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class="vector-toc-text">Algus</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Struktuur_ja_tunnused" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktuur_ja_tunnused"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Struktuur ja tunnused</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Struktuur_ja_tunnused-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Struktuur ja tunnused"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Struktuur_ja_tunnused-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Klassifikatsioon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klassifikatsioon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Klassifikatsioon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klassifikatsioon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Värvus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Värvus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Värvus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Värvus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funktsioon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funktsioon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Funktsioon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funktsioon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sulgimine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sulgimine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Sulgimine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sulgimine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutsioon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutsioon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Evolutsioon</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolutsioon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Evolutsioon"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolutsioon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolutsioonilised_astmed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutsioonilised_astmed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Evolutsioonilised astmed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutsioonilised_astmed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Viited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaata_ka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaata_ka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vaata ka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaata_ka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sisukord" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Sisukord" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Lülita sisukord ümber" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lülita sisukord ümber</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sulg</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mine teises keeles artiklisse. Saadaval 101 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">101 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veer_(vo%C3%ABl)" title="Veer (voël) – afrikaani" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Veer (voël)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4_(%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD)" title="ريش (تشريح) – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريش (تشريح)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܐܒܪܐ – aramea" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܒܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pean%C3%A2" title="Peanâ – aromuuni" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Peanâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromuuni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploma" title="Ploma – frankoprovansi" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ploma" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="frankoprovansi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluma" title="Pluma – astuuria" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pluma" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astuuria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikon" title="Mikon – atikameki" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Mikon" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="atikameki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuyu" title="Phuyu – aimara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Phuyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%84%DA%A9" title="یئلک – lõunaaserbaidžaani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یئلک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="lõunaaserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulu" title="Bulu – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bulu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulu_pelepah" title="Bulu pelepah – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bulu pelepah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95" title="পালক – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পালক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C3%A1u-mn%CC%82g" title="Chiáu-mn̂g – lõunamini" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiáu-mn̂g" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="lõunamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Пяро – valgevene" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пяро" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valgevene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Пяро – valgevene (taraškievitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пяро" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="valgevene (taraškievitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balukag" title="Balukag – keskbikoli" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Balukag" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="keskbikoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perje" title="Perje – bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Perje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plu" title="Plu – bretooni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Plu" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Перо – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Перо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploma" title="Ploma – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ploma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BA" title="Тĕк – tšuvaši" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тĕк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tšuvaši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pero" title="Pero – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pero" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhenga" title="Manhenga – šona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Manhenga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="šona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluen" title="Pluen – kõmri" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pluen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kõmri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%94bigu" title="Kɔbigu – dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kɔbigu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjer" title="Fjer – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fjer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feder" title="Feder – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Feder" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather" title="Feather – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Feather" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluma" title="Pluma – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pluma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumo" title="Plumo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luma" title="Luma – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Luma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="پر – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="hea artikkel"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plume" title="Plume – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plume" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_(f%C3%BBgel)" title="Fear (fûgel) – läänefriisi" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fear (fûgel)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="läänefriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleite" title="Cleite – iiri" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cleite" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ite" title="Ite – gaeli" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ite" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaeli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluma" title="Pluma – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pluma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AD-m%C3%B4" title="Yí-mô – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yí-mô" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%83%ED%84%B8" title="깃털 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="깃털" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Փետուր – armeenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փետուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96" title="पंख – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पंख" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perje" title="Perje – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Perje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumo" title="Plumo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Plumo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%B6%C3%B0ur" title="Fjöður – islandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fjöður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94" title="נוצה – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נוצה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulu" title="Wulu – jaava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wulu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jaava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗರಿ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗರಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ბუმბული – gruusia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბუმბული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қауырсындар – kasahhi" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қауырсындар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasahhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Пын – mäemari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Пын" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mäemari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unyoya" title="Unyoya – suahiili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Unyoya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plim" title="Plim – haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Plim" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penna" title="Penna – ladina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Penna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ladina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalva" title="Spalva – läti" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Spalva" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="läti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieder" title="Fieder – letseburgi" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fieder" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="letseburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunksna" title="Plunksna – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plunksna" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll" title="Toll – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Toll" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2" title="Пердув – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пердув" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BD" title="തൂവൽ – malajalami" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തൂവൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90" title="ბურდღა – megreli" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბურდღა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megreli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%84%E1%80%BE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ငှက်မွေး – birma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ငှက်မွေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veer_(vogel)" title="Veer (vogel) – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Veer (vogel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%96" title="प्वाँख – nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्वाँख" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%BD%E6%AF%9B" title="羽毛 – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="羽毛" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%A6r" title="Fjær – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fjær" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%B8r" title="Fjør – uusnorra" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fjør" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="uusnorra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluma" title="Pluma – oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pluma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat" title="Pat – usbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AD" title="ਖੰਭ – pandžabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖੰਭ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE" title="پھنگھ – lahnda" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پھنگھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="lahnda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedder_(Biologie)" title="Fedder (Biologie) – alamsaksa" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Fedder (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="alamsaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B3ro" title="Pióro – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pióro" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pena" title="Pena – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pena" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C4%83" title="Pană – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuru" title="Phuru – ketšua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Phuru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ketšua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Перо – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupla" title="Pupla – albaania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pupla" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather" title="Feather – lihtsustatud inglise" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Feather" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="lihtsustatud inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%80" title="کنڀ – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="کنڀ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perie" title="Perie – slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Perie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pero" title="Pero – sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pero" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DA%95" title="پەڕ – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەڕ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Перје – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Перје" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perje" title="Perje – serbia-horvaadi" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Perje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbia-horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6yhen" title="Höyhen – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Höyhen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="hea artikkel"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%A4der_(biologi)" title="Fjäder (biologi) – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fjäder (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="இறகு – tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இறகு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afraw" title="Afraw – kabiili" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Afraw" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%88%E0%B0%95" title="ఈక – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఈక" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4ng_v%C5%A9" title="Lông vũ – vietnami" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lông vũ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCy" title="Tüy – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tüy" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Пташине перо – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пташине перо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="پر – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plome" title="Plome – vallooni" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Plome" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barahibu" title="Barahibu – varai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Barahibu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%BD%E6%AF%9B" title="羽毛 – uu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="羽毛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="uu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%BD%E6%AF%9B" title="羽毛 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羽毛" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></span></span> </td> <td> <i>See artikkel räägib lindude <a href="/wiki/Sulestik" title="Sulestik">sulestiku</a> üksikosast; teiste tähenduste kohta vaata artiklit <a href="/wiki/Sulg_(t%C3%A4psustus)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sulg (täpsustus)">Sulg (täpsustus)</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Types_de_plumes._-_Larousse_pour_tous,_-1907-1910-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Types_de_plumes._-_Larousse_pour_tous%2C_-1907-1910-.jpg/250px-Types_de_plumes._-_Larousse_pour_tous%2C_-1907-1910-.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Types_de_plumes._-_Larousse_pour_tous%2C_-1907-1910-.jpg/330px-Types_de_plumes._-_Larousse_pour_tous%2C_-1907-1910-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Types_de_plumes._-_Larousse_pour_tous%2C_-1907-1910-.jpg/500px-Types_de_plumes._-_Larousse_pour_tous%2C_-1907-1910-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2024" /></a><figcaption>Mitmesuguse kujuga sulgi</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Suled</b> on <a href="/wiki/Epiderm" title="Epiderm">epidermi</a> ehk marrasknaha moodustisted, mis esinevad <a href="/wiki/Linnud" title="Linnud">lindudel</a> ja mõnedel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teropood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teropood (pole veel kirjutatud)">teropoodsetel</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaurused" title="Dinosaurused">dinosaurustel</a>. Ajalooliselt on suled olnud ka mõnel teropoodil, kuid nad ei olnud võimelised <a href="/wiki/Lend" class="mw-redirect" title="Lend">lendama</a>. Lindude sulgedest kehakatet nimetatakse <b><a href="/wiki/Sulestik" title="Sulestik">sulestikuks</a></b>. </p><p>Sulgede tekkimine ja olemasolu viitab võimalikule <a href="/wiki/Hom%C3%B6otermia" title="Homöotermia">püsisoojalisusele</a>. </p><p>Kuigi suled katavad enamikku lindude kehast, kasvavad nad välja ainult spetsiaalsest nahataskust. </p><p>Sulgede funktsiooniks on olla kehale <a href="/wiki/Soojusisolatsioon" title="Soojusisolatsioon">isolatsiooniks</a>, aidata kaasa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lennuv%C3%B5ime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lennuvõime (pole veel kirjutatud)">lennuvõimele</a> ning võimaldada <a href="/wiki/Kommunikatsioon" title="Kommunikatsioon">kommunikatsiooni</a> ja varjumist.<sup id="cite_ref-aul_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aul-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inimesed kasutavad sulgi patjade täitmiseks alates aastast 570.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struktuur_ja_tunnused">Struktuur ja tunnused</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulg&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Struktuur ja tunnused"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulg&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Struktuur ja tunnused" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Parts_of_feather_modified.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Parts_of_feather_modified.jpg/250px-Parts_of_feather_modified.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Parts_of_feather_modified.jpg/330px-Parts_of_feather_modified.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Parts_of_feather_modified.jpg/500px-Parts_of_feather_modified.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><b>Sule osad:</b> 1. sulelaba, 2. sulerood, 3. suleebe, 4. sulelaba udusuline alus, 5. suleputk</figcaption></figure> <p>Suled on ühed kõige keerukamad epidermi moodustised, mida võib selgroogsetelt leida, ning need koosnevad epidermises olevatest väikestest <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%A4%C3%A4ps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nääps (pole veel kirjutatud)">nääpsudest</a>. Suled koosnevad peamiselt <a href="/wiki/Keratiin" class="mw-redirect" title="Keratiin">keratiinist</a>, mis on vastupidav nii <a href="/wiki/Mikroob" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikroob">mikroobide</a> <a href="/wiki/Ens%C3%BC%C3%BCm" title="Ensüüm">ensüümide</a> kui ka <a href="/wiki/Seened" title="Seened">seente</a> toimele.<sup id="cite_ref-gill_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gill-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92eetakeratiin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Βeetakeratiin (pole veel kirjutatud)">Beetakeratiini</a> on sulgedes, <a href="/wiki/Nokk" title="Nokk">nokas</a> ja <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%BCnis" title="Küünis">küünistes</a>. Beetakeratiini molekulid on omavahel seotud <a href="/wiki/Vesinikside" title="Vesinikside">vesiniksidemete</a> kaudu, mis asetsevad <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92eetaleht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Βeetaleht (pole veel kirjutatud)">beetalehtede</a> struktuuris, ning lisaks seovad neid omavahel disulfiidisillad – tulemuseks on struktuurid, mis on tugevamad <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91lfakeratiin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Αlfakeratiin (pole veel kirjutatud)">alfakeratiinist</a>, mida leidub imetajate karvades, sarvedes ja kapjades.<sup id="cite_ref-Schor_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schor-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Corey_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corey-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Täpsed signaalmehhanismid, mis indutseerivad sulgede arengut, ei ole teada, kuid on leitud, et transkriptsioonifaktor cDermo-1 indutseerib nii sulgede kui ka soomuste kasvu nahal.<sup id="cite_ref-Hornik_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornik-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klassifikatsioon">Klassifikatsioon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulg&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Klassifikatsioon"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulg&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Klassifikatsioon" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suled jaotatakse kolme põhitüüpi: kattesuled, lennusuled ja udusuled. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Udusuled&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Udusuled (pole veel kirjutatud)">Udusuled</a> katavad poegi ja on isolatsiooniks täiskasvanutele. Need asuvad üldjuhul täiskasvanud isenditel kattesulgede all, kuid mõnedel <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rvuline" class="mw-redirect" title="Värvuline">värvulistel</a> ulatuvad udusuled kaelal kattesulgede alt välja. Eriti rohkesti udusulgi on veelindudel ja jahedamates elupaikades elavatel lindudel. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kattesuled&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kattesuled (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kattesuled</a> annavad linnule vormi ja täiendava isolatsiooni. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lennusuled&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lennusuled (pole veel kirjutatud)">Lennusuled</a> on spetsialiseerunud suletüüp tiibadel ja sabas. Need suled omavad tähtsat rolli just lendamisel. Peale nende leidub veel mitu spetsialiseerunud suletüüpi. </p><p>Tavaliselt koosneb sulg keskmisest vetruvast telgosast tüvikust (<i>scapus</i>) ja pehmest õhukesest labast (<i>pogonium</i>). Sule tüviku ülemist, umbset osa nimetatakse rooks (<i>rhachis</i>), alumist, silinderjat, seest õõnsat osa aga putkeks (<i>calamus</i>). Sule putk on otsapidi nahataskus – sulenääpsus – ja tema tipul on mulguke. Noorel areneval sulel ulatub mulgukese kaudu sule putkesse rohkesti veresoonterikast sidekude, mis sulge toidab. See kannab nimetust sule näsa (papill). Hiljem näsa mandub ja kaob. </p><p>Sule laba koosneb ebemetest ja udemetest. Ebemetel on kidakesed, mis haakuvad naaberudemete ebemetele ja seovad laba osa ühtseks vetruvaks tervikuks. Selliseid tüüpiliselt ehitatud sulgi nimetatakse katte- ehk kontuursulgedeks (<i>pennae</i>). Eesjäseme tagaservale kinnitunud suured kattesuled kannavad hoosulgede (<i>remiges</i>) nimetust, kusjuures küünarluu kohale kinnituvad küünrahoosuled, randme-kämblaluu ning 2. ja 3. varba-/sõrmeluude kohale kinnituvad laba-hoosuled. Keha sabaosale kinnituvaid suuri pikki kattesulgi nimetatakse tüürsulgedeks (<i>rectrices</i>). Kui sule tüvik on peenike ja lühike ning udemed ja ebemed on teineteisest lahus (kidakesteta), siis on tegemist udusulgedega (<i>plumae</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-aul_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aul-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gill_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gill-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lennusuled on tugevamad, et pidada vastu õhu survele tiivalöökide ajal. On tähendatud, et lennuvõimega ja lennuvõimetutel lindudel on erinev beetakeratiini orientatsioonimuster. Keratiinikiud on suurema korrapäraga sule keskel ja väiksema korrapäraga sule servades.<sup id="cite_ref-qwBsD_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qwBsD-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DgTNv_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DgTNv-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suled asetsevad keha pinnal ridamisi ja on koondatud sulisväljadeks, mille vahekohale jäävad paljasväljad. Sulgede selline asetus on kohastumus lendamiseks, sest sulgede paiknemine väljadena soodustab <a href="/wiki/Tiib" title="Tiib">tiibade</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Nahk" title="Nahk">naha</a> liikuvust. Ainult alamatel lindudel asetsevad suled üle kogu keha ühtlaselt.<sup id="cite_ref-gill_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gill-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mõnede liikide hauduvatel lindudel tekivad haudeperioodil kehale spetsiaalsed haudelaigud. Haudelaik kujutab endast nahapaljandit linnu kehal, kust suled on välja langenud, et haudumise ajal muna temperatuur linnupoja arenguks ja kasvuks sobiv oleks. Selle põhjuseks on sulgede halb <a href="/wiki/Soojusjuhtivus" title="Soojusjuhtivus">soojusjuhtivus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gill_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gill-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sulgedel on palju erilaadseid teisendeid. Mõned suled võivad meenutada <a href="/wiki/Plastik" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastik">plastribasid</a>, näiteks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aracar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aracar (pole veel kirjutatud)">Aracaril</a>, väikesel <a href="/wiki/Brasiilia" title="Brasiilia">Brasiilia</a> <a href="/wiki/Tuukan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuukan">tuukanil</a> või <a href="/wiki/Paradiisilind" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradiisilind">paradiisilinnu</a> sabas olevad kesksed suled. Keerdunud suled mõnedel kõrbepiirkondades elavatel kanalistel võimaldavad transportida pesapoegadele korraga kuni 10–18 milliliitrit vett.<sup id="cite_ref-gill_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gill-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Värvus"><span id="V.C3.A4rvus"></span>Värvus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulg&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Värvus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulg&action=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Värvus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Red_feather_pigments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Red_feather_pigments.jpg/250px-Red_feather_pigments.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Red_feather_pigments.jpg/330px-Red_feather_pigments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Red_feather_pigments.jpg/500px-Red_feather_pigments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Eri pigmentide tekitatud värvid sulgedes. <br />Vasakul: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turatsiin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turatsiin (pole veel kirjutatud)">turatsiin</a> (punane) ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turakoverdiin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turakoverdiin (pole veel kirjutatud)">turakoverdiin</a> (roheline, milles veidi sinise alatooniga helki all servas) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tauraco_bannermani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tauraco bannermani (pole veel kirjutatud)">Tauraco bannermani</a></i>’i tiival<br />Paremal: <a href="/wiki/Karotinoidid" class="mw-redirect" title="Karotinoidid">karotinoidid</a> (punane) ja <a href="/wiki/Melaniin" title="Melaniin">melaniinid</a> (tume) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramphocelus_bresilius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramphocelus bresilius (pole veel kirjutatud)">Ramphocelus bresilius</a></i>’e tiivalt/kõhult</figcaption></figure> <p>Sulgede värvus oleneb nende mikrostruktuurist või <a href="/wiki/Pigment_(bioloogia)" title="Pigment (bioloogia)">pigmentidest</a> sule rakkudes või nende mõlema koostoimest. Sule mikrostruktuuri moodustavad rakkude asetus, erilised valgustmurdvad rakud, sule pinna siledus – see tingib eeskätt sulgede läike ja nende sillerdavad varjundid. Kõige levinumad pigmendid lindude sulestikus on <a href="/wiki/Melaniin" title="Melaniin">melaniinid</a> (pruunid ja beežid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Freomelaniinid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freomelaniinid (pole veel kirjutatud)">freomelaniinid</a> ning mustad ja hallid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eumelaniinid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eumelaniinid (pole veel kirjutatud)">eumelaniinid</a>) ning <a href="/wiki/Karotinoidid" class="mw-redirect" title="Karotinoidid">karotinoidid</a> (punane, kollane, oranž). Teised pigmendid esinevad peamiselt teatud taksonitel, näiteks punane turatsiin ja roheline turakoverdiin (<a href="/wiki/Porf%C3%BCriin" class="mw-redirect" title="Porfüriin">porfüriinipigmendid</a>), mida on leitud ainult <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turako&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turako (pole veel kirjutatud)">turako</a> lindudes. Sinist ja violetset pigmenti lindude sulgedes ei ole ja need värvused on tingitud pigmentide ja sule mikrostruktuuri koosmõjust<sup id="cite_ref-pettingill_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pettingill-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-T4NKb_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T4NKb-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NvMoS_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NvMoS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sellist koosmõju on tähendatud<sup id="cite_ref-9DqoG_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9DqoG-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fossiilidel, mis on ligikaudu 40 miljonit aastat vanad. Valgetes sulgedes pigmendid puuduvad<sup id="cite_ref-aul_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aul-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gill_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gill-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, lindudel esinev albinism on põhjustatud pigmendiga seotud geenide defektsest ekspresseerumisest. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:BWfeather.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/BWfeather.jpg/250px-BWfeather.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/BWfeather.jpg/330px-BWfeather.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/BWfeather.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>Ilma pigmendita sulg</figcaption></figure> <p>Näiteks papagoide siniste ja ereroheliste värvide kirevus on põhjustatud valguse peegeldumisest sule struktuuride eri kihtide vahel ning sellest tekkivast konstruktiivsest <a href="/wiki/Interferents" title="Interferents">interferentsist</a>. Sellist spetsiifilist sulestruktuuri nimetatakse ka Dycki tekstuuriks<sup id="cite_ref-YH17Z_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YH17Z-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sa9PU_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa9PU-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Melaniin on tihti kaasatud valguse neelamisse; näiteks olles koos kollase pigmendiga, on tulemuseks oliiviroheline toon. </p><p>Mõnedel lindudel saavutatakse sulestiku värvus <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4ranipun%C3%A4%C3%A4re" title="Päranipunääre">päranipunäärme</a> (uropügiaalnäärme) võidega. Saadav toon võib olla nähtav nähtava valguse käes või <a href="/wiki/Ultravioletne_valgus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultravioletne valgus">ultarvioletses</a> valguses – viimast on küll oletatud<sup id="cite_ref-delhey_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delhey-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, kuid sellele pole leitud veel kinnitust.<sup id="cite_ref-4tDYH_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4tDYH-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uropügiaalnäärme võie on oluline ka sulgede igapäevases hoolduses. Suled muutuvad hapraks, kui neid ei kaeta regulaarselt päranipunäärme (uropügiaalnäärme) võidega.<sup id="cite_ref-gill_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gill-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See võie on rikas vahadest, rasvhapetest ja rasvast. Võie reguleerib ka bakterite ja mikroorganismide floorat sulgedel.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonser,_R._H._C._1995_590–591_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonser,_R._H._C._1995_590–591-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lindude sulestik saab igapäevaselt palju kannatada ning sulgi vahetatakse perioodiliselt. Uued tekkivad suled hakkavad kasvama samast nahataskust, kust vana sulg on ära tulnud. Sulgedes asuv melaniin suurendab sulgede vastupidavust abrasioonile.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonser,_R._H._C._1995_590–591_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonser,_R._H._C._1995_590–591-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ühes uurimuses on näidatud, et melaniini sisaldavad suled langevad bakterite saagiks kiiremini kui suled, mis kas sisaldavad karotinoide või ei sisalda üldse pigmente.<sup id="cite_ref-ApBal_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApBal-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samas leidis samal aastal teine uurimus, et tumedamalt pigmenteerunud pääsukeste suled olid bakteriaalsele infektsioonile vastupidavamad.<sup id="cite_ref-MyrcJ_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MyrcJ-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See uurimisgrupp leidis, et nende tulemused on kooskülas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glogeri_seadus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glogeri seadus (pole veel kirjutatud)">Glogeri seadusega</a>. Värvuse evolutsioon põhineb seksuaalsel valikul ja on püstitatud hüpotees, et karotinoididel baseeruvad pigmendid etendavad seksuaalsel valikul tähtsat rolli, sest tegemist on n-ö ausamate signaalidega – karotinoide omastavad linnud spetsiaalsetest toiduobjektidest<sup id="cite_ref-p3npt_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p3npt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-W5kzV_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W5kzV-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, või on põhjuseks asjaolu, et karotinoidide üheks funktsiooniks on osaleda ka immuunsüsteemi funktsioneerimises.<sup id="cite_ref-JZGwB_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JZGwB-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funktsioon">Funktsioon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulg&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Funktsioon"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulg&action=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Funktsioon" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suled isoleerivad linde külmade temperatuuride ja vee eest. Samuti võidakse nendega vooderdada pesa, et pakkuda munadele ja poegadele kaitset. Individuaalsed suled sabal ja tiibadel mängivad olulist rolli lennu kontrollimisel. Mõnedel liikidel on peas suletutid. Kuigi suled on kerged, kaalub linnu sulestik kaks kuni kolm korda rohkem kui tema luustik – selle põhjuseks on lindude seest õõnsad luud, mille sees on õhukambrid. Sulestiku värvimustrid on tihti kohastunud vaenlase eest peitumiseks vastavalt linnu elukohale. Nii nagu kaladel, on ka lindude üla- ja alakülg tihti erinevat värvi, et vähendada ka lendamisel kiskja poolt tabamise võimalust. Suured välised erinevused sama soo isendite vahel on üks osa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seksuaalsest_dimorfism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seksuaalsest dimorfism (pole veel kirjutatud)">seksuaalsest dimorfismist</a> ja mängib olulist rolli sobiva partneri leidmises. Mõnel juhul erinevus isendite sulestiku värvuses puudub nähtavas valguses, kuid UV-valguses, mida linnud samuti tajuvad, on dimorfism märgatav.<sup id="cite_ref-BlmVR_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlmVR-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Üks erilisemaid näiteid sulgede funktsioonist on kurikatiivulisel tantsulinnul (<i>Machaeropterus deliciosus </i>), kes kuulub <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rvuline" class="mw-redirect" title="Värvuline">värvuliste</a> alla. Selle liigi isasisendite suled on kohastunud nii, et nende hõõrumisel üksteise vastu tekib kõrgetooniline kosjalaul, mis meenutab kilgi siristamist.<sup id="cite_ref-delfi_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delfi-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wnoaa_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wnoaa-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sulgimine">Sulgimine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulg&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Sulgimine"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulg&action=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Sulgimine" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vähemalt kord aastas toimub lindudel sulgede vahetumine ehk sulgimine. See toimub kas enne või pärast paaritumist. Esimesel korral on tavaliselt tegemist vaid väheste sulgede vahetumisega ilusate "pulmasulgede" ehk hundsulestiku vastu. Hoo- ja tüürsuled langevad välja enamasti järk-järgult. Mitmetel lindudel (mõnedel partidel, hanedel jne) langevad aga hoo- ja tüürsuled välja korraga. Niisugusel juhul kaotavad linnud mõneks ajaks lennuvõime ja nende organism on nõrgestatud.<sup id="cite_ref-aul_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aul-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gill_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gill-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutsioon">Evolutsioon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulg&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Evolutsioon"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulg&action=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Evolutsioon" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Archaeopteryx_(Feather).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Archaeopteryx_%28Feather%29.jpg/170px-Archaeopteryx_%28Feather%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Archaeopteryx_%28Feather%29.jpg/255px-Archaeopteryx_%28Feather%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Archaeopteryx_%28Feather%29.jpg/340px-Archaeopteryx_%28Feather%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Ürgse <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i>’i sule fossiil</figcaption></figure> <p>Sulgede evolutsiooni traditsiooniline uurimine on pööranud tähelepanu isolatsioonile, lendamisele ja sotsiaalsele märguandele. Hiinast avastatud leiud sulgedega dinosaurustest, kellel lennuvõime puudus, lubavad oletada, et lendamine polnud sugugi sulgede primaarne funktsioon.<sup id="cite_ref-sumida_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sumida-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On oletatud, et suled võisid omada algselt hoopis olulisemat rolli termoregulatsioonis, veehülgamises või isegi metaboolsetest ülejääkidest, nagu väävel, lahtisaamises.<sup id="cite_ref-W8Qy0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W8Qy0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kuigi üldine arvamus on, et suled on arenenud välja <a href="/wiki/Roomajad" title="Roomajad">roomajate</a> soomustest, on sellele mitmeid vastuväiteid, millest hilisemad seletused on kerkinud üles evolutsioonibioloogia paradigmadest.<sup id="cite_ref-Prum2003_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prum2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soomustepõhise arengu teooriad väidavad, et ühetasandiline soomuste struktuur aja jooksul lõhenes, moodustamaks sulgedele omast niidistikku; see tähendab tubulaarse struktuuri tõusmist nahapinnalt ning selle toruja moodustise pikkupidist lühenemist, et moodustuks sulele omane struktuur.<sup id="cite_ref-Prum2003_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prum2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prum2002_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prum2002-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ühelt keha pinnaühikult algatavate sulgede hulk on väikestel lindudel suurem kui suurtel lindudel – see trend näitab selgesti sulgede tähtsat rolli termoisolatsioonis: väikesed linnud kaotavad rohkem soojust, kuna neil on endi kehamassi kohta suurem keha pindala.<sup id="cite_ref-pettingill_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pettingill-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lindude sulgede värvus arvatakse olevat evolutsioneerunud peamiselt läbi seksuaalse valiku. Paljudel juhtudel näitab sulestiku kvaliteet lindude (eriti isaste) füsioloogilist seisundit ning seda kasutatakse (emaste poolt) ära partneri valikul.<sup id="cite_ref-PMzya_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMzya-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RbzRo_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RbzRo-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutsioonilised_astmed">Evolutsioonilised astmed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulg&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Evolutsioonilised astmed"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulg&action=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Evolutsioonilised astmed" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Feather_stages_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Feather_stages_diagram.svg/250px-Feather_stages_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Feather_stages_diagram.svg/330px-Feather_stages_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Feather_stages_diagram.svg/500px-Feather_stages_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Sulgede evolutsiooni illustreeriv diagramm</figcaption></figure> <p>Mitu uuringut, mis on keskendunud tänapäevaste lindude embrüotel sulgede tekkimisele, on üritanud tõmmata paralleele enda saadud tulemuste ja erinevate ajalooliste lindude eellaste sulgede tekke vahel. See on andnud teadlastele võimaluse rekonstrueerida järjestusi, kuidas suled võisid evolutsiooni käigus tekkida ja areneda sellisteks, nagu neid võib leida tänapäevastel lindudel. </p><p><b>Hüpoteesi sulgede tekkimise astmelistest etappidest (Xu ja Guo, 2009):</b><sup id="cite_ref-xu&guo2009_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xu&guo2009-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6739384">.mw-parser-output th.mbox-text,.mw-parser-output td.mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output td.mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output td.mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output td.mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output table.ambox{margin:0 10%;border:1px solid #aaa;border-left:10px solid #1e90ff;background:#fbfbfb}.mw-parser-output table.ambox~table.ambox:not(.mbox-small-left){margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox th.mbox-text,.mw-parser-output .ambox td.mbox-text{padding:0.25em 0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ambox td.mbox-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ambox td.mbox-imageright{padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #1e90ff}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b22222;background:#fee}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b22222}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #f4c430}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba}.mw-parser-output table.imbox{margin:4px 10%;border-collapse:collapse;border:3px solid #36c;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output table.cmbox{margin:3px 10%;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#DFE8FF}.mw-parser-output table.ombox{margin:4px 10%;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output table.tmbox{margin:4px 10%;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #c0c090;background:#f8eaba}.mw-parser-output table.fmbox{clear:both;margin:0.2em 0;width:100%;border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output table.fmbox-editnotice{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output table.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output table.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cmbox{background-color:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cmbox{background-color:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}}</style></div><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Edit-copy_orange_button.svg/35px-Edit-copy_orange_button.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Edit-copy_orange_button.svg/53px-Edit-copy_orange_button.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Edit-copy_orange_button.svg/70px-Edit-copy_orange_button.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="43" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>See artikkel</b> <b>vajab <a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:Artiklite_toimetamine" title="Vikipeedia:Artiklite toimetamine">toimetamist</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small><i>(Oktoober 2011)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"> <br /><small>Palun aita <a class="external text" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulg&action=edit">artiklit toimetada</a>.</small> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Juhend:Toimetusm%C3%A4rkuste_eemaldamine" title="Juhend:Toimetusmärkuste eemaldamine">Kuidas ja millal see märkus eemaldada?</a>)</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>Üksik filament</li> <li>Mitu filamenti, mis on ühendatud alumise otsa kaudu</li> <li>Mitu filamenti, mis on ühendatud alumisest otsast kuni filamendi keskele</li> <li>Üks tsentrifilament, millest lähtuvad teised filamendid</li> <li>Mitmed filamendid, mis tõusevad membraanse struktuuri servalt</li> <li>Kattesulg ilma ebemete, kidakeste ja tsentraalse suleroota</li> <li>Kattesulg asümmeetrilise sulerooga</li> <li>Diferentseerumata sulg koos tsentraalse sulerooga</li></ol> <p>Samas, Foth (2011) näitas, et mõnigi nimetatud etapp (eriti etapid 2 ja 5) on suure tõenäosusega lihtsalt välja mõeldud vahestaadiumid fossiilsete sulgede halvasti fossiliseerumise pärast. Foth avaldas arvamust, et aste 2 on tegelikult etapi 3 (või isegi mõne hilisema etapi) purunenud või valesti identifitseeritud eksemplarid ning astme 5 suled on purunenud etapi 6 suled.<sup id="cite_ref-foth2011_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foth2011-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulg&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulg&action=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-aul-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-aul_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-aul_1-1">1,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-aul_1-2">1,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-aul_1-3">1,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Aul.J., Ling.H.1969. Selgroogsete zooloogia. Valgus, Tallinn.558 lk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6066747">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2018-02-vikings-pillows.html">"What Vikings really put in their pillows"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phys.org&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phys.org (pole veel kirjutatud)">Phys.org</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_X_network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science X network (pole veel kirjutatud)">Science X network</a>. 27. veebruar 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phys.org&rft.atitle=What+Vikings+really+put+in+their+pillows&rft.date=2018-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2018-02-vikings-pillows.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gill-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gill_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gill_3-1">3,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gill_3-2">3,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gill_3-3">3,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gill_3-4">3,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gill_3-5">3,5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gill_3-6">3,6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gill_3-7">3,7</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Gill.F.B. 2001. Ornithology; 2-ed. W.H.Freeman and Company. New York.737 pp</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schor-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schor_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Schor and S. Krimm (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1366335/?tool=pmcentrez">"Studies on the Structure of Feather Keratin II. A β-Helix Model for the Structure of Feather Keratin"</a> Biophys J. 1 (6): 489–515. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961BpJ.....1..489S">1961BpJ.....1..489S</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (pole veel kirjutatud)">doi</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924163406/http://www.pnas.org/content/37/5/256">10.1073/pnas.37.5.256</a> <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1366335/?tool=pmcentrez">1366335</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (pole veel kirjutatud)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19431311">19431311</a>[</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corey-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Corey_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Linus Pauling and Robert B. Corey (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1063351/?tool=pmcentrez">"The Structure of Feather Rachis keratin"</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 37 (5): 256–261. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1951PNAS...37..256P">1951PNAS...37..256P</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (pole veel kirjutatud)">doi</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924163406/http://www.pnas.org/content/37/5/256">10.1073/pnas.37.5.256</a> <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1063351">1063351</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (pole veel kirjutatud)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14834148">14834148</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hornik-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hornik_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hornik, C., Krishan, K., Yusuf, F., Scaal, M., & Brand-Saberi, B. (2005). "cDermo-1 misexpression induces dense dermis, feathers, and scales". Developmental Biology 277 (1): 42–50. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (pole veel kirjutatud)">doi</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012160604006256">10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.08.050</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (pole veel kirjutatud)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15572138">15572163</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qwBsD-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-qwBsD_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFCameron,_G.,_Wess,_T.,_&_Bonfser,_R.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, G., Wess, T., & Bonfser, R. (2003). "Young's modulus varies with differential orientation of keratin in feathers". <i>Journal of Structural Biology</i>. <b>143</b> (2): 118–23. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1047-8477%2803%2900142-4">10.1016/S1047-8477(03)00142-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rahvusvaheline_jadav%C3%A4ljaande_standardnumber" title="Rahvusvaheline jadaväljaande standardnumber">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1047-8477">1047-8477</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_number" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID number">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12972348">12972348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Structural+Biology&rft.atitle=Young%27s+modulus+varies+with+differential+orientation+of+keratin+in+feathers&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=118-23&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=1047-8477&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12972348&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1047-8477%2803%2900142-4&rft.au=Cameron%2C+G.%2C+Wess%2C+T.%2C+%26+Bonfser%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Mall:Cite_journal" title="Mall:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend (<a href="/wiki/Kategooria:CS1_hooldus:_mitu_nime:_autorite_loend" title="Kategooria:CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DgTNv-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DgTNv_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFBonser,_R.,_Saker,_L.,_&_Jeronimidis,_G.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bonser, R., Saker, L., & Jeronimidis, G. (2004). "Toughness anisotropy in feather keratin". <i>Journal of Materials Science</i>. <b>39</b> (8): 2895–2896. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JMatS..39.2895B">2004JMatS..39.2895B</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AJMSC.0000021474.75864.ff">10.1023/B:JMSC.0000021474.75864.ff</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Materials+Science&rft.atitle=Toughness+anisotropy+in+feather+keratin&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2895-2896&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FB%3AJMSC.0000021474.75864.ff&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JMatS..39.2895B&rft.au=Bonser%2C+R.%2C+Saker%2C+L.%2C+%26+Jeronimidis%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Mall:Cite_journal" title="Mall:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend (<a href="/wiki/Kategooria:CS1_hooldus:_mitu_nime:_autorite_loend" title="Kategooria:CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pettingill-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pettingill_9-0">9,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pettingill_9-1">9,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFPettingill,_OS_Jr.1970" class="citation book cs1">Pettingill, OS Jr. (1970). <i>Ornithology in Laboratory and Field. Fourth edition</i>. Burgess Publishing Company. Lk 29–58. <a href="/wiki/Rahvusvaheline_raamatu_standardnumber" title="Rahvusvaheline raamatu standardnumber">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/808716093" title="Eri:Raamatuotsimine/808716093"><bdi>808716093</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ornithology+in+Laboratory+and+Field.+Fourth+edition&rft.pages=29-58&rft.pub=Burgess+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Pettingill%2C+OS+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Mall:Cite_book" title="Mall:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">kontrolli parameetri <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code> väärtust: pikkust (<a href="/wiki/Juhend:Viitamismallide_vead#bad_isbn" title="Juhend:Viitamismallide vead">juhend</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T4NKb-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-T4NKb_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFHausmann,_F.,_Arnold,_K.E.,_Marshall,_N.J._&_Owens,_I.P.F.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hausmann, F., Arnold, K.E., Marshall, N.J. & Owens, I.P.F. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691211">"Ultraviolet signals in birds are special"</a>. <i>Proc. R. Soc. B</i>. <b>270</b> (1510): 61–67. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2002.2200">10.1098/rspb.2002.2200</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vaba ligipääs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691211">1691211</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_number" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID number">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12590772">12590772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+R.+Soc.+B&rft.atitle=Ultraviolet+signals+in+birds+are+special&rft.volume=270&rft.issue=1510&rft.pages=61-67&rft.date=2003&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1691211%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12590772&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2002.2200&rft.au=Hausmann%2C+F.%2C+Arnold%2C+K.E.%2C+Marshall%2C+N.J.+%26+Owens%2C+I.P.F.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1691211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Mall:Cite_journal" title="Mall:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend (<a href="/wiki/Kategooria:CS1_hooldus:_mitu_nime:_autorite_loend" title="Kategooria:CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NvMoS-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NvMoS_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_D_Shawkey_and_Geoffrey_E_Hill2005" class="citation journal cs1">Matthew D Shawkey and Geoffrey E Hill (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326144121/http://nature.berkeley.edu/%7Emshawkey/9.pdf">"Carotenoids need structural colours to shine"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Biol Lett</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 121–124. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2004.0289">10.1098/rsbl.2004.0289</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vaba ligipääs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1626226">1626226</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_number" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID number">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17148144">17148144</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nature.berkeley.edu/%7Emshawkey/9.pdf">Originaali</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> arhiivikoopia seisuga 26. märts 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 22. oktoobril 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biol+Lett.&rft.atitle=Carotenoids+need+structural+colours+to+shine&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=121-124&rft.date=2005&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1626226%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17148144&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2004.0289&rft.au=Matthew+D+Shawkey+and+Geoffrey+E+Hill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnature.berkeley.edu%2F%257Emshawkey%2F9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9DqoG-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9DqoG_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFVintherDerek_E._G._BriggsJulia_ClarkeGerald_Mayr2009" class="citation journal cs1">Vinther, Jakob; Derek E. G. Briggs; Julia Clarke; Gerald Mayr; Richard O. Prum (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621083621/http://www.eeb.yale.edu/prum/pdf/Vinther%20et%20al%202010.pdf">"Structural coloration in a fossil feather"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_Letters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biology Letters (pole veel kirjutatud)">Biology Letters</a></i>. <b>6</b> (1): 128–31. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0524">10.1098/rsbl.2009.0524</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vaba ligipääs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817243">2817243</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_number" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID number">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19710052">19710052</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eeb.yale.edu/prum/pdf/Vinther%20et%20al%202010.pdf">Originaali</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> arhiivikoopia seisuga 21. juuni 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 19. juulil 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Structural+coloration+in+a+fossil+feather&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=128-31&rft.date=2009&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2817243%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19710052&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0524&rft.aulast=Vinther&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rft.au=Derek+E.+G.+Briggs&rft.au=Julia+Clarke&rft.au=Gerald+Mayr&rft.au=Richard+O.+Prum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eeb.yale.edu%2Fprum%2Fpdf%2FVinther%2520et%2520al%25202010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YH17Z-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-YH17Z_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFDyck_J.1971" class="citation journal cs1">Dyck J. (1971). "Structure and spectral reflectance of green and blue feathers of the Lovebird (<i>Agapornis roseicollis</i>)". <i>Biol. Skr</i>. <b>18</b>: 1–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biol.+Skr.&rft.atitle=Structure+and+spectral+reflectance+of+green+and+blue+feathers+of+the+Lovebird+%28Agapornis+roseicollis%29&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=1-67&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Dyck+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sa9PU-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sa9PU_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFShawkey_MD_&_G_E_Hill2005" class="citation journal cs1">Shawkey MD & G E Hill (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326144122/http://nature.berkeley.edu/%7Emshawkey/6.pdf">"Feathers at a fine scale"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Auk</i>. <b>121</b> (3): 652–655. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1642%2F0004-8038%282004%29121%5B0652%3AFAAFS%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0652:FAAFS]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nature.berkeley.edu/%7Emshawkey/6.pdf">Originaali</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> arhiivikoopia seisuga 26. märts 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 22. oktoobril 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Auk&rft.atitle=Feathers+at+a+fine+scale&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=652-655&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1642%2F0004-8038%282004%29121%5B0652%3AFAAFS%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.au=Shawkey+MD+%26+G+E+Hill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnature.berkeley.edu%2F%257Emshawkey%2F6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-delhey-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-delhey_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFDelhey_K,_A._Peters,_and_B._Kempenaers2007" class="citation journal cs1">Delhey K, A. Peters, and B. Kempenaers (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203190459/http://www.orn.mpg.de/documents/peters/Delhey_AmNat2007_copy.pdf">"Cosmetic coloration in birds: occurrence, function and evolution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Am. Nat</i>. <b>169</b>: S145–158. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F510095">10.1086/510095</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_number" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID number">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19426089">19426089</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orn.mpg.de/documents/peters/Delhey_AmNat2007_copy.pdf">Originaali</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> arhiivikoopia seisuga 3. detsember 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 22. oktoobril 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+Nat.&rft.atitle=Cosmetic+coloration+in+birds%3A+occurrence%2C+function+and+evolution&rft.volume=169&rft.pages=S145-158&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F510095&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19426089&rft.au=Delhey+K%2C+A.+Peters%2C+and+B.+Kempenaers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orn.mpg.de%2Fdocuments%2Fpeters%2FDelhey_AmNat2007_copy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Mall:Cite_journal" title="Mall:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend (<a href="/wiki/Kategooria:CS1_hooldus:_mitu_nime:_autorite_loend" title="Kategooria:CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4tDYH-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4tDYH_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFDelhey,_K.,_A._Peters,_PHW_Biedermann_&_B_Kempenaers2008" class="citation journal cs1">Delhey, K., A. Peters, PHW Biedermann & B Kempenaers (2008). "Optical properties of the uropygial gland secretion: no evidence for UV cosmetics in birds". <i>Naturwissenschaften</i>. <b>95</b> (10): 939–46. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008NW.....95..939D">2008NW.....95..939D</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00114-008-0406-8">10.1007/s00114-008-0406-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_number" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID number">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18560743">18560743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naturwissenschaften&rft.atitle=Optical+properties+of+the+uropygial+gland+secretion%3A+no+evidence+for+UV+cosmetics+in+birds&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=939-46&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18560743&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00114-008-0406-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008NW.....95..939D&rft.au=Delhey%2C+K.%2C+A.+Peters%2C+PHW+Biedermann+%26+B+Kempenaers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Mall:Cite_journal" title="Mall:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend (<a href="/wiki/Kategooria:CS1_hooldus:_mitu_nime:_autorite_loend" title="Kategooria:CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonser,_R._H._C._1995_590–591-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bonser,_R._H._C._1995_590–591_17-0">17,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bonser,_R._H._C._1995_590–591_17-1">17,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFBonser,_R._H._C.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Bonser, R. H. C. (1995). "Melanin and the abrasion resistance of feathers". <i>Condor</i>. <b>97</b> (2): 590–591. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1369048">10.2307/1369048</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1369048">1369048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Condor&rft.atitle=Melanin+and+the+abrasion+resistance+of+feathers&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=590-591&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1369048&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1369048%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Bonser%2C+R.+H.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ApBal-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ApBal_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFGrande_JM,_Negro_JJ_&_MJ_Torres2004" class="citation journal cs1">Grande JM, Negro JJ & MJ Torres (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ardeola.org/files/Ardeola_51(2)_375-383.pdf">"The evolution of bird plumage colouration: A role for feather-degrading bacteria?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ardeola</i>. <b>51</b> (2): 375–383.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ardeola&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+bird+plumage+colouration%3A+A+role+for+feather-degrading+bacteria%3F&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=375-383&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Grande+JM%2C+Negro+JJ+%26+MJ+Torres&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ardeola.org%2Ffiles%2FArdeola_51%282%29_375-383.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MyrcJ-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-MyrcJ_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFBurtt,_Edward_H._Jr._&_Ichida,_Jann_M.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Burtt, Edward H. Jr. & Ichida, Jann M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.public.asu.edu/~kjmcgraw/pubs/Condor04b.pdf">"Gloger's Rule, feather-degrading bacteria, and color variation among Song Sparrows"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Condor</i>. <b>106</b> (3): 681–686. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1650%2F7383">10.1650/7383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Condor&rft.atitle=Gloger%27s+Rule%2C+feather-degrading+bacteria%2C+and+color+variation+among+Song+Sparrows&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=681-686&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1650%2F7383&rft.au=Burtt%2C+Edward+H.+Jr.+%26+Ichida%2C+Jann+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.public.asu.edu%2F~kjmcgraw%2Fpubs%2FCondor04b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Mall:Cite_journal" title="Mall:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend (<a href="/wiki/Kategooria:CS1_hooldus:_mitu_nime:_autorite_loend" title="Kategooria:CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p3npt-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-p3npt_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFEndler1980" class="citation journal cs1">Endler, J. A. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_evolution_1980-01_34_1/page/76">"Natural selection on color patterns in Poeci-lia reticulata"</a>. <i>Evolution</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 76–91. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2408316">10.2307/2408316</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2408316">2408316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.atitle=Natural+selection+on+color+patterns+in+Poeci-lia+reticulata&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=76-91&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2408316&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2408316%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Endler&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_evolution_1980-01_34_1%2Fpage%2F76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W5kzV-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-W5kzV_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFBadyaev_AV_&_Hill_GE2000" class="citation journal cs1">Badyaev AV & Hill GE (2000). "Evolution of sexual dichromatism: contribution of carotenoid versus melanin-based colouration". <i>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>69</b>: 153–172. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2000.tb01196.x">10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01196.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+sexual+dichromatism%3A+contribution+of+carotenoid+versus+melanin-based+colouration&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=153-172&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2000.tb01196.x&rft.au=Badyaev+AV+%26+Hill+GE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JZGwB-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-JZGwB_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lozano, G. A. 1994. Carotenoids, parasites, and sexual selection. Oikos 70: 309–311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlmVR-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BlmVR_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFMuir_D._Eaton_and_Scott_M._Lanyon2003" class="citation journal cs1">Muir D. Eaton and Scott M. Lanyon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691429">"The Ubiquity of Avian Ultraviolet Plumage Reflectance"</a>. <i>Proceedings: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>270</b> (1525): 1721–1726. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2003.2431">10.1098/rspb.2003.2431</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vaba ligipääs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691429">1691429</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_number" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID number">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12965000">12965000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Ubiquity+of+Avian+Ultraviolet+Plumage+Reflectance&rft.volume=270&rft.issue=1525&rft.pages=1721-1726&rft.date=2003&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1691429%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12965000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2003.2431&rft.au=Muir+D.+Eaton+and+Scott+M.+Lanyon&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1691429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-delfi-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-delfi_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119023018/http://forte.delfi.ee/news/teadus/linnul-avastati-ainulaadne-muusika-tekitamise-voime.d?id=27492229">"Arhiivikoopia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forte.delfi.ee/news/teadus/linnul-avastati-ainulaadne-muusika-tekitamise-voime.d?id=27492229">Originaali</a> arhiivikoopia seisuga 19. jaanuar 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 22. oktoobril 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arhiivikoopia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforte.delfi.ee%2Fnews%2Fteadus%2Flinnul-avastati-ainulaadne-muusika-tekitamise-voime.d%3Fid%3D27492229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Mall:Netiviide" title="Mall:Netiviide">netiviide</a>}}</code>: CS1 hooldus: arhiivikoopia kasutusel pealkirjana (<a href="/wiki/Kategooria:CS1_hooldus:_arhiivikoopia_kasutusel_pealkirjana" title="Kategooria:CS1 hooldus: arhiivikoopia kasutusel pealkirjana">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wnoaa-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wnoaa_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFBostwick,_Kimberly_S._and_Richard_O._Prum2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bostwick, Kimberly S. and Richard O. Prum (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cumv.bio.cornell.edu/pdf/Bostwick_Prum_2005_manuscript.pdf">"Courting Bird Sings with Stridulating Wing Feathers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>309</b> (5735): 736. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1111701">10.1126/science.1111701</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_number" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID number">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16051789">16051789</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 19. juulil 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Courting+Bird+Sings+with+Stridulating+Wing+Feathers&rft.volume=309&rft.issue=5735&rft.pages=736&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1111701&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16051789&rft.au=Bostwick%2C+Kimberly+S.+and+Richard+O.+Prum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcumv.bio.cornell.edu%2Fpdf%2FBostwick_Prum_2005_manuscript.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sumida-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sumida_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFSumida,_SS_&_CA_Brochu2000" class="citation journal cs1">Sumida, SS & CA Brochu (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/40/4/486">"Phylogenetic context for the origin of feathers"</a>. <i>American Zoologist</i>. <b>40</b> (4): 486–503. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F40.4.486">10.1093/icb/40.4.486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Zoologist&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+context+for+the+origin+of+feathers&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=486-503&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F40.4.486&rft.au=Sumida%2C+SS+%26+CA+Brochu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficb.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F40%2F4%2F486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W8Qy0-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-W8Qy0_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFBock,_WJ2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bock, WJ (2000). "Explanatory History of the Origin of Feathers". <i>Amer. Zool</i>. <b>40</b> (4): 478–485. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F40.4.478">10.1093/icb/40.4.478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amer.+Zool.&rft.atitle=Explanatory+History+of+the+Origin+of+Feathers&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=478-485&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F40.4.478&rft.au=Bock%2C+WJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prum2003-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Prum2003_28-0">28,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Prum2003_28-1">28,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFPrum,_R.O.,_&_Brush,_A.H2003" class="citation journal cs1">Prum, R.O., & Brush, A.H (märts 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/eeb/prum/pdf/Prum_n_Brush_2003.pdf">"Which Came First, the Feather or the Bird?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. <b>288</b> (3): 84–93. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0303-84">10.1038/scientificamerican0303-84</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_number" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID number">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12616863">12616863</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 7. juulil 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Which+Came+First%2C+the+Feather+or+the+Bird%3F&rft.volume=288&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=84-93&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0303-84&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12616863&rft.au=Prum%2C+R.O.%2C+%26+Brush%2C+A.H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Feeb%2Fprum%2Fpdf%2FPrum_n_Brush_2003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Mall:Cite_journal" title="Mall:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend (<a href="/wiki/Kategooria:CS1_hooldus:_mitu_nime:_autorite_loend" title="Kategooria:CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prum2002-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Prum2002_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFPrum,_Richard_O._&_AH_Brush2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Prum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Prum (pole veel kirjutatud)">Prum, Richard O</a>. & AH Brush (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/eeb/prum/pdf/Prum_n_Brush_2002.pdf">"The evolutionary origin and diversification of feathers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Quarterly_Review_of_Biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Quarterly Review of Biology (pole veel kirjutatud)">The Quarterly Review of Biology</a></i>. <b>77</b> (3): 261–295. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F341993">10.1086/341993</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_number" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID number">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12365352">12365352</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 7. juulil 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Review+of+Biology&rft.atitle=The+evolutionary+origin+and+diversification+of+feathers&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=261-295&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F341993&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12365352&rft.au=Prum%2C+Richard+O.+%26+AH+Brush&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Feeb%2Fprum%2Fpdf%2FPrum_n_Brush_2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMzya-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMzya_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFSaino,_Nicola,_and_Riccardo_Stradi1999" class="citation journal cs1">Saino, Nicola, and Riccardo Stradi (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_1999-10_154_4/page/441">"Carotenoid Plasma Concentration, Immune Profile, and Plumage Ornamentation of Male Barn Swallows"</a>. <i>American Naturalist</i>. <b>154</b> (4): 441–448. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F303246">10.1086/303246</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_number" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID number">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10523490">10523490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Carotenoid+Plasma+Concentration%2C+Immune+Profile%2C+and+Plumage+Ornamentation+of+Male+Barn+Swallows&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=441-448&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F303246&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10523490&rft.au=Saino%2C+Nicola%2C+and+Riccardo+Stradi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_american-naturalist_1999-10_154_4%2Fpage%2F441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Mall:Cite_journal" title="Mall:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend (<a href="/wiki/Kategooria:CS1_hooldus:_mitu_nime:_autorite_loend" title="Kategooria:CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RbzRo-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-RbzRo_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFEndler,_John_A.,_David_A._Westcott,_Joah_R._Madden,_Tim_Robson,_and_Patrick_Phillips2005" class="citation journal cs1">Endler, John A., David A. Westcott, Joah R. Madden, Tim Robson, and Patrick Phillips (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_evolution_2005-08_59_8/page/1795">"Animal visual systems and the evolution of color patterns: Sensory processing illumiates signal evolution"</a>. <i>Evolution</i>. <b>59</b> (8): 1795–1818. <a href="/wiki/PMID_number" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID number">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16329248">16329248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.atitle=Animal+visual+systems+and+the+evolution+of+color+patterns%3A+Sensory+processing+illumiates+signal+evolution&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1795-1818&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16329248&rft.au=Endler%2C+John+A.%2C+David+A.+Westcott%2C+Joah+R.+Madden%2C+Tim+Robson%2C+and+Patrick+Phillips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_evolution_2005-08_59_8%2Fpage%2F1795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Mall:Cite_journal" title="Mall:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend (<a href="/wiki/Kategooria:CS1_hooldus:_mitu_nime:_autorite_loend" title="Kategooria:CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xu&guo2009-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-xu&guo2009_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFXuGuo2009" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, X.; Guo, Y. (2009). "The origin and early evolution of feathers: insights from recent paleontological and neontological data". <i>Vertebrata PalAsiatica</i>. <b>47</b> (4): 311–329.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vertebrata+PalAsiatica&rft.atitle=The+origin+and+early+evolution+of+feathers%3A+insights+from+recent+paleontological+and+neontological+data&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=311-329&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=X.&rft.au=Guo%2C+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ASulg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foth2011-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-foth2011_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foth, C. (2011). "On the identification of feather structures in stem-line representatives of birds: evidence from fossils and actuopalaeontology." <i>Paläontologische Zeitschrift</i>, (advance publication) <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-011-0111-3">10.1007/s12542-011-0111-3</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaata_ka">Vaata ka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulg&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulg&action=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6724296">.mw-parser-output table.side-box{margin:4px 0;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output th.side-box-text,.mw-parser-output td.side-box-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output td.side-box-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output td.side-box-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.side-box a>img{max-width:none!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output table.side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output table.side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output table.side-box-left{margin-right:1em;border-collapse:collapse}}</style><table role="presentation" class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <tbody><tr> <td class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></td> <td class="side-box-text">Tsitaadid Vikitsitaatides: <b><a href="https://et.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sulg" class="extiw" title="q:Sulg">Sulg</a></b></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ehissulg" title="Ehissulg">Ehissulg</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Pärit leheküljelt "<a dir="ltr" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulg&oldid=6696984">https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulg&oldid=6696984</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Kategooriad" title="Eri:Kategooriad">Kategooriad</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Lindude_anatoomia" title="Kategooria:Lindude anatoomia">Lindude anatoomia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Suled" title="Kategooria:Suled">Suled</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Peidetud kategooriad: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:CS1_hooldus:_mitu_nime:_autorite_loend" title="Kategooria:CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend">CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: autorite loend</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:CS1_vead:_ISBN" title="Kategooria:CS1 vead: ISBN">CS1 vead: ISBN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:CS1_hooldus:_arhiivikoopia_kasutusel_pealkirjana" title="Kategooria:CS1 hooldus: arhiivikoopia kasutusel pealkirjana">CS1 hooldus: arhiivikoopia kasutusel pealkirjana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Toimetamist_ootavad_(oktoober_2011)" title="Kategooria:Toimetamist ootavad (oktoober 2011)">Toimetamist ootavad (oktoober 2011)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Toimetamist_ootavad" title="Kategooria:Toimetamist ootavad">Toimetamist ootavad</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Selle lehekülje viimane muutmine: 06:32, 5. august 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst on kasutatav vastavalt Creative Commonsi litsentsile "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.et">Autorile viitamine + jagamine samadel tingimustel</a>"; sellele võivad lisanduda täiendavad tingimused. 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