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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Symbiosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbiosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Genome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Learning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction_and_sexual_phenomena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction_and_sexual_phenomena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Reproduction and sexual phenomena</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reproduction_and_sexual_phenomena-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reproduction and sexual phenomena subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reproduction_and_sexual_phenomena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conjugation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjugation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Conjugation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjugation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Aging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meiosis_and_rejuvenation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meiosis_and_rejuvenation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Meiosis and rejuvenation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meiosis_and_rejuvenation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Video gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>List of species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Paramecium</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="براميسيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="براميسيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="পেৰামেচিয়াম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পেৰামেচিয়াম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Чехълчета – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чехълчета" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecium" title="Paramecium – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Paramecium" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameci" title="Parameci – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Parameci" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trepka" title="Trepka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trepka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantoffeltierchen" title="Pantoffeltierchen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pantoffeltierchen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingloom" title="Kingloom – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kingloom" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecium" title="Paramecium – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paramecium" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecio" title="Paramecio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paramecio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramezio" title="Paramezio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paramezio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="پارامسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پارامسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Param%C3%A9cie" title="Paramécie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paramécie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraim%C3%A9iciam" title="Paraiméiciam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Paraiméiciam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecio" title="Paramecio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paramecio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%9A%EC%8B%A0%EB%B2%8C%EB%A0%88" title="짚신벌레 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="짚신벌레" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Հողաթափիկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հողաթափիկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पैरामिसियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पैरामिसियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papu%C4%8Dica" title="Papučica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Papučica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecium" title="Paramecium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paramecium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecium" title="Paramecium – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paramecium" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="סנדלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סנדלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecium" title="Paramecium – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paramecium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ქალამანა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქალამანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecium" title="Paramecium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paramecium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klumpel%C4%97s" title="Klumpelės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Klumpelės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papucs%C3%A1llatka" title="Papucsállatka – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Papucsállatka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Парамециум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Парамециум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="പരമീസിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പരമീസിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="براميسيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="براميسيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramesium" title="Paramesium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paramesium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantoffeldiertjes" title="Pantoffeldiertjes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pantoffeldiertjes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BE%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B7" title="ゾウリムシ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゾウリムシ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B8ffeldyr" title="Tøffeldyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tøffeldyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B8ffeldyr" title="Tøffeldyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tøffeldyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neefcaantaa" title="Neefcaantaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Neefcaantaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85" title="پیرامیشیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیرامیشیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantofelki" title="Pantofelki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pantofelki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecium" title="Paramecium – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paramecium" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameci" title="Parameci – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Parameci" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Парамеции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парамеции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameci" title="Parameci – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Parameci" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecium" title="Paramecium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paramecium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecij" title="Paramecij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Paramecij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Папучица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папучица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genus of unicellular ciliates, commonly studied as a representative of the ciliate group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Paramecia" redirects here. For the prehistoric protist, see <a href="/wiki/Paramecia_(alga)" title="Paramecia (alga)">Paramecia (alga)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(200,250,80)"><i>Paramecium</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Paramecium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt=""Paramecium aurelia"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Paramecium.jpg/220px-Paramecium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Paramecium.jpg/330px-Paramecium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Paramecium.jpg/440px-Paramecium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="738" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Paramecium_aurelia" title="Paramecium aurelia">Paramecium aurelia</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Paramecium" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SAR_supergroup" title="SAR supergroup">SAR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolate" title="Alveolate">Alveolata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliophora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oligohymenophorea" title="Oligohymenophorea">Oligohymenophorea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peniculid" title="Peniculid">Peniculida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parameciidae" title="Parameciidae">Parameciidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Paramecium</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Otto_Friedrich_M%C3%BCller" title="Otto Friedrich Müller">Müller</a>, 1773</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(200,250,80)">Species </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>See text </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i>Paramoecium</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Johann_Hermann" title="Johann Hermann">Hermann</a>, 1783</small></li><li><i>Paramœcium</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Johann_Hermann" title="Johann Hermann">Hermann</a>, 1783</small></li><li><i>Chloroparamecium</i> <small>Fokin, Przybos, Chivilev, Beier, Horn, Skotarczak, Wodecka & Fujishima, 2004</small></li><li><i>Viridoparamecium</i> <small>Kreutz, Stoeck & Foissner, 2012</small></li></ul></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Paramecium</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ær/: 'arr' in 'marry'">ær</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">PARR</span>-ə-<span style="font-size:90%">MEE</span>-s(ee-)əm</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">-⁠see-əm</i></a>, plural "paramecia" only when used as a <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">vernacular name</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a genus of <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic">eukaryotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicellular">unicellular</a> <a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">ciliates</a>, widespread in <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brackish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackish">brackish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">marine</a> environments. Paramecia are often abundant in stagnant basins and ponds. Because some species are readily cultivated and easily induced to <a href="/wiki/Sexual_conjugation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual conjugation">conjugate</a> and divide, they have been widely used in classrooms and laboratories to study <a href="/wiki/Biological_process" title="Biological process">biological processes</a>. <i>Paramecium</i> species are commonly studied as <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organisms</a> of the ciliate group and have been characterized as the "<a href="/wiki/Laboratory_rat" title="Laboratory rat">white rats</a>" of the phylum <a href="/wiki/Ciliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliophora">Ciliophora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CCG_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muller_paramecium_aurelia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Muller_paramecium_aurelia.jpg/300px-Muller_paramecium_aurelia.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Muller_paramecium_aurelia.jpg/450px-Muller_paramecium_aurelia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Muller_paramecium_aurelia.jpg/600px-Muller_paramecium_aurelia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption>Paramecia, illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Friedrich_M%C3%BCller" title="Otto Friedrich Müller">Otto Müller</a>, 1773</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paramecium_from_Philosophical_Transactions_1703.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Paramecium_from_Philosophical_Transactions_1703.jpg/280px-Paramecium_from_Philosophical_Transactions_1703.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Paramecium_from_Philosophical_Transactions_1703.jpg/420px-Paramecium_from_Philosophical_Transactions_1703.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Paramecium_from_Philosophical_Transactions_1703.jpg/560px-Paramecium_from_Philosophical_Transactions_1703.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>Earliest known illustration of <i>Paramecium</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joblot_chausson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Joblot_chausson.jpg/280px-Joblot_chausson.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Joblot_chausson.jpg/420px-Joblot_chausson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Joblot_chausson.jpg/560px-Joblot_chausson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>"Slipper animalcule," illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Joblot" title="Louis Joblot">Louis Joblot</a>, 1718</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Paramecium</i> were among the first ciliates to be observed by <a href="/wiki/Microscopy" title="Microscopy">microscopists</a>, in the late 17th century. They were most likely known to the Dutch pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Protozoology" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoology">protozoology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a>, and were clearly described by his contemporary <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a> in a letter from 1678.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known illustration of a <i>Paramecium</i> species was published anonymously in <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</a> in 1703.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1718, the French mathematics teacher and microscopist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Joblot" title="Louis Joblot">Louis Joblot</a> published a description and illustration of a microscopic <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">poisson</i></span> (fish), which he discovered in an <a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">infusion</a> of oak bark in water. Joblot gave this creature the name <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">"Chausson"</i></span>, or "slipper", and the phrase "slipper animalcule" remained in use as a colloquial epithet for <i>Paramecium</i>, throughout the 18th and 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "<i>Paramecium</i>" – constructed from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">παραμήκης</span></span> (<i>paramēkēs</i>, "oblong") – was coined in 1752 by the English microscopist <a href="/wiki/John_Hill_(botanist)" title="John Hill (botanist)">John Hill</a>, who applied the name generally to "<a href="/wiki/Animalcules" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalcules">Animalcules</a> which have no visible limbs or tails, and are of an irregularly oblong figure."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1773, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Friedrich_M%C3%BCller" title="Otto Friedrich Müller">O. F. Müller</a>, the first researcher to place the genus within the <a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">Linnaean</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a>, adopted the name <i>Paramecium</i> but changed the spelling to <i>Paramæcium.</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1783, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Hermann" title="Johann Hermann">Johann Hermann</a> changed the spelling once more, to <i>Paramœcium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_Ehrenberg" title="Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg">C. G. Ehrenberg</a>, in a major study of the <a href="/wiki/Infusoria" title="Infusoria">infusoria</a> published in 1838, restored Hill's original spelling for the name, and most researchers have followed his lead.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paramecium_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A diagram of Paramecium caudatum"><img alt="A diagram of Paramecium caudatum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Paramecium_diagram.png/370px-Paramecium_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Paramecium_diagram.png/555px-Paramecium_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Paramecium_diagram.png/740px-Paramecium_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="1075" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of <i>Paramecium caudatum</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Species of <i>Paramecium</i> range in size from 0.06 mm to 0.3 mm in length. Cells are typically ovoid, elongate, or foot- or cigar-shaped. </p><p>The body of the cell is enclosed by a stiff but elastic structure called the <a href="/wiki/Pellicle_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pellicle (biology)">pellicle</a>. The pellicle consists of an outer <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a> (plasma membrane), a layer of flattened membrane-bound sacs called <i>alveoli</i>, and an inner membrane called the <i>epiplasm</i>. The pellicle is not smooth, but textured with hexagonal or rectangular depressions. Each of these polygons is perforated by a central aperture through which a single cilium projects. Between the alveolar sacs of the pellicle, most species of <i>Paramecium</i> have closely spaced spindle-shaped <a href="/wiki/Trichocyst" title="Trichocyst">trichocysts</a>, explosive organelles that discharge thin, non-toxic filaments, often used for defensive purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically, an <a href="/wiki/Anal_pore" title="Anal pore">anal pore</a> (cytoproct) is located on the <a href="/wiki/Ventral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral">ventral</a> surface, in the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior (anatomy)">posterior</a> half of the cell. In all species, there is a deep oral groove running from the <a href="/wiki/Anterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior">anterior</a> of the cell to its midpoint. This is lined with inconspicuous <a href="/wiki/Cilium" title="Cilium">cilia</a> which beat continuously, drawing food into the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Curds_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curds-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Paramecium</i> are primarily <a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">heterotrophic</a>, feeding on <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and other small organisms. A few species are <a href="/wiki/Mixotroph" title="Mixotroph">mixotrophs</a>, deriving some nutrients from <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiont" title="Endosymbiont">endosymbiotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorella" title="Chlorella">chlorella</a>) carried in the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> of the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Osmoregulation" title="Osmoregulation">Osmoregulation</a> is carried out by <a href="/wiki/Contractile_vacuole" title="Contractile vacuole">contractile vacuoles</a>, which actively expel water from the cell to compensate for fluid absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis">osmosis</a> from its surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-Reece134_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reece134-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of contractile vacuoles varies depending on the species.<sup id="cite_ref-Curds_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curds-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Movement">Movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>Paramecium</i> propels itself by whip-like movements of the cilia, which are arranged in tightly spaced rows around the outside of the body. The beat of each cilium has two phases: a fast "effective stroke," during which the cilium is relatively stiff, followed by a slow "recovery stroke," during which the cilium curls loosely to one side and sweeps forward in a counter-clockwise fashion. The densely arrayed cilia move in a coordinated fashion, with waves of activity moving across the "ciliary carpet," creating an effect sometimes likened to that of the wind blowing across a field of grain.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Paramecium</i> spirals through the water as it progresses. When it happens to encounter an obstacle, the "effective stroke" of its cilia is reversed and the organism swims backward for a brief time, before resuming its forward progress. This is called the <a href="/wiki/Avoidance_reaction" title="Avoidance reaction">avoidance reaction</a>. If it runs into the solid object again, it repeats this process, until it can get past the object.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been calculated that a <i>Paramecium</i> expends more than half of its energy in propelling itself through the water.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ciliary method of locomotion has been found to be less than 1% efficient. This low percentage is nevertheless close to the maximum theoretical efficiency that can be achieved by an organism equipped with cilia as short as those of the members of <i>Paramecium.</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gathering_food">Gathering food</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gathering food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8!.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%21.gif/220px-%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%21.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%21.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Paramecium feeding on Bacteria</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Paramecium</i> feed on microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, and <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeasts</a>. To gather food, the <i>Paramecium</i> makes movements with cilia to sweep prey organisms, along with some water, through the oral groove (vestibulum, or vestibule), and into the cell. The food passes from the cilia-lined oral groove into a narrower structure known as the buccal cavity (gullet). From there, food particles pass through a small opening called the <a href="/wiki/Cytostome" title="Cytostome">cytostome</a>, or cell mouth, and move into the interior of the cell. As food enters the cell, it is gathered into food <a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">vacuoles</a>, which are periodically closed off and released into the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a>, where they begin circulating through the cell body by the streaming movement of the cell contents, a process called cyclosis or <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasmic_streaming" title="Cytoplasmic streaming">cytoplasmic streaming</a>. As a food vacuole moves along, <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> from the cytoplasm enter it, to digest the contents. As enzymatic digestion proceeds, the vacuole contents become more acidic. Within five minutes of a vacuole's formation, the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of its contents drops from 7 to 3.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As digested nutrients pass into the cytoplasm, the vacuole shrinks. When the fully digested vacuole reaches the anal pore, it ruptures, expelling its waste contents outside the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reece584_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reece584-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbiosis">Symbiosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Symbiosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some species of <i>Paramecium</i> form <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualistic</a> relationships with other organisms. <i><a href="/wiki/Paramecium_bursaria" title="Paramecium bursaria">Paramecium bursaria</a></i> and <i>Paramecium chlorelligerum</i> harbour endosymbiotic green algae, from which they derive nutrients and a degree of protection from predators such as <i><a href="/wiki/Didinium#Didinium_nasutum" title="Didinium">Didinium nasutum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous bacterial endosymbionts have been identified in species of <i>Paramecium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Preer-1974_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preer-1974-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some intracellular bacteria, known as <a href="/wiki/Kappa_particle" class="mw-redirect" title="Kappa particle">kappa particles</a>, give <i>Paramecium</i> the ability to kill other strains of <i>Paramecium</i> that lack kappa particles.<sup id="cite_ref-Preer-1974_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preer-1974-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genome">Genome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Genome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> of the species <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_tetraurelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium tetraurelia (page does not exist)">Paramecium tetraurelia</a></i> has been sequenced, providing evidence for three whole-<a href="/wiki/Genome_duplications" class="mw-redirect" title="Genome duplications">genome duplications</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some ciliates, like <i><a href="/wiki/Stylonychia" title="Stylonychia">Stylonychia</a></i> and <i>Paramecium</i>, only UGA is decoded as a <a href="/wiki/Genetic_code#Start_and_stop_codons" title="Genetic code">stop codon</a>, while UAG and UAA are reassigned as sense codons (that is, codons that code for standard amino acids), coding for the <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">glutamic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Learning">Learning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The question of whether <i>Paramecium</i> exhibit learning has been the object of a great deal of experimentation, yielding equivocal results. However, a study published in 2006 seems to show that <i><a href="/wiki/Paramecium_caudatum" title="Paramecium caudatum">Paramecium caudatum</a></i> may be trained, through the application of a 6.5 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a>, to discriminate between brightness levels.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This experiment has been cited as a possible instance of cell memory, or <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">epigenetic learning</a> in organisms with no <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction_and_sexual_phenomena">Reproduction and sexual phenomena</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reproduction and sexual phenomena"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like all ciliates, <i>Paramecium</i> have a dual <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nuclear apparatus</a>, consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Polyploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyploid">polyploid</a> <a href="/wiki/Macronucleus" title="Macronucleus">macronucleus</a>, and one or more <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> <a href="/wiki/Micronuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Micronuclei">micronuclei</a>. The macronucleus controls non-reproductive cell functions, expressing the <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> needed for daily functioning. The micronucleus is the generative, or <a href="/wiki/Germline" title="Germline">germline</a> nucleus, containing the genetic material that is passed along from one generation to the next.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott-1971_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-1971-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Paramecium</i> reproduction is <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexual</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Fission_(biology)" title="Fission (biology)">binary fission</a>, which has been characterized as "the sole mode of reproduction in ciliates" (<a href="/wiki/Ciliate#Reproduction_and_sexual_phenomena" title="Ciliate">conjugation</a> being a sexual phenomenon, not directly resulting in increase of numbers).<sup id="cite_ref-CCG_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raikov-1972_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raikov-1972-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During fission, the macronucleus splits by a type of <a href="/wiki/Amitosis" title="Amitosis">amitosis</a>, and the micronuclei undergo <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a>. The cell then divides transversally, and each new cell obtains a copy of the micronucleus and the macronucleus.<sup id="cite_ref-CCG_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fission may occur spontaneously, in the course of the vegetative <a href="/wiki/Cell_cycle" title="Cell cycle">cell cycle</a>. Under certain conditions, it may be preceded by self-fertilization (<a href="/wiki/Autogamy" title="Autogamy">autogamy</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or it may immediately follow <a href="/wiki/Isogamy" title="Isogamy">conjugation</a>, in which <i>Paramecium</i> of compatible mating types fuse temporarily and exchange genetic material. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conjugation">Conjugation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Conjugation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ciliates such as <i>Paramecium</i>, conjugation is a sexual phenomenon that results in <a href="/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination">genetic recombination</a> and nuclear reorganization within the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott-1971_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-1971-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Preer-1974_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preer-1974-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During conjugation, two <i>Paramecium</i> of a compatible mating type come together and form a bridge between their <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasms</a>. Their respective micronuclei undergo <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a> micronuclei are exchanged over the bridge. Following conjugation, the cells separate. The old macronuclei are destroyed, and both post-conjugants form new macronuclei, by amplification of DNA in their micronuclei.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott-1971_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-1971-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conjugation is followed by one or more "exconjugant divisions."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Stages of conjugation<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stages_of_ciliate_conjugation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Stages_of_ciliate_conjugation.svg/562px-Stages_of_ciliate_conjugation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="562" height="423" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Stages_of_ciliate_conjugation.svg/843px-Stages_of_ciliate_conjugation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Stages_of_ciliate_conjugation.svg/1124px-Stages_of_ciliate_conjugation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Stages of conjugation in <i>Paramecium caudatum</i></figcaption></figure></dt></dl> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Paramecium_caudatum" title="Paramecium caudatum">Paramecium caudatum</a></i>, the stages of conjugation are as follows (see diagram at right): </p> <ol><li>Compatible mating strains meet and partly fuse</li> <li>The micronuclei undergo meiosis, producing four haploid micronuclei per cell.</li> <li>Three of these micronuclei disintegrate. The fourth undergoes mitosis.</li> <li>The two cells exchange a micronucleus.</li> <li>The cells then separate.</li> <li>The micronuclei in each cell fuse, forming a diploid micronucleus.</li> <li>Mitosis occurs three times, giving rise to eight micronuclei.</li> <li>Four of the new micronuclei transform into macronuclei, and the old macronucleus disintegrates.</li> <li>Binary fission occurs twice, yielding four identical daughter cells.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aging">Aging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the asexual fission phase of growth, during which cell divisions occur by mitosis rather than meiosis, clonal aging occurs leading to a gradual loss of vitality. In some species, such as the well studied <i>Paramecium tetraurelia</i>, the asexual line of clonally aging <i>Paramecium</i> loses vitality and expires after about 200 fissions if the cells fail to undergo autogamy or conjugation. The basis for clonal aging was clarified by <a href="/wiki/Transplantation_chimera" class="mw-redirect" title="Transplantation chimera">transplantation</a> experiments of Aufderheide in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When macronuclei of clonally young <i>Paramecium</i> were injected into <i>Paramecium</i> of standard clonal age, the lifespan (clonal fissions) of the recipient was prolonged. In contrast, transfer of <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> from clonally young <i>Paramecium</i> did not prolong the lifespan of the recipient. These experiments indicated that the macronucleus, rather than the cytoplasm, is responsible for clonal aging. Other experiments by Smith-Sonneborn,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holmes and Holmes,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Gilley and Blackburn<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> demonstrated that, during clonal aging, <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA damage">DNA damage</a> increases dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, DNA damage in the macronucleus appears to be the cause of aging in <i>P. tetraurelia</i>. In this single-celled <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protist</a>, aging appears to proceed as it does in multicellular <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>, as described in <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging" title="DNA damage theory of aging">DNA damage theory of aging</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meiosis_and_rejuvenation">Meiosis and rejuvenation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Meiosis and rejuvenation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When clonally aged <i>P. tetraurelia</i> are stimulated to undergo meiosis in association with either conjugation or <a href="/wiki/Automixis" title="Automixis">automixis</a>, the genetic descendants are rejuvenated, and are able to have many more mitotic binary fission divisions. During conjugation or <a href="/wiki/Automixis" title="Automixis">automixis</a>, the micronuclei of the cell(s) undergo meiosis, the old macronucleus disintegrates, and a new macronucleus is formed by replication of the micronuclear DNA that had recently undergone meiosis. There is apparently little, if any, DNA damage in the new macronucleus. These findings further support the idea that clonal aging is due, in large part, to a progressive accumulation of DNA damage; and that rejuvenation is due to the repair of this damage in the micronucleus during meiosis. Meiosis appears to be an adaptation for DNA repair and rejuvenation in <i>P. tetraurelia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Godau2019_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godau2019-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>P. tetraurelia</i>, CtlP protein is a key factor needed for the completion of <a href="/wiki/Origin_and_function_of_meiosis" title="Origin and function of meiosis">meiosis</a> during <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a> and recovery of viable sexual progeny.<sup id="cite_ref-Godau2019_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godau2019-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CtlP and Mre11 nuclease complex are essential for accurate processing and repair of double-strand breaks during homologous recombination.<sup id="cite_ref-Godau2019_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godau2019-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The adaptive benefit of <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autogamy" title="Autogamy">self-fertilization</a> in response to starvation appears to be independent of the generation of any new genetic variation in <i>P. tetraurelia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thind2020_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thind2020-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This observation suggests that the underlying molecular mechanism of meiosis provides a fitness advantage regardless of any concomitant effect of sex on <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thind2020_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thind2020-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Video_gallery">Video gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Video gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Paramecium_bursaria.ogv/120px--Paramecium_bursaria.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="90" data-durationhint="79" data-mwtitle="Paramecium_bursaria.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Paramecium_bursaria.ogv/Paramecium_bursaria.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Paramecium_bursaria.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Paramecium_bursaria.ogv/Paramecium_bursaria.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Paramecium_bursaria.ogv/Paramecium_bursaria.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Paramecium_bursaria.ogv/Paramecium_bursaria.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Paramecium_bursaria.ogv/Paramecium_bursaria.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Paramecium bursaria</i>, a species with symbiotic algae</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Paramecium_putrinum.ogv/120px--Paramecium_putrinum.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="90" data-durationhint="81" data-mwtitle="Paramecium_putrinum.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Paramecium_putrinum.ogv/Paramecium_putrinum.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Paramecium_putrinum.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Paramecium_putrinum.ogv/Paramecium_putrinum.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Paramecium_putrinum.ogv/Paramecium_putrinum.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Paramecium_putrinum.ogv/Paramecium_putrinum.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Paramecium_putrinum.ogv/Paramecium_putrinum.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Paramecium putrinum</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Paramecium_Dividing.ogv/120px--Paramecium_Dividing.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="90" data-durationhint="121" data-mwtitle="Paramecium_Dividing.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Paramecium_Dividing.ogv/Paramecium_Dividing.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Paramecium_Dividing.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Paramecium_Dividing.ogv/Paramecium_Dividing.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Paramecium_Dividing.ogv/Paramecium_Dividing.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Paramecium_Dividing.ogv/Paramecium_Dividing.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Paramecium_Dividing.ogv/Paramecium_Dividing.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Paramecium</i> binary fission</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Conjugation_in_Paramecium.webm/120px--Conjugation_in_Paramecium.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="79" data-durationhint="99" data-mwtitle="Conjugation_in_Paramecium.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Conjugation_in_Paramecium.webm/Conjugation_in_Paramecium.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="544" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Conjugation_in_Paramecium.webm/Conjugation_in_Paramecium.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="544" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Conjugation_in_Paramecium.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="544" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Conjugation_in_Paramecium.webm/Conjugation_in_Paramecium.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="218" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Conjugation_in_Paramecium.webm/Conjugation_in_Paramecium.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="362" data-height="240" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Paramecium in conjugation</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_7.webm/120px--%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_7.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="68" data-durationhint="48" data-mwtitle="Инфузория_туфелька_7.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_7.webm/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_7.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_7.webm/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_7.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_7.webm/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_7.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_7.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_7.webm/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_7.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_7.webm/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_7.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_7.webm/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_7.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Paramecium caudatum</i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_species">List of species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: List of species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Paramecium_aurelia" title="Paramecium aurelia">Paramecium aurelia</a></i> species complex:<small></small> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_primaurelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium primaurelia (page does not exist)">Paramecium primaurelia</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paramecium_biaurelia" title="Paramecium biaurelia">Paramecium biaurelia</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_triaurelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium triaurelia (page does not exist)">Paramecium triaurelia</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_tetraurelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium tetraurelia (page does not exist)">Paramecium tetraurelia</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_pentaurelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium pentaurelia (page does not exist)">Paramecium pentaurelia</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_sexaurelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium sexaurelia (page does not exist)">Paramecium sexaurelia</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_septaurelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium septaurelia (page does not exist)">Paramecium septaurelia</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_octaurelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium octaurelia (page does not exist)">Paramecium octaurelia</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_novaurelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium novaurelia (page does not exist)">Paramecium novaurelia</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_decaurelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium decaurelia (page does not exist)">Paramecium decaurelia</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_undecaurelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium undecaurelia (page does not exist)">Paramecium undecaurelia</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_dodecaurelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium dodecaurelia (page does not exist)">Paramecium dodecaurelia</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_tredecaurelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium tredecaurelia (page does not exist)">Paramecium tredecaurelia</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_quadecaurelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium quadecaurelia (page does not exist)">Paramecium quadecaurelia</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paramecium_sonneborni" title="Paramecium sonneborni">Paramecium sonneborni</a></i> <small></small></li></ul> <p>Other species: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_buetschlii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium buetschlii (page does not exist)">Paramecium buetschlii</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paramecium_bursaria" title="Paramecium bursaria">Paramecium bursaria</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_calkinsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium calkinsi (page does not exist)">Paramecium calkinsi</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paramecium_caudatum" title="Paramecium caudatum">Paramecium caudatum</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_chlorelligerum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium chlorelligerum (page does not exist)">Paramecium chlorelligerum</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_duboscqui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium duboscqui (page does not exist)">Paramecium duboscqui</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_grohmannae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium grohmannae (page does not exist)">Paramecium grohmannae</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_jenningsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium jenningsi (page does not exist)">Paramecium jenningsi</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_multimicronucleatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium multimicronucleatum (page does not exist)">Paramecium multimicronucleatum</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_nephridiatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium nephridiatum (page does not exist)">Paramecium nephridiatum</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_polycaryum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium polycaryum (page does not exist)">Paramecium polycaryum</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_putrinum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium putrinum (page does not exist)">Paramecium putrinum</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium_schewiakoffi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramecium schewiakoffi (page does not exist)">Paramecium schewiakoffi</a></i> <small></small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paramecium_woodruffi" title="Paramecium woodruffi">Paramecium woodruffi</a></i> <small></small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3237260">GBIF</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paramecium">"paramecium"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=paramecium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fparamecium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCG-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CCG_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCG_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCG_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn2008" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Denis (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd3jKGDBR48C&q=editions:JeZk3WJRIIUC"><i>The Ciliated Protozoa: Characterization, Classification, and Guide to the Literature</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402082399" title="Special:BookSources/9781402082399"><bdi>9781402082399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ciliated+Protozoa%3A+Characterization%2C+Classification%2C+and+Guide+to+the+Literature&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781402082399&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHd3jKGDBR48C%26q%3Deditions%3AJeZk3WJRIIUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobell1932" class="citation book cs1">Dobell, Clifford (1932). <i>Antony van Leeuwenhoek and his "Little Animals"</i> (1960 ed.). New York: Dover. pp. <span class="nowrap">164–</span>165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-60594-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-60594-4"><bdi>978-0-486-60594-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antony+van+Leeuwenhoek+and+his+%22Little+Animals%22&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.edition=1960&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1932&rft.isbn=978-0-486-60594-4&rft.aulast=Dobell&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Dolan, John R. (2019-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-02283230">"Unmasking "The Eldest Son of The Father of Protozoology": Charles King"</a>. <i>Protist</i>. <b>170</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">374–</span>384. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.protis.2019.07.002">10.1016/j.protis.2019.07.002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1434-4610">1434-4610</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31479910">31479910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Protist&rft.atitle=Unmasking+%22The+Eldest+Son+of+The+Father+of+Protozoology%22%3A+Charles+King&rft.volume=170&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E374-%3C%2Fspan%3E384&rft.date=2019-08-01&rft.issn=1434-4610&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31479910&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.protis.2019.07.002&rft.aulast=Dolan&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.sorbonne-universite.fr%2Fhal-02283230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoblot1718" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Joblot, Louis (1718). <i>Description et usages de Plusieurs Nouveaux Microscopes, tant simple que composez</i> (in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Jacques Collombat. p. 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+et+usages+de+Plusieurs+Nouveaux+Microscopes%2C+tant+simple+que+composez&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Jacques+Collombat&rft.date=1718&rft.aulast=Joblot&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1752" class="citation book cs1">Hill, John (1752). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyanimals00hill"><i>An History of Animals</i></a>. Paris: Thomas Osborne. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyanimals00hill/page/5">5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+History+of+Animals&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Thomas+Osborne&rft.date=1752&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryanimals00hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüllerMüller1773" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Müller, Otto Frederik; Müller, Otto Frederik (1773). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/100435"><i>Vermivm terrestrium et fluviatilium, seu, Animalium infusoriorum, helminthicorum et testaceorum, non marinorum, succincta historia</i></a>. Vol. v.1 (1773-1774). et Lipsiae: apud Heineck et Faber.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vermivm+terrestrium+et+fluviatilium%2C+seu%2C+Animalium+infusoriorum%2C+helminthicorum+et+testaceorum%2C+non+marinorum%2C+succincta+historia&rft.place=et+Lipsiae&rft.pub=apud+Heineck+et+Faber&rft.date=1773&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Otto+Frederik&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Otto+Frederik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F100435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/8336773"><i>Paramoecium</i> Hermann, 1783</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodruff1921" class="citation journal cs1">Woodruff, Lorande Loss (September 1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1536748">"The structure, life history, and intrageneric relationships of <i>Paramecium calkinsi</i>, sp. nov"</a>. <i>The Biological Bulletin</i>. <b>41</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">171–</span>180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1536748">10.2307/1536748</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1536748">1536748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+structure%2C+life+history%2C+and+intrageneric+relationships+of+Paramecium+calkinsi%2C+sp.+nov.&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.date=1921-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1536748&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1536748%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Woodruff&rft.aufirst=Lorande+Loss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F1536748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn2008" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Denis (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781402082382"><i>The Ciliated Protozoa: Characterization, Classification, and Guide to the Literature</i></a> (3 ed.). Springer Netherlands. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402082382" title="Special:BookSources/9781402082382"><bdi>9781402082382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ciliated+Protozoa%3A+Characterization%2C+Classification%2C+and+Guide+to+the+Literature&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781402082382&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fgp%2Fbook%2F9781402082382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWichterman2012" class="citation book cs1">Wichterman, R. (2012-12-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JB_pBwAAQBAJ&q=biology+of+paramecium&pg=PA1"><i>The Biology of </i>Paramecium<i><span></span></i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781475703726" title="Special:BookSources/9781475703726"><bdi>9781475703726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Paramecium&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=9781475703726&rft.aulast=Wichterman&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJB_pBwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbiology%2Bof%2Bparamecium%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curds-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Curds_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curds_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurdsGatesRoberts1983" class="citation book cs1">Curds, Colin R.; Gates, Michael; Roberts, David McL. (1983). <i>British and other freshwater ciliated protozoa</i>. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+and+other+freshwater+ciliated+protozoa&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Curds&rft.aufirst=Colin+R.&rft.au=Gates%2C+Michael&rft.au=Roberts%2C+David+McL.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstebanFenchelFinlay2010" class="citation journal cs1">Esteban, Genoveva F.; Fenchel, Tom; Finlay, Bland J. (2010). 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(2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/campbellbiologyj00reec/page/134"><i>Campbell Biology</i></a></span>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Genetic+damage%2C+mutation%2C+and+the+evolution+of+sex&rft.volume=229&rft.issue=4719&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1277-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=1985-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.3898363&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3898363&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Byerly%2C+HC&rft.au=Hopf%2C+FA&rft.au=Michod%2C+RE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParamecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramecium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paramecium" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paramecium"><i>Paramecium</i></a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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exist)">Acavomonidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Acavomonadea16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acavomonadea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acavomonadea (page does not exist)">Acavomonadea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acavomonadida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acavomonadida (page does not exist)">Acavomonadida</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acavomonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acavomonas (page does not exist)">Acavomonas</a></i>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intramacronucleata" title="Intramacronucleata">Intramacronucleata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armophorea" title="Armophorea">Armophorea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Metopus" title="Metopus">Metopus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariacotrichea" class="mw-redirect" title="Cariacotrichea">Cariacotrichea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cariacothrix_caudata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cariacothrix caudata">Cariacothrix caudata</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colpodea" title="Colpodea">Colpodea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Colpoda" title="Colpoda">Colpoda</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litostomatea" title="Litostomatea">Litostomatea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Balantidium" title="Balantidium">Balantidium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dileptus" title="Dileptus">Dileptus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muranotrichea" title="Muranotrichea">Muranotrichea</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muranothrix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muranothrix (page does not exist)">Muranothrix</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassophorea" title="Nassophorea">Nassophorea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Nassula" title="Nassula">Nassula</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligohymenophorea" title="Oligohymenophorea">Oligohymenophorea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyophthirius_multifiliis" title="Ichthyophthirius multifiliis">Ichthyophthirius</a></i>, <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paramecium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tetrahymena" title="Tetrahymena">Tetrahymena</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vorticella" title="Vorticella">Vorticella</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parablepharismea" title="Parablepharismea">Parablepharismea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Parablepharisma" class="mw-redirect" title="Parablepharisma">Parablepharisma</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllopharyngea" title="Phyllopharyngea">Phyllopharyngea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Chilodonella_uncinata" title="Chilodonella uncinata">Chilodonella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tokophrya" title="Tokophrya">Tokophrya</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagiopylida" title="Plagiopylida">Plagiopylea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Plagiopyla" title="Plagiopyla">Plagiopyla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostomatea" title="Prostomatea">Prostomatea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Coleps" title="Coleps">Coleps</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holophrya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holophrya (page does not exist)">Holophrya</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocruziea" title="Protocruziea">Protocruziea</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protocruzia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protocruzia (page does not exist)">Protocruzia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirotrich" title="Spirotrich">Spirotrichea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Euplotes" title="Euplotes">Euplotes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stylonychia" title="Stylonychia">Stylonychia</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Postciliodesmatophora" title="Postciliodesmatophora">Postciliodesmatophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heterotrich" title="Heterotrich">Heterotrichea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Stentor_(protozoa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stentor (protozoa)">Stentor</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Climacostomum" title="Climacostomum">Climacostomum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Blepharisma" title="Blepharisma">Blepharisma</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyorelictea" title="Karyorelictea">Karyorelictea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Loxodes" title="Loxodes">Loxodes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tracheloraphis" title="Tracheloraphis">Tracheloraphis</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesodiniea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesodiniea (page does not exist)">Mesodiniea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mesodinium_chamaeleon" title="Mesodinium chamaeleon">Mesodinium</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrionecta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myrionecta (page does not exist)">Myrionecta</a></i>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colponemidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colponemidia">Colponemidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colponemadea16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colponemadea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colponemadea (page does not exist)">Colponemadea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colponemadida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colponemadida (page does not exist)">Colponemadida</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Colponema" title="Colponema">Colponema</a></i>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E6E6FF;"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Myzozoa" title="Myzozoa">Myzozoa</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Apicomplexa303" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicomplexa</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aconoidasida16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aconoidasida" title="Aconoidasida">Aconoidasida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haemospororida" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemospororida">Haemospororida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garniidae" title="Garniidae">Garniidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Garnia_(protist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garnia (protist)">Garnia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemoproteidae" title="Haemoproteidae">Haemoproteidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Haemoproteus" title="Haemoproteus">Haemoproteus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucocytozoidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leucocytozoidae">Leucocytozoidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Leucocytozoon" title="Leucocytozoon">Leucocytozoon</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodiidae" title="Plasmodiidae">Plasmodiidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium" title="Plasmodium">Plasmodium</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piroplasmida" title="Piroplasmida">Piroplasmida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babesiidae" title="Babesiidae">Babesiidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Babesia" title="Babesia">Babesia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theileriidae" title="Theileriidae">Theileriidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Theileria" title="Theileria">Theileria</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cardiosporidium" title="Cardiosporidium">Cardiosporidium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nephromyces" title="Nephromyces">Nephromyces</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Conoidasida" title="Conoidasida">Conoidasida</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Coccidia" title="Coccidia">Coccidia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agamococcidiorida" title="Agamococcidiorida">Agamococcidiorida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemmocystidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemmocystidae">Gemmocystidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Gemmocystis" title="Gemmocystis">Gemmocystis</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhytidocystidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhytidocystidae">Rhytidocystidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rhytidocystis" title="Rhytidocystis">Rhytidocystis</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eucoccidiorida" title="Eucoccidiorida">Eucoccidiorida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adeleorina" title="Adeleorina">Adeleorina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeleidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Adeleidae">Adeleidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactylosomatidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactylosomatidae">Dactylosomatidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Babesiosoma" title="Babesiosoma">Babesiosoma</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dactylosoma" title="Dactylosoma">Dactylosoma</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemogregarinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemogregarinidae">Haemogregarinidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Haemogregarina" title="Haemogregarina">Haemogregarina</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatozoidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatozoidae">Hepatozoidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hepatozoon" title="Hepatozoon">Hepatozoon</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyolysidae" title="Karyolysidae">Karyolysidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Karyolysus" title="Karyolysus">Karyolysus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klossiellidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Klossiellidae">Klossiellidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Klossiella" title="Klossiella">Klossiella</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legerellidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Legerellidae">Legerellidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Legerella" title="Legerella">Legerella</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eimeriorina" title="Eimeriorina">Eimeriorina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggregatidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aggregatidae (page does not exist)">Aggregatidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Aggregata" title="Aggregata">Aggregata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Grasseella" title="Grasseella">Grasseella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Merocystis" title="Merocystis">Merocystis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ovivora" title="Ovivora">Ovivora</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudoklossia" title="Pseudoklossia">Pseudoklossia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Selysina" title="Selysina">Selysina</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atoxoplasmatidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atoxoplasmatidae (page does not exist)">Atoxoplasmatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrouxiidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barrouxiidae (page does not exist)">Barrouxiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calyptosporiidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calyptosporiidae (page does not exist)">Calyptosporiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caryotrophidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caryotrophidae (page does not exist)">Caryotrophidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptosporidiidae">Cryptosporidiidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidium" title="Cryptosporidium">Cryptosporidium</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eimeriidae" title="Eimeriidae">Eimeriidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cyclospora" title="Cyclospora">Cyclospora</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eimeria" title="Eimeria">Eimeria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Isospora" title="Isospora">Isospora</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elleipsisomatidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elleipsisomatidae (page does not exist)">Elleipsisomatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lankesterellidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lankesterellidae (page does not exist)">Lankesterellidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selenococcidiidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selenococcidiidae (page does not exist)">Selenococcidiidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sarcocystidae" title="Sarcocystidae">Sarcocystidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcocystinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarcocystinae (page does not exist)">Sarcocystinae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Frenkelia" title="Frenkelia">Frenkelia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sarcocystis" title="Sarcocystis">Sarcocystis</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxoplasmatinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toxoplasmatinae (page does not exist)">Toxoplasmatinae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Besnoitia" title="Besnoitia">Besnoitia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hammondia" title="Hammondia">Hammondia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hyaloklossia" title="Hyaloklossia">Hyaloklossia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nephroisospora" title="Nephroisospora">Nephroisospora</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Neospora" title="Neospora">Neospora</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasma" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxoplasma">Toxoplasma</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ixorheorida" title="Ixorheorida">Ixorheorida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ixorheidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ixorheidae (page does not exist)">Ixorheidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ixorheis" title="Ixorheis">Ixorheis</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protococcidiorida" title="Protococcidiorida">Protococcidiorida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angeiocystidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angeiocystidae (page does not exist)">Angeiocystidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Angeiocystis" title="Angeiocystis">Angeiocystis</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleutheroschizonidae" title="Eleutheroschizonidae">Eleutheroschizonidae</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coelotropha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coelotropha (page does not exist)">Coelotropha</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Defretinella" title="Defretinella">Defretinella</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eleutheroschizon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eleutheroschizon (page does not exist)">Eleutheroschizon</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grelliidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grelliidae (page does not exist)">Grelliidae</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coelotropha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coelotropha (page does not exist)">Coelotropha</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grellia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grellia (page does not exist)">Grellia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mackinnoniidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mackinnoniidae (page does not exist)">Mackinnoniidae</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mackinnonia_(protozoa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mackinnonia (protozoa) (page does not exist)">Mackinnonia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myriosporidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myriosporidae (page does not exist)">Myriosporidae</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myriosporides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myriosporides (page does not exist)">Myriosporides</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Myriospora_(alveolate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Myriospora (alveolate)">Myriospora</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Gregarinasina" title="Gregarinasina">Gregarinasina</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archigregarinorida" title="Archigregarinorida">Archigregarinorida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exoschizonidae" title="Exoschizonidae">Exoschizonidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Exoschizon" title="Exoschizon">Exoschizon</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenidioididae" title="Selenidioididae">Selenidioididae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Merogregarina" title="Merogregarina">Merogregarina</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Meroselenidium" title="Meroselenidium">Meroselenidium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Selenidioides" title="Selenidioides">Selenidioides</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Veloxidium" title="Veloxidium">Veloxidium</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eugregarinorida" title="Eugregarinorida">Eugregarinorida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aseptatorina" title="Aseptatorina">Aseptatorina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikinetocystidae" title="Aikinetocystidae">Aikinetocystidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allantocystidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Allantocystidae">Allantocystidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplocystidae" title="Diplocystidae">Diplocystidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterocystidae" title="Enterocystidae">Enterocystidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymedidae" title="Ganymedidae">Ganymedidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecudinidae" title="Lecudinidae">Lecudinidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocystidae" title="Monocystidae">Monocystidae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monocystinae" title="Monocystinae">Monocystinae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oligochaetocystinae" title="Oligochaetocystinae">Oligochaetocystinae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhynchocystinae" title="Rhynchocystinae">Rhynchocystinae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stomatophorinae" title="Stomatophorinae">Stomatophorinae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zygocystinae" title="Zygocystinae">Zygocystinae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaudinnellidae" title="Schaudinnellidae">Schaudinnellidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenidiidae" title="Selenidiidae">Selenidiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiriotiidae" title="Thiriotiidae">Thiriotiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urosporidae" title="Urosporidae">Urosporidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blastogregarinorina" title="Blastogregarinorina">Blastogregarinorina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siedleckiidae" title="Siedleckiidae">Siedleckiidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Siedleckia" title="Siedleckia">Siedleckia</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Septatorina" title="Septatorina">Septatorina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusionicae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusionicae">Fusionicae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fusionidae" title="Fusionidae">Fusionidae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregarinicae" title="Gregarinicae">Gregarinicae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cephaloidophoridae" title="Cephaloidophoridae">Cephaloidophoridae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cephalolobidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cephalolobidae (page does not exist)">Cephalolobidae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Didymophoridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Didymophoridae (page does not exist)">Didymophoridae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregarinidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregarinidae (page does not exist)">Gregarinidae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirmocystidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hirmocystidae (page does not exist)">Hirmocystidae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metameridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metameridae (page does not exist)">Metameridae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uradiophoridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uradiophoridae (page does not exist)">Uradiophoridae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porosporicae" class="mw-redirect" title="Porosporicae">Porosporicae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Porosporidae" title="Porosporidae">Porosporidae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenophoricae" title="Stenophoricae">Stenophoricae</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Acutidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acutidae (page does not exist)">Acutidae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphiplatysporidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amphiplatysporidae (page does not exist)">Amphiplatysporidae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brustiophoridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brustiophoridae (page does not exist)">Brustiophoridae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnemidosporidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cnemidosporidae (page does not exist)">Cnemidosporidae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactylophoridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dactylophoridae (page does not exist)">Dactylophoridae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leidyanidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leidyanidae (page does not exist)">Leidyanidae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoductidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monoductidae (page does not exist)">Monoductidae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoicidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monoicidae (page does not exist)">Monoicidae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sphaerocystidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sphaerocystidae (page does not exist)">Sphaerocystidae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stenophoridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stenophoridae (page does not exist)">Stenophoridae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trichorhynchidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trichorhynchidae (page does not exist)">Trichorhynchidae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylocephaloidea" title="Stylocephaloidea">Stylocephaloidea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Actinocephalidae" title="Actinocephalidae">Actinocephalidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stylocephalidae" title="Stylocephalidae">Stylocephalidae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blabericolidae" title="Blabericolidae">Blabericolidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neogregarinorida" title="Neogregarinorida">Neogregarinorida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schizogregarinina" title="Schizogregarinina">Schizogregarinina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caulleryellidae" title="Caulleryellidae">Caulleryellidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ophryocystidae" title="Ophryocystidae">Ophryocystidae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigaductidae" title="Gigaductidae">Gigaductidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Gigaductus" title="Gigaductus">Gigaductus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipotrophidae" title="Lipotrophidae">Lipotrophidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Apicystis" title="Apicystis">Apicystis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Farinocystis" title="Farinocystis">Farinocystis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lipotropha" title="Lipotropha">Lipotropha</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lipocystis" title="Lipocystis">Lipocystis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mattesia" title="Mattesia">Mattesia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Menzbieria" title="Menzbieria">Menzbieria</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizocystidae" title="Schizocystidae">Schizocystidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Lymphotropha" title="Lymphotropha">Lymphotropha</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Machadoella" title="Machadoella">Machadoella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Schizocystis" title="Schizocystis">Schizocystis</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncystidae" title="Syncystidae">Syncystidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Syncystis" title="Syncystis">Syncystis</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apicomonadea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apicomonadea (page does not exist)">Apicomonadea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chromerida" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromerida">Chromerida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromeraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromeraceae">Chromeraceae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Chromera_velia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromera velia">Chromera velia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrellaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitrellaceae">Vitrellaceae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Vitrella_brassicaformis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitrella brassicaformis">Vitrella brassicaformis</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colpodellida" class="mw-redirect" title="Colpodellida">Colpodellida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colpodellidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Colpodellidae">Colpodellidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Colpodella" title="Colpodella">Colpodella</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voromonadida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voromonadida (page does not exist)">Voromonadida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphamonadidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphamonadidae (page does not exist)">Alphamonadidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Alphamonas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphamonas">Alphamonas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voromonadidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voromonadidae (page does not exist)">Voromonadidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Voromonas" title="Voromonas">Voromonas</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">Dinoflagellata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dinokaryota" title="Dinokaryota">Dinokaryota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>With a theca: <a href="/wiki/Dinophysiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinophysiales">Dinophysiales</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Dinophysis" title="Dinophysis">Dinophysis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Histioneis" title="Histioneis">Histioneis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ornithocercus" title="Ornithocercus">Ornithocercus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oxyphysis" title="Oxyphysis">Oxyphysis</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonyaulacales" title="Gonyaulacales">Gonyaulacales</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ceratium" title="Ceratium">Ceratium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gonyaulax" title="Gonyaulax">Gonyaulax</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridiniales" title="Peridiniales">Peridiniales</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pfiesteria" title="Pfiesteria">Pfiesteria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Peridinium" title="Peridinium">Peridinium</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prorocentrales" title="Prorocentrales">Prorocentrales</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Prorocentrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Prorocentrum">Prorocentrum</a></i>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Without theca: <a href="/wiki/Gymnodiniales" title="Gymnodiniales">Gymnodiniales</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Amphidinium" title="Amphidinium">Amphidinium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gymnodinium" title="Gymnodinium">Gymnodinium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Karenia_(dinoflagellate)" title="Karenia (dinoflagellate)">Karenia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Karlodinium" title="Karlodinium">Karlodinium</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suessiales" title="Suessiales">Suessiales</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Polarella" title="Polarella">Polarella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Symbiodinium" title="Symbiodinium">Symbiodinium</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noctilucea" class="mw-redirect" title="Noctilucea">Noctilucea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noctilucales" title="Noctilucales">Noctilucales</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Noctiluca_scintillans" title="Noctiluca scintillans">Noctiluca</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syndinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Syndinea">Syndinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syndiniales" title="Syndiniales">Syndiniales</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amoebophryaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoebophryaceae">Amoebophryaceae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Amoebophyra" title="Amoebophyra">Amoebophyra</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duboscquellaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Duboscquellaceae">Duboscquellaceae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Duboscquella" title="Duboscquella">Duboscquella</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syndiniaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syndiniaceae (page does not exist)">Syndiniaceae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hematodinium" title="Hematodinium">Hematodinium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Syndinium" title="Syndinium">Syndinium</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acrocoelidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acrocoelidae (page does not exist)">Acrocoelidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Acrocoelus" title="Acrocoelus">Acrocoelus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkinsoide_chabelardi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkinsoide chabelardi (page does not exist)">Ichthyodinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrrhinaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyrrhinaceae">Oxyrrhinaceae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Oxyrrhis" title="Oxyrrhis">Oxyrrhis</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronoctilucidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pronoctilucidae (page does not exist)">Pronoctilucidae</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronoctiluca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pronoctiluca (page does not exist)">Pronoctiluca</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psammosidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psammosidae (page does not exist)">Psammosidae</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psammosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psammosa (page does not exist)">Psammosa</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Perkinsozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Perkinsozoa">Perkinsozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Perkinsea13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Perkinsea" title="Perkinsea">Perkinsea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perkinsidae" title="Perkinsidae">Perkinsidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Perkinsus_marinus" title="Perkinsus marinus">Perkinsus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phagodinida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phagodinida (page does not exist)">Phagodinida</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phagodinium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phagodinium (page does not exist)">Phagodinium</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rastromonadida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rastromonadida (page does not exist)">Rastromonadida</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Parvilucifera" title="Parvilucifera">Parvilucifera</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptophagus_(protozoa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptophagus (protozoa)">Rastrimonas</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protalveolata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protalveolata (page does not exist)">Protalveolata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellobiopsea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellobiopsea (page does not exist)">Ellobiopsea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellobiopsidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellobiopsidae (page does not exist)">Ellobiopsidae</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elliobiocystis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elliobiocystis (page does not exist)">Elliobiocystis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ellobiopsis" title="Ellobiopsis">Ellobiopsis</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parallobiopsis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parallobiopsis (page does not exist)">Parallobiopsis</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalassomyces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thalassomyces (page does not exist)">Thalassomyces</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhizellobiopsis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhizellobiopsis (page does not exist)">Rhizellobiopsis</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myzomonadea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myzomonadea (page does not exist)">Myzomonadea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algovorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algovorida (page does not exist)">Algovorida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algovoridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algovoridae (page does not exist)">Algovoridae</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algovora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algovora (page does not exist)">Algovora</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilovorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chilovorida (page does not exist)">Chilovorida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilovoridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chilovoridae (page does not exist)">Chilovoridae</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilovora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chilovora (page does not exist)">Chilovora</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squirmidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Squirmidea (page does not exist)">Squirmidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squirmidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Squirmidae (page does not exist)">Squirmidae</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Filipodium" title="Filipodium">Filipodium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Platyproteum" title="Platyproteum">Platyproteum</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers2371" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers2371" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Paramecium</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199456" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q199456">Q199456</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Paramecium" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Paramecium">Paramecium</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Paramecium">Paramecium</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/63JXY">63JXY</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/61312">61312</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1PRAMG">1PRAMG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3237260">3237260</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/244400">244400</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=46413">46413</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0020787553">NHMSYS0020787553</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=5884">5884</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/1b1e0bbe-1e06-4309-9734-d7f7d58ed6e6">1b1e0bbe-1e06-4309-9734-d7f7d58ed6e6</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=568126">568126</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=415756">415756</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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