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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpeech_scroll"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpeech_scroll"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Speech_scroll&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speech_scroll&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Speech_scrolls" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2689628" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Illustrative device denoting speech in art, used in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and Medieval Europe</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strigel_1506-detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Strigel_1506-detail.jpg/310px-Strigel_1506-detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Strigel_1506-detail.jpg/465px-Strigel_1506-detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Strigel_1506-detail.jpg/620px-Strigel_1506-detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Detail from <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Strigel" title="Bernhard Strigel">Bernhard Strigel</a>'s "Annunciation to Saint Anne".</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art history</a>, a <b>speech scroll</b> (also called a <b>banderole</b> or <b>phylactery</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an illustrative device denoting speech, song, or other types of sound. </p><p>Developed independently on two continents, the device was in use by artists within <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> cultures from as early as 650 BC until after the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of Mexico">Spanish conquest</a> in the 16th century, and 13th and 14th European painters. While European speech scrolls were drawn as if they were an actual unfurled scroll or strip of <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a>, Mesoamerican speech scrolls are scroll-<i>shaped</i>, looking much like a <a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a>. It is used in <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> for <a href="/wiki/Motto#Mottos_in_heraldry" title="Motto">mottos</a> or <a href="/wiki/Slogan_(heraldry)" title="Slogan (heraldry)">slogans and war-cries</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speech_scroll&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mesoamerica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Teotihuacan_Stick-ball_players_Tepantitla_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Two_Teotihuacan_Stick-ball_players_Tepantitla_1.svg/220px-Two_Teotihuacan_Stick-ball_players_Tepantitla_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Two_Teotihuacan_Stick-ball_players_Tepantitla_1.svg/330px-Two_Teotihuacan_Stick-ball_players_Tepantitla_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Two_Teotihuacan_Stick-ball_players_Tepantitla_1.svg/440px-Two_Teotihuacan_Stick-ball_players_Tepantitla_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="179" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a> stick-ball player with a bi-color speech scroll. Note the "tabs" along the outer edge of the speech scroll.</figcaption></figure> <p>Speech scrolls are found throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> area. An early example is a <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a> <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seal</a> dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 650 BC</span>, where two lines emit from a bird's mouth followed by <a href="/wiki/Glyph_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyph (archaeology)">glyphs</a> proposed to be "<i>3 Ajaw</i>," a ruler's name.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The murals of the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Classic era</a> site at Teotihuacan are filled with speech scrolls, in particular tableaus in the Tepantitla compound—<a href="/wiki/File:Tepantitla_Mountain_Stream_mural_Teotihuacan_(Luis_Tello).jpg" title="File:Tepantitla Mountain Stream mural Teotihuacan (Luis Tello).jpg">this mural</a>, for example, has more than 20 speech scrolls. </p><p>In Mesoamerica, speech-scrolls are usually oriented upwards along the longest outer edge so that the central element (or "tongue") curves downward as it spirals. Some Mesoamerican scrolls are divided lengthwise with each side given a different shade. <a href="/wiki/Glyph_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyph (archaeology)">Glyphs</a> or similar markings rarely appear on the Mesoamerican speech scroll, although "tabs"—small, triangular or square blocks—are sometimes seen along the outer edge. If the speech scroll represents a tongue, then the tabs may represent teeth, but their meaning or message, if any, is not known.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tepantitla_mural,_Ballplayer_A_(Daquella_manera).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tepantitla_mural%2C_Ballplayer_A_%28Daquella_manera%29.jpg/220px-Tepantitla_mural%2C_Ballplayer_A_%28Daquella_manera%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tepantitla_mural%2C_Ballplayer_A_%28Daquella_manera%29.jpg/330px-Tepantitla_mural%2C_Ballplayer_A_%28Daquella_manera%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tepantitla_mural%2C_Ballplayer_A_%28Daquella_manera%29.jpg/440px-Tepantitla_mural%2C_Ballplayer_A_%28Daquella_manera%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1805" data-file-height="1217" /></a><figcaption>A mural in the ancient Mesoamerican city of <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a>, Mexico, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2nd century</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>At times, speech scrolls are decorated with devices that describe the tone of the speech: </p> <ul><li>In an engraving at the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> site of <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a>, a ruler's speech scroll takes the form of a serpent.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A Spaniard's speech scroll in a 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Aztec_codex" title="Aztec codex">Aztec codex</a> is decorated with feathers to denote "soft, smooth words".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In another 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a>, the Selden Codex, two <a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a> rulers (photo above) are shown insulting two ambassadors through the use of "<a href="/wiki/File:Tecpatl.jpg" title="File:Tecpatl.jpg">flint knife</a>" icons attached to the speech scrolls.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>After the Spanish Conquest, the indigenous languages received adaptations of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> and many codices were sponsored to be written in this epoch, such as Codex Quinatzin, that combines speech scrolls with actual writing.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European">European</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speech_scroll&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: European"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre._Tr%C3%ADptico_Braque._04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Louvre._Tr%C3%ADptico_Braque._04.JPG/250px-Louvre._Tr%C3%ADptico_Braque._04.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Louvre._Tr%C3%ADptico_Braque._04.JPG/330px-Louvre._Tr%C3%ADptico_Braque._04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Louvre._Tr%C3%ADptico_Braque._04.JPG/500px-Louvre._Tr%C3%ADptico_Braque._04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Detail of <a href="/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden" title="Rogier van der Weyden">Rogier van der Weyden</a>'s <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1452</span> <a href="/wiki/Braque_Triptych" title="Braque Triptych">Braque Triptych</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In contrast to the abstract nature of Mesoamerican speech scrolls, Medieval European speech scrolls or <b>banderoles</b> appear as actual scrolls, floating in apparent three-dimensional space (or in actual space in sculpture). They first become common at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art#Painting" title="Gothic art">Gothic period</a>. Previously, as in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a>, spoken words, if they appeared at all, were usually painted alongside a figure; these are called <a href="/wiki/Titulus_(inscription)" title="Titulus (inscription)">tituli</a>. However, earlier works using banderoles are the <a href="/wiki/Liuthar_Gospels" title="Liuthar Gospels">Aachen Gospels</a> of Otto III (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 975</span>) and the 12th-century English <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> <a href="/wiki/Cloisters_Cross" title="Cloisters Cross">Cloisters Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter work demonstrates the use of banderoles as attributes for <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a>, to distinguish them from the book-carrying <a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Four Evangelists</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> and other Christian saints, a convention appearing in Italy in the 13th century. It may be seen in the <i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Trinita_Maest%C3%A0" title="Santa Trinita Maestà">Santa Trinita Maestà</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Cimabue" title="Cimabue">Cimabue</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a>, 1280–90), <a href="/wiki/Duccio" title="Duccio">Duccio</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Maest%C3%A0_(Duccio)" title="Maestà (Duccio)">Maestà</a></i> (1308–11), and other works. The convention had a historical appropriateness, as the Old Testament was originally written on <a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scrolls</a>, whereas nearly all surviving New Testament manuscripts are <a href="/wiki/Codices" class="mw-redirect" title="Codices">codices</a> (like modern books). They may also be used for the words of angels, especially <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>'s greeting to Mary in <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_Poland_Epitaph_of_Jan_of_Ujazd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lesser_Poland_Epitaph_of_Jan_of_Ujazd.jpg/250px-Lesser_Poland_Epitaph_of_Jan_of_Ujazd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lesser_Poland_Epitaph_of_Jan_of_Ujazd.jpg/330px-Lesser_Poland_Epitaph_of_Jan_of_Ujazd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lesser_Poland_Epitaph_of_Jan_of_Ujazd.jpg/500px-Lesser_Poland_Epitaph_of_Jan_of_Ujazd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption><i>Epitaph of Jan of Ujazd</i>, Anonymous, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1450</span></figcaption></figure> <p>During the 14th century, quotations in banderoles increasingly allowed artists to include more complex ideas in their works, though for the moment usually in Latin, thus greatly restricting the audience that could follow them.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, medieval donor illustrations are of particular importance, as they recorded the names of the patrons as painted text and thus supplemented the purely pictorial information with readable content for the already literate urban mercantile elite.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>European speech scrolls usually contain the spoken words, much like a modern-day <a href="/wiki/Speech_balloon" title="Speech balloon">speech balloon</a>. The majority of these are in religious works and contain Biblical quotations from the figure depicted – Old Testament prophets for example, were often shown with an appropriate quotation from their work. Because the words are usually religious in nature, the speech scroll is often written in Latin even when appearing in <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> illustrations for books written in the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would also enable the illustration to be used in editions in other languages. </p><p>European speech scrolls may at times be seen in secular works as well and may also contain the name of a person to identify them. On carved figures the words would usually be painted on the scroll and have since worn away. In some Late Gothic and Renaissance works, and in architectural decoration, very elaborate empty banderoles seem to be for decorative purposes only. The European speech scroll fell out of favor largely due to an increasing interest in <a href="/wiki/Realism_(visual_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Realism (visual arts)">realism</a> in painting; the <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halo</a> had a similar decline.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speech_scroll&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banderole" title="Banderole">Banderole</a> – a streamer or pennant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_balloon" title="Speech balloon">Speech balloon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speech_scroll&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Petersen2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Petersen2011_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetersen2011">Petersen 2011</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pohl, Pope, Nagy 2002, pp. 1984–1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, <i>Endangered Language Fund</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coggins 1992, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wishart, p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boone 1994, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lorne_Campbell_(Art_historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorne Campbell (Art historian)">Campbell, Lorne</a>. <i>Van der Weyden</i>. London: Chaucer Press, 2004. p. 89. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904449-24-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-904449-24-7">1-904449-24-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKantorowicz1997">Kantorowicz 1997</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ladis & Maginnis 1997, pp. 155–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ladis & Maginnis 1997, pp. 156–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obermair 2014, pp. 66–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hilmo 2004, p. xxiv.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speech_scroll&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Boone, Elizabeth (1994). <i>Writing Without Words: Alternative Literacies in Mesoamerica and the Andes</i>, Duke University Press.</li> <li>Coggins, Clement Chase (1992). "Pure Language & Lapidary Prose", in <i>New Theories on the Ancient Maya</i>, Elin C. Danien and Robert J. Sharer, Eds., University of Pennsylvania Museum.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFfamsi" class="citation web cs1">famsi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famsi.org/research/pohl/jpcodices/selden/scene_by_scene.htm">"John Pohl's - Ancient Books - Mixtec Group Codices - Codex Selden"</a>. <i>FAMSI</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FAMSI&rft.atitle=John+Pohl%27s+-+Ancient+Books+-+Mixtec+Group+Codices+-+Codex+Selden&rft.au=famsi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.famsi.org%2Fresearch%2Fpohl%2Fjpcodices%2Fselden%2Fscene_by_scene.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeech+scroll" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hilmo, Maidie (2004). <i>Medieval Images, Icons, and Chaucer Illustrated English Literary Texts: From Ruthwell Cross to the Ellesmere Chaucer</i>, Ashgate Publishing.</li> <li>Holt, Dennis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endangeredlanguagefund.org/about_logo.php">"About the Endangered Language Fund Logo"</a>, accessed November 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKantorowicz1997" class="citation book cs1">Kantorowicz, Ernst Hartwig (1997). <i>The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology</i>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RKYPxN0SLdYC&pg=PA67">67</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01704-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01704-4"><bdi>978-0-691-01704-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+Two+Bodies%3A+A+Study+in+Mediaeval+Political+Theology&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01704-4&rft.aulast=Kantorowicz&rft.aufirst=Ernst+Hartwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeech+scroll" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ladis, Andrew & Maginnis, Hayden B. J. (1997), <i>Painting in the Age of Giotto: A Historical Reevaluation</i>, Penn State Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-02091-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-02091-1">0-271-02091-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02091-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02091-4">978-0-271-02091-4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JR05BWGx4mMC&dq=Romanesque+banderoles&pg=PA154">google books</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFObermair2014" class="citation cs2">Obermair, Hannes (2014), "The Use of Records in Medieval Towns: The Case of Bolzano, South Tyrol", in Marco Mostert; Anna Adamska (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1325376"><i>Writing and the Administration of Medieval Towns: Medieval Urban Literacy I</i></a>, Utrecht Studies in Medieval History, vol. 27, Turnhout: Brepols, pp. <span class="nowrap">49–</span>68, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FM.USML-EB.1.101928">10.1484/M.USML-EB.1.101928</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-54959-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-54959-0"><bdi>978-2-503-54959-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Use+of+Records+in+Medieval+Towns%3A+The+Case+of+Bolzano%2C+South+Tyrol&rft.btitle=Writing+and+the+Administration+of+Medieval+Towns%3A+Medieval+Urban+Literacy+I&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.series=Utrecht+Studies+in+Medieval+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FM.USML-EB.1.101928&rft.isbn=978-2-503-54959-0&rft.aulast=Obermair&rft.aufirst=Hannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1325376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeech+scroll" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2011" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Robert S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hr7aZh6oonoC&pg=PR19"><i>Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels: A History of Graphic Narratives</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36330-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36330-6"><bdi>978-0-313-36330-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comics%2C+Manga%2C+and+Graphic+Novels%3A+A+History+of+Graphic+Narratives&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-36330-6&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHr7aZh6oonoC%26pg%3DPR19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeech+scroll" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pohl, Mary; Pope, Kevin O.; Nagy, Christopher von (2002). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/298/5600/1984.pdf">Olmec Origins of Mesoamerican Writing</a>", in <i>Science</i>, vol. 298, pp. 1984–1987.</li> <li>Wishart Trevor (1966). <i>On Sonic Art</i>. 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