CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: wood resistance.</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: wood resistance."> <meta name="keywords" content="wood resistance."> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="wood resistance." name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="wood resistance."> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 3752</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: wood resistance.</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3752</span> Improving Fire Resistance of Wood and Wood-Based Composites and Fire Testing Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadir%20Ayrilmis">Nadir Ayrilmis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wood and wood-based panels are one of the oldest structural materials used in the construction industry due to their significant advantages such as good mechanical properties, low density, renewable material, low-cost, recycling, etc. However, they burn when exposed to a flame source or high temperatures. This is very important when the wood products are used as structural or hemi-structural materials in the construction industry, furniture industry, so on. For this reason, the fire resistance is demanded property for wood products. They can be impregnated with fire retardants to improve their fire resistance. The most used fire retardants, fire-retardant mechanism, and fire-testing systems, and national and international fire-durability classifications and standard requirements for fire-durability of wood and wood-based panels were given in this study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20resistance" title="fire resistance">fire resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood-based%20panels" title=" wood-based panels"> wood-based panels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cone%20calorimeter" title=" cone calorimeter"> cone calorimeter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood" title=" wood"> wood</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130377/improving-fire-resistance-of-wood-and-wood-based-composites-and-fire-testing-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130377.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">165</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3751</span> The Experimental and Statistical Analysis of the Wood Strength against Pressure According to Different Wood Types, Sizes, and Coatings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Altin">Mustafa Altin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gamze%20Fahriye%20Pehlivan"> Gamze Fahriye Pehlivan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sadiye%20Didem%20Boztepe%20Erkis"> Sadiye Didem Boztepe Erkis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sakir%20Tasdemir"> Sakir Tasdemir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sevda%20Altin"> Sevda Altin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, an experimental study was executed related to the strength of wooden materials which have been commonly used both in the past and present against pressure and whether fire retardant materials used against fire have any effects or not. Totally, 81 samples which included three different wood species, three different sizes, two different fire retardants and two unprocessed samples were prepared. Compressive pressure tests were applied to the prepared samples, their variance analyses were executed in accordance with the obtained results and it was aimed to determine the most convenient wooden materials and fire-retardant coating material. It was also determined that the species of wood and the species of coating caused the decrease and/or increase in the resistance against pressure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resistance%20of%20wood%20against%20pressure" title="resistance of wood against pressure">resistance of wood against pressure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=species%20of%20wood" title=" species of wood"> species of wood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variance%20analysis" title=" variance analysis"> variance analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20coating" title=" wood coating"> wood coating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20fire%20safety" title=" wood fire safety"> wood fire safety</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19264/the-experimental-and-statistical-analysis-of-the-wood-strength-against-pressure-according-to-different-wood-types-sizes-and-coatings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19264.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">431</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3750</span> Study on Parallel Shear Stress of Cement-Wood Composites Using Pinus sp. and Eucalyptus sp. in natura and Treated with CCA</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rodrigo%20D.%20S.%20Oliveira">Rodrigo D. S. Oliveira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarah%20David-Muzel"> Sarah David-Muzel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maristela%20Gava"> Maristela Gava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Victor%20A.%20De%20Araujo"> Victor A. De Araujo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Glaucia%20A.%20Prates"> Glaucia A. Prates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juliana%20Cortez-Barbosa"> Juliana Cortez-Barbosa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Improper disposal of treated wood waste is a problem of the timber sector, since this residue is toxic, due to the harmful characteristics of the preservative substances. An environmentally friendly alternative is the use of this waste for the production of cement-wood composites. The aim of this work was to study the possibility of using wood treated with CCA (Chromated Cooper Arsenate) in cement-wood. Specimens of Pinus sp. and Eucalyptus sp. were produced with wood raw in natura and treated with CCA. A test was performed to determine the parallel shear stress of samples after 14 days of drying, according to the Brazilian Standard NBR-7215/97. Based on the analyzed results it is concluded that the use of wood treated with CCA is not feasible in cement-wood production, because the composite samples of treated wood showed lower mechanical strength in shear stress than those with wood in natura. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20recovery" title="waste recovery">waste recovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20composites" title=" wood composites"> wood composites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cement-wood" title=" cement-wood"> cement-wood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20preservation" title=" wood preservation"> wood preservation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chromated%20copper%20arsenate" title=" chromated copper arsenate"> chromated copper arsenate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13252/study-on-parallel-shear-stress-of-cement-wood-composites-using-pinus-sp-and-eucalyptus-sp-in-natura-and-treated-with-cca" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13252.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">620</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3749</span> Optimization of Bio-Based Lightweight Mortars Containing Wood Waste</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Valeria%20Corinaldesi">Valeria Corinaldesi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicola%20Generosi"> Nicola Generosi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniele%20Berdini"> Daniele Berdini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, wood waste from processing by-products was used by replacing natural sand for producing bio-based lightweight mortars. Manufacturers of wood products and furniture usually generate sawdust and pieces of side-cuts. These are produced by cutting, drilling, and milling operations as well. Three different percentages of substitution of quartz sand were tried: 2.5%, 5%, and 10% by volume. Wood by-products were pre-soaked in calcium hydroxide aqueous solution in order to obtain wood mineralization to avoid undesirable effects on the bio-based building materials. Bio-based mortars were characterized by means of compression and bending tests, free drying shrinkage tests, resistance to water vapour permeability, water capillary absorption, and, finally, thermal conductivity measurements. Results obtained showed that a maximum dosage of 5% wood by-products should be used in order to avoid an excessive loss of bio-based mortar mechanical strength. On the other hand, by adding the proper dosage of water-reducing admixture, adequate mechanical performance can be achieved even with 10% wood waste addition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-based%20mortar" title="bio-based mortar">bio-based mortar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20efficiency" title=" energy efficiency"> energy efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lightweight%20mortar" title=" lightweight mortar"> lightweight mortar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20insulation" title=" thermal insulation"> thermal insulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20waste" title=" wood waste"> wood waste</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194886/optimization-of-bio-based-lightweight-mortars-containing-wood-waste" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194886.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">5</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3748</span> The Effects of Wood Ash on Ignition Point of Wood</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20A.%20Ibe">K. A. Ibe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20I.%20Mbonu"> J. I. Mbonu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20K.%20Umukoro"> G. K. Umukoro</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effects of wood ash on the ignition point of five common tropical woods in Nigeria were investigated. The ash and moisture contents of the wood saw dust from Mahogany (Khaya ivorensis), Opepe (Sarcocephalus latifolius), Abura (Hallealedermannii verdc), Rubber (Heavea brasilensis) and Poroporo (Sorghum bicolour) were determined using a furnace (Vecstar furnaces, model ECF2, serial no. f3077) and oven (Genlab laboratory oven, model MINO/040) respectively. The metal contents of the five wood sawdust ash samples were determined using a Perkin Elmer optima 3000 dv atomic absorption spectrometer while the ignition points were determined using Vecstar furnaces model ECF2. Poroporo had the highest ash content, 2.263 g while rubber had the least, 0.710 g. The results for the moisture content range from 2.971 g to 0.903 g. Magnesium metal had the highest concentration of all the metals, in all the wood ash samples; with mahogany ash having the highest concentration, 9.196 ppm while rubber ash had the least concentration of magnesium metal, 2.196 ppm. The ignition point results showed that the wood ashes from mahogany and opepe increased the ignition points of the test wood samples when coated on them while the ashes from poroporo, rubber and abura decreased the ignition points of the test wood samples when coated on them. However, Opepe saw dust ash decreased the ignition point in one of the test wood samples, suggesting that the metal content of the test wood sample was more than that of the Opepe saw dust ash. Therefore, Mahogany and Opepe saw dust ashes could be used in the surface treatment of wood to enhance their fire resistance or retardancy. However, the caution to be exercised in this application is that the metal content of the test wood samples should be evaluated as well. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ash" title="ash">ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire" title=" fire"> fire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ignition%20point" title=" ignition point"> ignition point</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retardant" title=" retardant"> retardant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20saw%20dust" title=" wood saw dust"> wood saw dust</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29316/the-effects-of-wood-ash-on-ignition-point-of-wood" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29316.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">389</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3747</span> The Utilization of Bamboo for Wood Bamboo Composite in Lieu of Materials Furniture: Case Study of Furniture Industry in Jepara Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Nurrizka%20Ramadhan">Muhammad Nurrizka Ramadhan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Today,Demand for wood increase in rapid rate. Wood is widely used for many things range from building materials to furniture materials. This makes the forest area in Indonesia dropped dramatically, it is estimated that the area of Indonesiaan forest in 2020 will be only about 16 million hectares. The more forest in Indonesia loss, people are required to look for another material to subtitute wood for the furniture. Jepara, a city with the largest furniture industry in Indonesia, requires a large supply of wood, it can reach 300.000 – 500.000 cubic meters per year. Most of the furniture in Jepara use teak, mahogany, and rosewood. Though teak wood is a rare species that must be protected. Today the availability of bamboo in Indonesia is very big. With cheap price, and the period of rapid growth makes bamboo can be used as a substitute for wood for the furniture industry in the future. By making use bamboo to make wood bamboo composite to replace the use of wood for furniture material. This paper is about the use of bamboo as a substitute for wood bamboo composite for the furniture industry. Expected in future, wood can be replaced by a wood bamboo composite. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bamboo" title="bamboo">bamboo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite" title=" composite"> composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=furniture" title=" furniture"> furniture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood" title=" wood"> wood</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54368/the-utilization-of-bamboo-for-wood-bamboo-composite-in-lieu-of-materials-furniture-case-study-of-furniture-industry-in-jepara-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54368.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">376</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3746</span> Analysis of Different Resins in Web-to-Flange Joints </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20F.%20Ribeiro">W. F. Ribeiro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20L.%20N.%20G%C3%B3es"> J. L. N. Góes </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The industrial process adds to engineering wood products features absent in solid wood, with homogeneous structure and reduced defects, improved physical and mechanical properties, bio-deterioration, resistance and better dimensional stability, improving quality and increasing the reliability of structures wood. These features combined with using fast-growing trees, make them environmentally ecological products, ensuring a strong consumer market. The wood I-joists are manufactured by the industrial profiles bonding flange and web, an important aspect of the production of wooden I-beams is the adhesive joint that bonds the web to the flange. Adhesives can effectively transfer and distribute stresses, thereby increasing the strength and stiffness of the composite. The objective of this study is to evaluate different resins in a shear strain specimens with the aim of analyzing the most efficient resin and possibility of using national products, reducing the manufacturing cost. First was conducted a literature review, where established the geometry and materials generally used, then established and analyzed 8 national resins and produced six specimens for each. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=engineered%20wood%20products" title="engineered wood products">engineered wood products</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20resin" title=" structural resin"> structural resin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20i-joist" title=" wood i-joist"> wood i-joist</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pinus%20taeda" title=" Pinus taeda"> Pinus taeda</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15956/analysis-of-different-resins-in-web-to-flange-joints" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15956.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">278</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3745</span> Influence of Pine Wood Ash as Pozzolanic Material on Compressive Strength of a Concrete </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20I.%20Nicolas">M. I. Nicolas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20C.%20Cruz"> J. C. Cruz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ysmael%20Verde"> Ysmael Verde</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.Yeladaqui-Tello"> A.Yeladaqui-Tello</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The manufacture of Portland cement has revolutionized the construction industry since the nineteenth century; however, the high cost and large amount of energy required on its manufacturing encouraged, from the seventies, the search of alternative materials to replace it partially or completely. Among the materials studied to replace the cement are the ashes. In the city of Chetumal, south of the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, there are no natural sources of pozzolanic ash. In the present study, the cementitious properties of artificial ash resulting from the combustion of waste pine wood were analyzed. The ash obtained was sieved through the screen and No.200 a fraction was analyzed using the technique of X-ray diffraction; with the aim of identifying the crystalline phases and particle sizes of pozzolanic material by the Debye-Scherrer equation. From the characterization of materials, mixtures for a concrete of f'c = 250 kg / cm2 were designed with the method ACI 211.1; for the pattern mixture and for partial replacements of Portland cement by 5%, 10% and 12% pine wood ash mixture. Simple resistance to axial compression of specimens prepared with each concrete mixture, at 3, 14 and 28 days of curing was evaluated. Pozzolanic activity was observed in the ash obtained, checking the presence of crystalline silica (SiO2 of 40.24 nm) and alumina (Al2O3 of 35.08 nm). At 28 days of curing, the specimens prepared with a 5% ash, reached a compression resistance 63% higher than design; for specimens with 10% ash, was 45%; and for specimens with 12% ash, only 36%. Compared to Pattern mixture, which after 28 days showed a f'c = 423.13 kg/cm2, the specimens reached only 97%, 86% and 82% of the compression resistance, for mixtures containing 5%, 10% ash and 12% respectively. The pozzolanic activity of pine wood ash influences the compression resistance, which indicates that it can replace up to 12% of Portland cement by ash without compromising its design strength, however, there is a decrease in strength compared to the pattern concrete. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete" title="concrete">concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pine%20wood%20ash" title=" pine wood ash"> pine wood ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pozzolanic%20activity" title=" pozzolanic activity"> pozzolanic activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=X-ray" title=" X-ray"> X-ray</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29230/influence-of-pine-wood-ash-as-pozzolanic-material-on-compressive-strength-of-a-concrete" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29230.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">456</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3744</span> Single-Element Simulations of Wood Material in LS-DYNA</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ren%20Zuo%20Wang">Ren Zuo Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, in order to investigate the behavior of the wood structure, the non-linearity of wood material model in LS-DYNA is adopted. It is difficult and less efficient to conduct the experiment of the ancient wood structure, hence LS-DYNA software can be used to simulate nonlinear responses of ancient wood structure. In LS-DYNA software, there is material model called *MAT_WOOD or *MAT_143. This model is to simulate a single-element response of the wood subjected to tension and compression under the parallel and the perpendicular material directions. Comparing with the exact solution and numerical simulations results using LS-DYNA, it demonstrates the accuracy and the efficiency of the proposed simulation method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LS-DYNA" title="LS-DYNA">LS-DYNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20structure" title=" wood structure"> wood structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single-element%20simulations" title=" single-element simulations"> single-element simulations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MAT_143" title=" MAT_143"> MAT_143</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66392/single-element-simulations-of-wood-material-in-ls-dyna" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66392.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">653</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3743</span> Analyzing the Efficiency of Several Gum Extraction Tapping Systems for Wood Apple Trees</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20M.%20K.%20D%20Weerasekara">K. M. K. D Weerasekara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20M.%20K.%20M%20Rathnayake"> R. M. K. M Rathnayake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20U.%20Halwatura"> R. U. Halwatura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Y.%20Jayasinghe"> G. Y. Jayasinghe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wood apple (Limonia acidissima L.) trees are native to Sri Lanka and India. Wood apple gum is widely used in the food, coating, and pharmaceutical industries. Wood apple gum was a major component in ancient Sri Lankan coating technology as well. It is also used as a suspending agent in liquid syrups and food ingredients such as sauces, emulsifiers, and stabilizers. Industrial applications include adhesives for labeling and packaging, as well as paint binder. It is also used in the production of paper and cosmetics. Extraction of wood apple gum is an important step in ensuring maximum benefits for various uses. It is apparent that an abundance of untapped potential lies in wood apple gum if people are able to mass produce them. Hence, the current study uses a two-factor factorial design with two major variables and four replications to investigate the best gum-extracting tapping system for Wood apple gum. This study's findings will be useful to Wood apple cultivators, researchers, and gum-based industries alike. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20apple%20gum" title="wood apple gum">wood apple gum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=limonia%20acidissima%20l." title=" limonia acidissima l."> limonia acidissima l.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tapping" title=" tapping"> tapping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tapping%20cuts" title=" tapping cuts"> tapping cuts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174725/analyzing-the-efficiency-of-several-gum-extraction-tapping-systems-for-wood-apple-trees" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174725.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">74</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3742</span> Mechanical, Thermal and Biodegradable Properties of Bioplast-Spruce Green Wood Polymer Composites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Atli">A. Atli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Candelier"> K. Candelier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Alteyrac"> J. Alteyrac</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Environmental and sustainability concerns push the industries to manufacture alternative materials having less environmental impact. The Wood Plastic Composites (WPCs) produced by blending the biopolymers and natural fillers permit not only to tailor the desired properties of materials but also are the solution to meet the environmental and sustainability requirements. This work presents the elaboration and characterization of the fully green WPCs prepared by blending a biopolymer, BIOPLAST® GS 2189 and spruce sawdust used as filler with different amounts. Since both components are bio-based, the resulting material is entirely environmentally friendly. The mechanical, thermal, structural properties of these WPCs were characterized by different analytical methods like tensile, flexural and impact tests, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Their water absorption properties and resistance to the termite and fungal attacks were determined in relation with different wood filler content. The tensile and flexural moduli of WPCs increased with increasing amount of wood fillers into the biopolymer, but WPCs became more brittle compared to the neat polymer. Incorporation of spruce sawdust modified the thermal properties of polymer: The degradation, cold crystallization, and melting temperatures shifted to higher temperatures when spruce sawdust was added into polymer. The termite, fungal and water absorption resistance of WPCs decreased with increasing wood amount in WPCs, but remained in durability class 1 (durable) concerning fungal resistance and quoted 1 (attempted attack) in visual rating regarding to the termites resistance except that the WPC with the highest wood content (30 wt%) rated 2 (slight attack) indicating a long term durability. All the results showed the possibility to elaborate the easy injectable composite materials with adjustable properties by incorporation of BIOPLAST® GS 2189 and spruce sawdust. Therefore, lightweight WPCs allow both to recycle wood industry byproducts and to produce a full ecologic material. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodegradability" title="biodegradability">biodegradability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=color%20measurements" title=" color measurements"> color measurements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability" title=" durability"> durability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20properties" title=" mechanical properties"> mechanical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=melt%20flow%20index" title=" melt flow index"> melt flow index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MFI" title=" MFI"> MFI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20properties" title=" structural properties"> structural properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20properties" title=" thermal properties"> thermal properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood-plastic%20composites" title=" wood-plastic composites"> wood-plastic composites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WPCs" title=" WPCs"> WPCs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82947/mechanical-thermal-and-biodegradable-properties-of-bioplast-spruce-green-wood-polymer-composites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82947.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">137</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3741</span> Fermentation of Wood Waste by Treating with H₃PO₄-Acetone for Bioethanol Production</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deokyeong%20Choe">Deokyeong Choe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keonwook%20Nam"> Keonwook Nam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Young%20Hoon%20Roh"> Young Hoon Roh </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wood waste is a potentially significant resource for economic and environment-friendly recycling. Wood waste represents a key sustainable source of biomass for transformation into bioethanol. Unfortunately, wood waste is highly recalcitrant for biotransformation, which limits its use and prevents economically viable conversion into bioethanol. As a result, an effective pretreatment is necessary to degrade cellulose of the wood waste, which improves the accessibility of cellulase. In this work, a H₃PO₄-acetone pretreatment was selected among the various pretreatment methods and used to dissolve cellulose and lignin. When the H₃PO₄ and acetone were used, 5–6% of the wood waste was found to be very appropriate for saccharification. Also, when the enzymatic saccharification was conducted in the mixture of the wood waste and 0.05 M citrate buffer solution, glucose and xylose were measured to be 80.2 g/L and 9.2 g/L respectively. Furthermore, ethanol obtained after 70 h of fermentation by S. cerevisiae was 30.4 g/L. As a result, the conversion yield from wood waste to bioethanol was calculated to be 57.4%. These results show that the pretreated wood waste can be used as good feedstocks for bioethanol production and that the H₃PO₄-acetone pretreatment can effectively increase the yield of ethanol production. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20waste" title="wood waste">wood waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H%E2%82%83PO%E2%82%84-acetone" title=" H₃PO₄-acetone"> H₃PO₄-acetone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioethanol" title=" bioethanol"> bioethanol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fermentation" title=" fermentation "> fermentation </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84149/fermentation-of-wood-waste-by-treating-with-h3po4-acetone-for-bioethanol-production" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84149.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">571</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3740</span> Sustainable Wood Stains Derived From Natural Dyes for Green Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexis%20Dorado">Alexis Dorado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aralyn%20Quintos"> Aralyn Quintos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study explores the utilization of natural dyes for wood stains as a transformative agent for wood, encompassing color alteration, grain enhancement, and protection against harm. Commonly, wood stains are petroleum-based and synthetically derived. Notably, commercially accessible wood stains exhibit around 4% greater volatility than the formulated wood stain (FWS), potentially indicating a heightened environmental impact. The application of FWS does not significantly affect the performance of polyurethane varnish. The impact of incorporating an FWS when was applied to Gmelina arborea wood sample, the initial lightness value (L*) of 68.5, a* 7.7, b* 29.2 decreased to 44.36, a* 23.49, b* 32.60, where a* denotes the red/ green value, b* denotes the yellow/ blue, indicating a shift towards darker shades. This alteration in lightness suggests that the FWS contains compounds or pigments that effectively absorb or scatter light, resulting in a change in the perceived color and visual appearance of the wood surface. Moreover, the successful formulation of an eco-friendly natural wood stain is detailed, presenting a promising alternative. This method finds applicability in the domains of furniture and handicraft creation, offering a sustainable choice for creative artisans. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=formulated%20wood%20stain%20%28FWS%29" title="formulated wood stain (FWS)">formulated wood stain (FWS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20dyes" title=" natural dyes"> natural dyes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20stains" title=" wood stains"> wood stains</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eco-friendly%20natural%20wood%20stain" title=" eco-friendly natural wood stain"> eco-friendly natural wood stain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=" title=""></a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171729/sustainable-wood-stains-derived-from-natural-dyes-for-green-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171729.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">97</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3739</span> Rubber Wood as a Potential Biomass Feedstock for Biochar via Slow Pyrolysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adilah%20Shariff">Adilah Shariff</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Radin%20Hakim"> Radin Hakim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nurhayati%20Abdullah"> Nurhayati Abdullah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Utilisation of biomass feedstock for biochar has received increasing attention because of their potential for carbon sequestration and soil amendment. The aim of this study is to investigate the characteristics of rubber wood as a biomass feedstock for biochar via slow pyrolysis process. This was achieved by using proximate, ultimate, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) as well as heating value, pH and lignocellulosic determination. Rubber wood contains 4.13 mf wt.% moisture, 86.30 mf wt.% volatile matter, 0.60 mf wt.% ash content, and 13.10 mf wt.% fixed carbon. The ultimate analysis shows that rubber wood consists of 44.33 mf wt.% carbon, 6.26 mf wt.% hydrogen, 19.31 mf wt.% nitrogen, 0.31 mf wt.% sulphur, and 29.79 mf wt.% oxygen. The higher heating value of rubber wood is 22.5 MJ/kg, and its lower heating value is 21.2 MJ/kg. At 27 °C, the pH value of rubber wood is 6.83 which is acidic. The lignocellulosic analysis revealed that rubber wood composition consists of 2.63 mf wt.% lignin, 20.13 mf wt.% cellulose, and 65.04 mf wt.% hemicellulose. The volatile matter to fixed carbon ratio is 6.58. This led to a biochar yield of 25.14 wt.% at 500 °C. Rubber wood is an environmental friendly feedstock due to its low sulphur content. Rubber wood therefore is a suitable and a potential feedstock for biochar production via slow pyrolysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biochar" title="biochar">biochar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass" title=" biomass"> biomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rubber%20wood" title=" rubber wood"> rubber wood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slow%20pyrolysis" title=" slow pyrolysis"> slow pyrolysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53243/rubber-wood-as-a-potential-biomass-feedstock-for-biochar-via-slow-pyrolysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53243.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">319</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3738</span> Assessment of Hygroscopic Characteristics of Hevea brasiliensis Wood</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20Tosin%20Aladejana">John Tosin Aladejana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wood behave differently under different environmental conditions. The knowledge of the hygroscopic nature of wood becomes a key factor in selecting wood for use and required treatment. This study assessed the hygroscopic behaviour of Hevea brasiliensis (Rubber) wood. Void volume, volumetric swelling in the tangential, radial and longitudinal directions and volumetric shrinkage were used to assess the response of the wood when loosing or taking up moisture. Hevea brasiliensis wood samples cut into 20 × 20 × 60 mm taken longitudinally and transversely were used for the study and dried in the oven at 103 ± 2⁰C. The mean values for moisture content in green Hevea brasiliensis wood were 49.74 %, 51.14 % and 54.36 % for top, middle and bottom portion respectively while 51.77 %, 50.02 % and 53.45 % were recorded for outer, middle and inner portions respectively for the tree. The values obtained for volumetric shrinkage and swelling indicated that shrinkage and swelling were higher at the top part of H. brasiliensis. It was also observed that the longitudinal shrinkage was negligible while tangential direction showed the highest shrinkage among the wood direction. The values of the void volume obtained were 43.0 %, 39.0 % and 38.0 % at the top, middle and bottom respectively. The result obtained showed clarification on the wood density of hevea brasiliensis based on the position and portion of the wood species and the variation in moisture content, void volume, volumetric shrinkage and swelling were also revealed. This will provide information in the process of drying hevea brasiliensis wood to ensure better wood quality devoid of defects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moisture%20content" title="moisture content">moisture content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shrinkage" title=" shrinkage"> shrinkage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=swelling" title=" swelling"> swelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=void%20volume" title=" void volume"> void volume</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78996/assessment-of-hygroscopic-characteristics-of-hevea-brasiliensis-wood" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78996.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">274</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3737</span> Conversion of Tropical Wood to Bio-oil and Charcoal by Using the Process of Pyrolysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kittiphop%20Promdee">Kittiphop Promdee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Somruedee%20Satitkune"> Somruedee Satitkune</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chakkrich%20Boonmee"> Chakkrich Boonmee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tharapong%20Vitidsant"> Tharapong Vitidsant</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Conversion of tropical wood using the process of pyrolysis, which converts tropical wood into fuel products, i.e. bio-oil and charcoal. The results showed the high thermal in the reactor core was thermally controlled between 0-600°C within 60 minutes. The products yield calculation showed that the liquid yield obtained from tropical wood was at its highest at 39.42 %, at 600°C, indicating that the tropical wood had received good yields because of a low gas yield average and high solid and liquid yield average. This research is not only concerned with the controlled temperatures, but also with the controlled screw rotating and feeding rate of biomass. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyrolysis" title="pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tropical%20wood" title=" tropical wood"> tropical wood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-oil" title=" bio-oil"> bio-oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=charcoal" title=" charcoal"> charcoal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heating%20value" title=" heating value"> heating value</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SEM" title=" SEM"> SEM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34906/conversion-of-tropical-wood-to-bio-oil-and-charcoal-by-using-the-process-of-pyrolysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34906.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">480</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3736</span> Durability of Cement Bonded Particleboards Produced from Terminalia superba and Gmelina arborea against Subterranean Termite Attack</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amos%20Olajide%20Oluyege">Amos Olajide Oluyege</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emmanuel%20Uchechukwu%20Opara"> Emmanuel Uchechukwu Opara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunday%20Adeniyi%20Adedutan"> Sunday Adeniyi Adedutan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joseph%20Adeola%20%20Fuwape"> Joseph Adeola Fuwape</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was conducted to determine the durability of wood-cement particleboards when exposed to attack by subterranean termites, Macrotermes subhylinus. The boards were made from Terminalia superba and Gmelina arborea wood sawdust at nominal board densities (BD) of 1000, 900, and 800 kg/m³ using wood-cement mixing ratios (MR) of 3:1, 2.5:1, 2:1, and 1:1. Above ground durability tests against termite attack were carried out according to ASTM D 2017 for 14 weeks. Results of visual assessment of the wood cement particleboards show that all the board samples had a visual rating that was not less than 7 (i.e., moderate attack) for both species irrespective of the MR and BD. T. superba boards were found to have higher resistance to termite attack compared to their G. arborea counterparts. The mean values for weight loss following exposure ranged from 1.93 to 6.13% and 3.24 to 12.44%. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results of the weight loss assessment revealed a significant (p < 0.05) effect of species and mixing ratio on the weight loss of the boards due to termite attack with F(₁,₇₂) = 92.890 and P = 0.000 and F(₃,₇₂) = 8.318 and p = 0.000, while board density did not have any significant effect (p > 0.05) with F (₂,₇₂) = 1.307 and p = 0.277. Thus, boards made from a higher mixing ratio had better resistance against termite attacks. Thus, it can be concluded that the durability of cement-bonded particleboards when exposed to subterranean termite attack is not only dependent on the quality of the wood raw material (species) but also on the enhanced protection imparted by the cement matrix; the protection increased with increase in cement/wood mixing ratio. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cement-bonded%20particleboard" title="cement-bonded particleboard">cement-bonded particleboard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixing%20ratio" title=" mixing ratio"> mixing ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=board%20density" title=" board density"> board density</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gmelina%20arborea" title=" Gmelina arborea"> Gmelina arborea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Terminalia%20superba" title=" Terminalia superba"> Terminalia superba</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134957/durability-of-cement-bonded-particleboards-produced-from-terminalia-superba-and-gmelina-arborea-against-subterranean-termite-attack" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134957.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">214</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3735</span> Analysis of Flexural Behavior of Wood-Concrete Beams</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Li">M. Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20D.%20Thi"> V. D. Thi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Khelifa"> M. Khelifa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20El%20Ganaoui"> M. El Ganaoui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study presents an overview of the work carried out by the use of wood waste as coarse aggregate in mortar. The paper describes experimental and numerical investigations carried on pervious concrete made of wood chips and also sheds lights on the mechanical properties of this new product. The properties of pervious wood-concrete such as strength, elastic modulus, and failure modes are compared and evaluated. The characterization procedure of the mechanical properties of wood waste ash are presented and discussed. The numerical and tested load–deflection response results are compared. It was observed that the numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20waste%20ash" title="wood waste ash">wood waste ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characterization" title=" characterization"> characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20properties" title=" mechanical properties"> mechanical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bending%20tests" title=" bending tests"> bending tests</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67172/analysis-of-flexural-behavior-of-wood-concrete-beams" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67172.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">306</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3734</span> Wood Ashes from Electrostatic Filter as a Replacement for the Fly Ashes in Concrete</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Piotr-Robert%20Lazik">Piotr-Robert Lazik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Harald%20Garrecht"> Harald Garrecht</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Many concrete technologists are looking for a solution to replace Fly Ashes that would be unavailable in a few years as an element that occurs as a major component of many types of concrete. The importance of such component is clear - it saves cement and reduces the amount of CO<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere that occurs during cement production. Wood Ashes from electrostatic filter can be used as a valuable substitute in concrete. The laboratory investigations showed that the wood ash concrete had a compressive strength comparable to coal fly ash concrete. These results indicate that wood ash can be used to manufacture normal concrete. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20ashes" title="wood ashes">wood ashes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fly%20ashes" title=" fly ashes"> fly ashes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20filter" title=" electric filter"> electric filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=replacement" title=" replacement"> replacement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete%20technology" title=" concrete technology"> concrete technology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117423/wood-ashes-from-electrostatic-filter-as-a-replacement-for-the-fly-ashes-in-concrete" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117423.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3733</span> Chromium Adsorption by Modified Wood</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Domingos">I. Domingos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Esteves"> B. Esteves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Figueirinha"> A. Figueirinha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lu%C3%ADsa%20P.%20Cruz-Lopes"> Luísa P. Cruz-Lopes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Ferreira"> J. Ferreira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Pereira"> H. Pereira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Chromium is one of the most common heavy metals which exist in very high concentrations in wastewater. The removal is very expensive due to the high cost of normal adsorbents. Lignocellulosic materials and mainly treated materials have proven to be a good solution for this problem. Adsorption tests were performed at different pH, different times and with varying concentrations. Results show that is at pH 3 that treated wood absorbs more chromium ranging from 70% (2h treatment) to almost 100% (12 h treatment) much more than untreated wood with less than 40%. Most of the adsorption is made in the first 2-3 hours for untreated and heat treated wood. Modified wood adsorbs more chromium throughout the time. For all the samples, adsorption fitted relatively well the Langmuir model with correlation coefficient ranging from 0.85 to 0.97. The results show that heat treated wood is a good adsorbent ant that this might be a good utilization for sawdust from treating companies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adsorption" title="adsorption">adsorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chromium" title=" chromium"> chromium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20treatment" title=" heat treatment"> heat treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20modification" title=" wood modification"> wood modification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11132/chromium-adsorption-by-modified-wood" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11132.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">499</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3732</span> Friction Behavior of Wood-Plastic Composites against Uncoated Cemented Carbide</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Almontas%20Vilutis">Almontas Vilutis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vytenis%20Jankauskas"> Vytenis Jankauskas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper presents the results of the investigation of the dry sliding friction of wood-plastic composites (WPCs) against WC-Co cemented carbide. The dependence of the dynamic coefficient of friction on the main influencing factors (vertical load, temperature, and sliding distance) was investigated by evaluating their mutual interaction. Multiple regression analysis showed a high polynomial dependence (adjusted R2 > 0.98). The resistance of the composite to thermo-mechanical effects determines how temperature and force factors affect the magnitude of the coefficient of friction. WPC-B composite has the lowest friction and highest resistance compared to WPC-A, while composite and cemented carbide materials wear the least. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), based on elemental composition, provided important insights into the friction process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=friction" title="friction">friction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite" title=" composite"> composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbide" title=" carbide"> carbide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factors" title=" factors"> factors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170669/friction-behavior-of-wood-plastic-composites-against-uncoated-cemented-carbide" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170669.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">83</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3731</span> Biotechonomy System Dynamics Modelling: Sustainability of Pellet Production</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andra%20Blumberga">Andra Blumberga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Armands%20Gravelsins"> Armands Gravelsins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haralds%20Vigants"> Haralds Vigants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dagnija%20Blumberga"> Dagnija Blumberga </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper discovers biotechonomy development analysis by use of system dynamics modelling. The research is connected with investigations of biomass application for production of bioproducts with higher added value. The most popular bioresource is wood, and therefore, the main question today is about future development and eco-design of products. The paper emphasizes and evaluates energy sector which is open for use of wood logs, wood chips, wood pellets and so on. The main aim for this research study was to build a framework to analyse development perspectives for wood pellet production. To reach the goal, a system dynamics model of energy wood supplies, processing, and consumption is built. Production capacity, energy consumption, changes in energy and technology efficiency, required labour source, prices of wood, energy and labour are taken into account. Validation and verification tests with available data and information have been carried out and indicate that the model constitutes the dynamic hypothesis. It is found that the more is invested into pellets production, the higher the specific profit per production unit compared to wood logs and wood chips. As a result, wood chips production is decreasing dramatically and is replaced by wood pellets. The limiting factor for pellet industry growth is availability of wood sources. This is governed by felling limit set by the government based on sustainable forestry principles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioenergy" title="bioenergy">bioenergy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biotechonomy" title=" biotechonomy"> biotechonomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=system%20dynamics%20modelling" title=" system dynamics modelling"> system dynamics modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20pellets" title=" wood pellets"> wood pellets</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56293/biotechonomy-system-dynamics-modelling-sustainability-of-pellet-production" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56293.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">410</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3730</span> Wood Framing Roof Resistant Support for Hurricane</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Hajyalikhani">P. Hajyalikhani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Gilmore"> E. Gilmore</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Petty"> C. Petty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Duron"> J. Duron</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wood framed construction is the most popular method of construction for residential buildings. The typical roof framing for wood-framed buildings is sloped and consists of several structural members, such as rafters, hips, and valleys that link to the ridge and ceiling joists. The most common type of wood framing used is platform framing, also known as stick framing. Failures of the wood framing structures are among the most common types of wind damage in densely populated regions. Wood-framed buildings are under uplift during tornadoes and hurricanes which cause the failure in the roof. The bracing long structure members such as hip and valley have a large impact on the resilience of wood-framed buildings. As a result, the common failures in wood-framed buildings are reviewed, and the critical support locations for lengthy hips and valleys with various slopes are analyzed and recommended. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rafters" title="rafters">rafters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hips" title=" hips"> hips</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=valleys" title=" valleys"> valleys</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hip" title=" hip"> hip</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ceiling%20joist" title=" ceiling joist"> ceiling joist</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=roof%20failures" title=" roof failures"> roof failures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residential%20and%20commercial%20structures" title=" residential and commercial structures"> residential and commercial structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hurricane" title=" hurricane"> hurricane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tornadoes" title=" tornadoes"> tornadoes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20codes" title=" building codes"> building codes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183819/wood-framing-roof-resistant-support-for-hurricane" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183819.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">65</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3729</span> Investigation on the Effect of Sugarcane Bagasse/HDPE Composition on the Screw Withdrawal Resistance of Injection Molded Parts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Abdol%20Mohammad%20Rezavand">Seyed Abdol Mohammad Rezavand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Nikbakhsh"> Mohammad Nikbakhsh </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Withdrawal resistance of screws driven into HDPE/Sugarcane Bagasse injection molded parts was investigated. After chemical treatment and drying, SCB was pre-mixed with HDPE using twin extruder. The resulting granules are used in producing samples in injection molding machine. SCB with the quantity of %10, %20, and %30 was used. By using a suitable fixture, screw heads can take with tensile test machine grips. Parts with screws in the center and edge were fasten together. Then, withdrawal resistance was measured with tensile test machine. Injection gate is at the one edge of the part. The results show that by increasing SCB content in composite, the withdrawal resistance is decreased. Furthermore, the withdrawal resistance at the edges (near injection gate and the end of the filling path of mold cavity) is more than that of the center. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyethylene" title="polyethylene">polyethylene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sugarcane%20bagasse" title=" sugarcane bagasse"> sugarcane bagasse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20plastic" title=" wood plastic"> wood plastic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=screw" title=" screw"> screw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=withdrawal%20resistance" title=" withdrawal resistance"> withdrawal resistance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32925/investigation-on-the-effect-of-sugarcane-bagassehdpe-composition-on-the-screw-withdrawal-resistance-of-injection-molded-parts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32925.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">583</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3728</span> Olive Seed Tannins as Bioadhesives for Manufacturing Wood-Based Panels</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajith%20K.%20A.%20Gedara">Ajith K. A. Gedara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iva%20Chianella"> Iva Chianella</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jose%20L.%20Endrino"> Jose L. Endrino</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qi%20Zhang"> Qi Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The olive seed is a by-product of the olive oil production industry. Biuret test and ferric chloride test revealed that water or alkali NaOH extractions of olive seed flour are rich in proteins and tannins. Both protein and tannins are well-known bio-based wood adhesives in the wood-based panel industry. In general, tannins-based adhesives show better mechanical and physical properties than protein wood adhesives. This paper explores different methods of extracting tannins from olive seed flour against the tannins yield and their applications as bio-based adhesives in wood-based panels. Once investigated, the physical and the mechanical properties of wood-based panels made using bio-adhesives based tannins extracted from olive seed flour revealed that the resulting products seemed to satisfy the Japanese Industrial Standards JIS A 5908:2015. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-adhesives" title="bio-adhesives">bio-adhesives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=olive%20seed%20flour" title=" olive seed flour"> olive seed flour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tannins" title=" tannins"> tannins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood-based%20panels" title=" wood-based panels"> wood-based panels</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137443/olive-seed-tannins-as-bioadhesives-for-manufacturing-wood-based-panels" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137443.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3727</span> The Effect of Transparent Oil Wood Stain on the Colour Stability of Spruce Wood during Weathering </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eliska%20Oberhofnerova">Eliska Oberhofnerova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Milos%20Panek"> Milos Panek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stepan%20Hysek"> Stepan Hysek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin%20Lexa"> Martin Lexa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays the use of wood, both indoors and outdoors, is constantly increasing. However wood is a natural organic material and in the exterior is subjected to a degradation process caused by abiotic factors (solar radiation, rain, moisture, wind, dust etc.). This process affects only surface layers of wood but neglecting some of the basic rules of wood protection leads to increased possibility of biological agents attack and thereby influences a function of the wood element. The process of wood degradation can be decreased by proper surface treatment, especially in the case of less naturally durable wood species, as spruce. Modern coating systems are subjected to many requirements such as colour stability, hydrophobicity, low volatile organic compound (VOC) content, long service life or easy maintenance. The aim of this study is to evaluate the colour stability of spruce wood (Picea abies), as the basic parameter indicating the coating durability, treated with two layers of transparent natural oil wood stain and exposed to outdoor conditions. The test specimens were exposed for 2 years to natural weathering and 2000 hours to artificial weathering in UV-chamber. The colour parameters were measured before and during exposure to weathering by the spectrophotometer according to CIELab colour space. The comparison between untreated and treated wood and both testing procedures was carried out. The results showed a significant effect of coating on the colour stability of wood, as expected. Nevertheless, increasing colour changes of wood observed during the exposure to weathering differed according to applied testing procedure - natural and artificial. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colour%20stability" title="colour stability">colour stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20and%20artificial%20weathering" title=" natural and artificial weathering"> natural and artificial weathering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spruce%20wood" title=" spruce wood"> spruce wood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transparent%20coating" title=" transparent coating"> transparent coating</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73590/the-effect-of-transparent-oil-wood-stain-on-the-colour-stability-of-spruce-wood-during-weathering" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73590.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">220</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3726</span> Constraints and Opportunities of Wood Production Value Chain: Evidence from Southwest Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abduselam%20Faris">Abduselam Faris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rijalu%20Negash"> Rijalu Negash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zera%20Kedir"> Zera Kedir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was initiated to identify constraints and opportunities of the wood production value chain in Southwest Ethiopia. About 385 wood trees growing farmers were randomly interviewed. Similarly, about 30 small-scale wood processors, 30 retailers, 15 local collectors and 5 wholesalers were purposively included in the study. The results of the study indicated that 98.96 % of the smallholder farmers that engaged in the production of wood trees which is used for wood were male-headed, with an average age of 46.88 years. The main activity that the household engaged was agriculture (crop and livestock) which accounts for about 61.56% of the sample respondents. Through value chain mapping of actors, the major value chain participant and supporting actors were identified. On average, the tree-growing farmers generated gross income of 9385.926 Ethiopian birr during the survey year. Among the critical constraints identified along the wood production value chain was limited supply of credit, poor market information dissemination, high interference of brokers, and shortage of machines, inadequate working area and electricity. The availability of forest resources is the leading opportunity in the wood production value chain. Reinforcing the linkage among wood production value chain actors, providing skill training for small-scale processors, and developing suitable policy for wood tree wise use is key recommendations forward. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=value%20chain%20analysis" title="value chain analysis">value chain analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20production" title=" wood production"> wood production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=southwest%20Ethiopia" title=" southwest Ethiopia"> southwest Ethiopia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constraints%20and%20opportunities" title=" constraints and opportunities"> constraints and opportunities</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150339/constraints-and-opportunities-of-wood-production-value-chain-evidence-from-southwest-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150339.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3725</span> Analysis of Green Wood Preservation Chemicals</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aitor%20Barbero-L%C3%B3pez">Aitor Barbero-López</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soumaya%20Chibily"> Soumaya Chibily</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gerhard%20Scheepers"> Gerhard Scheepers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thomas%20Grahn"> Thomas Grahn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martti%20Ven%C3%A4l%C3%A4inen"> Martti Venäläinen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antti%20Haapala"> Antti Haapala</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wood decay is addressed continuously within the wood industry through use and development of wood preservatives. The increasing awareness on the negative effects of many chemicals towards the environment is causing political restrictions in their use and creating more urgent need for research on green alternatives. This paper discusses some of the possible natural extracts for wood preserving applications and compares the analytical methods available for testing their behavior and efficiency against decay fungi. The results indicate that natural extracts have interesting chemical constituents that delay fungal growth but vary in efficiency depending on the chemical concentration and substrate used. Results also suggest that presence and redistribution of preservatives in wood during exposure trials can be assessed by spectral imaging methods although standardized methods are not available. This study concludes that, in addition to the many standard methods available, there is a need to develop new faster methods for screening potential preservative formulation while maintaining the comparability and relevance of results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analytics" title="analytics">analytics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methods" title=" methods"> methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=preservatives" title=" preservatives"> preservatives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20decay" title=" wood decay"> wood decay</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85085/analysis-of-green-wood-preservation-chemicals" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85085.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">232</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3724</span> Development of a New Characterization Method to Analyse Cypermethrin Penetration in Wood Material by Immunolabelling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandra%20Tapin-Lingua">Sandra Tapin-Lingua</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katia%20Ruel"> Katia Ruel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jean-Paul%20Joseleau"> Jean-Paul Joseleau</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daouia%20Messaoudi"> Daouia Messaoudi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olivier%20Fahy"> Olivier Fahy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michel%20Petit-Conil"> Michel Petit-Conil</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The preservative efficacy of organic biocides is strongly related to their capacity of penetration and retention within wood tissues. The specific detection of the pyrethroid insecticide is currently obtained after extraction followed by chemical analysis by chromatography techniques. However visualizing the insecticide molecule within the wood structure requires specific probes together with microscopy techniques. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to apply a new methodology based on antibody-antigen recognition and electronic microscopy to visualize directly pyrethroids in the wood material. A polyclonal antibody directed against cypermethrin was developed and implement it on Pinus sylvestris wood samples coated with technical cypermethrin. The antibody was tested on impregnated wood and the specific recognition of the insecticide was visualized in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The immunogold-TEM assay evidenced the capacity of the synthetic biocide to penetrate in the wood. The depth of penetration was measured on sections taken at increasing distances from the coated surface of the wood. Such results correlated with chemical analyzes carried out by GC-ECD after extraction. In addition, the immuno-TEM investigation allowed visualizing, for the first time at the ultrastructure scale of resolution, that cypermethrin was able to diffuse within the secondary wood cell walls. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cypermethrin" title="cypermethrin">cypermethrin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insecticide" title=" insecticide"> insecticide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20penetration" title=" wood penetration"> wood penetration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20retention" title=" wood retention"> wood retention</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immuno-transmission%20electron%20microscopy" title=" immuno-transmission electron microscopy"> immuno-transmission electron microscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyclonal%20antibody" title=" polyclonal antibody"> polyclonal antibody</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36690/development-of-a-new-characterization-method-to-analyse-cypermethrin-penetration-in-wood-material-by-immunolabelling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36690.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">413</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3723</span> Kinetic Analysis of Wood Pellets by Isothermal Calorimetry for Evaluating its Self-heating Potential</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Can%20Yao">Can Yao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chang%20Dong%20Sheng"> Chang Dong Sheng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The heat released by wood pellets during storage will cause self-heating and even self-ignition. In this work, the heat release rates of pine, fir wood and mahogany pellets at 30–70℃ were measured by TAM air isothermal calorimeter, and the kinetic analysis was performed by iso-conversion ratio and non-steady-state methods to evaluate its self-heating potential. The results show that the reaction temperature can significantly affect the heat release rate. The higher the temperature, the greater the heat release rate. The heat release rates of different kinds of wood pellets are obviously different, and the order of the heat release rates for the three pellets at 70℃ is pine > fir wood > mahogany. The kinetic analysis of the iso-conversion ratio method indicates that the distribution of activation energy for pine, fir wood and mahogany pellets under the release of 0.1–1.0 J/g specific heat are 58–102 kJ/mol, 59–108 kJ/mol and 59–112 kJ/mol, respectively. Their activation energies obtained from the non-steady-state kinetic analysis are 13.43 kJ/mol, 19.19 kJ/mol and 21.09 kJ/mol, respectively. Both kinetic analyses show that the magnitude of self-heating risk for the three pellet fuels is pine pellets > fir wood pellets > mahogany pellets. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=isothermal%20calorimeter" title="isothermal calorimeter">isothermal calorimeter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kinetics" title=" kinetics"> kinetics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-heating" title=" self-heating"> self-heating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20pellets" title=" wood pellets"> wood pellets</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147219/kinetic-analysis-of-wood-pellets-by-isothermal-calorimetry-for-evaluating-its-self-heating-potential" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147219.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">172</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20resistance.&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20resistance.&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20resistance.&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20resistance.&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20resistance.&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20resistance.&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20resistance.&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20resistance.&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20resistance.&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20resistance.&page=125">125</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20resistance.&page=126">126</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20resistance.&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>