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title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-背景" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#背景"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>背景</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-背景-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关背景子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-背景-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-杰雷米亚·霍罗克斯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#杰雷米亚·霍罗克斯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>杰雷米亚·霍罗克斯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-杰雷米亚·霍罗克斯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-威廉·克拉布特里" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#威廉·克拉布特里"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>威廉·克拉布特里</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-威廉·克拉布特里-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-水星凌日" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#水星凌日"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>水星凌日</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-水星凌日-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-观测过程" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#观测过程"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>观测过程</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-观测过程-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-观测结果" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#观测结果"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>观测结果</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-观测结果-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>影响</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-纪念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#纪念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>纪念</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-纪念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1639年金星凌日</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。4种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-4" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">4种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639_transit_of_Venus" title="1639 transit of Venus – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="1639 transit of Venus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DB%B1%DB%B6%DB%B3%DB%B9" title="گذر زهره در ۱۶۳۹ – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گذر زهره در ۱۶۳۹" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_de_V%C3%A9nus_de_1639" title="Transit de Vénus de 1639 – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transit de Vénus de 1639" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranzitul_lui_Venus_din_1639" title="Tranzitul lui Venus din 1639 – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tranzitul lui Venus din 1639" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3537644#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Horrocks_observing_the_1639_transit_of_Venus_by_Eyre_Crowe.jpg/330px-Horrocks_observing_the_1639_transit_of_Venus_by_Eyre_Crowe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Horrocks_observing_the_1639_transit_of_Venus_by_Eyre_Crowe.jpg/440px-Horrocks_observing_the_1639_transit_of_Venus_by_Eyre_Crowe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>观测1639年金星凌日的杰雷米亚·霍罗克斯（《英国天文学的奠基人》（<span lang="en"><i>The Founder of English Astronomy</i></span>），<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃尔·克劳 (画家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Eyre Crowe (painter)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3_(%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃尔·克劳 (画家)（页面不存在）">埃尔·克劳</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Crowe_(painter)" class="extiw" title="en:Eyre Crowe (painter)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Eyre Crowe (painter)</span></a></span>）</span></span>1891年绘制）</figcaption></figure> <p>英国天文学家<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E9%9B%B7%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E7%BD%97%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="杰雷米亚·霍罗克斯">杰雷米亚·霍罗克斯</a>及其友人<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·克拉布特里" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Crabtree"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·克拉布特里（页面不存在）">威廉·克拉布特里</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Crabtree" class="extiw" title="en:William Crabtree"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Crabtree</span></a></span>）</span></span>对于<b>1639年<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5" title="金星凌日">金星凌日</a></b>的观测是已知的首次留有记录的金星凌日观测。<sup id="cite_ref-Kollerstrom_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kollerstrom-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>他们在那年的12月4日（按照英格兰当时通行的<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E7%95%A5%E5%8E%86" class="mw-redirect" title="儒略历">儒略历</a>是11月24日）各自独立地进行了观察：霍罗克斯是在<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%AD%E9%96%8B%E5%A4%8F" title="蘭開夏">兰开夏</a>郡的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡尔公寓" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Carr House"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%AC%E5%AF%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡尔公寓（页面不存在）">卡尔公寓</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carr_House" class="extiw" title="en:Carr House"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Carr House</span></a></span>）</span></span>以及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马驰胡尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Much Hoole"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E9%A9%B0%E8%83%A1%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马驰胡尔（页面不存在）">马驰胡尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Hoole" class="extiw" title="en:Much Hoole"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Much Hoole</span></a></span>）</span></span>村观测的，克拉布特里则是在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%BD%BB%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="曼彻斯特">曼彻斯特</a>附近<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="布劳顿 (索尔福德)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Broughton, Greater Manchester"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E5%8A%B3%E9%A1%BF_(%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布劳顿 (索尔福德)（页面不存在）">布劳顿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broughton,_Greater_Manchester" class="extiw" title="en:Broughton, Greater Manchester"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Broughton, Greater Manchester</span></a></span>）</span></span>的家中观测的。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%80%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92" title="约翰内斯·开普勒">约翰内斯·开普勒</a>的友人及其创造的新天文学的追随者一直通过观测来修正改进开普勒的<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%9B%86%E8%A1%A8" title="魯道夫星曆表">魯道夫星曆表</a>。霍罗克斯是唯一一个意识到1639年金星凌日将要到来的天文学家，其他的天文学家是在霍罗克斯的报告广为传播后才意识到的。尽管二人在完成此次观测后五年内双双离世，但他们突破性的工作对于太阳系体积的研究具有深远影响。由于此次观测以及其他的一系列成就，霍罗克斯、克拉布特里以及他们的笔友<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·加斯科因" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Gascoigne (scientist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%9B%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·加斯科因（页面不存在）">威廉·加斯科因</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gascoigne_(scientist)" class="extiw" title="en:William Gascoigne (scientist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Gascoigne (scientist)</span></a></span>）</span></span>被尊为英国天文学研究之父。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="背景"><span id=".E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF"></span>背景</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：背景"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kepler%27s_1631_notice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kepler%27s_1631_notice.jpg/220px-Kepler%27s_1631_notice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kepler%27s_1631_notice.jpg/330px-Kepler%27s_1631_notice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Kepler%27s_1631_notice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>开普勒在《难再盛年，1631》（<span lang="la"><i>De raris mirisque Anni 1631</i></span>）中提醒天文学家注意即将于1631年到来的水星凌日与金星凌日</figcaption></figure> <p>到了17世纪，两项重要成就使得行星<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%8C_(%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94)" title="凌 (天體)">凌日</a>的观测成为可能：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9B%E8%BF%9C%E9%95%9C" title="望远镜">望远镜</a>以及开普勒所创立的新天文学。依照开普勒的理论，行星公转轨道不是圆而是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%AD%E5%9C%86" title="椭圆">椭圆</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Kollerstrom_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kollerstrom-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1627年，开普勒发表了他的<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%E6%98%9F%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="鲁道夫星表">鲁道夫星表</a>。两年后，开普勒在他的小册子《难再盛年，1631》（<span lang="la"><i>De raris mirisque Anni 1631</i></span>）中刊发了星表的摘录。这份小册子中还有“对于天文学者的提醒”（<span lang="la"><i>admonitio ad astronomos</i></span>）。开普勒在其中提到了1631年的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5" title="水星凌日">水星凌日</a>以及1631年与1761年的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5" title="金星凌日">金星凌日</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B" title="因斯布鲁克">因斯布鲁克</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰·巴普蒂斯特·塞萨特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Johann Baptist Cysat"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%99%AE%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E8%90%A8%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·巴普蒂斯特·塞萨特（页面不存在）">约翰·巴普蒂斯特·塞萨特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Cysat" class="extiw" title="en:Johann Baptist Cysat"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Johann Baptist Cysat</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E6%B3%95%E5%85%8B" title="鲁法克">鲁法克</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰内斯·雷穆斯·奎埃塔努斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Johannes Remus Quietanus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%8E%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%94%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰内斯·雷穆斯·奎埃塔努斯（页面不存在）">约翰内斯·雷穆斯·奎埃塔努斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Remus_Quietanus" class="extiw" title="en:Johannes Remus Quietanus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Johannes Remus Quietanus</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<sup id="cite_ref-Utrecht_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utrecht-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BC%BD%E6%A1%91%E7%8B%84" title="皮埃尔·伽桑狄">皮埃尔·伽桑狄</a>都观测到了开普勒预测的水星凌日。这证实了开普勒的方法。<sup id="cite_ref-Kollerstrom_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kollerstrom-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>不过，他们的观测结果与之前的太阳系理论有冲突之处，水星要比原本预测的小许多。<sup id="cite_ref-Marston_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>尽管开普勒的计算结果显示1631年金星凌日最佳观测地会是美洲大陆，但他对于自己的预测没有充分的自信，所以他建议欧洲的天文学家应该为观测这一现象做好准备<sup id="cite_ref-Utrecht_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utrecht-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。伽桑狄以及欧洲其他的观察者都为它做了准备，但与预测结果一致，在凌日过程中，太阳在地平线之下。<sup id="cite_ref-MCS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Debarbat_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debarbat-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>依据现代计算结果，意大利大部以及东地中海的观测者可以看到凌日的最后阶段，但人们目前还没有发现来自这些地区的观测结果。<sup id="cite_ref-Utrecht_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utrecht-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>开普勒还预测了1639年的金星只会与太阳擦身而过<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。由于下一次完整的金星凌日就是121年后的事了，伽桑狄以及其他天文学家只得在其他地方集中精力。<sup id="cite_ref-Debarbat_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debarbat-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="杰雷米亚·霍罗克斯"><span id=".E6.9D.B0.E9.9B.B7.E7.B1.B3.E4.BA.9A.C2.B7.E9.9C.8D.E7.BD.97.E5.85.8B.E6.96.AF"></span>杰雷米亚·霍罗克斯</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：杰雷米亚·霍罗克斯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E9%9B%B7%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E7%BD%97%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="杰雷米亚·霍罗克斯">杰雷米亚·霍罗克斯</a></div> <p>杰雷米亚·霍罗克斯（1618年－1641年1月3日）<sup id="cite_ref-Marston_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>生于<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E6%96%AF" title="托克斯泰斯">托克斯泰斯鹿園</a>的下洛奇（现属<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%89%A9%E6%B5%A6" title="利物浦">利物浦</a>）。父亲詹姆斯是製表匠，母亲玛丽（娘家姓阿斯平沃尔）出身当地望族。<sup id="cite_ref-Aughton_2004_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aughton_2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:115</sup>阿斯平沃尔家族的一些成员也涉足製表业。据说就是同是製表匠的一个叔叔将杰雷米亚引入天文学的大门。<sup id="cite_ref-O'Connor_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1632年5月11日，杰雷米亚进入<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E7%BA%BD%E5%B0%94%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="剑桥大学伊曼纽尔学院">剑桥大学伊曼纽尔学院</a>学习，并于1632年7月5日作为<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公费生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="sizar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E8%B4%B9%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公费生（页面不存在）">公费生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sizar" class="extiw" title="en:sizar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">sizar</span></a></span>）</span></span>被<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="剑桥大学">剑桥大学</a>录取，也就是说不能自费完成学业的他需要完成给定的任务来获得学费减免。<sup id="cite_ref-MCS_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在剑桥期间，他学习了艺术、古典语言、几何学以及传统天文学。他还利用业余时间自学伽利略、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E8%B0%B7%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="第谷·布拉赫">第谷·布拉赫</a>以及开普勒等人提出的更需要数学知识的新天文学。<sup id="cite_ref-Marston_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>霍罗克斯通读了当时的天文学专著，找到了其中的纰漏，并在17岁时提出了一些新的研究成果。1635年，由于拖欠毕业所需费用，他从剑桥肄业。<sup id="cite_ref-O'Connor_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在离开剑桥后，霍罗克斯回到了他在兰开夏的家，并开始为天文学研究收集书籍以及仪器。<sup id="cite_ref-Aughton_2004_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aughton_2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:64</sup>1639年的夏天，他离开家，前往18英里外海岸边的马驰胡尔村，担任斯通思家族孩子的家教。斯通思家是富庶的男子服饰经销商，住在布雷瑟顿的卡尔公寓。<sup id="cite_ref-Aughton_2004_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aughton_2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:105</sup> </p><p>霍罗克斯首次提出了月亮公转轨道是椭圆形的。他也写过一部有关开普勒天文学的专著，并且曾经利用数学方法探索过后世所说的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="引力">引力</a>的比例关系。<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="艾萨克·牛顿">艾萨克·牛顿</a>曾在《<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="自然哲学的数学原理">自然哲学的数学原理</a>》中提到过他的月球理论与霍罗克斯的工作的关系。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="威廉·克拉布特里"><span id=".E5.A8.81.E5.BB.89.C2.B7.E5.85.8B.E6.8B.89.E5.B8.83.E7.89.B9.E9.87.8C"></span>威廉·克拉布特里</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：威廉·克拉布特里"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·克拉布特里（页面不存在）">威廉·克拉布特里</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivy_Cottage,_Broughton,_Salford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ivy_Cottage%2C_Broughton%2C_Salford.jpg/220px-Ivy_Cottage%2C_Broughton%2C_Salford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ivy_Cottage%2C_Broughton%2C_Salford.jpg/330px-Ivy_Cottage%2C_Broughton%2C_Salford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ivy_Cottage%2C_Broughton%2C_Salford.jpg/440px-Ivy_Cottage%2C_Broughton%2C_Salford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>布劳顿的常青藤农舍（<span lang="en">Ivy Cottage</span>），据说威廉·克拉布特里就是在这里观测金星凌日的。</figcaption></figure> <p>威廉·克拉布特里（1610－1644）是位来自<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%BD%BB%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="曼彻斯特">曼彻斯特</a>附近小镇布劳顿（现属<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E7%88%BE%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="索爾福德市">索尔福德市</a>）的布商。他的父亲约翰是个兰开夏的富裕的农民。他是在曼彻斯特的一所文法学校（可能是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="曼彻斯特文法学校" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Manchester Grammar School"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%BC%E5%BD%BB%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="曼彻斯特文法学校（页面不存在）">曼彻斯特文法学校</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Grammar_School" class="extiw" title="en:Manchester Grammar School"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Manchester Grammar School</span></a></span>）</span></span>的前身，当时位于<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%BD%BB%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%BA%A7%E5%A0%82" title="曼彻斯特座堂">曼彻斯特座堂</a>，现为<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="切塔姆音乐学校" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chetham's School of Music"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%87%E5%A1%94%E5%A7%86%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="切塔姆音乐学校（页面不存在）">切塔姆音乐学校</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetham%27s_School_of_Music" class="extiw" title="en:Chetham's School of Music"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chetham's School of Music</span></a></span>）</span></span>）中接受的教育。他在曼彻斯特城内工作，并入赘一个富裕的家族。在业余时间他会研究数学和天文学。他仔细地观测过行星的运行，做过精细的计算并提升过鲁道夫星表的精度。他与霍罗克斯、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·加斯科因" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Gascoigne (scientist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%9B%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·加斯科因（页面不存在）">威廉·加斯科因</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gascoigne_(scientist)" class="extiw" title="en:William Gascoigne (scientist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Gascoigne (scientist)</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="汤内力家族" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Towneley (family)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%A4%E5%86%85%E5%8A%9B%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汤内力家族（页面不存在）">克里斯托弗·汤内力</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towneley_(family)" class="extiw" title="en:Towneley (family)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Towneley (family)</span></a></span>）</span></span>以及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="格雷舍姆学院" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gresham College"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E8%88%8D%E5%A7%86%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格雷舍姆学院（页面不存在）">格雷舍姆学院</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresham_College" class="extiw" title="en:Gresham College"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gresham College</span></a></span>）</span></span>的天文学教授与伊曼纽尔学院校友<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="萨缪尔·福斯特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Samuel Foster"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A8%E7%BC%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萨缪尔·福斯特（页面不存在）">萨缪尔·福斯特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Foster" class="extiw" title="en:Samuel Foster"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Samuel Foster</span></a></span>）</span></span>是长期的笔友，不过他们之间来往的信笺大多数都已遗失。<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopaedia_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopaedia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>现在已经无从得知霍罗克斯与克拉布特里见没见过面，但他们自1636年以来会定期通信。他们都着迷于约翰内斯·开普勒的工作。他们与威廉·加斯科因常自称“我们这些开普勒主义者”（<span lang="la"><i>nos Keplari</i></span>）。<sup id="cite_ref-Kollerstrom_2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kollerstrom_2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>克拉布特斯从自己的观测结果出发认定尽管存在误差，开普勒的鲁道夫星表还是优于当时通用的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="菲利普·范·兰斯贝尔热" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philip Van Lansberg"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E6%96%AF%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%83%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菲利普·范·兰斯贝尔热（页面不存在）">兰斯贝尔热星表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Van_Lansberg" class="extiw" title="en:Philip Van Lansberg"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philip Van Lansberg</span></a></span>）</span></span>的。他也是开普勒的新天文学的第一批传播者。到了1637年，他已经让霍罗克斯认识到开普勒系统的优越性。他们利用自己的观测结果对开普勒星表做了许多订正。克拉布特里还将其中的数据转化为小数形式。<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopaedia_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopaedia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="水星凌日"><span id=".E6.B0.B4.E6.98.9F.E5.87.8C.E6.97.A5"></span>水星凌日</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：水星凌日"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1638年9月29日，霍罗克斯致信克拉布特里，告诉他金星凌日即将于1638年10月21日（儒略历）到来。这是开普勒没有预测到的。他还说他要将他的望远镜架在一个椭圆面上，在上面放一张纸。他在纸上会绘制一个带数字标记的圆，将太阳投影在上面。这种望远镜后来叫做<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="太阳目视镜" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="helioscope"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%9B%AE%E8%A7%86%E9%95%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太阳目视镜（页面不存在）">太阳目视镜</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/helioscope" class="extiw" title="en:helioscope"><span lang="en" dir="auto">helioscope</span></a></span>）</span></span>。凌日实际上并没有发生，水星在太阳外经过。不过这对于后来的金星凌日观测是次非常重要的历练。<sup id="cite_ref-Kollerstrom_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kollerstrom-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1639年10月，霍罗克斯通过计算得出金星凌日在一个周期内不会单次出现，而是会相隔8年成对出现，<sup id="cite_ref-UCLAN_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCLAN-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>并意识到第二次金星凌日会在四周内到来。他预测行星的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E7%9B%B4%E5%BE%84" class="mw-redirect" title="视直径">视直径</a>小于1秒，也就是说它会像是太阳上的小黑点。当它作为启明星出现时，视直径约为1分。<sup id="cite_ref-Aughton_2004_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aughton_2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:115</sup>他给弟弟以及身处布劳顿的克拉布特里写信，建议他们观测11月24日（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E9%AB%98%E5%88%A9%E5%8E%86" class="mw-redirect" title="格里高利历">格里高利历</a>为12月4日）的现象。<sup id="cite_ref-Marston_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>霍罗克斯在信中是这样说的：“对于鲁道夫星历的进一步精确计算证实了我的预测。我非常高兴能够看到金星。”<sup id="cite_ref-Kollerstrom_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kollerstrom-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="观测过程"><span id=".E8.A7.82.E6.B5.8B.E8.BF.87.E7.A8.8B"></span>观测过程</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：观测过程"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BrownManchesterMuralCrabtree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/BrownManchesterMuralCrabtree.jpg/220px-BrownManchesterMuralCrabtree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/BrownManchesterMuralCrabtree.jpg/330px-BrownManchesterMuralCrabtree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/BrownManchesterMuralCrabtree.jpg/440px-BrownManchesterMuralCrabtree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>《克拉布特里观测公元1639年的金星凌日》（<span lang="en"><i>Crabtree watching the transit of Venus A.D. 1639</i></span>，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="福特·马多克斯·布朗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ford Madox Brown"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%8F%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="福特·马多克斯·布朗（页面不存在）">福特·马多克斯·布朗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Madox_Brown" class="extiw" title="en:Ford Madox Brown"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ford Madox Brown</span></a></span>）</span></span>绘制的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="曼彻斯特市政厅壁画" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Manchester Murals"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%BC%E5%BD%BB%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%B8%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8E%85%E5%A3%81%E7%94%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="曼彻斯特市政厅壁画（页面不存在）">曼彻斯特市政厅壁画</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Murals" class="extiw" title="en:Manchester Murals"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Manchester Murals</span></a></span>）</span></span>之一。）在画中，克拉布特里被描绘成了一名老人。实际上，他在观测时年仅29岁。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horrocks_Venus_in_sole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Horrocks_Venus_in_sole.jpg/220px-Horrocks_Venus_in_sole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Horrocks_Venus_in_sole.jpg/330px-Horrocks_Venus_in_sole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Horrocks_Venus_in_sole.jpg/440px-Horrocks_Venus_in_sole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E7%B6%AD%E7%95%99" title="約翰·赫維留">约翰·赫维留</a>在他的报告中基于霍罗克斯的描述添加的一张插图。但这张插图并没有如实展现霍罗克斯所看到的现象。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>由于相信这种罕见的天象会导致极端气候，霍罗克斯对于观测的气象条件非常担忧： </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>（当天）可能是阴天这件事令我非常焦急，因为木星和水星几乎会和金星同时与太阳相<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88_(%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE)" title="合 (天體位置)">合</a>。这一奇绝的行星走位——就像它们想要与我们一起去注视上天的奇迹，并为这一盛事添一份壮丽一样——非常可能是极端天气的预兆。合日时总会带来风暴的水星特别令我害怕。天文学家们都与我有相同的担忧，因为它能够得到经验验证，不过从另外的角度来说，我不禁要去鄙视他们那副端着架子的样子。</p><div class="templatequotecite"><cite>——杰雷米亚·霍罗克斯，《太阳中观测到的金星》（<span lang="la"><i>Venus in sole Visa</i></span>）<sup id="cite_ref-MaunderMoore_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaunderMoore-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>到了11月23日中午前后，霍罗克斯让他的屋子暗下来，并使透过窗户进来的阳光聚焦到纸上，以观测图像。根据他的计算结果，在他所处的马驰胡尔（他测定的经度为53° 35'），金星凌日大约会在24日下午3时前后开始，但他还是在前一天就开始了观测，以防计算误差导致错过这一天象。<sup id="cite_ref-Aughton_2004_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aughton_2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:112</sup>他在当天日出时即开始了观测，尽管当天天气多云，他还是在下午3时15分左右看到金星小小的黑影开始穿过太阳，并观察了30分钟左右，直到3时53分日落。<sup id="cite_ref-MaunderMoore_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaunderMoore-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>当观测时刻临近时，我回到了公寓，关上向光的窗户，将之前对好焦的望远镜通过光孔，并让光线直射到纸上……从日出到9点，从刚过10点到中午，以及下午一点，我都紧紧地盯着24号位。在其中的间歇时间里，我需要去办些最为重要的事情。我不能为了这些不实际的追求而对它稍作怠慢……下午3点15分，当我又有时间继续办我的事情的时候，云，就像由祂的手分开一样，完全消散了……接着，我看到了最为理想的景象，我衷心祈盼的东西，那个大小非比寻常又呈完美圆形的黑点已经从左侧进入日轮……毫无疑问，那是行星的影子，我当即尽全力去观察它……尽管金星会在太阳里继续停留几个小时。但对于我来说，考虑到（太阳）下沉得这么快，我半个小时后也就看不到她了……轨道倾角是我唯一一个不能得到较高精度的观测数据；由于太阳的快速运动，即使将它确定至1度也是相当困难的……但其他数据的精确度都如同预期。</p><div class="templatequotecite"><cite>——杰雷米亚·霍罗克斯，《太阳中观测到的金星》<sup id="cite_ref-MaunderMoore_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaunderMoore-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>克拉布特里使用类似的器械进行了观测，不过由于布劳顿当天阴沉的天气，他没有充足的时间进行观测，只是看到了金星凌日。霍罗克斯是这么描述当天的情形的：“他站在那里全神贯注地思考了一段时间，几乎不相信自己的感官，大喜过望……不久后，云又开始遮挡住太阳的脸，他只能看到金星当时确实在日轮之中。”<sup id="cite_ref-Marston_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>之后，他在金星经过太阳后对其进行了速写，并估算出其角直径为1' 3"，与实际值的误差在1秒之内。霍罗克斯估计的1' 12"就不那么精确了。<sup id="cite_ref-Kollerstrom_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kollerstrom-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="观测结果"><span id=".E8.A7.82.E6.B5.8B.E7.BB.93.E6.9E.9C"></span>观测结果</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：观测结果"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>开普勒当时已经发现行星间距会随着它们与太阳的距离而成比例增长，这令他相信宇宙是遵循神圣的和谐创造的，而行星的体积也会按照同样的方式增长。他在1618年写到：“没有什么会比（行星的）大小顺序会依照它们（与太阳距离远近）的顺序更合乎自然的了。”<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>霍罗克斯测量金星的大小在叠加开普勒与伽桑狄的测量误差后看起来证实了这一点，他还试探性地<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>提出了一个定律，即所有行星（除了火星外）从太阳看到的视直径相同，都为28秒。这意味着开普勒提出的有关行星大小的猜想是正确的，这也让霍罗克斯得到了这样一个错误的结论，即行星与太阳间的距离会是其半径的15,000倍。因而他由此估算出地球与太阳的距离约为9700万千米。而它还意味着太阳系要比传统认定的大小大出10倍。<sup id="cite_ref-Kollerstrom_2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kollerstrom_2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>他的数值要远小于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="天文单位">天文单位</a>的现代公认值1亿5千万千米，不过尽管是基于错误的前提，它还是比当时已经提出的数值要精确得多。 </p><p>到了1640年，加斯科因为他的望远镜装上了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分划板" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="reticle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%88%92%E6%9D%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分划板（页面不存在）">分划板</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/reticle" class="extiw" title="en:reticle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">reticle</span></a></span>）</span></span>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8B%E5%BE%AE%E8%AE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="测微计">测微计</a>。这些对于霍罗克斯都具有非比寻常的价值。他向克拉布特里展示了这些改进。克拉布特里将其告诉给了霍罗克斯，并向加斯科因回报道到：“我的朋友霍罗克斯坦诚地表示，我提到的那件事让他魂不守舍，他现在还在又惊又喜的意外之境中。我恳求您不要放过任何想法，去完善您已开始的神迹。”<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_IAU_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_IAU-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>霍罗克斯为他基于观测结果的拉丁文专著《太阳中观测到的金星》（<span lang="la"><i>Venus in sole Visa</i></span>）打了一些底稿，不过在付梓前即于1641年1月3日猝然离世，年仅22岁。<sup id="cite_ref-Marston_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="影响"><span id=".E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>影响</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horrocks_window_Much_Hoole_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Horrocks_window_Much_Hoole_Church.jpg/220px-Horrocks_window_Much_Hoole_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Horrocks_window_Much_Hoole_Church.jpg/330px-Horrocks_window_Much_Hoole_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Horrocks_window_Much_Hoole_Church.jpg/440px-Horrocks_window_Much_Hoole_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>胡尔的圣米迦勒教堂中的杰雷米亚·霍罗克斯纪念像。其中的拉丁文取自霍罗克斯1639年金星凌日的报告，原文如下：Ecce gratissimum spectaculum et tot votorum materiem（最令人由衷感激的奇观与热忱心愿的实现）<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>《太阳中观测到的金星》的一些手稿由克拉布特里保管。他在霍罗克斯离世3年后去世。他们的另一位笔友，威廉·加斯科因，也在同一年于<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF%E8%8D%92%E5%8E%9F%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="马斯顿荒原战役">马斯顿荒原战役</a>中战死。霍罗克斯的手稿在他家人保存了一小段时间；其中的一些在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="英国内战">英国内战</a>中损毁，另一些则被他的弟弟，乔纳斯，带到了爱尔兰并就此不见踪影，还有一些则成了古董商与天文学家克里斯托弗·汤内力的收藏品。曾在17世纪中期著有三部天文学专注的杰里米·谢克利曾在他的手中看过这些手稿。<sup id="cite_ref-Marston_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>其余的手稿则在1666年的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6%E5%A4%A7%E7%81%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="伦敦大火">伦敦大火</a>中烧毁。尽管一直未能出版，这些手稿还是在17世纪50年代后期广为流传。<sup id="cite_ref-O'Connor_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>英王<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD)" class="mw-redirect" title="查理二世 (英国)">查理二世</a>于1661年4月23日（格里高利历5月3日）加冕。当天发生了水星凌日。荷兰天文学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%AF" title="克里斯蒂安·惠更斯">克里斯蒂安·惠更斯</a>出席了加冕礼。他在这段时间听说了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰·沃辛顿" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Worthington (academic)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E8%BE%9B%E9%A1%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·沃辛顿（页面不存在）">约翰·沃辛顿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Worthington_(academic)" class="extiw" title="en:John Worthington (academic)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Worthington (academic)</span></a></span>）</span></span>（霍罗克斯同代人，<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="剑桥大学耶稣学院">剑桥大学耶稣学院</a>硕士也是伊曼纽尔学院校友）于1659年发现了霍罗克斯的手稿<sup id="cite_ref-Marston_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>以及他与克拉布特里来往信笺的残片。<sup id="cite_ref-Kollerstrom_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kollerstrom-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Van_Roode_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Roode-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>惠更斯认识杰出的波兰天文学家<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E7%B6%AD%E7%95%99" title="約翰·赫維留">约翰·赫维留</a>，并给他了一份手稿复制本。赫维留将其添到了他于1662年发表的《但泽水星凌日报告》（<span lang="la"><i>Mercurius in sole visus Gedani</i></span>）的附录中。<sup id="cite_ref-Kollerstrom_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kollerstrom-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>《太阳中观测到的金星》的出版使得当时新近成立的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="英国皇家学会">英国皇家学会</a>惊慌失措。他们刚刚意识到这样一份出自英国人之手的简练重要的手稿竟会在自己的母国被冷落了这么长时间。霍罗克斯在伊曼纽尔学院时的友人、学会创始成员也是领头人之一的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="約翰·沃利斯">约翰·沃利斯</a>的意见可以代表当时众位会士的意见： </p> <blockquote> <p>这样一份千金难换的、描述简洁并准备好出版的珍贵观测报告竟被放置二十有二年。竟没有人在奠基人去世后接下后继者的职责，为对天文学如此重要的专著带来重见天日的希望，为了我们的国家的声望以及全人类的进步保存一份作品。这些都让我不禁感到不悦。<sup id="cite_ref-Aughton_2004_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aughton_2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:1–2</sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>皇家学会后来将霍罗克斯大部分遗稿结为《杰雷米亚·霍罗克斯遗作》（<span lang="la"><i>Jeremiae Horroccii Opera Posthuma</i></span>），于1672年至1673年出版。<sup id="cite_ref-O'Connor_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>对于此次金星凌日的记录被后世公认为英国现代天文学的开端。<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_IAU_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_IAU-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E4%BD%9B%E8%98%AD%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%BE%B7" title="約翰·佛蘭斯蒂德">約翰·佛蘭斯蒂德</a>后来将霍罗克斯、克拉布特里以及加斯科因尊为英国天文学研究的奠基人以及伽利略与开普勒学说的继承人。<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_IAU_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_IAU-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>他以他们1638年至1643年间的信笺与观测报告为其编写的三卷本《不列颠天文史》（<span lang="la"><i>Historia Coelestis Britannica</i></span>，1745）开篇。<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_IAU_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_IAU-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="纪念"><span id=".E7.BA.AA.E5.BF.B5"></span>纪念</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：纪念"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Priory_Grove.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Priory_Grove.JPG/220px-Priory_Grove.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Priory_Grove.JPG/330px-Priory_Grove.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Priory_Grove.JPG/440px-Priory_Grove.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2981" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broughton,_transit_of_Venus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Broughton%2C_transit_of_Venus.jpg/220px-Broughton%2C_transit_of_Venus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Broughton%2C_transit_of_Venus.jpg/330px-Broughton%2C_transit_of_Venus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Broughton%2C_transit_of_Venus.jpg/440px-Broughton%2C_transit_of_Venus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>在克拉布特里布劳顿故居附近的纪念其观测事迹的牌匾</figcaption></figure> <p>霍罗克斯与克拉布特里的事迹在19世纪又被人们重新记起。曾翻译过《太阳中观测到的金星》的A·B·沃顿认为霍罗克斯写到的“在其中的间歇时间里，我需要去办些最为重要的事情。我不能为了这些不实际的追求而对它稍作怠慢”应该指的是助理牧师的职责。尽管那件事情可能指的是家教的工作或者是去做礼拜<sup id="cite_ref-Marston_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，但是穷困的助理牧师的说法还是广为流传。1874年，在各方游说下，人们在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E6%95%8F%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%A4%BC%E6%8B%9C%E5%A0%82" title="威斯敏斯特礼拜堂">威斯敏斯特礼拜堂</a>牛顿纪念碑的对面立起了纪念杰雷米亚·霍罗克斯的石碑，铭文如下： </p> <blockquote> <p>In memory of Jeremiah Horrocks, Curate of Hoole in Lancashire who died on 3rd of Jan, 1641 in or near his 22nd year. </p><p>Having in so short a life detected the long inequality in the mean motion of Jupiter and Saturn discovered the orbit of the moon to be an ellipse determined the motion of the lunar apse suggested the physical cause of its revolution and of Venus which was seen by himself and his friend William Crabtree on Sunday the 24th of November (O.S.) 1639. This tablet facing the monument of Newton was raised after the lapse of more than two centuries. Dec. 9, 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-Marston_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><small>译文：为纪念兰开夏胡尔的助理牧师，死于1641年1月3日，得年22岁的杰雷米亚·霍罗克斯。 </small></p><p><small>在短短的一生里，他察觉到木星与土星的不均匀运动、发现了月球的椭圆公转轨道、确定了月球拱点的运动、提出这一变动的物理原因并与他的朋友威廉·克拉布特里在1639年11月24日（旧历）星期日观测了金星凌日。这块石碑是在延宕了近两个世纪后于1874年12月9日在牛顿纪念碑的对面为其立起。</small> </p> </blockquote> <p>自1848年至1881年担任胡尔教区圣米迦勒教堂牧师的罗伯特·布里克尔曾向兰开夏、牛津以及剑桥的公众筹款为霍罗克斯在教堂里立起了新的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="高坛 (教堂)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="chancel"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E5%9D%9B_(%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高坛 (教堂)（页面不存在）">高坛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chancel" class="extiw" title="en:chancel"><span lang="en" dir="auto">chancel</span></a></span>）</span></span>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E5%9D%9B_(%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="祭坛 (基督教)">祭坛</a>。两者先后于1824年及1858年完工。小礼拜堂于1998年至1999年进行了扩建，原本于1874年安装的北墙的第一扇窗户中的玻璃圆窗绘上了纪念1874年与2004年金星凌日的彩画。此外教堂里还有纪念霍罗克斯的大理石碑。1859年，教区居民为纪念霍罗克斯为教堂安装了时钟。安装于1875年的日晷上刻有霍罗克斯说的“Sine Sole Sileo”（“没有太阳，我将沉默不语”）。<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1903年，艺术家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="福特·马多克斯·布朗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ford Madox Brown"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%8F%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="福特·马多克斯·布朗（页面不存在）">福特·马多克斯·布朗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Madox_Brown" class="extiw" title="en:Ford Madox Brown"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ford Madox Brown</span></a></span>）</span></span>受到委托为曼彻斯特市政厅绘制了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="曼彻斯特市政厅壁画" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Manchester Murals"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%BC%E5%BD%BB%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%B8%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8E%85%E5%A3%81%E7%94%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="曼彻斯特市政厅壁画（页面不存在）">壁画</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Murals" class="extiw" title="en:Manchester Murals"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Manchester Murals</span></a></span>）</span></span>。其中一幅《克拉布特里观测公元1639年的金星凌日》（<span lang="en"><i>Crabtree watching the transit of Venus A.D. 1639</i></span>）就是他以浪漫主义手法对于克拉布特里观测过程的描绘。<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_IAU_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_IAU-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64637320">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:.25em .5em;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox p{font-style:inherit;margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{background-color:#F9F9F9;text-align:center;font-size:larger;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em;width:20em; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #FFFFF0;"><div class="" style="position: relative; text-align: left;"><div style="margin:0px 2em;">后人将会见证你的回归；年复一年，但在悠长的岁月经过后，那盛景将会再次映入我们遥远的子裔的眼中。</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; text-align: left; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; font-size: large; color: gray;">“</div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; text-align: left; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; font-size: large; color: gray;">”</div></div><cite style="display: block;text-align: center;">杰雷米亚·霍罗克斯</cite></div> <p>2004年6月9日，在<a href="/wiki/2004%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5" title="2004年金星凌日">21世纪第一次金星凌日</a>如霍罗克斯的预期发生一天之后，为纪念威廉·克拉布特里而在下布劳顿路与格罗夫修道院交汇点、标记克拉布特里农场北边立起的路牌揭幕。<sup id="cite_ref-Salford_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salford-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>2005年12月，在克拉布特里与霍罗克斯合作期间居住的常青藤农舍几码外的纪念牌匾揭幕。<sup id="cite_ref-Salford_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salford-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而在<a href="/wiki/2012%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5" title="2012年金星凌日">另一次金星凌日</a>于2012年6月5日至6日到来时，人们在马驰胡尔的教堂进行了纪念活动，并通过<a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a>官网向全世界直播。<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>克拉布特里位于布劳顿的故居也进行了纪念活动。人们在福特·马多克斯·布朗绘制的壁画启发下于常青藤农舍重演了金星凌日观测。NASA向百万观众直播了这一活动，并将夏威夷观测到的景象投射到农舍的一侧。<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">许多来源都采用了这个说法，但依据<a href="#CITEREFKollerstrom2004">Kollerstrom (2004)</a>，鲁道夫星表确实预测了1639年的金星凌日，但开普勒在准备那年的星历表时只标记了1631年的凌日，并没有意识到星表还预测了1639年的另一次凌日。<sup id="cite_ref-Kollerstrom_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kollerstrom-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">依据<a href="#CITEREFVan_Roode2012">Van Roode (2012)</a>，霍罗克斯写的是“向左”（<span lang="la">ad sinistram</span>）而不是“向右”（<span lang="la">ad dextram</span>）。而在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A2%A8%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%98" title="尼古拉斯·墨卡托">尼古拉斯·墨卡托</a>写给<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="萨缪尔·哈特利布" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Samuel Hartlib"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A8%E7%BC%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萨缪尔·哈特利布（页面不存在）">萨缪尔·哈特利布</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Hartlib" class="extiw" title="en:Samuel Hartlib"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Samuel Hartlib</span></a></span>）</span></span>的信中，他所引用的霍罗克斯的原文也是那样写的。赫维留认为霍罗克斯出错了，所以将它改为“向右”。在约翰·沃利斯整理的霍罗克斯的《遗著》（<span lang="la"><i>Opera Posthuma</i></span>）中，他也在“向左”后批注了“读作向右”（<span lang="la">lege dextram</span>）。Van Roode觉得赫维留与沃利斯是受到伽利略望远镜得到的投影图的朝向的误导。<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84%E6%9C%9B%E8%BF%9C%E9%95%9C#伽利略望远镜" title="折射望远镜">伽利略望远镜</a>所成的像会上下颠倒，而不会左右颠倒。此外，金星的三个像也并不像图中描绘的那样均匀分布。在实际情况中，三次观测的间隔分别为20分钟与10分钟。<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Roode_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Roode-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在A·B·沃顿翻译的《太阳中观测到的金星》（<span lang="la"><i>Venus in sole Visa</i></span>）中，霍罗克斯是这么写的：“我在之前预测到的那个时刻，3时15分，看到了金星的阴影进入了日轮之中，在约为620 30'的地方（可以确定是在600与650之间），正在顶部向右运动。这些都是在漆黑的公寓中观察到的，因而在户外，依据光学规律，出现的景象会与前者相反。金星会在太阳中心之下距离底边（或者说是阿拉伯人所说的“天底”）620 30'处。”<sup id="cite_ref-MaunderMoore_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaunderMoore-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">霍罗克斯的完整描述，请参见<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.venus-transit.de/1639/horrox.htm">这篇记录</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">霍罗克斯在《太阳中观测到的金星》写到：“我并不会为这个猜想下定论，而只是认为它是一种可能的情况。”<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kollerstrom-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kollerstrom_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kollerstrom_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kollerstrom_1-2"><sup><b>1.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kollerstrom_1-3"><sup><b>1.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kollerstrom_1-4"><sup><b>1.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kollerstrom_1-5"><sup><b>1.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kollerstrom_1-6"><sup><b>1.6</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kollerstrom_1-7"><sup><b>1.7</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kollerstrom_1-8"><sup><b>1.8</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKollerstrom2004" class="citation web">Kollerstrom, Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dioi.org/kn/IAUVenus-Transit.pdf">William Crabtree’s Venus transit observation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Proceedings IAU Colloquium No. 196, 2004. International Astronomical Union. 2004 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-05-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160519082541/http://www.dioi.org/kn/IAUVenus-Transit.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2016-05-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&rft.atitle=William+Crabtree%E2%80%99s+Venus+transit+observation&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.aulast=Kollerstrom&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+IAU+Colloquium+No.+196%2C+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dioi.org%2Fkn%2FIAUVenus-Transit.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Utrecht-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Utrecht_2-0"><sup><b>2.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Utrecht_2-1"><sup><b>2.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Utrecht_2-2"><sup><b>2.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Anonymous. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/venus/venus_text17.htm">The Transits of Venus of 1631 and 1639</a>. University of Utrecht. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-05-14</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606001115/http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/venus/venus_text17.htm">存档</a>于2012-06-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&rft.au=Anonymous&rft.btitle=The+Transits+of+Venus+of+1631+and+1639&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=University+of+Utrecht&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.staff.science.uu.nl%2F~gent0113%2Fvenus%2Fvenus_text17.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marston-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marston_3-0"><sup><b>3.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston_3-1"><sup><b>3.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston_3-2"><sup><b>3.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston_3-3"><sup><b>3.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston_3-4"><sup><b>3.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston_3-5"><sup><b>3.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston_3-6"><sup><b>3.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston_3-7"><sup><b>3.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston_3-8"><sup><b>3.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston_3-9"><sup><b>3.09</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Marston, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080115182600/http://www.transit-of-venus.org.uk/conference/history.html">History of Jeremiah Horrocks</a>. Extracted from course notes for Great Astronomers in History. University of Central Lancashire. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-05-10</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transit-of-venus.org.uk/conference/history.html">原始内容</a>存档于2008-01-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&rft.atitle=History+of+Jeremiah+Horrocks&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.aulast=Marston&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Extracted+from+course+notes+for+Great+Astronomers+in+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transit-of-venus.org.uk%2Fconference%2Fhistory.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MCS_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCS_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Printonly/Horrocks.html">Jeremiah Horrocks</a>. MacTutor History of Mathematics. 2004 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-10-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010648/http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Printonly/Horrocks.html">存档</a>于2013-12-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&rft.atitle=Jeremiah+Horrocks&rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.+F.&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk%2FPrintonly%2FHorrocks.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Debarbat-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Debarbat_5-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debarbat_5-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference">Debarbat, Suzanne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=69mfe9i5-soC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Venus+Transits+-+A+French+View%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3e8gUvNOzpzTBc2tgMAE&sqi=2&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Venus%20Transits%20-%20A%20French%20View%22&f=false">Venus transits – A French View</a>. Transits of Venus: New Views of the Solar System and Galaxy. Proceedings of the 196th International Astronomical Union Symposia and Colloquia. Cambridge University Press: 41–42. 2005-06-30 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-12-16</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1743-9221"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 1743-9221</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502040428/https://books.google.com/books?id=69mfe9i5-soC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Venus+Transits+-+A+French+View%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3e8gUvNOzpzTBc2tgMAE&sqi=2&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Venus%20Transits%20-%20A%20French%20View%22&f=false">存档</a>于2019-05-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft.aulast=Debarbat&rft.btitle=Transits+of+Venus%3A+New+Views+of+the+Solar+System+and+Galaxy&rft.date=2005-06-30&rft.genre=conference&rft.issn=1743-9221&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D69mfe9i5-soC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3D%2522Venus%2BTransits%2B-%2BA%2BFrench%2BView%2522%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3D3e8gUvNOzpzTBc2tgMAE%26sqi%3D2%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522Venus%2520Transits%2520-%2520A%2520French%2520View%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aughton_2004-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aughton_2004_7-0"><sup><b>6.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aughton_2004_7-1"><sup><b>6.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aughton_2004_7-2"><sup><b>6.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aughton_2004_7-3"><sup><b>6.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aughton_2004_7-4"><sup><b>6.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aughton_2004_7-5"><sup><b>6.5</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAughton2004" class="citation book">Aughton, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transitofvenusbr0000augh">The transit of Venus: the brief, brilliant life of Jeremiah Horrocks, father of British astronomy</a>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-297-84721-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-297-84721-X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-297-84721-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Aughton&rft.btitle=The+transit+of+Venus%3A+the+brief%2C+brilliant+life+of+Jeremiah+Horrocks%2C+father+of+British+astronomy&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-297-84721-X&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftransitofvenusbr0000augh&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Connor-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Connor_8-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Connor_8-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Connor_8-2"><sup><b>7.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Connor_8-3"><sup><b>7.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Horrocks.html">Jeremiah Horrocks</a>. Biographies. University of St Andrews. 2004 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-05-11</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181025115214/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Horrocks.html">存档</a>于2018-10-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&rft.atitle=Jeremiah+Horrocks&rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.+F.&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FHorrocks.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFACADHRS632J" class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=HRS632J&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">Horrox, Jeremiah (HRS632J)</a>. <span></span><i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i><span></span>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="剑桥大学">University of Cambridge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&rft.atitle=Horrox%2C+Jeremiah+%28HRS632J%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DHRS632J%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Newton, Isaac. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. : Book 3, Proposition 35, Scholium.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.btitle=Philosophiae+Naturalis+Principia+Mathematica&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=Book+3%2C+Proposition+35%2C+Scholium&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopaedia-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopaedia_11-0"><sup><b>10.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopaedia_11-1"><sup><b>10.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830901016.html">Crabtree, William</a>. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Encyclopedia.com. 2008 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-05-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821115936/https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/architecture-biographies/william-crabtree">存档</a>于2019-08-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&rft.atitle=Crabtree%2C+William&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Complete+Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-2830901016.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kollerstrom_2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kollerstrom_2_12-0"><sup><b>11.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kollerstrom_2_12-1"><sup><b>11.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kollerstrom, Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dioi.org/kn/birth.htm">Horrocks and the Dawn of British Astronomy</a>. University College London. 1998 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-05-11</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130626235945/http://www.dioi.org/kn/birth.htm">存档</a>于2013-06-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.aulast=Kollerstrom&rft.btitle=Horrocks+and+the+Dawn+of+British+Astronomy&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=University+College+London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dioi.org%2Fkn%2Fbirth.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCLAN-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UCLAN_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Anonymous. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040206040946/http://www.transit-of-venus.org.uk/history.htm">Transit of Venus</a>. History. University of Central Lancashire. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-05-14</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transit-of-venus.org.uk/history.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2004-02-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&rft.atitle=Transit+of+Venus&rft.au=Anonymous&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transit-of-venus.org.uk%2Fhistory.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Wrenn, Eddie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2155140/Transit-Venus-2012-Spectacular-seen-time-2117.html">Transit of Venus 2012: Spectacular show seen for the last time until 2117</a>. Daily Mail. Daily Mail. 2012-06-07 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-04-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130607010117/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2155140/Transit-Venus-2012-Spectacular-seen-time-2117.html">存档</a>于2013-06-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&rft.atitle=Transit+of+Venus+2012%3A+Spectacular+show+seen+for+the+last+time+until+2117&rft.aufirst=Eddie&rft.aulast=Wrenn&rft.date=2012-06-07&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fsciencetech%2Farticle-2155140%2FTransit-Venus-2012-Spectacular-seen-time-2117.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Roode-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Roode_15-0"><sup><b>14.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Roode_15-1"><sup><b>14.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Roode2012" class="citation web">Van Roode, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606002057/http://transitofvenus.nl/wp/2012/01/25/what-did-horrocks-really-see/">What did Horrocks really see?</a>. The Transit of Venus Project. astonomerswithoutborders.org. 2012-01-25 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-05-11</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transitofvenus.nl/wp/2012/01/25/what-did-horrocks-really-see/">原始内容</a>存档于2012-06-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&rft.atitle=What+did+Horrocks+really+see%3F&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.aulast=Van+Roode&rft.date=2012-01-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Transit+of+Venus+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftransitofvenus.nl%2Fwp%2F2012%2F01%2F25%2Fwhat-did-horrocks-really-see%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MaunderMoore-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MaunderMoore_16-0"><sup><b>15.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MaunderMoore_16-1"><sup><b>15.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MaunderMoore_16-2"><sup><b>15.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MaunderMoore_16-3"><sup><b>15.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Maunder, M.; Moore, P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.venus-transit.de/1639/horrox.htm">Jeremiah Horrox: Venus in sole visa</a>. Springer-Verlag London Limited. 2000 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-05-14</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1852336218" title="Special:网络书源/1852336218"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1852336218</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516102649/http://www.venus-transit.de/1639/horrox.htm">存档</a>于2012-05-16）. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.venus-transit.de/1639/horrox.htm">简明摘要</a> – <i>Transit – When Planets cross the Sun</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&rft.au=Moore%2C+P.&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.aulast=Maunder&rft.btitle=Jeremiah+Horrox%3A+Venus+in+sole+visa&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1852336218&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+London+Limited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.venus-transit.de%2F1639%2Fhorrox.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_19-0"><sup><b>16.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_19-1"><sup><b>16.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_19-2"><sup><b>16.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hughes, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=2005A%26G....46a..14H&db_key=AST&page_ind=0&plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_GIF&classic=YES">Horrocks's bogus law</a>. Astronomy & Geophysics (The Royal Society). February 2005, <b>46</b> (1): 1.14–1.16 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-06-04</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005A&G....46a..14H"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2005A&G....46a..14H</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1468-4004.2003.46114.x"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1046/j.1468-4004.2003.46114.x</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171028093623/http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=2005A%26G....46a..14H&db_key=AST&page_ind=0&plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_GIF&classic=YES">存档</a>于2017-10-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&rft.atitle=Horrocks%27s+bogus+law&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.date=2005-02&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Geophysics&rft.pages=1.14-1.16&rft.volume=46&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-iarticle_query%3Fbibcode%3D2005A%2526G....46a..14H%26db_key%3DAST%26page_ind%3D0%26plate_select%3DNO%26data_type%3DGIF%26type%3DSCREEN_GIF%26classic%3DYES&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005A%26G....46a..14H&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1468-4004.2003.46114.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapman_IAU-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_IAU_21-0"><sup><b>17.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_IAU_21-1"><sup><b>17.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_IAU_21-2"><sup><b>17.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_IAU_21-3"><sup><b>17.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_IAU_21-4"><sup><b>17.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Chapman, Allan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gbv.de/dms/goettingen/490847641.pdf">Jeremiah Horrocks, William Crabtree, and the Lancashire observations of the transit of Venus of 1639</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Transits of Venus: new views of the solar system and galaxy: proceedings of the 196th Colloquium of the International Astronomical Union held in Preston, Lancashire, United Kingdom: 7–11 June 2004 (International Astronomical Union). 2004, <b>196</b> <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-05-18</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094015/http://www.gbv.de/dms/goettingen/490847641.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2015-04-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&rft.atitle=Jeremiah+Horrocks%2C+William+Crabtree%2C+and+the+Lancashire+observations+of+the+transit+of+Venus+of+1639&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transits+of+Venus%3A+new+views+of+the+solar+system+and+galaxy%3A+proceedings+of+the+196th+Colloquium+of+the+International+Astronomical+Union+held+in+Preston%2C+Lancashire%2C+United+Kingdom%3A+7%E2%80%9311+June+2004&rft.volume=196&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbv.de%2Fdms%2Fgoettingen%2F490847641.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation by <cite class="citation journal">Clark, G. Napier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-royal-astronomical-society-of-canada_1916-11_10_9/page/n58">Sketch of the Life and Works of Rev. Jeremiah Horrox</a>. Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 1916, <b>10</b>: 523–535. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1916JRASC..10..523N"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1916JRASC..10..523N</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&rft.atitle=Sketch+of+the+Life+and+Works+of+Rev.+Jeremiah+Horrox&rft.aufirst=G.+Napier&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.date=1916&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society+of+Canada&rft.pages=523-535&rft.volume=10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-the-royal-astronomical-society-of-canada_1916-11_10_9%2Fpage%2Fn58&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1916JRASC..10..523N&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gleave, Prof. Barrie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoolevillage.com/home/st_michaels/guide_stmichaels_church.html">St Michael's Church, Hoole; Visitors Guide</a>. hoolevillage.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-05-18</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504121022/http://www.hoolevillage.com/home/st_michaels/guide_stmichaels_church.html">存档</a>于2012-05-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&rft.atitle=St+Michael%27s+Church%2C+Hoole%3B+Visitors+Guide&rft.aufirst=Prof.+Barrie&rft.aulast=Gleave&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hoolevillage.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoolevillage.com%2Fhome%2Fst_michaels%2Fguide_stmichaels_church.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salford-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salford_24-0"><sup><b>20.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salford_24-1"><sup><b>20.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Anonymous. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120630050333/http://salford.gov.uk/venustransit.htm">William Crabtree, Venus genius</a>. Local History. Salford City Council. 28 January 2010 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-05-21</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salford.gov.uk/venustransit.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2012-06-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&rft.atitle=William+Crabtree%2C+Venus+genius&rft.au=Anonymous&rft.date=2010-01-28&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Local+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salford.gov.uk%2Fvenustransit.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120605140925/http://venustransit.nasa.gov/webcasts/muchhoole/">Sun Earth Day:Shadows of the Sun</a>. Live webcast streams. NASA. 2012-06-06 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-06-06</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venustransit.nasa.gov/webcasts/muchhoole/">原始内容</a>存档于2012-06-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&rft.atitle=Sun+Earth+Day%3AShadows+of+the+Sun&rft.date=2012-06-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+webcast+streams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenustransit.nasa.gov%2Fwebcasts%2Fmuchhoole%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Osuh, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1580747_salford-marks-transit-of-venus-from-home-of-man-who-first-saw-it-in-1639---video">Salford marks Transit of Venus from home of man who first saw it in 1639 - video</a>. Manchester Evening News (MEN Media). 2012-06-06 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-06-13</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610062033/http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1580747_salford-marks-transit-of-venus-from-home-of-man-who-first-saw-it-in-1639---video">存档</a>于2012-06-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1639%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5&rft.atitle=Salford+marks+Transit+of+Venus+from+home+of+man+who+first+saw+it+in+1639+-+video&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.aulast=Osuh&rft.date=2012-06-06&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmenmedia.co.uk%2Fmanchestereveningnews%2Fnews%2Fs%2F1580747_salford-marks-transit-of-venus-from-home-of-man-who-first-saw-it-in-1639---video&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1639_Transit_of_Venus?uselang=zh">1639年金星凌日</a></b></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F" title="Template:金星"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F" title="Template talk:金星"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:金星"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="金星" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F" title="金星">金星</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">地理学</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">總括</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%9B%E7%B6%B2%E8%86%9C%E5%9C%B0%E5%BD%A2" title="蛛網膜地形">蛛網膜地形</a> · <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%B1%A4" title="金星大氣層">大氣層</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA" title="金星地質">地質</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E6%92%9E%E6%93%8A%E5%9D%91%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金星撞擊坑列表（页面不存在）">撞擊坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E6%B2%99%E4%B8%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="金星沙丘列表">沙丘</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">地區</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%95%E5%8C%BA" title="阿尔法区">阿尔法区</a> · <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%A1%94%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="贝塔区">贝塔区</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E7%93%A6%E8%BE%BE%E5%8C%BA" title="奥瓦达区">奥瓦达区</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BD%9B%E6%B4%9B%E7%8B%84%E5%BF%92%E9%99%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="阿佛洛狄忒陸">阿佛洛狄忒高地</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%B5%B2%E5%A1%94%E5%8D%80" title="伊絲塔區">伊師塔地</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="金星上的山脉列表">山峰</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E9%98%BF%E7%89%B9%E5%B1%B1" title="玛阿特山">玛阿特山</a> · <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%93%A6%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94%E5%B1%B1" title="奇瓦科特尔山">奇瓦科特尔山</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E5%A3%AB%E5%A8%81%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="馬克士威山脈">馬克士威山脈</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="金星火山学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Volcanology of Venus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金星火山学（页面不存在）">火山</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanology_of_Venus" class="extiw" title="en:Volcanology of Venus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Volcanology of Venus</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BA%B3%E6%8B%89%E5%B1%B1" title="阿纳拉山">阿纳拉山</a> · <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%8B%89%E5%B1%B1" title="牛拉山">牛拉山</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%80%B3%E5%BF%92%E5%BC%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%86%95%E7%8A%B6%E7%89%A9" title="阿耳忒弥斯冕状物">阿尔忒弥斯冕状物</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%81%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E5%86%95%E7%8A%B6%E7%89%A9" title="南丁格尔冕状物">南丁格尔冕状物</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E7%BA%B3%E5%A1%94%E8%B5%AB%E5%86%95%E7%8A%B6%E7%89%A9" title="奥纳塔赫冕状物">奥纳塔赫冕状物</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB%E7%89%B9%E5%86%95%E7%8A%B6%E7%89%A9" title="巴赫特冕状物">巴赫特冕状物</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%86%95%E7%8A%B6%E7%89%A9" title="福德拉冕状物">福德拉冕状物</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%81%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%AD%E5%B0%94%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9%E8%8E%B1%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94%E5%86%95%E7%8A%B6%E7%89%A9" title="魁特札尔皮特莱特尔冕状物">魁特札尔皮特莱特尔冕状物</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%81%A9%E6%BD%98%E7%89%B9%E5%B1%B1" title="拉恩潘特山">拉恩潘特山</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="萨帕斯山">萨帕斯山脉</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%A0%B4%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3" title="萨克斯破火山口">萨克斯火山口</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%99%BB%E6%96%AF%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3" title="西登斯火山口">西登斯破火山口</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%92%E4%BC%8A%E4%BA%9A%E5%B1%B1" title="忒伊亚山">忒伊亚山</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%AE%E5%A8%A5%E5%86%95%E7%8A%B6%E7%89%A9" title="姮娥冕状物">姮娥冕状物</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%90%E8%8E%8E%E5%86%95%E7%8A%B6%E7%89%A9" title="齐莎冕状物">齐莎冕状物</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E9%98%BF%E7%B4%A2%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="伊阿索火山">伊阿索火山</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E7%B4%A2%E4%BC%8A%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3" title="雅索伊火山口">雅索伊火山口</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%8D%A1%E5%8A%A0%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3" title="萨卡加维亚火山口">萨卡加维亚火山口</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%8A%99%E5%B1%B1" title="西芙山">希芙山</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E8%8E%8E%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="乌莎斯山">乌莎斯山</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%96%84%E9%A4%85%E7%8B%80%E7%A9%B9%E4%B8%98" title="薄餅狀穹丘">薄餅狀穹丘</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E7%8A%B6%E8%BE%B9%E7%BC%98%E7%A9%B9%E4%B8%98" title="贝状边缘穹丘">貝狀邊緣穹丘</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="金星表面特徵列表">平原</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="金星表面特徵列表">高原</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E4%B9%8C%E5%B8%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" title="洛乌希平原">洛乌希平原</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E5%A7%91%E5%A8%98%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" title="雪姑娘平原">雪姑娘平原</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E5%BE%B7%E5%A8%9C%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" title="賽德娜平原">賽德娜平原</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%A5%A5%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="吉祥天高原">吉祥天高原</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="金星表面特徵列表">峡谷</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="金星表面特徵列表">山谷</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%80%B3%E5%BF%92%E5%BC%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%B3%A1%E8%B0%B7" title="阿耳忒弥斯峡谷">阿尔忒弥斯峡谷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E6%8F%90%E6%96%AF%E5%B3%BD%E8%B0%B7" title="巴爾提斯峽谷">巴爾提斯峽谷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E4%B8%BD%E6%B7%B1%E8%B0%B7" title="达丽深谷">达丽深谷</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金星火山列表（页面不存在）">撞击坑</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%E6%96%AF%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="亚当斯撞击坑">亚当斯撞击坑</a> · <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BF%AA%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="阿迪瓦尔撞击坑">阿迪瓦尔撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B6%85%E8%A5%BF%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="阿涅西撞击坑">阿涅西撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%8D%E5%B0%94%E5%A5%87%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="鲍尔奇撞击坑">鲍尔奇撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="奥尔科特撞击坑">奥尔科特撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E8%8E%B1%E8%8E%89%E5%A8%85%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="奥莱莉娅撞击坑">奥莱莉娅撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%A1%BF%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="巴顿撞击坑">巴顿撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%9B%E7%8F%8D%E7%8F%A0%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="赛珍珠撞击坑">赛珍珠撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%A8%84%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="克娄巴特拉撞击坑">克娄巴特拉撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%BC%E8%8C%A8%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="库尼茨撞击坑">库尼茨撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E6%B4%9B%E5%A8%83%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="丹尼洛娃撞击坑">丹尼洛娃撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%9C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="德·拉朗德撞击坑">德·拉朗德撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="狄金森撞击坑">狄金森撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E4%BD%A9%E7%89%B9-%E6%A2%85%E8%80%B6%E6%92%9E%E6%93%8A%E5%9D%91" title="格佩特-梅耶撞擊坑">格佩特-梅耶撞擊坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E5%8D%A2%E5%B8%83%E9%87%91%E5%A8%9C%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="戈卢布金娜撞击坑">戈卢布金娜撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E8%8E%89%E5%A7%86%E5%85%8B%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="格莉姆克撞击坑">格莉姆克撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉尔伯特撞击坑（页面不存在）">吉尔伯特撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%8E%8E%E8%B4%9D%E6%8B%89%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="伊莎贝拉撞击坑">伊莎贝拉撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%8D%E5%A6%AE%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="珍妮撞击坑">珍妮撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%88%87%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="玛利亚·切莱斯特撞击坑">玛利亚·切莱斯特撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%90%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="真理子撞击坑">真理子撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7%E6%92%9E%E6%93%8A%E5%9D%91" title="米德撞擊坑">米德撞擊坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E7%89%B9%E7%BA%B3%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="迈特纳撞击坑">迈特纳撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E5%A1%94%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="梅里特·普塔撞击坑">梅里特·普塔撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%A8%9C%E4%B8%BD%E8%8E%8E%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="蒙娜丽莎撞击坑">蒙娜丽莎撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%8E%89%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="莱莉撞击坑">莱莉撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B2%E4%B8%9D%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="露丝撞击坑">露丝撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%E5%A6%AE%E5%A8%85%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="斯蒂芬妮娅撞击坑">斯蒂芬妮娅撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%89%E9%81%94%E6%92%9E%E6%93%8A%E5%9D%91" title="婉達撞擊坑">婉達撞擊坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E7%89%B9%E8%95%BE%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="惠特蕾撞击坑">惠特蕾撞击坑</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%B8%83%E6%B4%9B%E5%A5%87%E9%87%91%E5%A8%9C%E6%92%9E%E5%87%BB%E5%9D%91" title="亚布洛奇金娜撞击坑">亚布洛奇金娜撞击坑</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus-real_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="真實顏色的金星，圖片源自美國太空總署"><img alt="真實顏色的金星，圖片源自美國太空總署" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Venus-real_color.jpg/150px-Venus-real_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Venus-real_color.jpg/225px-Venus-real_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Venus-real_color.jpg/300px-Venus-real_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">卫星</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF_(%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%81%87%E6%83%B3%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F)" title="尼斯 (金星假想卫星)">尼斯 (金星假想卫星)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">天文学</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">總括</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="金星方位" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aspects of Venus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金星方位（页面不存在）">金星方位</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspects_of_Venus" class="extiw" title="en:Aspects of Venus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aspects of Venus</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%B8%E4%BD%8D" title="金星相位">金星相位</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5" title="金星凌日">凌日</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1639年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1769%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5%E8%A7%82%E6%B5%8B_(%E5%A1%94%E5%B8%8C%E6%8F%90%E5%B2%9B)" title="1769年金星凌日观测 (塔希提岛)">1769年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5" title="1874年金星凌日">1874年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5" title="1882年金星凌日">1882年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5" title="2004年金星凌日">2004年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5" title="2012年金星凌日">2012年</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="小行星">小行星</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93%E7%A9%BF%E8%B6%8A%E5%B0%8F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="金星軌道穿越小行星">金星軌道穿越小行星</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_VE68" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 VE68">2002 VE<sub>68</sub></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E6%8E%A2%E6%B5%8B%E4%BB%BB%E5%8A%A1%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="金星探测任务列表">探測</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E4%BB%BB%E5%8B%99" title="Template:金星任務">金星任務</a> · <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%89%A9%E9%AB%94%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金星人工物體列表（页面不存在）">金星人工物體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="金星計劃">金星計劃</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%8A%A0%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="維加計劃">維加計劃</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%A9%B1%E8%80%85%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="先驱者金星计划">先驱者金星计划</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%93%B2%E5%80%AB%E8%99%9F%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E6%8E%A2%E6%B8%AC%E5%99%A8" title="麥哲倫號金星探測器">麥哲倫號</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">其他主題</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="金星生命">金星生命</a> · <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91" title="金星殖民">金星殖民</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="金星地球化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Terraforming_of_Venus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金星地球化（页面不存在）">金星地球化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraforming_of_Venus" class="extiw" title="en:Terraforming of Venus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Terraforming_of_Venus</span></a></span>）</span></span> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%8F%80%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF" title="赫斯珀洛斯">赫斯珀洛斯</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%A7%8B%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F" title="虛構作品中的金星">虛構作品中的金星</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" 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