px) calc(100vw - 4rem), 960px" width="928" height="591" src="/system/files/styles/large/private/images/2024-06/temperature_figure1_2024.png?itok=QrDQcf9D" alt="Combined bar and line graph showing changes in average temperatures for the contiguous 48 states from 1901 to 2023."> </div> </figure> <div class="l-grid l-grid--3-col"> <div><span class="download-data"><a href="/system/files/other-files/2024-06/temperature_fig-1.csv"><img alt="Download Data" height="32" src="/sites/default/files/2015-12/spreadsheet4.png" title="Download Data" width="32"></a></span> <span class="download-image"><a href="/system/files/images/2024-06/temperature_download1_2024.png"><img alt="Download Image" height="32" src="/sites/default/files/2015-12/images11.png" title="Download Image" width="32"></a></span> </div> </div> <div id="caption1"> <p>This figure shows how annual average temperatures in the contiguous 48 states have changed since 1901. Surface data come from land-based weather stations. Satellite measurements cover the lower troposphere, which is the lowest level of the Earth’s atmosphere. “UAH” and “RSS” represent two different methods of analyzing the original satellite measurements. This graph uses the 1901–2000 average as a baseline for depicting change. Choosing a different baseline period would not change the shape of the data over time.</p> <p>Data source: NOAA, 2024<sup><a href="#ref2">2</a></sup><br> <em>Web update: June 2024</em></p> </div> </div> <div class="slides fade" id="slide2"><strong>Figure 2.</strong> Temperatures Worldwide, 1901–2023 <figure class="figure figure--large is-centered"> <div class="figure__media"> <img loading="eager" srcset="/system/files/styles/small/private/images/2024-06/temperature_figure2_2024.png?itok=lDDtaapW 320w, /system/files/styles/medium/private/images/2024-06/temperature_figure2_2024.png?itok=VjndwQOq 640w, /system/files/styles/large/private/images/2024-06/temperature_figure2_2024.png?itok=5w9tyYT5 928w" sizes="(max-width: 960px) calc(100vw - 4rem), 960px" width="928" height="591" src="/system/files/styles/large/private/images/2024-06/temperature_figure2_2024.png?itok=5w9tyYT5" alt="Combined bar and line graph showing changes in average temperatures worldwide from 1901 to 2023."> </div> </figure> <div class="l-grid l-grid--3-col"> <div><span class="download-data"><a href="/system/files/other-files/2024-06/temperature_fig-2.csv"><img alt="Download Data" height="32" src="/sites/default/files/2015-12/spreadsheet4.png" title="Download Data" width="32"></a></span> <span class="download-image"><a href="/system/files/images/2024-06/temperature_download2_2024.png"><img alt="Download Image" height="32" src="/sites/default/files/2015-12/images11.png" title="Download Image" width="32"></a></span> </div> </div> <div id="caption2"> <p>This figure shows how annual average temperatures worldwide have changed since 1901. Surface data come from a combined set of land-based weather stations and sea surface temperature measurements. Satellite measurements cover the lower troposphere, which is the lowest level of the Earth’s atmosphere. “UAH” and “RSS” represent two different methods of analyzing the original satellite measurements. This graph uses the 1901–2000 average as a baseline for depicting change. Choosing a different baseline period would not change the shape of the data over time.</p> <p>Data source: NOAA, 2024<sup><a href="#ref2">2</a></sup><br> <em>Web update: June 2024</em></p> </div> </div> <div class="slides fade" id="slide3"><strong>Figure 3.</strong> Rate of Temperature Change in the United States, 1901–2023 <figure class="figure figure--large is-centered"> <div class="figure__media"> <img loading="eager" srcset="/system/files/styles/small/private/images/2024-06/temperature_figure3_2024.png?itok=eZlT-9wj 320w, /system/files/styles/medium/private/images/2024-06/temperature_figure3_2024.png?itok=m9d7jf7U 640w, /system/files/styles/large/private/images/2024-06/temperature_figure3_2024.png?itok=bEr-PPsG 928w" sizes="(max-width: 960px) calc(100vw - 4rem), 960px" width="928" height="910" src="/system/files/styles/large/private/images/2024-06/temperature_figure3_2024.png?itok=bEr-PPsG" alt="Color-coded map showing how average air temperatures changed across the United States from 1901 to 2023."> </div> </figure> <div class="l-grid l-grid--3-col"> <div><span class="download-data"><a href="/system/files/other-files/2024-06/temperature_fig-3.csv"><img alt="Download Data" height="32" src="/sites/default/files/2015-12/spreadsheet4.png" title="Download Data" width="32"></a></span> <span class="download-image"><a href="/system/files/images/2024-06/temperature_download3_2024.png"><img alt="Download Image" height="32" src="/sites/default/files/2015-12/images11.png" title="Download Image" width="32"></a> </span> <span class="download-image"><a href="https://arcg.is/L1iKu"><img alt="View Interactive Map" height="32" src="/sites/default/files/2016-01/location73.png" title="View Interactive Map" width="32"></a><a href="https://edap.epa.gov/public/extensions/CCIDataViewer/CCIDataViewer.html#weather-climate&us-global-temperature"> </a></span></div> </div> <div id="caption3"> <p>This figure shows how annual average air temperatures have changed in different parts of the United States since the early 20<sup>th</sup> century (since 1901 for the contiguous 48 states and 1925 for Alaska). The data are shown for climate divisions, as defined by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</p> <p>Data source: NOAA, 2024<sup><a href="#ref2">2</a></sup><br> <em>Web update: June 2024</em></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="box"> <div class="box__content"> <div> <div class="box box--special"> <div class="box__content"> <p class="indented"><strong><a href="#tab-1">Key Points</a> | <a href="#tab-2">Background</a> | <a href="#tab-3">About the Indicator</a> | <a href="#tab-4">About the Data</a> | <a href="#tab-5">Technical Documentation</a></strong></p> </div> </div> </div> <div id="tab-1"> <h2>Key Points</h2> <ul class="roomy"> <li>Since 1901, the average surface temperature across the contiguous 48 states has risen at an average rate of 0.17°F per decade (Figure 1). Average temperatures have risen more quickly since the late 1970s (0.32 to 0.51°F per decade since 1979). For the contiguous United States, nine of the 10 warmest years on record have occurred since 1998, and 2012 and 2016 were the two warmest years on record.</li> <li>Worldwide, 2023 was the warmest year on record, 2016 was the second-warmest year, and 2014–2023 was the warmest decade on record since thermometer-based observations began. Global average surface temperature has risen at an average rate of 0.17°F per decade since 1901 (Figure 2), similar to the rate of warming within the contiguous United States. Since the late 1970s, however, the United States has warmed faster than the global rate.</li> <li>Some parts of the United States have experienced more warming than others (Figure 3). The North, the West, and Alaska have seen temperatures increase the most, while some parts of the Southeast have experienced little change. Not all of these regional trends are statistically significant, however.</li> </ul> </div> <div id="tab-2"> <h2>Background</h2> <p>Temperature is a fundamental measurement for describing the climate, and the temperature in particular places can have wide-ranging effects on human life and ecosystems. For example, increases in air temperature can lead to more intense heat waves (see the <a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves">Heat Waves</a> indicator), which can cause illness and death, especially in vulnerable populations. Annual and seasonal temperature patterns also determine the types of animals and plants that can survive in particular locations. Changes in temperature can disrupt a wide range of natural processes, particularly if these changes occur more quickly than plant and animal species can adapt.</p> <p>Concentrations of heat-trapping greenhouse gases are increasing in the Earth’s atmosphere (see the <a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-atmospheric-concentrations-greenhouse-gases">Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases</a> indicator). In response, average temperatures at the Earth’s surface are increasing and are expected to continue rising.<sup><a href="#ref1">1</a></sup> Because climate change can shift the wind patterns and ocean currents that drive the world’s climate system, some areas are warming more than others, and some have experienced cooling.</p> </div> <div id="tab-3"> <h2>About the Indicator</h2> <p>This indicator examines U.S. and global surface temperature patterns over time. U.S. surface measurements come from weather stations on land, while global surface measurements also incorporate observations from buoys and ships on the ocean, thereby providing data from sites spanning much of the surface of the Earth. This indicator starts at 1901 except for the detailed map of Alaska, where reliable statewide records are available back to 1925. For comparison, this indicator also displays satellite measurements that can be used to estimate the temperature of the Earth’s lower atmosphere since 1979.</p> <p>This indicator shows annual anomalies, or differences, compared with the average temperature from 1901 to 2000. For example, an anomaly of +2.0 degrees means the average temperature was 2 degrees higher than the long-term average. Anomalies have been calculated for each weather station. Daily temperature measurements at each site were used to calculate monthly anomalies, which were then averaged to find an annual temperature anomaly for each year. Anomalies for the contiguous 48 states and Alaska have been determined by calculating average anomalies for areas within each state based on station density, interpolation, and topography. These regional anomalies are then averaged together in proportion to their area to develop national results. Similarly, global anomalies have been determined by dividing the world into a grid, averaging the data for each cell of the grid, and then averaging the grid cells together.</p> </div> <div id="tab-4"> <h2>About the Data</h2> <h3>Indicator Notes</h3> <p>Data from the early 20<sup>th</sup> century are somewhat less precise than more recent data because there were fewer stations collecting measurements at the time, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. The overall trends are still reliable, however. Where possible, the data have been adjusted to account for any biases that might be introduced by factors such as station moves, urbanization near the station, changes in measuring instruments, and changes in the exact times at which measurements are taken.</p> <p>Hawaii and U.S. territories are not included, due to limitations in available data.</p> <h3>Data Sources</h3> <p>The data for this indicator were provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Centers for Environmental Information, which maintains a large collection of climate data online at: <a href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov">www.ncei.noaa.gov</a>. The surface temperature anomalies shown here were calculated based on monthly values from a network of long-term monitoring stations. Satellite data were analyzed by two independent groups—the Global Hydrology and Climate Center at the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) and Remote Sensing Systems (RSS)—resulting in slightly different trend lines.</p> </div> <div id="tab-5"> <h2>Technical Documentation</h2> <ul> <li><a href="/system/files/documents/2024-06/temperature_documentation.pdf" target="_blank">Download related technical information PDF</a></li> </ul> <hr> <h3>References</h3> <p><small><sup><a id="ref1" name="ref1"></a>1 </sup>Marvel, K., Su, W., Delgado, R., Aarons, S., Chatterjee, A., Garcia, M. E., Hausfather, Z., Hayhoe, K., Hence, D. A., Jewett, E. B., Robel, A., Singh, D., Tripati, A., & Vose, R. S. (2023). Chapter 2: Climate trends. In USGCRP (U.S. Global Change Research Program), <em>Fifth National Climate Assessment.</em> <a href="https://doi.org/10.7930/NCA5.2023.CH2">https://doi.org/10.7930/NCA5.2023.CH2</a></small></p> <p><small><sup><a id="ref2" name="ref2"></a>2 </sup>NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). (2024). <em>Climate at a glance.</em> Retrieved March 25, 2024, from <a href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance">www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance</a></small></p> </div> <hr> </div> </div> <div class="box"> <div class="box__content"> <h2>Learn about other indicators in this section</h2> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-1" id="thumbnails"> <div class="grid-col-3 margin-bottom-1"><a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-us-and-global-temperature" id="active-indicator"><span><img alt="U.S. and Global Temperature" src="/sites/default/files/2016-07/temperature-landing-thumb-2016.png"></span></a></div> <div class="grid-col-3 margin-bottom-1"><a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-seasonal-temperature"><span><img alt="Seasonal Temperature" src="/sites/default/files/2021-03/11311_climatechange_13_seasonaltemp_c.png"></span></a></div> <div class="grid-col-3 margin-bottom-1"><a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-high-and-low-temperatures"><span><img alt="High and Low Temperatures" src="/sites/default/files/2016-07/high-low-temps-landing-thumb-2016.png"></span></a></div> <div class="grid-col-3 margin-bottom-1"><a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves"><span><img alt="Heat Waves" src="/sites/default/files/2021-03/11311_climatechange_8_heatwaves_c.png"></span></a></div> <div class="grid-col-3 margin-bottom-1"><a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-us-and-global-precipitation"><span><img alt="U.S. and Global Precipitation" src="/sites/default/files/2016-07/precipitation-landing-thumb-2016.png"></span></a></div> <div class="grid-col-3 margin-bottom-1"><a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heavy-precipitation"><span><img alt="Heavy Precipitation" src="/sites/default/files/2016-07/heavy-precip-landing-thumb-2016.png"></span></a></div> <div class="grid-col-3 margin-bottom-1"><a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-tropical-cyclone-activity"><span><img alt="Tropical Cyclone Activity" src="/sites/default/files/2016-07/cyclones-landing-thumb-2016.png"></span></a></div> <div class="grid-col-3 margin-bottom-1"><a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-river-flooding"><span><img alt="River Flooding" src="/sites/default/files/2016-07/river-flooding-landing-thumb-2016.png"></span></a></div> <div class="grid-col-3 margin-bottom-1"><a href="/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-drought"><span><img alt="Drought" src="/sites/default/files/2016-07/drought-landing-thumb-2016.png"></span></a></div> <div class="grid-col-3 margin-bottom-1"><a href="/climate-indicators/southwest"><span><img alt="Temperature and Drought in the Southwest" src="/sites/default/files/2016-07/southwest-landing-thumb-2016.png"></span></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="l-sidebar__sidebar"> <div 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