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expansionism and Roosevelt administration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1887–1912:_U.S._expansionism_and_Roosevelt_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1880s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1880s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 1880s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1880s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1887–1889:_Samoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1887–1889:_Samoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 1887–1889: Samoa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1887–1889:_Samoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1890s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1890s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 1890s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1890s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1893:_Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1893:_Kingdom_of_Hawaii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 1893: Kingdom of Hawaii </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1893:_Kingdom_of_Hawaii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1899–1902:_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1899–1902:_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 1899–1902: Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1899–1902:_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1900s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 1900s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1903:_Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1903:_Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 1903: Colombia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1903:_Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1903–1925:_Honduras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1903–1925:_Honduras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 1903–1925: Honduras </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1903–1925:_Honduras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1906–1909:_Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1906–1909:_Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 1906–1909: Cuba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1906–1909:_Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1909–1910:_Nicaragua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1909–1910:_Nicaragua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 1909–1910: Nicaragua </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1909–1910:_Nicaragua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1912–1941:_Wilson_administration,_World_War_I_and_interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1912–1941:_Wilson_administration,_World_War_I_and_interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 1912–1941: Wilson administration, World War I and interwar period </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1912–1941:_Wilson_administration,_World_War_I_and_interwar_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1912–1941: Wilson administration, World War I and interwar period subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1912–1941:_Wilson_administration,_World_War_I_and_interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1910s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1910s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 1910s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1910s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1912–1933:_Nicaragua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1912–1933:_Nicaragua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 1912–1933: Nicaragua </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1912–1933:_Nicaragua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1913:_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1913:_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 1913: Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1913:_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1915–1934:_Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1915–1934:_Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 1915–1934: Haiti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1915–1934:_Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1916–1924:_Dominican_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1916–1924:_Dominican_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 1916–1924: Dominican Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1916–1924:_Dominican_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1917–1919:_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1917–1919:_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5.1 1917–1919: Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1917–1919:_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1917–1920:_Austria-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1917–1920:_Austria-Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5.2 1917–1920: Austria-Hungary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1917–1920:_Austria-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1918–1920:_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1918–1920:_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5.3 1918–1920: Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1918–1920:_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1941–1945:_World_War_II_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1941–1945:_World_War_II_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 1941–1945: World War II and aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1941–1945:_World_War_II_and_aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1941–1945: World War II and aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1941–1945:_World_War_II_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1941–1952:_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1941–1952:_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 1941–1952: Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1941–1952:_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1941–1949:_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1941–1949:_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 1941–1949: Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1941–1949:_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1941–1946:_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1941–1946:_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 1941–1946: Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1941–1946:_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1944–1946:_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1944–1946:_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 1944–1946: France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1944–1946:_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1944–1945:_Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1944–1945:_Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 1944–1945: Belgium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1944–1945:_Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1944–1945:_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1944–1945:_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 1944–1945: Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1944–1945:_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1944–1945:_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1944–1945:_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 1944–1945: Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1944–1945:_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945–1955:_Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945–1955:_Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 1945–1955: Austria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945–1955:_Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945–1991:_Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945–1991:_Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 1945–1991: Cold War </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1945–1991:_Cold_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1945–1991: Cold War subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1945–1991:_Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1940s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 1940s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1945–1948:_South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945–1948:_South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 1945–1948: South Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945–1948:_South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1947–1949:_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1947–1949:_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 1947–1949: Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1947–1949:_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1948:_Costa_Rica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1948:_Costa_Rica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 1948: Costa Rica </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1948:_Costa_Rica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1949–1953:_Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1949–1953:_Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 1949–1953: Albania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1949–1953:_Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1949:_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1949:_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.5 1949: Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1949:_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 1950s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1950–1953:_Burma_and_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950–1953:_Burma_and_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 1950–1953: Burma and China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950–1953:_Burma_and_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1952:_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1952:_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 1952: Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1952:_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1952:_Guatemala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1952:_Guatemala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 1952: Guatemala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1952:_Guatemala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1952–1953:_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1952–1953:_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 1952–1953: Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1952–1953:_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1954:_Guatemala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1954:_Guatemala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5 1954: Guatemala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1954:_Guatemala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1956–1957:_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1956–1957:_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.6 1956–1957: Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1956–1957:_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1957–1959:_Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1957–1959:_Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.7 1957–1959: Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1957–1959:_Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1959:_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1959:_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.8 1959: Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1959:_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1959–1963:_South_Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1959–1963:_South_Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.9 1959–1963: South Vietnam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1959–1963:_South_Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1959–1962:_Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1959–1962:_Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.10 1959–1962: Cuba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1959–1962:_Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1959:_Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1959:_Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.11 1959: Cambodia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1959:_Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 1960s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1960–1965:_Congo-Leopoldville" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960–1965:_Congo-Leopoldville"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 1960–1965: Congo-Leopoldville </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960–1965:_Congo-Leopoldville-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960:_Laos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960:_Laos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 1960: Laos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960:_Laos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1961:_Dominican_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1961:_Dominican_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 1961: Dominican Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1961:_Dominican_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1963:_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1963:_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.4 1963: Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1963:_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1964:_British_Guiana_(Guyana)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1964:_British_Guiana_(Guyana)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.5 1964: British Guiana (Guyana) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1964:_British_Guiana_(Guyana)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1964:_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1964:_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.6 1964: Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1964:_Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1965–1967:_Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1965–1967:_Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.7 1965–1967: Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1965–1967:_Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 1970s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1970–1979:_Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970–1979:_Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 1970–1979: Cambodia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970–1979:_Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970–1973:_Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970–1973:_Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 1970–1973: Chile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970–1973:_Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1971:_Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1971:_Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 1971: Bolivia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1971:_Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1974–1991:_Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1974–1991:_Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.4 1974–1991: Ethiopia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1974–1991:_Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1975–1991:_Angola" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1975–1991:_Angola"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.5 1975–1991: Angola </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1975–1991:_Angola-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1975–1999:_East_Timor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1975–1999:_East_Timor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.6 1975–1999: East Timor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1975–1999:_East_Timor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1976:_Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1976:_Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.7 1976: Argentina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1976:_Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1979–1992:_Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1979–1992:_Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.8 1979–1992: Afghanistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1979–1992:_Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 1980s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1980–1989:_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980–1989:_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 1980–1989: Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980–1989:_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1981–1982:_Chad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1981–1982:_Chad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.2 1981–1982: Chad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1981–1982:_Chad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1981–1990:_Nicaragua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1981–1990:_Nicaragua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.3 1981–1990: Nicaragua </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1981–1990:_Nicaragua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1983:_Grenada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1983:_Grenada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.4 1983: Grenada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1983:_Grenada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1989–1994:_Panama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1989–1994:_Panama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.5 1989–1994: Panama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1989–1994:_Panama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1986–1991:_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1986–1991:_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.6 1986–1991: Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1986–1991:_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1991–present:_Post-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1991–present:_Post-Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 1991–present: Post-Cold War </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1991–present:_Post-Cold_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1991–present: Post-Cold War subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1991–present:_Post-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1991:_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1991:_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 1991: Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1991:_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1991:_Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1991:_Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 1991: Haiti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1991:_Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1992–1996:_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1992–1996:_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 1992–1996: Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1992–1996:_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1994–1995:_Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1994–1995:_Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.4 1994–1995: Haiti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1994–1995:_Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1996–1997:_Zaire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1996–1997:_Zaire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.5 1996–1997: Zaire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1996–1997:_Zaire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 2000s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2000:_FR_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000:_FR_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 2000: FR Yugoslavia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000:_FR_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2001–2021:_Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001–2021:_Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 2001–2021: Afghanistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001–2021:_Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2002:_Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2002:_Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 2002: Venezuela </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2002:_Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2003–2021:_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2003–2021:_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.4 2003–2021: Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2003–2021:_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004:_Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004:_Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.5 2004: Haiti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004:_Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005:_Kyrgyzstan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005:_Kyrgyzstan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.6 2005: Kyrgyzstan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005:_Kyrgyzstan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006–2007:_Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006–2007:_Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.7 2006–2007: Palestine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006–2007:_Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005–2009:_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005–2009:_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.8 2005–2009: Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005–2009:_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 2010s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2011:_Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011:_Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 2011: Libya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011:_Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012–2017:_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012–2017:_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 2012–2017: Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012–2017:_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019:_Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019:_Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.3 2019: Bolivia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019:_Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019–2022:_Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019–2022:_Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.4 2019–2022: Venezuela </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019–2022:_Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beteiligung_der_Vereinigten_Staaten_an_Regierungswechseln_im_Ausland" title="Beteiligung der Vereinigten Staaten an Regierungswechseln im Ausland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beteiligung der Vereinigten Staaten an Regierungswechseln im Ausland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injerencias_de_Estados_Unidos_en_cambio_de_reg%C3%ADmenes" title="Injerencias de Estados Unidos en cambio de regímenes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Injerencias de Estados Unidos en cambio de regímenes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%BA%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7" title="مداخله ایالات متحده آمریکا در تغییر رژیم سایر کشورها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مداخله ایالات متحده آمریکا در تغییر رژیم سایر کشورها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keterlibatan_Amerika_Serikat_dalam_pergantian_rezim" title="Keterlibatan Amerika Serikat dalam pergantian rezim – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keterlibatan Amerika Serikat dalam pergantian rezim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingerenze_degli_Stati_Uniti_in_politica_estera" title="Ingerenze degli Stati Uniti in politica estera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ingerenze degli Stati Uniti in politica estera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envolvimento_dos_Estados_Unidos_em_mudan%C3%A7as_de_regime" title="Envolvimento dos Estados Unidos em mudanças de regime – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Envolvimento dos Estados Unidos em mudanças de regime" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_interventions_by_the_United_States" title="Foreign interventions by the United States">Foreign interventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater United States">Greater United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Involvement in regime change</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change_in_Latin_America" title="United States involvement in regime change in Latin America">Latin America</a>)</li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">Exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Americana" title="Pax Americana">Pax Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Backyard" title="America's Backyard">America's Backyard</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">1949–1953 Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Syria#Attempted_regime_change,_1956–57" title="CIA activities in Syria">1956–57 Syria crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Indonesia#CIA_failed_coup_attempt_of_1958" title="CIA activities in Indonesia">1957–58 Indonesian rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Iraq#1959:_Special_Committee_on_Iraq;_Egyptian_covert_actions" title="CIA activities in Iraq">1959</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution#U.S._involvement" title="Ramadan Revolution">1963 Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination attempts on Fidel Castro">1959–2000 assassination attempts on Fidel Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Plot" title="Bangkok Plot">1959 Cambodia, Bangkok Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#United_States_involvement" title="Patrice Lumumba">1960 Congo coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">1961 Cuba, Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mongoose" title="Operation Mongoose">1961 Cuba, Operation Mongoose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo#Assassination" title="Rafael Trujillo">1961 Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état">1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">1965–66 Indonesia, Transition to the New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Council#1966_coup" title="National Liberation Council">1966 Ghanaian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_intervention_in_Chile#Allende_presidency" title="United States intervention in Chile">1970</a>–<a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1979 Salvadoran coup d'état">1979 Salvadoran coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">1979–1992 Afghanistan, Operation Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNITA" title="UNITA">1975–1992 Angola, UNITA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">1981–1990 Nicaragua, Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9#Support_of_the_U.S._and_France" title="Hissène Habré">1982 Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">1983 Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">1989–1990 Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Iraq#1994" title="CIA activities in Iraq">1990s Iraq, failed coup d'état</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align: left"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">21st century</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">2001 Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2004 Haitian coup d'état">2004 Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_involvement_in_the_2011_Libyan_Civil_War" title="American involvement in the 2011 Libyan Civil War">2011 Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Sycamore" title="Timber Sycamore">2012–2017 Syria, Timber Sycamore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettergate" title="Lettergate">2022 Pakistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Covert_United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Template:Covert United States involvement in regime change"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Covert_United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Template talk:Covert United States involvement in regime change"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Covert_United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Covert United States involvement in regime change"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Since the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States government</a> has participated and interfered, both overtly and covertly, in the replacement of many foreign governments. In the latter half of the 19th century, the U.S. government initiated actions for <a href="/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">regime change</a> mainly in <a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change_in_Latin_America" title="United States involvement in regime change in Latin America">Latin America</a> and the southwest Pacific, including the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American</a> wars. At the onset of the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> shaped or installed governments in many countries around the world, including neighbors <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii#United_States_territory" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama#US_involvement" title="History of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_Veracruz" title="Military Government of Veracruz">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">Haiti</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Military Government of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the U.S. helped overthrow many <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi German</a> or <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">puppet regimes</a>. Examples include regimes in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East China</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. United States forces, together with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, were also instrumental in collapsing <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s government in Germany and <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">deposing</a> <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> in Italy. In the end of World War II, the U.S. government struggled with the Soviet Union for global leadership, influence and security within the context of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Truman_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Truman administration">Truman administration</a>, the U.S. government, ostensibly for fear that <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> would be spread, sometimes with the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet's own involvement in regime change</a>, and promoted the <a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">domino theory</a>, a precedent which later presidents followed. Subsequently, the U.S. expanded the geographic scope of its actions beyond the traditional area of operations; <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. Significant operations included the United States and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>–planned <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a>, the 1961 <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a> targeting Cuba, and support for the <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Sukarno" class="mw-redirect" title="Overthrow of Sukarno">overthrow of Sukarno</a> by General <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. In addition, the U.S. has <a href="/wiki/Foreign_electoral_intervention" title="Foreign electoral intervention">interfered in the national elections</a> of countries, including <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> in 1948,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> the Philippines in 1953, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in the 1950s and 1960s<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> in 1957,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> According to one study, the U.S. performed at least 81 overt and covert known interventions in foreign elections from 1946 to 2000.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> According to another study, the U.S. engaged in 64 covert and six overt attempts at regime change during the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, the United States has led or supported wars to determine the governance of a number of countries. Stated U.S. aims in these conflicts have included fighting the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a>, as in the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Afghan War</a>, or removing supposed <a href="/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction" title="Weapon of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a> (WMDs), as in the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prior_to_1887">Prior to 1887</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prior to 1887">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1846–1848:_Annexation_of_Texas_and_invasion_of_California">1846–1848: Annexation of Texas and invasion of California</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1846–1848: Annexation of Texas and invasion of California">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a></div> The United States annexed the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>, at the time considered by <a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico">Mexico</a> to be a rebellious <a href="/wiki/Coahuila_y_Tejas" title="Coahuila y Tejas">state of Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> During the war with Mexico that ensued, the United States seized <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1865–1867:_Mexico">1865–1867: Mexico</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1865–1867: Mexico">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">Second French intervention in Mexico</a></div> While the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> was taking place in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a> and other countries invaded Mexico to collect debts. France then installed <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian I</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Mexico" title="Emperor of Mexico">Emperor of Mexico</a>. After the Civil War ended, the United States began supporting the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Mexico)" title="Liberal Party (Mexico)">Liberal</a> forces of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> (who had been the interim <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a> since 1858 under the liberal <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of 1857">Constitution of 1857</a> and then elected as president in 1861 before the French invasion) against the forces of Maximilian. The United States began sending and dropping arms into Mexico and many Americans fought alongside Juárez. Eventually, Juárez and the Liberals took back power and executed Maximillian I.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The United States opposed Maximilian and had invoked the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William Seward</a> said afterwards "The Monroe Doctrine, which eight years ago was merely a theory, is now an irreversible fact."<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1887–1912:_U.S._expansionism_and_Roosevelt_administration">1887–1912: U.S. expansionism and Roosevelt administration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1887–1912: U.S. expansionism and Roosevelt administration">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1880s">1880s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1880s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1887–1889:_Samoa">1887–1889: Samoa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1887–1889: Samoa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Samoan_Civil_War" title="Samoan Civil War">Samoan Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoan_crisis" title="Samoan crisis">Samoan crisis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Samoan_Civil_War" title="Second Samoan Civil War">Second Samoan Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoa_in_Oceania_(small_islands_magnified).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Samoa_in_Oceania_%28small_islands_magnified%29.svg/220px-Samoa_in_Oceania_%28small_islands_magnified%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Samoa_in_Oceania_%28small_islands_magnified%29.svg/330px-Samoa_in_Oceania_%28small_islands_magnified%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Samoa_in_Oceania_%28small_islands_magnified%29.svg/440px-Samoa_in_Oceania_%28small_islands_magnified%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption>Samoa in Oceania</figcaption></figure> In the 1880s, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Samoa">Samoa</a> was a monarchy with two rival claimants to the throne: <a href="/wiki/Malietoa_Laupepa" title="Malietoa Laupepa">Malietoa Laupepa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mata%27afa_Iosefo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mata'afa Iosefo">Mata'afa Iosefo</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Samoan_crisis" title="Samoan crisis">Samoan crisis</a> was a confrontation between the United States, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> from 1887 to 1889, with the powers backing rival claimants to the throne of the <a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a> which became the <a href="/wiki/Samoan_Civil_War" title="Samoan Civil War">First Samoan Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1890s">1890s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1890s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1893:_Kingdom_of_Hawaii">1893: Kingdom of Hawaii</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1893: Kingdom of Hawaii">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaii_in_Oceania_(-mini_map_-rivers).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hawaii_in_Oceania_%28-mini_map_-rivers%29.svg/220px-Hawaii_in_Oceania_%28-mini_map_-rivers%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hawaii_in_Oceania_%28-mini_map_-rivers%29.svg/330px-Hawaii_in_Oceania_%28-mini_map_-rivers%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hawaii_in_Oceania_%28-mini_map_-rivers%29.svg/440px-Hawaii_in_Oceania_%28-mini_map_-rivers%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption>Hawaii in Oceania</figcaption></figure> Anti-monarchs, mostly Americans, in <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaii</a>, engineered the <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">overthrow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hawaii">Kingdom of Hawaii</a>. On January 17, 1893, the native monarch, Queen <a href="/wiki/Liliuokalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Liliuokalani">Lili'uokalani</a>, was overthrown. Hawaii was initially <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">reconstituted</a> as an independent republic, but the ultimate goal of the action was the annexation of the islands to the United States, which was finally accomplished with the <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Newlands Resolution</a> of 1898.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1899–1902:_Philippines">1899–1902: Philippines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1899–1902: Philippines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">History of the Philippines (1898–1946)</a></div> The successful <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> saw the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a>, ending centuries of <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Spanish colonial rule</a> in the archipelago. The U.S., which had allied with the revolutionaries and emerged victorious in the concurrent <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, was "granted" the Philippines in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a>. Wishing to establish its own control over the country, the U.S. engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>, the success of which saw the dissolution of the self-governing Philippine Republic and formation of an <a href="/wiki/American_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="American territory">Insular Government of the Philippine Islands</a> in 1902. The Philippines became a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">self-governing Commonwealth in 1935</a> and was granted full sovereignty by 1946. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900s">1900s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1900s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1903:_Colombia">1903: Colombia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1903: Colombia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Secession_of_Panama_from_Colombia" title="Secession of Panama from Colombia">Secession of Panama from Colombia</a></div> In September 1903 <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Amador_Guerrero" title="Manuel Amador Guerrero">Manuel Amador Guerrero</a>, leader of the movement for Panamanian independence from Colombia, traveled to New York to determine how the United States might support the movement. U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt privately supported the separatist movement, later ordering the warship USS Nashville under commander John Hubbard to proceed first to Jamaica, then to Panama. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1903–1925:_Honduras">1903–1925: Honduras</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1903–1925: Honduras">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Honduras_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Honduras_in_its_region.svg/220px-Honduras_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Honduras_in_its_region.svg/330px-Honduras_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Honduras_in_its_region.svg/440px-Honduras_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> In what became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a>", between the end of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> in 1898 and the inception of the <a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Neighbor Policy">Good Neighbor Policy</a> in 1934, the U.S. staged many military invasions and interventions in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> One of these incursions, in 1903, involved regime change rather than regime preservation. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a>, which most often fought these wars, developed a manual called <a href="/wiki/Small_Wars_Manual" title="Small Wars Manual">The Strategy and Tactics of Small Wars</a> in 1921 based on its experiences. On occasion, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a> provided <a href="/wiki/Naval_gunfire_support" title="Naval gunfire support">gunfire support</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a> troops were also used. The <a href="/wiki/United_Fruit_Company" title="United Fruit Company">United Fruit Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Fruit_Company" title="Standard Fruit Company">Standard Fruit Company</a> dominated <a href="/wiki/History_of_Honduras" title="History of Honduras">Honduras</a>' key <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a> export sector and associated land holdings and railways. The U.S. staged invasions and incursions of US troops in 1903 (supporting a coup by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Bonilla" title="Manuel Bonilla">Manuel Bonilla</a>), 1907 (supporting Bonilla against a Nicaraguan-backed coup), 1911 and 1912 (defending the regime of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_R._Davila" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel R. Davila">Miguel R. Davila</a> from an uprising), 1919 (peacekeeping during a civil war, and installing the caretaker government of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Bogr%C3%A1n" title="Francisco Bográn">Francisco Bográn</a>), 1920 (defending the Bográn regime from a general strike), 1924 (defending the regime of <a href="/wiki/Rafael_L%C3%B3pez_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Rafael López Gutiérrez">Rafael López Gutiérrez</a> from an uprising) and 1925 (defending the elected government of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Paz_Barahona" title="Miguel Paz Barahona">Miguel Paz Barahona</a>) to defend US interests.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1906–1909:_Cuba">1906–1909: Cuba</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1906–1909: Cuba">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Occupation_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Occupation of Cuba">Second Occupation of Cuba</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuba_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cuba_in_its_region.svg/220px-Cuba_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cuba_in_its_region.svg/330px-Cuba_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cuba_in_its_region.svg/440px-Cuba_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="197" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> After the explosion of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(ACR-1)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Maine (ACR-1)">USS Maine</a> the United States declared war on Spain, starting the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The United States invaded and occupied <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Spanish-ruled Cuba</a> in 1898. Many in the United States did not want to annex Cuba and passed the <a href="/wiki/Teller_Amendment" title="Teller Amendment">Teller Amendment</a>, forbidding annexation. Cuba was occupied by the U.S. and run by military governor <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood">Leonard Wood</a> during the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government in Cuba">first occupation</a> from 1898 to 1902, after the end of the war. The <a href="/wiki/Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment">Platt Amendment</a> was passed later on outlining <a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cuba–United States relations">U.S. Cuban relations</a>. It said the U.S. could intervene anytime against a government that was not approved, forced Cuba to accept U.S. influence, and limited Cuban abilities to make foreign relations.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The United States forced Cuba to accept the terms of the Platt Amendment, by putting it into their constitution.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> After the occupation, Cuba and the U.S. would sign the <a href="/wiki/Cuban%E2%80%93American_Treaty_of_Relations_(1903)" title="Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1903)">Cuban–American Treaty of Relations</a> in 1903, further agreeing to the terms of the Platt Amendment.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Estrada_Palma" title="Tomás Estrada Palma">Tomás Estrada Palma</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cuba" title="President of Cuba">President of Cuba</a> after the U.S. withdrew. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Havana" title="Republican Party of Havana">Republican Party of Havana</a>. He was re-elected in 1905 unopposed; however, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Cuba" title="Liberal Party of Cuba">Liberals</a> accused him of electoral fraud. Fighting began between the Liberals and Republicans. Due to the tensions he resigned on September 28, 1906, and his government collapsed soon afterwards. U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> invoked the Platt Amendment and the 1903 treaty, under approval of President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, invading the country, and occupying it. The country would be governed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Magoon" title="Charles Edward Magoon">Charles Edward Magoon</a> during the occupation. They oversaw the election of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_G%C3%B3mez" title="José Miguel Gómez">José Miguel Gómez</a> in 1909, and afterwards withdrew from the country.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1909–1910:_Nicaragua">1909–1910: Nicaragua</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1909–1910: Nicaragua">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">United States occupation of Nicaragua</a></div> Governor <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Estrada" title="Juan José Estrada">Juan José Estrada</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Nicaragua)" title="Conservative Party (Nicaragua)">Conservative Party</a>, led a revolt against President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Santos_Zelaya" title="José Santos Zelaya">José Santos Zelaya</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Nicaragua)" title="Democratic Party (Nicaragua)">Liberal Party</a> reelected in 1906. This became what is known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estrada_rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estrada rebellion (page does not exist)">Estrada rebellion</a>. The United States supported the conservative forces because Zelaya had wanted to work with Germany or Japan to build a <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaragua Canal">new canal through the country</a>. The U.S. controlled the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> and did not want competition from another country outside of the Americas. Thomas P Moffat, a US council<a href="#cite_note-Musicant-23">[23]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bluefields" title="Bluefields">Bluefields, Nicaragua</a>, would give overt support, in conflict with the US trying to only give covert support. Direct intervention would be pushed by the secretary of state <a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Philander C. Knox</a>. Two Americans were executed by Zelaya for their participation with the conservatives. Seeing an opportunity the United States became directly involved in the rebellion and sent in troops, which landed on the <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a>. On December 14, 1909 Zelaya was forced to resign under diplomatic pressure from America and fled Nicaragua. Before Zelaya fled, he, along with the liberal assembly, chose <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Madriz" title="José Madriz">José Madriz</a> to lead Nicaragua. The U.S. refused to recognize Madriz. The conservatives eventually beat back the liberals and forced Madriz to resign. Estrada then became the president. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cleland_Dawson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Cleland Dawson">Thomas Cleland Dawson</a> was sent as a special agent to the country and determined that any election held would bring the liberals into power, so had Estrada set up a constituent assembly to elect him instead. In August 1910 Estrada became <a href="/wiki/President_of_Nicaragua" title="President of Nicaragua">President of Nicaragua</a> under U.S. recognition, agreeing to certain conditions from the U.S. After the intervention, the U.S. and Nicaragua signed a treaty on June 6, 1911.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1912–1941:_Wilson_administration,_World_War_I_and_interwar_period">1912–1941: Wilson administration, World War I and interwar period</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1912–1941: Wilson administration, World War I and interwar period">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1910s">1910s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1910s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1912–1933:_Nicaragua">1912–1933: Nicaragua</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1912–1933: Nicaragua">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">United States occupation of Nicaragua</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicaragua_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nicaragua_in_its_region.svg/220px-Nicaragua_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nicaragua_in_its_region.svg/330px-Nicaragua_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nicaragua_in_its_region.svg/440px-Nicaragua_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft administration</a> sent troops into Nicaragua and occupied the country. When the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson administration</a> came into power, they extended the stay and took complete financial and governmental control of the country, leaving a heavily armed legation. U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> removed troops from the country, leaving a legation and Adolfo Diaz in charge of the country. Rebels ended up capturing the town with the legation and Diaz requested troops came back, which they did a few months after leaving. The U.S. government fought against rebels led by <a href="/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino">Augusto Cesar Sandino</a>. <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> pulled out because the U.S. could no longer afford to keep troops in the country due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. The second intervention in Nicaragua would become one of the longest wars in United States history. The United States left the <a href="/wiki/Somoza_family" title="Somoza family">Somoza family</a> in charge, who killed Sandino in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1913:_Mexico">1913: Mexico</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1913: Mexico">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lane_Wilson" title="Henry Lane Wilson">Henry Lane Wilson</a>, U.S. ambassador to Mexico under <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, actively supported the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Tragic_Days" title="Ten Tragic Days">Ten Tragic Days</a> coup which overthrew the democratically elected president, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Francisco I. Madero</a>. Soon after taking office, U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> dismissed the ambassador and refused to recognize the Mexican government of <a href="/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta" title="Victoriano Huerta">Victoriano Huerta</a>, who had seized power in the coup. This led to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">United States occupation of Veracruz</a> in 1914 and continued instability in Mexico. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1915–1934:_Haiti">1915–1934: Haiti</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1915–1934: Haiti">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">United States occupation of Haiti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Haiti_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Haiti_in_its_region.svg/220px-Haiti_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Haiti_in_its_region.svg/330px-Haiti_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Haiti_in_its_region.svg/440px-Haiti_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="197" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">occupied</a> <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> from 1915 to 1934. U.S.-based banks had lent money to Haiti and the banks requested U.S. government intervention. In an example of "<a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">gunboat diplomacy</a>", the U.S. sent its navy to intimidate to get its way.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Eventually, in 1917, the U.S. installed a new government and dictated the terms of a new Haitian <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> of 1917 that instituted changes that included an end to the prior ban on land ownership by non-Haitians. The <a href="/wiki/Cacos_(military_group)" title="Cacos (military group)">Cacos</a> were originally armed militias of formerly enslaved persons who rebelled and took control of mountainous areas following the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a> in 1804. Such groups fought a guerrilla war against the U.S. occupation in what were known as the "<a href="/wiki/Caco_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Caco Wars">Caco Wars</a>."<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1916–1924:_Dominican_Republic">1916–1924: Dominican Republic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1916–1924: Dominican Republic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1916%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)">United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dominican_Republic_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Dominican_Republic_in_its_region.svg/220px-Dominican_Republic_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Dominican_Republic_in_its_region.svg/330px-Dominican_Republic_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Dominican_Republic_in_its_region.svg/440px-Dominican_Republic_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="197" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/U.S._marines" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. marines">U.S. marines</a> invaded the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1916%E2%80%9324)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–24)">occupied</a> it from 1916 to 1924, and this was preceded by US military interventions in 1903, 1904, and 1914. The <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> installed its personnel in all key positions in government and controlled the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Armed Forces of the Dominican Republic">Dominican military</a> and police.<a href="#cite_note-Proceedings-30">[30]</a> Within a couple of days, President <a href="/wiki/Juan_Isidro_Jimenes_Pereyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra">Juan Isidro Jimenes</a> resigned.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I">World War I</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: World War I">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States in World War I</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="1917–1919:_Germany">1917–1919: Germany</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1917–1919: Germany">edit</a>]</div> After the release of the <a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimmermann Telegram">Zimmermann Telegram</a> the United States joined the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> on April 6, 1917, declaring war on the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The Wilson Administration made abdication of the Kaiser and the creation of a German Republic a requirement of surrender. <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> had made U.S. policy to "Make the World Safe for Democracy". Germany surrendered November 11, 1918.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Kaiser Wilhelm II</a> abdicated on November 28, 1918.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> While the United States did not ratify it, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> in 1919 had much input from the United States. It mandated for Kaiser Wilhelm II to be removed from the government and tried, though the second part was never carried out.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Germany would then become the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>. The United States signed the <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93German_Peace_Treaty_(1921)" title="U.S.–German Peace Treaty (1921)">U.S.–German Peace Treaty</a> in 1921, solidifying the agreements made previously to the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente</a> with the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="1917–1920:_Austria-Hungary">1917–1920: Austria-Hungary</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1917–1920: Austria-Hungary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/220px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/330px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/440px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> On December 7, 1917, the United States declared war on <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>, as part of World War I.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Austria-Hungary surrendered on November 3, 1918.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> became a republic and signed <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint Germain</a> in 1919 effectively dissolving Austria-Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The Treaty disallowed Austria to ever unite with Germany. Even though the United States had much effect on the treaty it did not ratify it and instead signed the <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Austrian_Peace_Treaty_(1921)" title="U.S.–Austrian Peace Treaty (1921)">U.S.–Austrian Peace Treaty</a> in 1921, solidifying their new borders and government to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> After brief civil strife, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a> became a monarchy without a monarch, instead governed by <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a> as <a href="/wiki/Regent_of_Hungary" title="Regent of Hungary">Regent</a>. Hungary signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a>, in 1920 with the Entente, without the United States.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> They signed the <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Hungarian_Peace_Treaty" title="U.S.–Hungarian Peace Treaty">U.S.–Hungarian Peace Treaty</a> in 1921 solidifying their status and borders with the United States.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="1918–1920:_Russia">1918–1920: Russia</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1918–1920: Russia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_civil_war_in_the_west.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Russian_civil_war_in_the_west.svg/220px-Russian_civil_war_in_the_west.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Russian_civil_war_in_the_west.svg/330px-Russian_civil_war_in_the_west.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Russian_civil_war_in_the_west.svg/440px-Russian_civil_war_in_the_west.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> In 1918 the U.S. military took part in the <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a> to support the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a> and overthrow the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/President_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="President Wilson">President Wilson</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Russian_Revolution" title="United States and the Russian Revolution">agreed to send</a> 5,000 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> troops in the campaign. This force, which became known as the "American North Russia Expeditionary Force"<a href="#cite_note-E.M._Halliday,_2000_p._44-44">[44]</a> (a.k.a. the <a href="/wiki/Polar_Bear_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar Bear Expedition">Polar Bear Expedition</a>) launched the <a href="/wiki/North_Russia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North Russia Campaign">North Russia Campaign</a> from <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a>, while another 8,000 soldiers, organised as the <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Force_Siberia" class="mw-redirect" title="American Expeditionary Force Siberia">American Expeditionary Force Siberia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Robert_L._Willett_pp._166-45">[45]</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Intervention_in_Siberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Intervention in Siberia">Siberia intervention</a> from <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>.<a href="#cite_note-beyer-46">[46]</a> The forces were withdrawn in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryRussia-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1941–1945:_World_War_II_and_aftermath">1941–1945: World War II and aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1941–1945: World War II and aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">Military history of the United States during World War II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1941–1952:_Japan">1941–1952: Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 1941–1952: Japan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender_of_Japan_-_USS_Missouri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Surrender_of_Japan_-_USS_Missouri.jpg/220px-Surrender_of_Japan_-_USS_Missouri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Surrender_of_Japan_-_USS_Missouri.jpg/330px-Surrender_of_Japan_-_USS_Missouri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Surrender_of_Japan_-_USS_Missouri.jpg/440px-Surrender_of_Japan_-_USS_Missouri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5748" data-file-height="4504" /></a><figcaption>Representatives of the Empire of Japan stand aboard <a href="/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS Missouri</a> prior to signing of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">Instrument of Surrender</a></figcaption></figure> In December 1941, the US joined the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">war</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, a monarchy. After the Allied victory, Japan was occupied by Allied forces under the command of American general <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>. In 1946, the <a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">Japanese Diet</a> ratified a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution of Japan</a> that followed closely a 'model copy' prepared by MacArthur's command,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and was promulgated as an amendment to the old <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Meiji Constitution</a>. The constitution renounced aggressive war and was accompanied by liberalization of many areas of Japanese life. While liberalizing life for most Japanese, the Allies <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">tried many Japanese war criminals</a> and executed some, while granting amnesty to the family of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hirohito" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Hirohito">Emperor Hirohito</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dower-49">[49]</a> The occupation was ended by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of San Francisco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dower-49">[49]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">United States invasion of Okinawa</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>, the U.S. installed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands" title="United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands">United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands</a>. Pursuant to a treaty with the Japanese government (Message of Emperor), in 1950 the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Administration_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands" title="United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands">United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands</a> took over and ruled <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Island" title="Okinawa Island">Okinawa</a> and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a> until 1972. During this "trusteeship rule", the U.S. built numerous military bases, including bases that operated <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear weapons of the United States">nuclear weapons</a>. U.S. rule was opposed by many local residents, creating the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu independence movement</a> that struggled against U.S. rule.<a href="#cite_note-nationalarchives-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1941–1949:_Germany">1941–1949: Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 1941–1949: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western Allied invasion of Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied-occupied Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></div> In December 1941, the United States joined the Allied campaign against <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> dictatorship. The US took part in the <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied occupation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bizone" title="Bizone">Western portion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. Former <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> were subjected to varying levels of punishment, depending on how the US assessed their levels of guilt. At the end of 1947, for example, the Allies held 90,000 Nazis in <a href="/wiki/Detention_(imprisonment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detention (imprisonment)">detention</a>; another 1,900,000 were forbidden to work as anything but manual laborers.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> As Germans took more and more responsibility for Germany, they pushed for an end to the <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a> process, and the Americans allowed this. In 1949, the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> in West Germany was formed.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The main denazification process came to an end with amnesty laws passed in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1941–1946:_Italy">1941–1946: Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 1941–1946: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Italy">Liberation of Italy</a></div> In July–August 1943, the US participated in the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a>, spearheaded by the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_United_States_Army" title="Seventh United States Army">U.S. Seventh Army</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a>, in which over 2,000 US servicemen were killed,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> initiating the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</a> which conquered Italy from the fascist regime of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> and its Nazi German allies. Mussolini was arrested by order of King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a>, provoking a <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">civil war</a>. The king appointed <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a> as new <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a>. Badoglio stripped away the final elements of Fascist rule by banning the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a>, then signed an <a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Italy_and_Allied_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces">armistice with the Allied armed forces</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Italian Army</a> outside of the peninsula itself collapsed; its occupied and annexed territories fell under <a href="/wiki/Operation_Achse" title="Operation Achse">German control</a>. Italy <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">capitulated to the Allies</a> on 3 September 1943. The northern half of the country was occupied by the Germans with help from <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascists</a> and made a <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">collaborationist puppet state</a>, while the south was governed by monarchist forces, which fought for the Allied cause as the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-Belligerent_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Co-Belligerent Army">Italian Co-Belligerent Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1944–1946:_France">1944–1946: France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 1944–1946: France">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Goodwood" title="Operation Goodwood">Operation Goodwood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Operation Cobra</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Liberation_of_Paris,_25_-_26_August_1944_HU66477.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/The_Liberation_of_Paris%2C_25_-_26_August_1944_HU66477.jpg/220px-The_Liberation_of_Paris%2C_25_-_26_August_1944_HU66477.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/The_Liberation_of_Paris%2C_25_-_26_August_1944_HU66477.jpg/330px-The_Liberation_of_Paris%2C_25_-_26_August_1944_HU66477.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/The_Liberation_of_Paris%2C_25_-_26_August_1944_HU66477.jpg/440px-The_Liberation_of_Paris%2C_25_-_26_August_1944_HU66477.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1819" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> and his entourage proudly stroll down the <a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a> to <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame Cathedral</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Te_Deum" title="Te Deum">Te Deum</a> ceremony following Paris's liberation on 25 August 1944.</figcaption></figure> British, Canadian and United States forces were critical participants in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Goodwood" title="Operation Goodwood">Operation Goodwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Operation Cobra</a>, leading to a military breakout that ended the <a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">Nazi occupation of France</a>. The actual <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a> was accomplished by French forces. The French formed the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government of the French Republic</a> in 1944, leading to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">French Fourth Republic</a> in 1946.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The liberation of France is celebrated regularly up to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Free_France#Liberation_of_France" title="Free France">Free France § Liberation of France</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1944–1945:_Belgium">1944–1945: Belgium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 1944–1945: Belgium">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Belgium" title="Liberation of Belgium">Liberation of Belgium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:117th_Infantry_North_Carolina_NG_at_St._Vith_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/117th_Infantry_North_Carolina_NG_at_St._Vith_1945.jpg/220px-117th_Infantry_North_Carolina_NG_at_St._Vith_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/117th_Infantry_North_Carolina_NG_at_St._Vith_1945.jpg/330px-117th_Infantry_North_Carolina_NG_at_St._Vith_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/117th_Infantry_North_Carolina_NG_at_St._Vith_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>American troops during the Battle of the Bulge</figcaption></figure> In the wake of the 1940 invasion, Germany established the <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_of_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France">Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France</a> to govern Belgium. United States, Canadian, British, and other Allied forces ended the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">Nazi occupation of most of Belgium</a> in September 1944. The <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Government_in_Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Government in Exile">Belgian Government in Exile</a> under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Pierlot" title="Hubert Pierlot">Hubert Pierlot</a> returned on 8 September.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In December, American forces suffered over 80,000 casualties defending Belgium from a German counterattack in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a>. By February 1945, all of Belgium was in Allied hands.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The year 1945 was chaotic. Pierlot resigned, and <a href="/wiki/Achille_Van_Acker" title="Achille Van Acker">Achille Van Acker</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Socialist_Party" title="Belgian Socialist Party">Belgian Socialist Party</a> formed a new government. There were riots over the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Question">Royal Question</a>—the return of King <a href="/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium" title="Leopold III of Belgium">Leopold III</a>. Although the war continued, Belgians were again in control of their own country.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1944–1945:_Netherlands">1944–1945: Netherlands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 1944–1945: Netherlands">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Plunder" title="Operation Plunder">Operation Plunder</a></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">Nazi occupation</a>, the Netherlands was governed by the <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Niederlande" title="Reichskommissariat Niederlande">Reichskommissariat Niederlande</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a>. British, Canadian, and American forces liberated portions of the Netherlands in September 1944. However, after the failure of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a>, the liberation of the largest cities had to wait until the last weeks of the <a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European theatre of World War II</a>. British and American forces <a href="/wiki/Operation_Plunder" title="Operation Plunder">crossed the Rhine</a> on 23 March 1945; Canadian forces in their wake then entered the Netherlands from the east. The remaining German forces in the Netherlands surrendered on 5 May, which is celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)" title="Liberation Day (Netherlands)">Liberation Day</a> in the Netherlands. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands">Queen Wilhelmina</a> returned on 2 May; <a href="/wiki/1946_Dutch_general_election" title="1946 Dutch general election">elections</a> were held in 1946, leading to a new government headed by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Louis_Beel" title="Louis Beel">Louis Beel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1944–1945:_Philippines">1944–1945: Philippines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 1944–1945: Philippines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines Campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines Campaign (1944–1945)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg/220px-Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg/330px-Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg/440px-Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Osmeña</a> and staff land at <a href="/wiki/Palo,_Leyte" title="Palo, Leyte">Palo, Leyte</a> on October 20, 1944</figcaption></figure> United States landings in 1944 ended the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation of the Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> After the Japanese were defeated and the puppet regime that was controlling the <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a> was overthrown, the United States fulfilled a promise by granting independence to the Philippines. <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> formed the government of the restored <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a>, overseeing democratic transition to the fully sovereign <a href="/wiki/Third_Philippine_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Philippine Republic">Third Philippine Republic</a> in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-pinas-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945–1955:_Austria">1945–1955: Austria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 1945–1955: Austria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria" title="Allied-occupied Austria">Allied-occupied Austria</a></div> Austria was annexed to Germany in the 1938 <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>. As German citizens, many Austrians fought on the side of Germany during World War II. After the Allied victory, the Allies treated Austria as a victim of Nazi aggression, rather than as a perpetrator. The United States <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> provided aid.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The 1955 <a href="/wiki/Austrian_State_Treaty" title="Austrian State Treaty">Austrian State Treaty</a> re-established Austria as a free, democratic, and sovereign state. It was signed by representatives of the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and France. It provided for the withdrawal of all occupying troops and guaranteed Austrian neutrality in the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1945–1991:_Cold_War">1945–1991: Cold War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: 1945–1991: Cold War">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940s">1940s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: 1940s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1945–1948:_South_Korea">1945–1948: South Korea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: 1945–1948: South Korea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">United States Army Military Government in Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea">First Republic of Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> surrendered to the United States in August 1945, ending the <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese rule of Korea</a>. Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Lyuh_Woon-Hyung" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyuh Woon-Hyung">Lyuh Woon-Hyung</a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Committee_(postwar_Korea)" title="People's Committee (postwar Korea)">People's Committees</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> formed to coordinate transition to Korean independence. On August 28, 1945 these committees formed the temporary national government of Korea, naming it the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Korea" title="People's Republic of Korea">People's Republic of Korea</a> (PRK) a couple of weeks later.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> On September 8, 1945, the United States government landed forces in Korea and thereafter established the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">United States Army Military Government in Korea</a> (USAMGK) to govern Korea south of the <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38th parallel</a>. The USAMGK outlawed the PRK committees which by that point had been co-opted by the communists.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In May 1948, <a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a>, who had previously lived in the United States, won the <a href="/wiki/1948_South_Korean_presidential_election" title="1948 South Korean presidential election">1948 South Korean presidential election</a>, which had been boycotted by most other politicians and in which voting was limited to property owners and tax payers or, in smaller towns, to town elders voting for everyone else.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Syngman Rhee, backed by the U.S. government, set up authoritarian rule that coordinated closely with the business sector and lasted until Rhee's overthrow in 1961, which led to a similarly authoritarian regime that would last ultimately until the late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1947–1949:_Greece">1947–1949: Greece</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: 1947–1949: Greece">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Greece_in_its_region.svg/220px-Greece_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Greece_in_its_region.svg/330px-Greece_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Greece_in_its_region.svg/440px-Greece_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="223" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> had been under <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Axis occupation</a> since 1941. Its <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-in-exile" title="Greek government-in-exile">government-in-exile</a>, unelected and loyal to <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Greece" title="George II of Greece">King George II</a>, was based in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. By the Summer of 1944, communist guerrillas, then known as the <a href="/wiki/Greek_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek People's Liberation Army">Greek People's Liberation Army</a> (ELAS), who had been armed by the Western powers, exploiting the gradual collapse of the Axis, claimed to have liberated nearly all of Greece outside of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> from Axis occupation, while also attacking and defeating rival non-Communist partisan groups, forming a rival unelected government, the <a href="/wiki/Political_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Political Committee of National Liberation">Political Committee of National Liberation</a>. On 12 August 1944, German forces retreated from the Athens area two days ahead of British landings there, ending the occupation.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> forces under control of the Greek government (now a government of national unity led by <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Tsaldaris" title="Konstantinos Tsaldaris">Konstantinos Tsaldaris</a>, elected in the <a href="/wiki/1946_Greek_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 Greek legislative election">1946 Greek legislative election</a> boycotted by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">Communist Party of Greece</a>) then fought for control of the country in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a> against the communists, who at that time were self-proclaimed as the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Army_of_Greece" title="Democratic Army of Greece">Democratic Army of Greece</a> (DSE). By early 1947, the British government could no longer afford the huge cost of financing the war against DSE, and pursuant to the October 1944 <a href="/wiki/Percentages_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Percentages Agreement">Percentages Agreement</a> between <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, Greece was to remain part of the Western <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a>. Accordingly, the British requested the U.S. government to step in and the U.S. flooded the country with military equipment, military advisers and weapons.<a href="#cite_note-DM-75">[75]</a>: 553–554 <a href="#cite_note-JTP-76">[76]</a>: 129 <a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> With increased <a href="/wiki/United_States_military_aid" title="United States military aid">U.S. military aid</a>, by September 1949 the government eventually won, fully restoring the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Herring-79">[79]</a>: 616–617  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1948:_Costa_Rica">1948: Costa Rica</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: 1948: Costa Rica">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Civil_War" title="Costa Rican Civil War">Costa Rican Civil War</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Christian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian socialist">Christian socialist</a> medic <a href="/wiki/Rafael_%C3%81ngel_Calder%C3%B3n_Guardia" title="Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia">Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party_(Costa_Rica)" title="National Republican Party (Costa Rica)">National Republican Party</a> <a href="/wiki/1944_Costa_Rican_general_election" title="1944 Costa Rican general election">was elected</a> in 1944 and promoted general <a href="/wiki/Social_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Social reform">social reforms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lorenz2-80">[80]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1948_Costa_Rican_general_election" title="1948 Costa Rican general election">1948 election</a>, the opposition won the presidency but lost the Congress. This prompted the Congress to annul the results of the presidential election but not the results of the congressional election; on the same day as the annulment, the leader of the opposition campaign was assassinated.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> These events led to the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Civil_War" title="Costa Rican Civil War">Costa Rican Civil War</a> of 1948, in which the US supported the opposition, and <a href="/wiki/Somoza_family" title="Somoza family">Somoza-ran Nicaragua</a> supported Calderón. The war ended Calderón's government and led to the short de facto rule of 18 months by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueres_Ferrer" title="José Figueres Ferrer">José Figueres Ferrer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lorenz2-80">[80]</a> However, Figueres also held some left-leaning ideas and continued the process of social reform.<a href="#cite_note-bailey2-82">[82]</a> After the war, democracy was quickly restored and a <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a> encompassed by the parties of the <a href="/wiki/Calderonistas" class="mw-redirect" title="Calderonistas">Calderonistas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Figueristas" class="mw-redirect" title="Figueristas">Figueristas</a> developed in the country for nearly 60 years.<a href="#cite_note-bailey2-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1949–1953:_Albania">1949–1953: Albania</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: 1949–1953: Albania">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Subversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Subversion">Albanian Subversion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationAlbania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/LocationAlbania.svg/220px-LocationAlbania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/LocationAlbania.svg/330px-LocationAlbania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/LocationAlbania.svg/440px-LocationAlbania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a> was in chaos after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">World War II</a> and the country was not as focused on peacetime conferences in comparison to other European nations, while having suffered high casualties.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> It was threatened by its larger neighbors with annexation. After <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">dropped out</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, the small country of Albania was geographically isolated from the rest of the Eastern Bloc. The United States and United Kingdom took advantage of the situation and recruited anti-communist Albanians who had fled after the USSR invaded. The US and UK formed the <a href="/wiki/Free_Albania_National_Committee" title="Free Albania National Committee">Free Albania National Committee</a>, made up of many of the emigres. Recruited Albanians were trained by the U.S. and U.K. and infiltrated the country multiple times. Eventually, the operation was found out and many of the agents fled, were executed, or were tried. The operation would become a failure. The operation was declassified in 2006, due to the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_War_Crimes_and_Japanese_Imperial_Government_Records_Interagency_Working_Group" title="Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group">Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act</a> and is now available in the National Archives.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_in_its_region_(claimed).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Syria_in_its_region_%28claimed%29.svg/220px-Syria_in_its_region_%28claimed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Syria_in_its_region_%28claimed%29.svg/330px-Syria_in_its_region_%28claimed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Syria_in_its_region_%28claimed%29.svg/440px-Syria_in_its_region_%28claimed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="191" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1949:_Syria">1949: Syria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: 1949: Syria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></div> The government of <a href="/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli" title="Shukri al-Quwatli">Shukri al-Quwatli</a>, reelected in 1948, was <a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">overthrown</a> by a junta led by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> chief of staff at the time, <a href="/wiki/Husni_al-Za%27im" title="Husni al-Za'im">Husni al-Za'im</a>, who became President of Syria on April 11, 1949. Za'im had extensive connections to CIA operatives,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> and promptly approved the construction of America's TAPLINE oil pipeline in Syria, considered an important Cold War project and blocked by Quwatly's pre-coup government.<a href="#cite_note-Little-87">[87]</a> The exact nature of U.S. involvement in the coup remains controversial.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s">1950s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: 1950s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Myanmar_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Myanmar_in_its_region.svg/220px-Myanmar_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Myanmar_in_its_region.svg/330px-Myanmar_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Myanmar_in_its_region.svg/440px-Myanmar_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1950–1953:_Burma_and_China">1950–1953: Burma and China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: 1950–1953: Burma and China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_in_Burma#CIA_assistance_and_opium_trade" title="Kuomintang in Burma">Kuomintang in Burma § CIA assistance and opium trade</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> had recently ended, with the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">communists</a> winning and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">nationalists</a> losing. The nationalists retreated to areas such as <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and north <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Operation Paper began in late 1950<a href="#cite_note-Scott_2010-92">[92]</a> or early 1951 following Chinese involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Operation Paper entailed CIA plans used by CIA military advisors on the ground in Burma to assist Kuomintang incursions into <a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a> over several years, under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Li_Mi_(Republic_of_China_general)" title="Li Mi (Republic of China general)">Li Mi</a>, with Kuomintang leadership hoping to eventually retake China, despite opposition from the US State Department.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> However, each attempted invasion was repelled by the Chinese army. The Kuomintang took control of large swaths of Burma, while the government of Burma complained repeatedly of the military invasion to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-apjjf.org-95">[95]</a> On secret flights from <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> to Burma, CAT aircraft flown by pilots hired by the CIA brought American weapons and other supplies to the Kuomintang and on return flights the CAT aircraft transported <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> from the Kuomintang to <a href="/wiki/Triad_(organized_crime)" title="Triad (organized crime)">Chinese organized crime</a> <a href="/wiki/Opium_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Opium trade">drug traffickers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-apjjf.org-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1952:_Egypt">1952: Egypt</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: 1952: Egypt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 1952">Egyptian revolution of 1952</a> and <a href="/wiki/Project_FF" title="Project FF">Project FF</a></div> In February 1952, following January's <a href="/wiki/Cairo_fire" title="Cairo fire">riots in Cairo</a> amid widespread <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">nationalist</a> discontent over the continued <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">British occupation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> and Egypt's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, CIA officer <a href="/wiki/Kermit_Roosevelt_Jr." title="Kermit Roosevelt Jr.">Kermit Roosevelt Jr.</a> was dispatched by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> to meet with <a href="/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt" title="Farouk of Egypt">Farouk I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a>. American policy at that time was to convince Farouk to introduce reforms that would weaken the appeal of Egyptian radicals and stabilize Farouk's grip on power. The U.S. was notified in advance of the successful <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 1952">July coup</a> led by nationalist and anti-communist <a href="/wiki/Free_Officers_Movement_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Officers Movement (Egypt)">Egyptian military officers</a> (the "Free Officers") that replaced the Egyptian monarchy with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Egypt">Republic of Egypt</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Naguib" title="Mohamed Naguib">Mohamed Naguib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>. CIA officer <a href="/wiki/Miles_Copeland_Jr." title="Miles Copeland Jr.">Miles Copeland Jr.</a> recounted in his memoirs that Roosevelt helped coordinate the coup during three prior meetings with the plotters (including Nasser, the future <a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">Egyptian president</a>); this has not been confirmed by declassified documents but is partially supported by circumstantial evidence. Roosevelt and several of the Egyptians said to have been present in these meetings denied Copeland's account; another U.S. official, William Lakeland, said its veracity is open to question. Hugh Wilford notes that "whether or not the CIA dealt directly with the Free Officers prior to their July 1952 coup, there was extensive secret American-Egyptian contact in the months after the revolution."<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1952:_Guatemala">1952: Guatemala</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: 1952: Guatemala">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_PBFortune" title="Operation PBFortune">Operation PBFortune</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Operation_PBFortune" title="Operation PBFortune">Operation PBFortune</a>, also known as Operation Fortune, was an aborted <a href="/wiki/Covert_United_States_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Covert United States operation">covert United States operation</a> to overthrow <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemalan</a> President <a href="/wiki/Jacobo_%C3%81rbenz" title="Jacobo Árbenz">Jacobo Árbenz</a> in 1952. The operation was authorized by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a> and planned by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. The plan involved providing weapons to the exiled Guatemalan military officer <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castillo_Armas" title="Carlos Castillo Armas">Carlos Castillo Armas</a>, who was to lead an invasion from Nicaragua.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoulton201347–49-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1952–1953:_Iran">1952–1953: Iran</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: 1952–1953: Iran">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Iran_in_its_region.svg/220px-Iran_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Iran_in_its_region.svg/330px-Iran_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Iran_in_its_region.svg/440px-Iran_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Since 1941, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> was a constitutional monarchy ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>. From the <a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_the_Iranian_oil_industry#Background" title="Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry">discovery of oil</a> in Iran in the late nineteenth century major powers exploited the weakness of the Iranian government to obtain concessions that many believed failed to give Iran a fair share of the profits. During World War II, the UK, the USSR and the US all became involved in Iranian affairs, including the joint <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a> in 1941. Iranian officials began to notice that British taxes were increasing while royalties to Iran declined. By 1948, Britain received substantially more revenue from the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC)</a> than Iran. Negotiations to meet this and other Iranian concerns exacerbated rather than eased tensions.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> On March 15, 1951 the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Majlis</a>, the Iranian parliament, passed legislation championed by reformist politician <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a> to nationalize the AIOC. Fifteen months later, Mosadegh was elected Prime Minister by the Majlis. International business concerns then boycotted oil from the nationalized Iranian oil industry. This contributed to concerns in Britain and the US that Mosadegh might be a communist. He was reportedly supported by the Communist <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party_of_Iran" title="Tudeh Party of Iran">Tudeh Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-newsmine.org-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The CIA began supporting[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">how?</a>] 18 of their favorite candidates in the <a href="/wiki/1952_Iranian_legislative_election" title="1952 Iranian legislative election">1952 Iranian legislative election</a>, which Mosaddegh suspended after urban deputies loyal to him were elected.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The new parliament gave Mosaddegh emergency powers which weakened the power of the Shah, and there was a constitutional struggle over the roles of the Shah and prime minister. Britain strongly backed the Shah, while the US officially remained neutral. However, America's position shifted in late 1952 with the election of <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> as U.S. president. The CIA launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ajax" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Ajax">Operation Ajax</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Kermit_Roosevelt_Jr." title="Kermit Roosevelt Jr.">Kermit Roosevelt Jr.</a>, with help from <a href="/wiki/Norman_Darbyshire" title="Norman Darbyshire">Norman Darbyshire</a>, to remove Mosaddegh by persuading the Shah to replace him, using diplomacy and bribery. The <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a> (known in Iran as the "28 Mordad coup")<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> was instigated by the intelligence agencies of the United Kingdom such as <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a> (under the name "Operation Boot") and the United States (under the name "TPAJAX Project").<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-CN-IC-01-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The coup saw the transition of Pahlavi from a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarch</a> to an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a>, who relied heavily on United States government support. That support dissipated during the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> of 1979, as his own security forces refused to shoot into non-violent crowds.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The CIA did not admit its responsibility until the 60th anniversary of the coup in August 2013.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1954:_Guatemala">1954: Guatemala</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: 1954: Guatemala">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></div> In a 1954 CIA operation code named <a href="/wiki/Operation_PBSuccess" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation PBSuccess">Operation PBSuccess</a>, the U.S. government executed a <a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">coup</a> that successfully overthrew the government of President <a href="/wiki/Jacobo_%C3%81rbenz" title="Jacobo Árbenz">Jacobo Árbenz</a>, elected in 1950, and installed <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castillo_Armas" title="Carlos Castillo Armas">Carlos Castillo Armas</a>, the first of a line of right-wing dictators, in its place.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The American government and CIA were motivated by the ideological aim of containment, and by fear of anti-labor exploitation laws reducing profits to the <a href="/wiki/United_Fruit_Company" title="United Fruit Company">United Fruit Company</a>,<a href="#cite_note-talbot-114">[114]</a> which was well connected to the CIA and the Eisenhower administration.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-talbot-114">[114]</a> In planning the operation, the CIA would become involved in assisting the new regime in the killing of perceived opponents, and lied to the president of the United States when briefing him regarding the number of casualties.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The perceived success of the operation made it a model for future CIA operations.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-talbot-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1956–1957:_Syria">1956–1957: Syria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: 1956–1957: Syria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Syria" title="CIA activities in Syria">CIA activities in Syria</a></div> In 1956 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Straggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Straggle">Operation Straggle</a> was a failed coup plot against <a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserist</a> civilian politician <a href="/wiki/Sabri_al-Asali" title="Sabri al-Asali">Sabri al-Asali</a>. The CIA made plans for a coup for late October 1956 to topple the Syrian government. The plan entailed takeover by the Syrian military of key cities and border crossings.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blum,_William_1995_pp._86-87-121">[121]</a> The plan was postponed when <a href="/wiki/Operation_Kadesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Kadesh">Israel invaded Egypt</a> in October 1956 and US planners thought their operation would be unsuccessful at a time when the Arab world is fighting "Israeli aggression." The operation was uncovered and American plotters had to flee the country.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In 1957 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Wappen" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Wappen">Operation Wappen</a> was a second coup plan against Syria, planned by the CIA's <a href="/wiki/Kermit_Roosevelt_Jr." title="Kermit Roosevelt Jr.">Kermit Roosevelt Jr.</a>. It called for assassination of key senior Syrian officials, staged military incidents on the Syrian border to be blamed on Syria and then to be used as pretext for invasion by <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordanian</a> troops, an intense US propaganda campaign targeting the Syrian population, and "sabotage, national conspiracies and various strong-arm activities" to be blamed on Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-Fenton-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Prados-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blum,_William_1995_pp._86-87-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> This operation failed when Syrian military officers paid off with millions of dollars in bribes to carry out the coup revealed the plot to Syrian intelligence. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State">Department of State</a> denied accusation of a coup attempt and along with <a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the United States">US media</a> accused Syria of being a "satellite" of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Prados-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> There was also a third plan in 1957, called "The Preferred Plan". Alongside Britain's <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a>, the CIA planned to support and arm several uprisings. However, this plan was never carried out.<a href="#cite_note-Fenton-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1957–1959:_Indonesia">1957–1959: Indonesia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: 1957–1959: Indonesia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Permesta" title="Permesta">Permesta</a> and <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Indonesia" title="CIA activities in Indonesia">CIA activities in Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Indonesia_in_its_region.svg/220px-Indonesia_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Indonesia_in_its_region.svg/330px-Indonesia_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Indonesia_in_its_region.svg/440px-Indonesia_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Starting in 1957, Eisenhower ordered the CIA to overthrow <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>. The CIA supported the failed <a href="/wiki/Permesta_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Permesta Rebellion">Permesta Rebellion</a> by rebel Indonesian military officers in February 1958. CIA pilots, such as <a href="/wiki/Allen_Lawrence_Pope" title="Allen Lawrence Pope">Allen Lawrence Pope</a>, piloted planes operated by CIA <a href="/wiki/Front_organization" title="Front organization">front organization</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Transport" title="Civil Air Transport">Civil Air Transport</a> (CAT) that bombed civilian and military targets in Indonesia. The CIA instructed CAT pilots to target commercial shipping in order to frighten foreign merchant ships away from Indonesian waters, thereby weakening the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Indonesian economy</a> and thus destabilizing the government of Indonesia. The CIA aerial bombardment resulted in the sinking of several commercial ships<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> and the bombing of a marketplace that killed many civilians.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Pope was shot down and captured on 18 May 1958, revealing U.S. involvement, which Eisenhower publicly denied at the time. The rebellion was ultimately defeated by 1961.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1959:_Iraq">1959: Iraq</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: 1959: Iraq">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Iraq" title="CIA activities in Iraq">CIA activities in Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iraq in its region"><img alt="Iraq in its region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Iraq_in_its_region.svg/220px-Iraq_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Iraq_in_its_region.svg/330px-Iraq_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Iraq_in_its_region.svg/440px-Iraq_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>Iraq in its region</figcaption></figure> Concerned about the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Communist_Party" title="Iraqi Communist Party">Iraqi Communist Party</a> (ICP) in Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a>'s administration, President Eisenhower questioned that "it might be good policy to help [<a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>] take over in Iraq," recommending that Nasser be provided with "money and support", thus the U.S. "moved into increasingly close alignment with Egypt with regard to Qasim and Iraq."<a href="#cite_note-WH2021_1959-132">[132]</a> After Iraq withdrew from the anti-Soviet alliance—the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Pact">Baghdad Pact</a>—the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">United States National Security Council</a> (NSC) proposed various contingencies for preventing a communist takeover of the country,<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> and "soon developed a detailed plan for assisting nationalist elements committed to the overthrow of Qasim."<a href="#cite_note-WH2021_1959-132">[132]</a> The U.S. also "approached Nasser to discuss 'parallel measures' that could be taken by the two countries against Iraq."<a href="#cite_note-Osgood_pp._21–23-134">[134]</a> During a NSC meeting on September 24, two representatives from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> urged a cautious approach, while the other twelve representatives, namely from the CIA and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>, "strong[ly] pitch[ed] for a more active policy toward Iraq." One CIA representative noted that there is a "small stockpile [of weapons] in the area," and that the CIA "could support elements in Jordan and the UAR to help Iraqis filter back to Iraq."<a href="#cite_note-Osgood_pp._21–23-134">[134]</a> That same day, the NSC would also prepare a study which called for "covert assistance to Egyptian efforts to topple Qasim," and for "grooming political leadership for a successor government."<a href="#cite_note-WH2021_1959-132">[132]</a> Bryan R. Gibson writes that "there is no documentation that ties the United States directly to any of Nasser's many covert attempts to overthrow the Qasim regime."<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> However, Brandon Wolfe-Hunnicutt states that the U.S. issued its "tacit support for Egyptian efforts to bring [Qasim's government] down,"<a href="#cite_note-WH2021_1959-132">[132]</a> and Kenneth Osgood writes that "circumstantial evidence in declassified records suggests that ... [t]he United States was working with Nasser on some level, even if the precise nature of that collaboration is not known."<a href="#cite_note-Osgood_pp._21–23-134">[134]</a> Contemporary documents pertaining to the CIA's operations in Iraq have remained classified or heavily redacted, thus "allow[ing] for plausible deniability."<a href="#cite_note-Osgood_p._16-136">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sale_(journalist)" title="Richard Sale (journalist)">Richard Sale</a> of <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a> (UPI), citing former U.S. diplomat and intelligence officials, <a href="/wiki/Adel_Darwish" title="Adel Darwish">Adel Darwish</a>, and other experts, reported that the unsuccessful October 7, 1959 assassination attempt on Qasim involving a young <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> and other Ba'athist conspirators was a collaboration between the CIA and <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Egypt)">Egyptian intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Gibson has disputed Sale and Darwish's account, concluding that available declassified records show that "while the United States was aware of several plots against Qasim, it had still adhered to [a] nonintervention policy."<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Wolfe-Hunnicutt observes that "[i]t seems more likely that it was October 7 that brought the Ba'ath to the attention of the US government."<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> On the other hand, Osgood writes that "the circumstantial evidence is such that the possibility of US–UAR collaboration with Ba'ath Party activists cannot be ruled out," concluding that: "Whatever the validity of [Sale's] charges, at the very least currently declassified documents reveal that US officials were actively considering various plots against Qasim and that the CIA was building up assets for covert operations in Iraq."<a href="#cite_note-Osgood_pp._21–23-134">[134]</a> The assassins, including Saddam, escaped to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt "where they enjoyed Nasser's protection for the remainder of Qasim's tenure in power."<a href="#cite_note-WH2021_1959_2-140">[140]</a> One of the conspirators involved in the assassination attempt, Hazim Jawad, "received training from the UAR intelligence service in clandestine wireless telegraphy," before returning to Iraq in 1960 to coordinate "clandestine radio operations for the UAR." Wolfe-Hunnicutt writes that in the 1959–1960 period, during the "peak of US-UAR intelligence collaboration ... [i]t is quite possible that Jawad became familiar to US intelligence," as a 1963 State Department cable described him as "one of our boys."<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Similarly, it is possible that Saddam visited the U.S. embassy in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> and some evidence suggests that he was "in frequent contact with US officials and intelligence agents."<a href="#cite_note-Osgood_pp._21–23-134">[134]</a> A former high-ranking U.S. official told Marion Farouk–Sluglett and Peter Sluglett that Iraqi Ba'athists, including Saddam, "had made contact with the American authorities in the late 1950s and early 1960s."<a href="#cite_note-Slugletts_p._327-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1959–1963:_South_Vietnam">1959–1963: South Vietnam</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: 1959–1963: South Vietnam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1959%E2%80%931963)" title="War in Vietnam (1959–1963)">War in Vietnam (1959–1963)</a>, <a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup">1963 South Vietnamese coup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_assassination_of_Ngo_Dinh_Diem" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem">Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1960_South_Vietnamese_coup_attempt" title="1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt">1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt</a> and <a href="/wiki/1962_South_Vietnamese_Independence_Palace_bombing" title="1962 South Vietnamese Independence Palace bombing">1962 South Vietnamese Independence Palace bombing</a></div> In 1959 a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Worker's Party of Vietnam</a> was formed in the south of the country and began an insurgency against the <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">Republic of Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HistPlace-144">[144]</a> They were supplied through <a href="/wiki/Group_559" title="Group 559">Group 559</a>, which was formed the same year by North Vietnam to send weapons down the <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail" title="Ho Chi Minh trail">Ho Chi Minh Trail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Prados2-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW-RoM-Ch03-146">[146]</a> The US supported the RoV against the communists. After the 1960 US election, President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> became much more involved with the fight against the insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-Shultz-147">[147]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationSouthVietnam.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/LocationSouthVietnam.png/220px-LocationSouthVietnam.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/LocationSouthVietnam.png 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption>Location of South Vietnam</figcaption></figure> From mid-1963, the Kennedy administration became increasingly frustrated with South Vietnamese President <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngo Dinh Diem</a>'s corrupt and repressive rule and his persecution of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Buddhist majority</a>. In light of Diem's refusal to adopt reforms, American officials debated whether they should support efforts to replace him. These debates crystallized after the <a href="/wiki/ARVN_Special_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="ARVN Special Forces">ARVN Special Forces</a>, which took their orders directly from the palace, <a href="/wiki/Xa_Loi_Pagoda_raids" class="mw-redirect" title="Xa Loi Pagoda raids">raided Buddhist temples across the country</a>, leaving a death toll estimated in the hundreds, and resulted in the dispatch of <a href="/wiki/Cable_243" title="Cable 243">Cable 243</a> on August 24, 1963, which instructed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to South Vietnam">United States Ambassador to South Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a>, to "examine all possible alternative leadership and make detailed plans as to how we might bring about Diem's replacement if this should become necessary". Lodge and his liaison officer, <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Conein" title="Lucien Conein">Lucien Conein</a>, contacted discontented <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">Army of the Republic of Vietnam</a> officers and gave assurances that the US would not oppose a coup or respond with aid cuts. These efforts culminated in <a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup">a coup d'état</a> on November 1–2, 1963, during which Diem and <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Nhu" title="Ngô Đình Nhu">his brother</a> were <a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_assassination_of_Ngo_Dinh_Diem" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem">assassinated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> By the end of 1963 the Viet Cong switched to a much more aggressive strategy in fighting the Southern government and the US. The <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a> concluded that "Beginning in August of 1963 we variously authorized, sanctioned and encouraged the coup efforts of the Vietnamese generals and offered full support for a successor government. In October we cut off aid to Diem in a direct rebuff, giving a green light to the generals. We maintained clandestine contact with them throughout the planning and execution of the coup and sought to review their operational plans and proposed new government."<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1959–1962:_Cuba">1959–1962: Cuba</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: 1959–1962: Cuba">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Project">Cuban Project</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination attempts on Fidel Castro">Assassination attempts on Fidel Castro</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BayofPigs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BayofPigs.jpg/220px-BayofPigs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BayofPigs.jpg/330px-BayofPigs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BayofPigs.jpg/440px-BayofPigs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Location of Bay of Pigs in Cuba</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista" title="Fulgencio Batista">Fulgencio Batista</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictator" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictator">military dictator</a> who seized power in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> in March 1952 via a <a href="/wiki/1952_Cuban_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1952 Cuban coup d'état">coup d'état</a> and was backed by the U.S. government until March 1958. His regime was overthrown on December 31, 1958, thus bringing an end to the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> that was led by <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> and his <a href="/wiki/26th_of_July_Movement" title="26th of July Movement">26th of July Movement</a>. Castro became President in February 1959. The CIA backed a force composed of CIA-trained <a href="/wiki/Cuban_exile" title="Cuban exile">Cuban exiles</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">invade</a> Cuba with support and equipment from the US military, in an attempt to overthrow <a href="/wiki/Cuba_under_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuba under Fidel Castro">Castro's government</a>. The invasion was launched in April 1961, three months after <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> assumed the presidency in the United States, but the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces">Cuban armed forces</a> defeated the invading combatants within three days.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_MONGOOSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation MONGOOSE">Operation MONGOOSE</a> was a year-long U.S. government effort to overthrow the government of Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The operation included an <a href="/wiki/Embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargo">embargo</a> against Cuba, "to induce failure of the Communist regime to supply Cuba's economic needs", a diplomatic initiative to isolate Cuba, and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological operations">psychological operations</a> "to turn the peoples' resentment increasingly against the regime."<a href="#cite_note-history.state.gov2-152">[152]</a> The economic warfare prong of the operation also included the infiltration of CIA operatives to carry out many acts of sabotage against civilian targets, such as a <a href="/wiki/Railway_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway bridge">railway bridge</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a> storage facilities, an <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric power plant">electric power plant</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> harvest, notwithstanding Cuba's repeated requests to the United States government to cease its armed operations.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-history.state.gov2-152">[152]</a> In addition, the CIA planned a number of <a href="/wiki/Assassination_attempts_against_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination attempts against Fidel Castro">assassination attempts against Fidel Castro</a>, head of government of Cuba, including attempts that entailed CIA collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/American_mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="American mafia">American mafia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> In April 2021, documents released by the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a> showed that the CIA was also involved in a plot to assassinate <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a> in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1959:_Cambodia">1959: Cambodia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: 1959: Cambodia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Plot" title="Bangkok Plot">Bangkok Plot</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LBJ_nhu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/LBJ_nhu.jpg/220px-LBJ_nhu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/LBJ_nhu.jpg/330px-LBJ_nhu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/LBJ_nhu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>Ngo Dinh Nhu meeting US Vice-President Lyndon Johnson in 1961</figcaption></figure> In December 1958 <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Nhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngo Dinh Nhu">Ngo Dinh Nhu</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngo Dinh Diem</a>'s younger brother and chief adviser – broached the idea of <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Plot" title="Bangkok Plot">a coup</a> to overthrow Cambodian leader <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Nhu contacted <a href="/wiki/Dap_Chhuon" title="Dap Chhuon">Dap Chhuon</a>, Sihanouk's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Cambodia)" title="Ministry of Interior (Cambodia)">Interior Minister</a>, who was known for his pro-American sympathies, to prepare for the coup against his boss.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Chhuon received covert financial and military assistance from <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>, and the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> In January 1959 Sihanouk learned of the coup plans through intermediaries who were in contact with Chhuon.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The following month, Sihanouk sent the army to capture Chhuon, who was summarily executed as soon as he was captured, effectively ending the coup attempt.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Sihanouk then accused South Vietnam and the U.S. of planning the coup attempt.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Six months later, on 31 August 1959, a small packaged lacquer gift, which was fitted with a <a href="/wiki/Parcel_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Parcel bomb">parcel bomb</a>, was delivered to the royal palace. An investigation traced the origin of the parcel bomb to an American military base in <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> While Sihanouk publicly accused Ngo Dinh Nhu of masterminding the bomb attack, he secretly suspected that the U.S. was also involved.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> The incident deepened his distrust of the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s">1960s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: 1960s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1960–1965:_Congo-Leopoldville">1960–1965: Congo-Leopoldville</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: 1960–1965: Congo-Leopoldville">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.png/220px-Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.png/330px-Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.png/440px-Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.png 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a> was elected the first Prime Minister of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Republic of the Congo</a>, now the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, in May 1960, and in June 1960, the country achieved full independence from <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reid2023-167">[167]</a>: 4, 104–6  In July, the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a> erupted with a mutiny among army, followed by the regions <a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">Katanga</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Kasai" title="South Kasai">South Kasai</a> seceding with support from Belgium, who wished to keep power over resources in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Reid2023-167">[167]</a>: 127, 150–1, 278  Lumumba called in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> to help him, but the U.N. force only agreed to keep peace and not stop the separatist movements. Lumumba then agreed to receive help from the USSR in order to stop the separatists, worrying the United States, due to the supply of <a href="/wiki/Uranium_ore" title="Uranium ore">uranium</a> in the country. The CIA sent official <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Gottlieb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Gottlieb">Sydney Gottlieb</a> with a poison to liaison with an African CIA <a href="/wiki/Asset_(intelligence)" title="Asset (intelligence)">asset</a> code-named WI/Rogue who was to assassinate Lumumba, but Lumumba went into hiding before the operation was completed.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> After Lumumba was killed, the US began funding <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a> in order to secure him against the separatists and opposition. Many of Lumumba's supporters went east and formed the <a href="/wiki/Free_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Free Republic of the Congo">Free Republic of the Congo</a> with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Kisangani" title="Kisangani">Stanleyville</a> in opposition to Mobutu's government. Eventually, the government in Stanleyville agreed to rejoin with the Leopoldville government under the latter's rule,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965375–377-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-LaFontaine16-170">[170]</a> however in 1963, Lumumba supporters formed another separate government in the east of the country and launched the <a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a>. The rebellion had support from the Soviet Union and many other countries in the Eastern Bloc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillafana201772–73-171">[171]</a> In November 1964, the U.S. and Belgium launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragon_Rouge" title="Operation Dragon Rouge">Operation Dragon Rouge</a> to rescue hostages taken by Simba rebels in Stanleyville. The operation was a success and expelled the Simba rebels from the city, leaving them in disarray. The Simbas were ultimately defeated the following year by the Congolese army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell201874–75-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> After the March 1965 elections, Mobutu launched a <a href="/wiki/Second_Mobutu_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Second Mobutu coup d'état">second coup</a> in November with the support of the U.S. and other powers. Mobutu Sese Seko claimed democracy would return in five years and he was popular initially.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugent2004233-174">[174]</a> However, he instead took increasingly authoritarian powers eventually becoming the dictator of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugent2004233-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1960:_Laos">1960: Laos</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: 1960: Laos">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/1960_Laotian_coups" title="1960 Laotian coups">1960 Laotian coups</a></div> On August 9, 1960, Captain <a href="/wiki/Kong_Le" title="Kong Le">Kong Le</a> with his <a href="/wiki/Royal_Lao_Army" title="Royal Lao Army">Royal Lao Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Paratroop" class="mw-redirect" title="Paratroop">paratroop</a> battalion seized control of the administrative capital city of <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a> in a bloodless coup on a "neutralist" platform with the stated aims of ending the <a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">civil war</a> raging in <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, ending foreign interference in the country, ending the corruption caused by foreign aid, and better treatment for soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> With CIA support, <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarit_Thanarat" title="Sarit Thanarat">Sarit Thanarat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister of Thailand</a>, set up a covert <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Thai Armed Forces">Royal Thai Armed Forces</a> advisory group, called Kaw Taw. Kaw Taw together with the CIA backed a <a href="/wiki/1960_Laotian_coups" title="1960 Laotian coups">November 1960 counter-coup</a> against the new Neutralist government in Vientiane, supplying artillery, artillerymen, and advisers to General <a href="/wiki/Phoumi_Nosavan" title="Phoumi Nosavan">Phoumi Nosavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_cousin" class="mw-redirect" title="First cousin">first cousin</a> of Sarit. It also deployed the <a href="/wiki/Border_Patrol_Police#Border_Patrol_Police_Aerial_Reinforcement_Unit" title="Border Patrol Police">Police Aerial Reinforcement Unit</a> (PARU) to operations within Laos, sponsored by the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> With the help of CIA <a href="/wiki/Front_organization" title="Front organization">front organization</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_America_(airline)" title="Air America (airline)">Air America</a> to airlift war supplies and with other U.S. military assistance and covert aid from <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, General Phoumi Nosavan's forces captured <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a> in November 1960.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1961:_Dominican_Republic">1961: Dominican Republic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: 1961: Dominican Republic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Rafael Trujillo</a></div> In May 1961, the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Rafael Trujillo</a> was killed with weapons supplied by the United States <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA).<a href="#cite_note-WHN-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> An internal CIA <a href="/wiki/Memorandum" title="Memorandum">memorandum</a> states that a 1973 <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Inspector General">Office of Inspector General</a> investigation into the assassination disclosed "quite extensive Agency involvement with the plotters." The CIA described its role in "changing" the government of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> as a 'success' in that it assisted in moving the Dominican Republic from a totalitarian dictatorship to a Western-style democracy."<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cord_Meyer-183">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bosch_(politician)" title="Juan Bosch (politician)">Juan Bosch</a>, an earlier recipient of CIA funding, was elected president of the Dominican Republic in 1962 and was deposed in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-Diplomatic_History-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1963:_Iraq">1963: Iraq</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: 1963: Iraq">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qasim_in_uniform.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Qasim in 1959" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Qasim_in_uniform.png/175px-Qasim_in_uniform.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Qasim_in_uniform.png/263px-Qasim_in_uniform.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Qasim_in_uniform.png/350px-Qasim_in_uniform.png 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>During the coup, the Ba'ath Party executed Iraq's prime minister, Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a> (pictured), and desecrated his corpse on Iraqi television.</figcaption></figure> It has long been suspected that the Ba'ath Party collaborated with the CIA in planning and carrying out its violent coup that overthrew Iraq's leader, Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a>, on February 8, 1963.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Pertinent contemporary documents relating to the CIA's operations in Iraq have remained classified<a href="#cite_note-Osgood_p._16-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> and as of 2021, "[s]cholars are only beginning to uncover the extent to which the United States was involved in organizing the coup,"<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> but are "divided in their interpretations of American foreign policy."<a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-Hunnicutt_2017-189">[189]</a> Bryan R. Gibson, writes that although "[i]t is accepted among scholars that the CIA ... assisted the Ba’th Party in its overthrow of [Qasim's] regime," that "barring the release of new information, the preponderance of evidence substantiates the conclusion that the CIA was not behind the February 1963 Ba'thist coup."<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Peter Hahn argues that "[d]eclassified U.S. government documents offer no evidence to support" suggestions of direct U.S. involvement.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> On the other hand, Brandon Wolfe-Hunnicutt cites "compelling evidence of an American role,"<a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-Hunnicutt_2017-189">[189]</a> and that publicly declassified documents "largely substantiate the plausibility" of CIA involvement in the coup.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Eric Jacobsen, citing the testimony of contemporary prominent Ba'athists and U.S. government officials, states that "[t]here is ample evidence that the CIA not only had contacts with the Iraqi Ba'th in the early sixties, but also assisted in the planning of the coup."<a href="#cite_note-:03-193">[193]</a> Nathan J. Citino writes that "Washington backed the movement by military officers linked to the pan-Arab Ba‘th Party that overthrew Qasim," but that "the extent of U.S. responsibility cannot be fully established on the basis of available documents," and that "[a]lthough the United States did not initiate the 14 Ramadan coup, at best it condoned and at worst it contributed to the violence that followed."<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Ba'athist leaders maintained supportive relationships with U.S. officials before, during, and after the coup.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-196">[196]</a> A March 1964 State Department memorandum would state that U.S. "officers assiduously cultivated" a "Baathi student organization, which triggered the revolution of February 8, 1963 by sponsoring a successful student strike at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Baghdad" title="University of Baghdad">University of Baghdad</a>,"<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> and according to Wolfe-Hunnicutt, documents at the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">Kennedy Library</a> suggest that the Kennedy administration viewed two prominent Ba'athist officials as "assets".<a href="#cite_note-:12-196">[196]</a> Senior <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a> official <a href="/wiki/Robert_Komer" title="Robert Komer">Robert Komer</a> wrote to President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> on February 8, 1963, that the Iraqi coup "is almost certainly a net gain for our side ... CIA had excellent reports on the plotting, but I doubt either they or UK should claim much credit for it."<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> The U.S. offered material support to the new Ba'athist government after the coup, amidst an anti-communist purge and Iraqi atrocities against <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> rebels and civilians,<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> and while it is unlikely that the Ba'athists would've needed assistance in identifying Iraqi communists,<a href="#cite_note-Batatu-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-202">[202]</a> it is widely believed that the CIA provided the Ba'athist National Guard with lists of communists and other leftists, who were then arrested or killed.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Gibson emphasizes that the Ba'athists compiled their own lists, citing <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Intelligence_and_Research" title="Bureau of Intelligence and Research">Bureau of Intelligence and Research</a> reports.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> On the other hand, Citino and Wolfe-Hunnicutt consider the assertions plausible because the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Baghdad" title="Embassy of the United States, Baghdad">U.S. embassy in Iraq</a> had actually compiled such lists, were known to be in contact with the National Guard during the purge, and because National Guard members involved in the purge received training in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-:2-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Furthermore, Wolfe-Hunnicutt, citing contemporary U.S. counterinsurgency doctrine, notes that the assertions "would be consistent with American special warfare doctrine" regarding U.S. covert support to anti-communist "Hunter-Killer" teams "seeking the violent overthrow of a communist dominated and supported government",<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> and draws parallels to other CIA operations in which lists of suspected communists were compiled, such as <a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">Guatemala in 1954</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesia in 1965–66</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1964:_British_Guiana_(Guyana)">1964: British Guiana (Guyana)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: 1964: British Guiana (Guyana)">edit</a>]</div> According to author <a href="/wiki/John_Prados" title="John Prados">John Prados</a>, the CIA conducted a covert political campaign against left-wing Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Cheddi_Jagan" title="Cheddi Jagan">Cheddi Jagan</a> due to a fear of the spread of the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> across Latin America. The CIA supported trade unions during a strike against Jagan in 1963, and funded rival political parties during the 1964 election, while establishing the <a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(Guyana)" title="Justice Party (Guyana)">Justice Party</a> as a CIA front. Political violence escalated, with nearly 200 murders and the bombing of Jagan's <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Progressive_Party/Civic" title="People's Progressive Party/Civic">People's Progressive Party</a> (PPP) headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1964:_Brazil">1964: Brazil</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: 1964: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Brother_Sam" title="Operation Brother Sam">Operation Brother Sam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_in_South_America_(-mini_map_-rivers).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Brazil_in_South_America_%28-mini_map_-rivers%29.svg/220px-Brazil_in_South_America_%28-mini_map_-rivers%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Brazil_in_South_America_%28-mini_map_-rivers%29.svg/330px-Brazil_in_South_America_%28-mini_map_-rivers%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Brazil_in_South_America_%28-mini_map_-rivers%29.svg/440px-Brazil_in_South_America_%28-mini_map_-rivers%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1732" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Since the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> started watching <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> to keep any socialist governments out,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and in 1961, when the Brazilian president <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A2nio_Quadros" title="Jânio Quadros">Jânio Quadros</a> resigned and the vice-president <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">João Goulart</a> assumed power after the scandal of the <a href="/wiki/Legality_Campaign" title="Legality Campaign">Legality Campaign</a>,<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> the United States started to get worried, as João Goulart had already shown sympathy for socialism, and slowly, <a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Brazil–United States relations">the relationship between Brazil and the United States</a> began deteriorating, with <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> getting favorable on inciting a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> to oust him.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] When João Goulart started talking about an <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrarian reform">agrarian reform</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] many groups, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Military" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Military">military</a>, started conspiring against him, with the idea of a coup d'état to overthrow him appearing and gaining force within the Brazilian population and military.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Political chaos would ensue until the <a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Family_with_God_for_Liberty" title="March of the Family with God for Liberty">March of the Family with God for Liberty</a> happened, of which many of those who opposed João Goulart went to the streets to protest against him.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">coup d'état</a> broke out on March 31, 1964, the United States sent its <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] to help the military rebels through <a href="/wiki/Operation_Brother_Sam" title="Operation Brother Sam">Operation Brother Sam</a>. When the coup d'état ended up being successful and João Goulart was overthrown, a <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_dictatorship" title="Right-wing dictatorship">right-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">military dictatorship</a> assumed power and ended up running the country until March 1985. The United States would also go on to support the Brazilian military dictatorship through <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1965–1967:_Indonesia">1965–1967: Indonesia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: 1965–1967: Indonesia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationIndonesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/LocationIndonesia.svg/220px-LocationIndonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/LocationIndonesia.svg/330px-LocationIndonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/LocationIndonesia.svg/440px-LocationIndonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Junior army officers and the commander of President <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>'s palace guard accused senior <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Indonesian National Armed Forces</a> officers of planning a CIA-backed coup against Sukarno and killed six senior generals on October 1, 1965 in what came to be called the <a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">30 September Movement</a>. The movement failed and subsequently the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Communist Party of Indonesia</a> (PKI) was accused of planning the killing of the six generals<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> in a propaganda campaign launched by the army. Civilian mobs were incited to attack those believed to be PKI supporters and other political opponents. Indonesian government forces with collaboration of some civilians perpetrated mass killings over many months. Scholars estimate the number of civilians killed range from a half million to over a million.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-indoholo-217">[217]</a> US Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Green" title="Marshall Green">Marshall Green</a> encouraged the military leaders to act forcefully against the political opponents.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> In 2017, declassified documents from the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Jakarta" title="Embassy of the United States, Jakarta">U.S. Embassy in Jakarta</a> have confirmed that the US had knowledge of, facilitated and encouraged mass killings for its own geopolitical interests.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bevins2017-222">[222]</a> In 1990, US diplomats admitted to journalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathy_Kadane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathy Kadane (page does not exist)">Kathy Kadane</a> that they had provided the Indonesian army with thousands of names of alleged PKI supporters and other alleged leftists, and that the U.S. officials then checked off from their lists those who had been killed.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> President Sukarno's base of support was largely annihilated or imprisoned and the remainder terrified, enabling him to be forced out of power in 1967, replaced by an authoritarian military regime led by Suharto.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Roosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Roosa (page does not exist)">John Roosa</a> states that "almost overnight the Indonesian government went from being a fierce voice for cold war neutrality and anti-imperialism to a quiet, compliant partner of the US world order."<a href="#cite_note-Bevins2020-227">[227]</a>: 158  This campaign is considered a major turning point in the Cold War, and was such a success that it served as a model for other U.S.-backed coups and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">anti-communist extermination campaigns</a> throughout Asia and Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-Bevins2017-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s">1970s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: 1970s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1970–1979:_Cambodia">1970–1979: Cambodia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: 1970–1979: Cambodia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">1970 Cambodian coup d'état</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_United_States_support_for_the_Khmer_Rouge" title="Allegations of United States support for the Khmer Rouge">Allegations of United States support for the Khmer Rouge</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambodia_on_the_globe_(Cambodia_centered).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cambodia_on_the_globe_%28Cambodia_centered%29.svg/188px-Cambodia_on_the_globe_%28Cambodia_centered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="188" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cambodia_on_the_globe_%28Cambodia_centered%29.svg/282px-Cambodia_on_the_globe_%28Cambodia_centered%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cambodia_on_the_globe_%28Cambodia_centered%29.svg/376px-Cambodia_on_the_globe_%28Cambodia_centered%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Prince <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a>, who came to power by the <a href="/wiki/1955_Cambodian_parliamentary_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1955 Cambodian parliamentary election">1955 parliamentary election</a>, had for years kept the <a href="/wiki/Cambodia_(1953%E2%80%931970)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodia (1953–1970)">Kingdom of Cambodia</a> out of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> by being friendly with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>, and had integrated left wing parties into mainstream politics. However a leftist uprising occurred in 1967 and the communist <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> began an insurgency against the prince the following year.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Following the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a>, Sihanouk became convinced that North Vietnam was going to lose the war so he improved <a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cambodia–United States relations">relations with the United States</a>. In March 1970 Sihanouk was deposed by right-wing General <a href="/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol">Lon Nol</a> following a vote of no confidence in Cambodia's National Assembly, and in October 1970, the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a> was declared by Lon Nol, officially ending the Kingdom and starting a period of military dictatorship. The overthrow followed Cambodia's constitutional process and most accounts emphasize the primacy of Cambodian actors in Sihanouk's removal. Historians are divided about the extent of U.S. involvement in or foreknowledge of the ouster, but an emerging consensus posits some culpability on the part of U.S. military intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> There is evidence that "as early as late 1968" Lon Nol floated the idea of a coup to <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">U.S. military intelligence</a> to obtain U.S. consent and military support for action against Prince Sihanouk and his government.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> The coup further destabilized the country and ushered in years of a <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">civil war</a> that from 1970 onwards, was being fought between Lon Nol's forces and the communist Khmer Rouge. Sihanouk created a <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">government in exile</a> called <a href="/wiki/GRUNK" title="GRUNK">GRUNK</a> which aligned itself with the Khmer Rouge to fight Lon Nol as a common enemy. To stop the Khmer Rouge from taking power in the country and also to disrupt North Vietnamese supply lines that passed through Cambodia, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> approved an intensified U.S. bombing in the countryside, in Operations <a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">Menu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Freedom_Deal" title="Operation Freedom Deal">Freedom Deal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> causing mass civilian loss which the Khmer Rouge used to promote recruitment and gain <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">CPK</a> support.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> Later, Henry Kissinger suggested that Sihanouk had approved this U.S. bombing of North Vietnamese targets in Cambodia as early as 1969, although this has been heavily disputed by other sources.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> By 1973, the U.S. had already left <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Indochina</a> after seeing its objectives in Vietnam becoming increasingly harder, leaving the weakened Khmer Republic to collapse on April 17, 1975, when <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Phnom_Penh" title="Fall of Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh fell to the Khmer Rouge</a>. After the fall of the Khmer Republic to the Khmer Rouge, the Khmer Rouge's leader <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a> was consolidated as the dictator of Cambodia, now renamed to <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Kampuchea</a>. Because Sihanouk fought alongside the Khmer Rouge during the civil war, he was allowed to become Head of State, a ceremonial position,<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> however when he returned to the country and saw the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> being perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge, he resigned.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Khmer Rouge did not accept this at first, but after some negotiation, they accepted,<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> after that, Sihanouk was placed under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">Angkar</a> permitted him to flee to China for safety. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HM_Norodom_Sihanouk_with_U.S._President_Reagan_(1988).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Prince Norodom Sihanouk, for many the recognised leader of Cambodia, pictured with US President Ronald Reagan in the Oval Office, 11 October 1988." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/HM_Norodom_Sihanouk_with_U.S._President_Reagan_%281988%29.jpg/188px-HM_Norodom_Sihanouk_with_U.S._President_Reagan_%281988%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/HM_Norodom_Sihanouk_with_U.S._President_Reagan_%281988%29.jpg/282px-HM_Norodom_Sihanouk_with_U.S._President_Reagan_%281988%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/HM_Norodom_Sihanouk_with_U.S._President_Reagan_%281988%29.jpg/376px-HM_Norodom_Sihanouk_with_U.S._President_Reagan_%281988%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a> with <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in the Oval Office in 1988. At the time, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> still recognized the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">CGDK</a> as the legitimate government of Kampuchea.</figcaption></figure> There are many accusations of the United States supposedly supporting <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> because Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union, and the United States chose to support Vietnam's enemy, in this case Democratic Kampuchea. However, these claims are without support.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> Despite these responses, it is documented that the United States provided diplomatic support to the Khmer Rouge by continuously voting for Democratic Kampuchea and later the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">CGDK</a> to retain its seat at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>, both immediately after its ousting as well as after it joined the coalition. This was because the Vietnamese-established <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a> was a client state of Vietnam and more importantly, a <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Soviet-aligned state</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1970–1973:_Chile">1970–1973: Chile</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: 1970–1973: Chile">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Project_FUBELT" title="Project FUBELT">Project FUBELT</a>, <a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chile_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Chile_in_its_region.svg/220px-Chile_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Chile_in_its_region.svg/330px-Chile_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Chile_in_its_region.svg/440px-Chile_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> The U.S. government ran a <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psy ops</a> action in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> from 1963 until the coup d'état in 1973, and the CIA was involved in every <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Chile" title="Elections in Chile">Chilean election</a> during that time. In the <a href="/wiki/1964_Chilean_presidential_election" title="1964 Chilean presidential election">1964 Chilean presidential election</a>, the U.S. government supplied $2.6 million in funding to <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Chile)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Chile)">Christian Democratic Party</a> presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Frei_Montalva" title="Eduardo Frei Montalva">Eduardo Frei Montalva</a>, to prevent <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Chile" title="Socialist Party of Chile">Socialist Party of Chile</a> winning. The U.S. also used the CIA to provide $12 million in funding to business interests for use in harming Allende's reputation.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a>: 38–9 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristian_C._Gustafson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristian C. Gustafson (page does not exist)">Kristian C. Gustafson</a> wrote: <blockquote>It was clear the Soviet Union was operating in Chile to ensure Marxist success, and from the contemporary American point of view, the United States was required to thwart this enemy influence: Soviet money and influence were clearly going into Chile to undermine its democracy, so U.S. funding would have to go into Chile to frustrate that pernicious influence.<a href="#cite_note-Gust-246">[246]</a></blockquote> Prior to Allende's inauguration, chief of staff of the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Army" title="Chilean Army">Chilean Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Schneider" title="René Schneider">René Schneider</a>, a general dedicated to preserving the constitutional order and considered "a major stumbling block for military officers seeking to carry out a coup", was targeted in a failed CIA backed kidnapping attempt by General <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Valenzuela" title="Camilo Valenzuela">Camilo Valenzuela</a> on October 19, 1970. Schneider was killed three days later in another botched kidnapping attempt led by General <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Viaux" title="Roberto Viaux">Roberto Viaux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> After the inauguration, there followed an extended period of social and political unrest between the right-dominated <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Chile" title="National Congress of Chile">Congress of Chile</a> and Allende, as well as <a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">economic warfare</a> waged by <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>. U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> had promised to "make the economy scream" to "prevent Allende from coming to power or to unseat him".<a href="#cite_note-Kornbluh-249">[249]</a> On September 11, 1973, President Allende was <a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">overthrown</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Armed_Forces" title="Chilean Armed Forces">Chilean Armed Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carabineros_de_Chile" title="Carabineros de Chile">National Police</a>, bringing to power the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%9390)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90)">regime</a> of <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>. The CIA, through <a href="/wiki/Project_FUBELT" title="Project FUBELT">Project FUBELT</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/United_States_intervention_in_Chile#Track_II" title="United States intervention in Chile">Track II</a>), worked secretly to prepare the conditions for the coup. While the U.S. initially denied any involvement, many relevant documents have been declassified in the decades since.<a href="#cite_note-Kornbluh-249">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1971:_Bolivia">1971: Bolivia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: 1971: Bolivia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Banzer" title="Hugo Banzer">Hugo Banzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Torres" title="Juan José Torres">Juan José Torres</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolivia_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bolivia_in_its_region.svg/220px-Bolivia_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bolivia_in_its_region.svg/330px-Bolivia_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bolivia_in_its_region.svg/440px-Bolivia_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> The U.S. government supported the <a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 coup</a> led by General <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Banzer" title="Hugo Banzer">Hugo Banzer</a> that toppled President <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Torres" title="Juan José Torres">Juan José Torres</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, who had himself come to power in a coup the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> Torres was kidnapped and assassinated in 1976 as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1974–1991:_Ethiopia">1974–1991: Ethiopia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: 1974–1991: Ethiopia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pdr_ethiopia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pdr_ethiopia.png/220px-Pdr_ethiopia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pdr_ethiopia.png/330px-Pdr_ethiopia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pdr_ethiopia.png/440px-Pdr_ethiopia.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Ethiopia pre-<a href="/wiki/Eritrean_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean independence">Eritrean independence</a></figcaption></figure> On September 12, 1974, <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Emperor Haile Selassie I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>, a dynastic monarchy, was overthrown in a coup by the <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a>, an organization set up by the Emperor to investigate the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Armed Forces">Ethiopian Armed Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> The Derg, led by dictator <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a>, became <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> and aligned with the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-guilty-256">[256]</a> Numerous rebel groups rose up against the Derg, including conservative, separatist groups, and other Marxist–Leninist groups.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> These groups would receive support from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] In the late 1980s, the rebels and the Eritrean separatists began to make gains against the government. The Derg dissolved itself in 1987, establishing the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia</a> (PDRE) under the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Ethiopia" title="Workers' Party of Ethiopia">Workers' Party of Ethiopia</a> (WPE) in an attempt to maintain its rule. In 1990 the USSR stopped supporting the Ethiopian government as it started to collapse, while the United States continued to support the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-:02-261">[261]</a> In 1991 Mengistu Halie Mariam resigned and fled as rebels of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Democratic_Front" title="Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front">Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front</a> (EPRDF), a coalition of left-wing ethnic rebel groups, took over.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> Despite the fact that the US opposed him, the US embassy helped Mariam escape to <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> The PDRE was dissolved and replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Tigray_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Tigray People's Liberation Front">Tigray People's Liberation Front</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia" title="Transitional Government of Ethiopia">Transitional Government of Ethiopia</a>, and a transition to parliamentary democracy began.<a href="#cite_note-dates-264">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1975–1991:_Angola">1975–1991: Angola</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: 1975–1991: Angola">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></div> Beginning in the 1960s, a rebellion broke out against Portuguese colonial rule in the <a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a>, mainly involving rebel groups the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola">People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Angola" title="National Liberation Front of Angola">National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA)</a>. In 1974, the right-wing military junta in Portugal was ousted in the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a>. The new government promised to give independence to its colonies including Angola. On January 15, 1975, Portugal signed the <a href="/wiki/Alvor_Agreement" title="Alvor Agreement">Alvor Agreement</a> giving independence to Angola and establishing a transitional government including the MPLA, FNLA and <a href="/wiki/UNITA" title="UNITA">National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)</a>. The transitional government consisted of the Portuguese High Commissioner, ruling with a Prime Ministerial Council (PMC) made up of three representatives, one from each Angolan party to the agreement, with a rotating premiership among the representatives. However, the various independence groups started fighting one another. The MPLA was a leftist group that was advancing upon the other two main rebel groups, the FNLA and UNITA, the latter led by <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Savimbi" title="Jonas Savimbi">Jonas Savimbi</a>, a former FNLA fighter and <a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a> who eventually became a capitalist ideologically and made UNITA into a capitalist militant group.<a href="#cite_note-BBC25022002-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> The United States covertly supported UNITA and the FNLA through <a href="/wiki/Operation_IA_Feature" title="Operation IA Feature">Operation IA Feature</a>. President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> approved of the program on July 18, 1975 while receiving dissent from officials in the CIA and State Department. <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Davis" title="Nathaniel Davis">Nathaniel Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Assistant Secretary of State">Assistant Secretary of State</a>, quit because of his disagreement with this.<a href="#cite_note-davis-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-mulcahy-268">[268]</a> This program began as the war for independence was ending and continued as the civil war began in November 1975. The funding initially started at $6 million but then added $8 million on July 27 and added $25 million in August.<a href="#cite_note-start-269">[269]</a> The program was exposed and condemned by Congress in 1976. The <a href="/wiki/Clark_Amendment" title="Clark Amendment">Clark Amendment</a> was added to the <a href="/wiki/Arms_Export_Control_Act" title="Arms Export Control Act">US Arms Export Control Act of 1976</a> ending the operation and restricting involvement in Angola.<a href="#cite_note-termination-270">[270]</a> Despite this CIA Director <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H.W. Bush</a> conceded that some aid to the FNLA and UNITA continued.<a href="#cite_note-ns-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-con-272">[272]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationAngola.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/LocationAngola.png/220px-LocationAngola.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/LocationAngola.png 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption>Location of Angola</figcaption></figure> In 1986, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> articulated the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a>, which called for the funding of anti-Communist forces across the world to "<a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">roll back</a>" Soviet influence. The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan Administration</a> lobbied Congress to repeal the Clark Amendment, which eventually occurred on July 11, 1985.<a href="#cite_note-clarkrepeal-273">[273]</a> In 1986, the war in Angola became a major Cold War proxy conflict. Savimbi's conservative allies in the US lobbied for increased support to UNITA.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> In 1986 Savimbi visited the White House and afterwards Reagan approved the shipment of <a href="/wiki/FIM-92_Stinger" title="FIM-92 Stinger">Stinger Surface-to-Air Missiles</a> as a part of $25 million in aid.<a href="#cite_note-linkage-276">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-crusade-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-demint-279">[279]</a> After George H.W. Bush became president, aid to Savimbi continued. Savimbi began relying on the company <a href="/wiki/Black,_Manafort,_Stone_and_Kelly" title="Black, Manafort, Stone and Kelly">Black, Manafort, and Stone</a> in order to lobby for assistance. They lobbied the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">H.W. Bush administration</a> for increased assistance and weapons to UNITA.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> Savimbi also met with Bush himself in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-mobmeeting-281">[281]</a> In 1991, the MPLA and UNITA signed the <a href="/wiki/Bicesse_Accords" title="Bicesse Accords">Bicesse Accords</a> ending US and Soviet involvement in the war, initiating multi-party elections and establishing the Republic of Angola, while South Africa withdrew from <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-terms-282">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1975–1999:_East_Timor">1975–1999: East Timor</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: 1975–1999: East Timor">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">Indonesian invasion of East Timor</a></div> On December 7, 1975, nine days after declaring independence from Portugal, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> was <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">invaded by Indonesia</a>. Whilst it was under the pretext of <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonialism">anti-colonialism</a>, the actual aim of the invasion was to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/Fretilin" title="Fretilin">Fretilin</a> regime <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">that emerged the previous year</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> The day before the invasion, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> and Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> met with General <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>, who told them of his intention to invade East Timor. Ford replied, "[W]e will understand and not press you on the issue. We understand the problem you have and the intentions you have."<a href="#cite_note-Baldwin-285">[285]</a> Ford endorsed the invasion as he saw East Timor as of little significance, overshadowed by <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Indonesia–United States relations">Indonesia–United States relations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">fall of Saigon</a> earlier in 1975 had left Indonesia as the most important U.S. ally in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, so Ford reasoned that it was in the national interest to side with Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> American weapons were crucial to Indonesia during the invasion,<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> with the majority of military equipment used by Indonesian military units involved being U.S. supplied.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor#United_States" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">United States military aid</a> to Indonesia continued during its <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">occupation of East Timor</a>, which ended in 1999 with East Timor's <a href="/wiki/1999_East_Timorese_independence_referendum" title="1999 East Timorese independence referendum">independence referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> In 2005, the final <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Reception,_Truth_and_Reconciliation_in_East_Timor" title="Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor">Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor</a> wrote that "[U.S.] political and military support were fundamental to the invasion and occupation of East Timor".<a href="#cite_note-Baldwin-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1976:_Argentina">1976: Argentina</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: 1976: Argentina">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">National Reorganization Process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War</a>, <a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Videla_and_James_Carter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Videla_and_James_Carter.jpg/220px-Videla_and_James_Carter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Videla_and_James_Carter.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="186" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Jorge Rafael Videla</a> meeting <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> in 1977</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Armed Forces">Argentine Armed Forces</a> overthrew <a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n" title="Isabel Perón">Isabel Perón</a>, elected in the <a href="/wiki/September_1973_Argentine_presidential_election" title="September 1973 Argentine presidential election">1973 presidential election</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a>, starting the military dictatorship of General <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Jorge Rafael Videla</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">National Reorganization Process</a> until 1983. Both the coup and the following authoritarian regime were endorsed and supported by the U.S. government<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> with Henry Kissinger paying several official visits to Argentina during the dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-kissinger2-295">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-goni2-297">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1979–1992:_Afghanistan">1979–1992: Afghanistan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: 1979–1992: Afghanistan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Afghanistan" title="CIA activities in Afghanistan">CIA activities in Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Operation Cyclone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghanistan_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Afghanistan_in_its_region.svg/220px-Afghanistan_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Afghanistan_in_its_region.svg/330px-Afghanistan_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Afghanistan_in_its_region.svg/440px-Afghanistan_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> In 1978, the <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a> brought the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic of Afghanistan</a> to power, a one-party state backed by the Soviet Union. In what was known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Operation Cyclone</a>, the U.S. government provided weapons and funding for a collection of warlords and several factions of <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihadi</a> <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrillas</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Afghan mujahideen</a> fighting to overthrow the Afghan government. The program began modestly with $695,000 in nominally "non-lethal" aid to the mujahideen on July 3, 1979, and escalated following the December 1979 <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Coll-298">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> Through the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> (ISI) of neighboring <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> the U.S. channeled training, weapons, and money for Afghan fighters.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> The first CIA-supplied weapons were antique British <a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Enfield" title="Lee–Enfield">Lee–Enfield</a> rifles shipped out in December 1979, but by September 1986 the program included U.S.-origin <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_art" title="State of the art">state of the art</a> weaponry, such as <a href="/wiki/FIM-92_Stinger" title="FIM-92 Stinger">FIM-92 Stinger</a> <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missiles</a>, some 2,300 of which were ultimately shipped into Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColl200458,_149–150,_337-304">[304]</a> <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Arabs" title="Afghan Arabs">Afghan Arabs</a> also "benefited indirectly from the CIA's funding, through the ISI and resistance organizations."<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> Some of the CIA's greatest Afghan beneficiaries were Islamist commanders such as <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani" title="Jalaluddin Haqqani">Jalaluddin Haqqani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a>, who were key allies of <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> over many years.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> Some of the CIA-funded militants would become part of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> later on, and included bin Laden, according to former <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Foreign Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Robin Cook</a> and other sources.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> Despite these and similar <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_assistance_to_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden">allegations</a>, there is no direct evidence of CIA contact with bin Laden or his inner circle during the Soviet–Afghan War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColl200487-314">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> U.S. support for the mujahideen ended in January 1992 pursuant to an agreement reached with the Soviets in September 1991 on ending external interference in Afghanistan by either side. By 1992, the combined U.S., Saudi, and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> aid to the mujahideen was estimated at $6–12 billion, whereas Soviet military aid to Afghanistan was valued at $36–48 billion. The result was a heavily armed, militarized Afghan society: Some sources indicate that Afghanistan was the world's top destination for personal weapons during the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColl2004232–233,_238-318">[318]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s">1980s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: 1980s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1980–1989:_Poland">1980–1989: Poland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: 1980–1989: Poland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity (Polish trade union)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland_1956-1990.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Poland_1956-1990.svg/220px-Poland_1956-1990.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Poland_1956-1990.svg/330px-Poland_1956-1990.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Poland_1956-1990.svg/440px-Poland_1956-1990.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Since the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Constitution of the Polish People's Republic">1952 Constitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> was a one-party Communist state, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a>. In the 1980s, opposition to it crystallised in the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity trade union</a>, founded in 1980. The Reagan administration supported the Solidarity, and—based on CIA intelligence—waged a public relations campaign to deter what the Carter administration felt was "an imminent move by large Soviet military forces into Poland."<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> On November 4, 1982, President Reagan, after a brief discussion with the National Security Planning Group, signed an executive order to provide money and non-lethal aid to Polish opposition groups: the operation was code-named QRHELPFUL.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Reisman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Reisman (page does not exist)">Michael Reisman</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_E._Baker" title="James E. Baker">James E. Baker</a> named operations in Poland as one of the covert actions of the CIA during <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Arsanjani_2011_p.107-321">[321]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Colonel <a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Kukli%C5%84ski" title="Ryszard Kukliński">Ryszard Kukliński</a>, a senior officer on the Polish General Staff was secretly sending reports to the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> The CIA transferred around $2 million yearly in cash to Solidarity, for a total of $10 million over five years. There were no direct links between the CIA and Solidarność, and all money was channeled through third parties.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> CIA officers were barred from meeting Solidarity leaders, and the CIA's contacts with Solidarność activists were weaker than those of the <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a>, which raised $300,000 from its members, which were used to provide material and cash directly to Solidarity, with no control of Solidarity's use of it. The U.S. Congress authorized the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_Democracy" title="National Endowment for Democracy">National Endowment for Democracy</a> to promote democracy, and the NED allocated $10 million to Solidarity.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> When the Polish government launched <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">martial law</a> in December 1981, however, Solidarity was not alerted. Potential explanations for this vary; some believe that the CIA was caught off guard, while others suggest that American policy-makers viewed an internal crackdown as preferable to an "inevitable Soviet intervention."<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> CIA support for Solidarity included money, equipment and training, which was coordinated by Special Operations.<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hyde" title="Henry Hyde">Henry Hyde</a>, U.S. House intelligence committee member, stated that the US provided "supplies and technical assistance in terms of clandestine newspapers, broadcasting, propaganda, money, organizational help and advice".<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a> Initial funds for covert actions by the CIA were $2 million, but soon after authorization were increased and by 1985 the CIA successfully infiltrated Poland.<a href="#cite_note-Executive_Secrets_page_201-203-328">[328]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1981–1982:_Chad">1981–1982: Chad</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: 1981–1982: Chad">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Chad" title="CIA activities in Chad">CIA activities in Chad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationChad.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/LocationChad.png/220px-LocationChad.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/LocationChad.png 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> In 1975 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(1965%E2%80%931979)" title="Chadian Civil War (1965–1979)">First Chadian Civil War</a>, the military overthrew <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Tombalbaye" title="François Tombalbaye">François Tombalbaye</a> and installed <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Malloum" title="Félix Malloum">Félix Malloum</a> as head of state. <a href="/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré">Hissène Habré</a> was appointed Prime minister, and attempted to overthrow the government in February 1979, failing, and being forced out. In 1979 Malloum resigned and <a href="/wiki/Goukouni_Oueddei" title="Goukouni Oueddei">Goukouni Oueddei</a> became head of state. Oueddei agreed to share power with Habre, appointing him Minister of Defense, but fighting resumed soon after. Habre was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a> At the time the U.S. government wanted a bulwark against <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, and saw <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, Libya's southern neighbor, as a good option. Chad and Libya had recently signed an agreement to attempt to end their <a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93Libya_border" title="Chad–Libya border">border</a> <a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian–Libyan conflict">conflict</a> and "to work to achieve full unity between the two countries", which the United States was against. The United States also saw Oueddei as too close to Gaddafi. Habre was already pro-western and pro-American, as well as against Oueddei. The Reagan administration gave him covert support through the CIA when he returned in 1981 to continue fighting, and he overthrew Goukouni Oueddi on June 7, 1982, making himself the new president of Chad.<a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a> The CIA continued to support Habre after he took power, including training and equipping the Documentation and Security Directorate (DDS), Chad's notorious secret police. They also supported Chad in their <a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">1986–1987 war against Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1981–1990:_Nicaragua">1981–1990: Nicaragua</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: 1981–1990: Nicaragua">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Nicaragua" title="CIA activities in Nicaragua">CIA activities in Nicaragua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicaragua_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nicaragua_in_its_region.svg/220px-Nicaragua_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nicaragua_in_its_region.svg/330px-Nicaragua_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nicaragua_in_its_region.svg/440px-Nicaragua_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> In 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">FSLN (Sandinista National Liberation Front)</a> overthrew the US-backed Somoza family. At first the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter administration</a> tried to be friendly with the new government, but the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a> that came after had a much more anti-communist foreign policy. Immediately in January 1981, Reagan cut off aid to the <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaraguan</a> government, and August 6, 1981 he signed National Security Decision Directive 7, authorizing the production and shipment of arms to the region but not their deployment. On November 17, 1981 Reagan signed National Security Directive 17, allowing covert support to anti-Sandinista forces.<a href="#cite_note-justice.gov-332">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a> The U.S. government then secretly armed, trained and funded the <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a>, a group of rebel fighters based in <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, in an attempt to overthrow the Nicaraguan government.<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a> As part of the training, the CIA distributed a detailed manual entitled "<a href="/wiki/Psychological_Operations_in_Guerrilla_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological Operations in Guerrilla War">Psychological Operations in Guerrilla War</a>", which instructed the Contras, among other things, on how to blow up public buildings, to assassinate judges, to create martyrs, and to blackmail ordinary citizens.<a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a> In addition to backing the Contras, the U.S. government also blew up bridges and <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Nicaragua#Mining_of_Nicaraguan_harbors" title="CIA activities in Nicaragua">mined harbors</a>, causing the damaging of at least seven merchant ships and blowing up numerous Nicaraguan fishing boats. They also attacked <a href="/wiki/Corinto,_Nicaragua" title="Corinto, Nicaragua">Corinto</a> harbour, causing 112 wounded according to the Nicaraguan government.<a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Boland_Amendment" title="Boland Amendment">Boland Amendment</a> made it illegal for the U.S. government to provide funding for Contra activities, Reagan's administration secretly sold arms to the Iranian government to fund a secret U.S. government apparatus that continued illegally to fund the Contras, in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a> The U.S. continued to arm and train the Contras even after the <a href="/wiki/Sandinista" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandinista">Sandinista</a> government of Nicaragua won the elections of 1984.<a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1990_Nicaraguan_general_election" title="1990 Nicaraguan general election">1990 Nicaraguan general election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush administration</a> authorized 49.75 million dollars of non-lethal aid to the Contras. They continued to assassinate candidates and fight the war and distributed leaflets promoting the opposition party UNO (National Opposition Union),<a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a> which won the election.<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a> The Contras ended fighting soon afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1983:_Grenada">1983: Grenada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: 1983: Grenada">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Grenada_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Grenada_in_its_region.svg/220px-Grenada_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Grenada_in_its_region.svg/330px-Grenada_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Grenada_in_its_region.svg/440px-Grenada_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="197" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> On October 25, 1983, the U.S. military and a coalition of six Caribbean nations <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Grenada">invaded</a> the nation of <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, codenamed Operation Urgent Fury, and successfully overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Austin" title="Hudson Austin">Hudson Austin</a>. The conflict was triggered by the killing of the previous leader of Grenada <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bishop" title="Maurice Bishop">Maurice Bishop</a> and the establishment of Hudson as the country's leader a week before on 19 October.<a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> called the U.S. invasion "a flagrant violation of international law"<a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a> but a similar resolution widely supported in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> was vetoed by the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1989–1994:_Panama">1989–1994: Panama</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: 1989–1994: Panama">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Panama_in_its_region.svg/220px-Panama_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Panama_in_its_region.svg/330px-Panama_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Panama_in_its_region.svg/440px-Panama_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> In 1979, the U.S. and <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> signed a <a href="/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties" title="Torrijos–Carter Treaties">treaty</a> to end the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a> and promise that the U.S. would hand over the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">canal</a> after 1999. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a> ruled the country of Panama as a dictator. He was an ally of the United States working with them against the Sandinistas in Nicaragua and the FMLN in El Salvador. Despite this, relations began to deteriorate as he was implicated in the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra scandal</a>, including drug trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-National_Security_Archive-355">[355]</a> As relations continued to deteriorate Noriega started to ally with the Eastern Bloc. This also worried US officials and government officials like <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Abrams" title="Elliott Abrams">Elliott Abrams</a> started arguing with Reagan that the US should invade Panama. Reagan decided to hold off due to <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>'s ties to Noriega when he was the head of the CIA running his election, but after Bush was elected he started pressuring Noriega. Despite irregularities in the <a href="/wiki/1989_Panamanian_general_election" title="1989 Panamanian general election">1989 Panamanian general election</a>, Noriega refused to allow the opposition candidate into power. Bush called on him to honor the will of the Panamanian people. Coup attempts were made against Noriega and skirmishes broke out between U.S. and Panamanian troops. Noriega was also indicted for drug charges in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-jones-356">[356]</a> In December 1989, in a military operation code-named <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Operation Just Cause</a>, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">invaded</a> Panama. Noriega went into hiding but was later captured by US forces. President-elect <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Endara" title="Guillermo Endara">Guillermo Endara</a> was sworn into office. The United States ended Operation Just Cause in January 1990 and began <a href="/wiki/Operation_Promote_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Promote Liberty">Operation Promote Liberty</a>, which was the occupation of the country to set up the new government until 1994.<a href="#cite_note-usacac.army.mil-357">[357]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1986–1991:_Soviet_Union">1986–1991: Soviet Union</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: 1986–1991: Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Soviet_Union_in_its_region.svg/220px-Soviet_Union_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Soviet_Union_in_its_region.svg/330px-Soviet_Union_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Soviet_Union_in_its_region.svg/440px-Soviet_Union_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></div> In 1983, the congressionally funded <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_Democracy" title="National Endowment for Democracy">National Endowment for Democracy</a> was established to promote democratic change in communist states.<a href="#cite_note-Geoghegan-358">[358]</a> Between 1984 and 1986, the foundation funded émigré journals that were smuggled into the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Geoghegan-358">[358]</a> At a meeting of the organization in December 1986, <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a> proposed supporting nationalism and democratic aspirations among national and religious minorities such as Ukrainians, Muslims, and the Baltics in order to politically and economically decentralize the Soviet system.<a href="#cite_note-Geoghegan-358">[358]</a> In 1989, sovietologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Richard Pipes</a> suggested that the Bush administration "devise a long-term strategy for the decolonization of the inner <a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a>", and Brzezinski argued that the Soviet Union should be transformed "into a genuinely voluntary confederation or commonwealth".<a href="#cite_note-Geoghegan-358">[358]</a> The foundation channeled aid to groups in the Baltic States, Armenia, Russia, and Ukraine that sought greater independence from <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev's</a> central government.<a href="#cite_note-Geoghegan-358">[358]</a> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/1990_Russian_Supreme_Soviet_election" title="1990 Russian Supreme Soviet election">1990 Russian parliamentary elections</a>, NED funded an initiative by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Paul Weyrich</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Congress_Research_and_Education_Foundation" title="Free Congress Research and Education Foundation">Free Congress Foundation</a> to assist <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> and a group of democratic candidates and to create a "communications network".<a href="#cite_note-Geoghegan-358">[358]</a> The foundation provided assistance to strengthen the independent press and to train democratic candidates in political techniques.<a href="#cite_note-Geoghegan-358">[358]</a> The organization <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Russia" title="Democratic Russia">Democratic Russia</a> received $2 million from the conservative <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Krieble" title="Robert H. Krieble">Krieble</a> Institute, with which Yeltsin's advisor <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Burbulis" title="Gennady Burbulis">Gennady Burbulis</a> organized 120 workshops and seminars in Moscow, democracy trainings in Russian regions, and conferences in Tallinn.<a href="#cite_note-Zubok-359">[359]</a> The money also bought computers and copy machines that were used during the <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_Union_referendum" title="1991 Soviet Union referendum">referendum on March 17, 1991</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_1991_presidential_campaign" title="Boris Yeltsin 1991 presidential campaign">Yeltsin's election campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zubok-359">[359]</a> Yeltsin's <a href="/wiki/1991_Russian_presidential_election" title="1991 Russian presidential election">campaign manager in 1991</a>, Alexander Urmanov, received training from the Krieble Institute.<a href="#cite_note-Geoghegan-358">[358]</a> The KGB knew about the foreign aid, but did nothing about it because the recipients of the money had parliamentary immunity and there was no law prohibiting Soviet parliamentarians from receiving foreign aid.<a href="#cite_note-Zubok-359">[359]</a> Commenting on Yeltsin's victory in Russia's first democratic presidential election, Burbublis told Krieble: "Well, Bob, you did it."<a href="#cite_note-Zubok-359">[359]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Importance_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/20px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/30px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain information not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">important or relevant</a> to the article's subject. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit">improve this section</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In 1990-1991, the NED-supported network of Ukrainian-American organizations channeled aid to the Ukrainian independence movement.<a href="#cite_note-Geoghegan-358">[358]</a> Among other things, NED provided $65,000 to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Association" title="Ukrainian National Association">Ukrainian National Association</a> and $150,000 to the "Ukraine 2000" organization.<a href="#cite_note-Geoghegan-358">[358]</a> The foundation's grants allowed Ukrainian independence supporters, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_of_Ukraine" title="People's Movement of Ukraine">Rukh movement</a>, to establish a publishing center in <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Geoghegan-358">[358]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gershman" title="Carl Gershman">Carl Gershman</a>, head of National Endowment for Democracy, the Bush administration was not opposed to helping the Ukrainian independence movement.<a href="#cite_note-Geoghegan-358">[358]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1991–present:_Post-Cold_War">1991–present: Post-Cold War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: 1991–present: Post-Cold War">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: 1990s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1991:_Iraq">1991: Iraq</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: 1991: Iraq">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1991_uprisings_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 uprisings in Iraq">1991 uprisings in Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">Sanctions against Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Iraq_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Iraq_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Iraq_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Iraq_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Iraq_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Iraq_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Iraq (orthographic projection)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> (UNSC) imposed <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">sanctions against Iraq</a> in August 1990 under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_661" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 661">Resolution 661</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a> to compel Iraq to withdraw from <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">occupied Kuwait</a> without the use of military force, but Iraq refused to withdraw its forces, leading to the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a> During and immediately following the War, the United States broadcast signals encouraging an uprising against <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, an autocrat who had ruled Iraq since coming to power in an internal struggle in the ruling <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Ba'ath Party</a> in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a> On February 24, 1991, a few days after the ceasefire was signed the CIA funded and operated radio station Voice of Free Iraq called for the Iraqi people to rise up against Hussein.<a href="#cite_note-364">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a> The day after the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> ended on March 1, 1991, Bush again called for the overthrow of Saddam Hussein.<a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a> The U.S. was hoping for a coup but instead, a series of uprisings erupted across Iraq right after the war.<a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a> Two of the largest rebellions were led by the Iraqi Kurds in the North and the Shia militias in the south. Although George H.W. Bush said that the U.S. did not intend to assist any rebels,<a href="#cite_note-368">[368]</a> the rebels assumed that they would get direct U.S. support; however, the United States worried that if Saddam fell and Iraq collapsed, Iran would gain power.<a href="#cite_note-wounds-369">[369]</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> wrote of his time as <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> "our practical intention was to leave Baghdad enough power to survive as a threat to an Iran that remained bitterly hostile toward the United States".<a href="#cite_note-inaction-370">[370]</a> The Shia uprisings were crushed by the Iraqi military while the <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a> were more successful, gaining the <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Iraqi Kurds</a> autonomy. After the war, the U.S. government successfully advocated that sanctions remain in effect with revisions, including linkage to removal of <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>, which the UNSC did in April 1991 by adopting <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_687" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 687">Resolution 687</a>, albeit with the earlier prohibition on foodstuffs lifted.<a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a> U.S. officials stated in May 1991—when it was widely expected that the Iraqi government of Saddam Hussein faced collapse<a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a>—that the sanctions would not be lifted unless Saddam was ousted.<a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a> In the subsequent president's administration, U.S. officials did not explicitly insist on regime change but took the position that the sanctions could be lifted if Iraq complied with all of the UN resolutions it was violating (including those related to the country's <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Human rights in Ba'athist Iraq">human rights record</a>) and not just with UN weapons inspections.<a href="#cite_note-378">[378]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1991:_Haiti">1991: Haiti</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: 1991: Haiti">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Haitian coup d'état">1991 Haitian coup d'état</a></div> Eight months after his election, President <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a> was deposed by the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Armed Forces">Haitian Armed Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a> Many professors document that the CIA "paid key members of the coup regime forces, identified as drug traffickers, for information from the mid-1980s at least until the coup."<a href="#cite_note-Whitney3202-380">[380]</a> Coup leaders <a href="/wiki/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras" title="Raoul Cédras">Raoul Cédras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Fran%C3%A7ois" title="Michel François">Michel François</a> had received military training in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a> While CIA officials expressed displeasure with Aristide and CIA informants placed CIA officers with the military at the time of the coup, the CIA denied involvement.<a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a> Importantly, the U.S.-led <a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Operation Uphold Democracy</a> reinstated President Aristide after receiving approval for intervention by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> and collaborating with other Caribbean nations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1992–1996:_Iraq">1992–1996: Iraq</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: 1992–1996: Iraq">edit</a>]</div> The CIA launched DBACHILLES, a coup d'état operation against the Iraqi government, recruiting <a href="/wiki/Ayad_Allawi" title="Ayad Allawi">Ayad Allawi</a>, who headed the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Accord" title="Iraqi National Accord">Iraqi National Accord</a>, a network of Iraqis who opposed the Saddam Hussein government, as part of the operation. The network included Iraqi military and intelligence officers but was penetrated by people loyal to the Iraqi government.<a href="#cite_note-AFIO-WIN-19-03-383">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a> Also using Ayad Allawi and his network, the CIA directed a government <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> and bombing campaign in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> between 1992 and 1995.<a href="#cite_note-Allawi-386">[386]</a> The CIA bombing campaign may have been merely a test of the operational capacity of the CIA's network of assets on the ground and not intended to be the launch of the coup strike itself.<a href="#cite_note-Allawi-386">[386]</a> However, Allawi attempted a coup against Saddam Hussein in 1996. The coup was unsuccessful, but Ayad Allawi was later installed as prime minister of Iraq by the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Interim_Governing_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq Interim Governing Council">Iraq Interim Governing Council</a>, which had been created by the <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">U.S.-led coalition</a> following the March 2003 invasion and occupation of Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-387">[387]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1994–1995:_Haiti">1994–1995: Haiti</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: 1994–1995: Haiti">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Operation Uphold Democracy</a></div> After a right-wing military junta took over Haiti in 1991 in a coup, the U.S. initially had good relations with the new government. George H. W. Bush's administration supported the right wing junta. However, after the <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_elections" title="1992 United States elections">1992 U.S. general election</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> came to power. Clinton was supportive of returning <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a> to power, and his administration was active for the return of democracy to Haiti. This culminated in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_940" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 940">United Nations Security Council Resolution 940</a>, which authorized the United States to lead an invasion of Haiti and restore Aristide to power. A diplomatic effort was led by former U.S. president Jimmy Carter and former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-388">[388]</a> The U.S. gave the Haitian government an ultimatum: either the dictator of Haiti, <a href="/wiki/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras" title="Raoul Cédras">Raoul Cédras</a>, retire peacefully and let Aristide come back to power, or be invaded and forced out. Cedras capitulated; however, he did not immediately disband the armed forces. Protesters fought the military and police.<a href="#cite_note-389">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[390]</a> The U.S. sent in the military to stop the violence, and soon it was quelled. Aristide returned to lead the country in October 1994.<a href="#cite_note-391">[391]</a> Clinton and Aristide presided over ceremonies and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Operation Uphold Democracy</a> officially ended on March 31, 1995.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1996–1997:_Zaire">1996–1997: Zaire</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: 1996–1997: Zaire">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a></div> Due to the end of the Cold War, U.S. support for <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> reduced.<a href="#cite_note-392">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lemarchand,_René_2009._p._32-394">[394]</a> In 1990 the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">Rwandan Patriotic Front</a> (FPR) invaded Rwanda, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a>, which culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> and caused over 1.5 million refugees to flee into Zaire, where fighting broke out between refugee and non-refugee Tutsis, Hutu refugees, and other ethnic groups. In response, Rwanda formed Tutsi militias in Zaire,<a href="#cite_note-reyn48-395">[395]</a> causing tensions between the militias and the Zaire government leading to the<a href="#cite_note-396">[396]</a> Banyamulenge Rebellion on August 31, 1996, which led to the creation of Tutsi and non-Tutsi militias opposed to Mobutu into the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of the Congo">Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of the Congo</a> (AFDL), led by <a href="/wiki/Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Laurent-Désiré Kabila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-397">[397]</a> The United States covertly supported Rwanda before and during the Congo war. The U.S. believed it was time for a "new generation of African leaders", such as Kagame and <a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a> in Uganda, which was part of the reason the U.S. had previously stopped supporting Mobutu.<a href="#cite_note-ken1-398">[398]</a> The U.S. sent soldiers to train the FPR and brought FPR commanders to the U.S as well before the war in 1995 for training. During the war, rebels in Bukavu were joined by a group of African–American mercenaries, who claimed they had been recruited in an unofficial U.S. mission. The CIA and U.S. army set up communications in Uganda, and during the war, several aircraft landed in Kigali and Entebbe, claiming to be bringing "aid for the genocide victims"; however, it has been alleged they were bringing military and communication supplies for the FPR. At the same time, U.S. operated anti-Mobutu support from the <a href="/wiki/International_Rescue_Committee" title="International Rescue Committee">International Rescue Committee</a> (IRC).<a href="#cite_note-399">[399]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: 2000s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000:_FR_Yugoslavia">2000: FR Yugoslavia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: 2000: FR Yugoslavia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2000_Yugoslavian_general_election#Involvement_of_the_United_States" title="2000 Yugoslavian general election">2000 Yugoslavian general election § Involvement of the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87#U.S._involvement_in_the_revolution" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević § U.S. involvement in the revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_location_SCG.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Europe_location_SCG.png/220px-Europe_location_SCG.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Europe_location_SCG.png/330px-Europe_location_SCG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Europe_location_SCG.png/440px-Europe_location_SCG.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> In the run-up to the <a href="/wiki/2000_Yugoslavian_general_election" title="2000 Yugoslavian general election">2000 Yugoslavian general election</a>, the U.S. State Department actively supported opposition groups such as <a href="/wiki/Otpor" title="Otpor">Otpor</a> through the supply of promotional material and consulting services via Quangos.<a href="#cite_note-400">[400]</a> United States involvement served to speed up and organize dissent through exposure, resources, moral and material encouragement, technological aid and professional advice.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson346-401">[401]</a> This campaign was one of the factors contributing to the incumbent president's defeat in the 2000 Yugoslavian general election and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Bulldozer Revolution</a> which overthrew Milošević on October 5, 2000, after he refused to recognise the results of the election.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson346-401">[401]</a> In addition, President Bill Clinton authorized CIA involvement in the election to prevent Milošević's victory.<a href="#cite_note-Shimer-402">[402]</a> The agency funneled "certainly millions of dollars" into the campaign against the Serbian leader domestically and also organized meetings of opposition members abroad.<a href="#cite_note-Shimer-402">[402]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2001–2021:_Afghanistan">2001–2021: Afghanistan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: 2001–2021: Afghanistan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">United States invasion of Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghanistan_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Afghanistan_in_its_region.svg/220px-Afghanistan_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Afghanistan_in_its_region.svg/330px-Afghanistan_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Afghanistan_in_its_region.svg/440px-Afghanistan_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Since 1996, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> had been under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a>, a largely <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">unrecognized</a> <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">emirate</a> administered by <a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">shura</a> councils.<a href="#cite_note-Afghanistan_After_the_Western_Drawd-403">[403]</a> On October 7, 2001, four weeks after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">the United States invaded Afghanistan</a> and began bombing al-Qaeda and Taliban targets. Under the Taliban regime, al-Qaeda had used Afghanistan to train and indoctrinate fighters at its own training camps, import weapons, coordinate with other <a href="/wiki/Jihadist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist">jihadists</a>, and plot terrorist actions. 10,000 to 20,000 men passed through al-Qaeda run camps before 9/11, most of whom went to fight for the Taliban, while a smaller number were inducted into al-Qaeda.<a href="#cite_note-404">[404]</a> Although none of the hijackers were of Afghan nationality, the attacks had been planned in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColl2004473–478,_490-405">[405]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> said that the goal was to capture al-Qaeda leader <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> and bring him to justice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColl2004583–584-406">[406]</a> On October 11, four days after the bombing started, Bush claimed that it might stop if bin Laden were handed over to the U.S. by the Taliban, which had provided safe haven to al-Qaeda. "If you cough him up and his people today, then we'll reconsider what we are doing to your country," Bush told the Taliban. "You still have a second chance. Just bring him in, and bring his leaders and lieutenants and other thugs and criminals with him."<a href="#cite_note-407">[407]</a> On October 14, Bush turned down an offer from the Taliban to discuss sending bin Laden to a third country.<a href="#cite_note-408">[408]</a> Taliban leader <a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a> had previously refused to extradite bin Laden.<a href="#cite_note-409">[409]</a> The United Kingdom was a key ally of the United States, offering support for military action from the start of preparations for the invasion, and the two countries worked with anti-Taliban Afghan forces in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-410">[410]</a> The US aimed to destroy al-Qaeda and remove the Taliban regime from power,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright_et_al.201041-411">[411]</a> but also sought to prevent the Northern Alliance from taking control of Afghanistan, believing the Alliance's rule would alienate the country's Pashtun majority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward2002122-412">[412]</a> CIA director <a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">George Tenet</a> argued that the US should target al-Qaeda but "hold off on the Taliban," since the Taliban were popular in Pakistan and attacking them could jeopardize <a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Pakistan–United States relations">relations with Pakistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward2002123-413">[413]</a> By the end of October, a further goal had emerged: to remove the Taliban from power in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright_et_al.201041-411">[411]</a> From December 6–17, 2001, a team of Northern Alliance fighters, under direction from a U.S. special forces team, pursued bin Laden in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tora_Bora" title="Battle of Tora Bora">cave complex of Tora Bora</a> in eastern Afghanistan, but the U.S. did not commit its own troops to the operation and bin Laden escaped to neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-414">[414]</a> That same month, the Taliban Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan fell<a href="#cite_note-auto2-410">[410]</a> and was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Interim_Administration" title="Afghan Interim Administration">Afghan Interim Administration</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan">Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan</a> in 2002, and finally the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic of Afghanistan</a> in 2004. Bin Laden was killed by a team of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">United States Navy SEALs</a> in a raid on his clandestine residence in <a href="/wiki/Abbottabad" title="Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a>, Pakistan, in May 2011, nearly ten years after the initial invasion.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-410">[410]</a> Despite bin Laden's death, the U.S. remained in Afghanistan, propping up the governments of <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani" title="Ashraf Ghani">Ashraf Ghani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-415">[415]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> struck an arrangement with the Taliban in February 2020 that would see U.S. troops <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">withdraw from Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-416">[416]</a> In April 2021, his successor, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> announced that a full withdrawal would occur in August of that year.<a href="#cite_note-417">[417]</a> This was followed by the return of the Taliban to power.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-410">[410]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2002:_Venezuela">2002: Venezuela</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: 2002: Venezuela">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt#US_role_and_alleged_involvement" title="2002 Venezuelan coup attempt">2002 Venezuelan coup attempt § US role and alleged involvement</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> President Chávez asserted numerous times that United States government officials knew about plans for a coup, approved of them, and assumed they would be successful,<a href="#cite_note-2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt_Ref_ao-418">[418]</a> alleging that "two military officers from the United States" were present in the headquarters of coup plotters.<a href="#cite_note-2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt_Ref_ap-419">[419]</a> Rear Admiral Carlos Molina, a central leader of the coup, later said that "We felt we were acting with US support (...) we agree that we can't permit a communist government here. The US has not let us down yet."<a href="#cite_note-2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt_Ref_aq-420">[420]</a> However, the United States repeatedly informed the Venezuelan opposition that they would not be supported if there were a coup,<a href="#cite_note-2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt_DocumentsShow-421">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt_Al_Jazeera-422">[422]</a> and following the coup attempt, President George W. Bush denied any U.S. involvement.<a href="#cite_note-2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt_aljazeera20090921-423">[423]</a> On 27 April 2002, Chairman <a href="/wiki/Cass_Ballenger" title="Cass Ballenger">Cass Ballenger</a> and Congressman <a href="/wiki/Bill_Delahunt" title="Bill Delahunt">Bill Delahunt</a> of the United States also met with Venezuelan media heads of <a href="/wiki/Venevisi%C3%B3n" title="Venevisión">Venevisión</a>, <a href="/wiki/Globovisi%C3%B3n" title="Globovisión">Globovisión</a>, Unión Radio, <a href="/wiki/El_Nacional_(Venezuela)" title="El Nacional (Venezuela)">El Nacional</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Altimas_Noticias" title="Últimas Noticias">Últimas Noticias</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Mundo_(Spain)" title="El Mundo (Spain)">El Mundo</a>, telling them that "the U.S. was opposed to any disruption of constitutional government and would condemn any coup, open or disguised, aimed at ousting Chávez".<a href="#cite_note-2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt_USdosDINNER-424">[424]</a> At a meeting soon after the coup between Ambassador Shapiro and then Venezuelan Vice President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vicente_Rangel" title="José Vicente Rangel">José Vicente Rangel</a> at the Vice President's home, Rangel also stated to Shapiro that "no one in the upper echelons of the Venezuelan government really believed that the United States was involved in the attempted overthrow" and that if the Venezuelan government did believe so, "the two men wouldn't have been sitting in Rangel's house".<a href="#cite_note-2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt_FPcoupFATIGUE-425">[425]</a> However, unlike much of Latin America, the US refused to condemn the coup, changing its position only after Carmona resigned.<a href="#cite_note-426">[426]</a> Unnamed Organisation of American States officials and other diplomatic sources told <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a> that the coup was "tied to senior officials in the US government" and that the US was not only aware of the coup, but also gave sanction to its organizers. The paper names <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Abrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliot Abrams">Elliot Abrams</a>, who had been convicted of deceiving Congress during the <a href="/wiki/Iran_Contra_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran Contra Affair">Iran Contra Affair</a>, as having greenlit the coup.<a href="#cite_note-2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt_Venezuela_coup_linked_to_Bush_team-427">[427]</a> Bush administration officials acknowledged meeting with some opposition leaders in the several weeks prior to 11 April but have strongly denied encouraging the coup itself, saying that they insisted on constitutional means.<a href="#cite_note-428">[428]</a> However, the purpose of the meetings was not clarified, and it is also not known why US officials and the Venezuelan opposition broached the subject of a coup months before the attempted ousting took place.<a href="#cite_note-429">[429]</a> In addition, The New York Times quotes an anonymous Defense Department official in charge of developing policy towards Venezuela as saying that, "We were not discouraging people. ... We were sending informal, subtle signals that we don't like this guy. We didn't say, 'No, don't you dare'", though he denied the Defense Department offered material help, such as weaponry.<a href="#cite_note-430">[430]</a> Because of the allegations, an investigation conducted by the US <a href="/wiki/Inspector_general" title="Inspector general">inspector general</a>, at the request of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">US Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dodd" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Dodd">Christopher Dodd</a>, requested a review of American activities leading up to and during the coup attempt. The OIG report found no "wrongdoing" by US officials either in the State Department or in the embassy, and concluded that "While it is clear that <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_Democracy" title="National Endowment for Democracy">NED</a>'s, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">DOD</a>'s, and other U.S. assistance programs provided training, institution building, and other support to organizations and individuals understood to be actively involved in the events of 11–14 April, we found no evidence that this support directly contributed, or was intended to contribute, to those events. NED is, however, mindful of the fact that, in some circumstances, its efforts to assist specific organizations, or foster open elections, could be perceived as partisan."<a href="#cite_note-431">[431]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2003–2021:_Iraq">2003–2021: Iraq</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=88" title="Edit section: 2003–2021: Iraq">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></div> In 1998 as a non-covert measure, the U.S. enacted the "<a href="/wiki/Iraq_Liberation_Act" title="Iraq Liberation Act">Iraq Liberation Act</a>", which states, in part, that "It should be the policy of the United States to support efforts to remove the regime headed by Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq," and appropriated funds for U.S. aid "to the Iraqi democratic opposition organizations."<a href="#cite_note-432">[432]</a> After Bush was elected he started being more aggressive toward Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-433">[433]</a> After the 9/11 attacks the Bush administration claimed that Iraq's ruler at the time, <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, had connections to <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> and was supporting terrorism. The administration also stated that Hussein was covertly continuing production of <a href="/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction" title="Weapon of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a> despite the fact that evidence for both was not conclusive.<a href="#cite_note-Woodward2004Chap1-434">[434]</a><a href="#cite_note-435">[435]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-blix1-437">[437]</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[438]</a> Iraq was also one of the three countries Bush called out in his <a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of Evil Speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-439">[439]</a> In 2002 Congress passed the "<a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Iraq_Resolution_of_2002" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002">Iraq Resolution</a>" which authorized the president to "use any means necessary" against Iraq. The Iraq War then began in March 2003 when a United States-led military coalition <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invaded the country</a> and overthrew the Iraqi government.<a href="#cite_note-oil-440">[440]</a> The U.S. captured and helped prosecute Hussein, who was later hanged. The U.S. and the new Iraqi government also fought an insurgency following the invasion. In December 2011 the U.S. withdrew its soldiers from the conflict,<a href="#cite_note-441">[441]</a> but returned in 2014 to help stop the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL).<a href="#cite_note-442">[442]</a> The military's combat mission came to an end on December 9, 2021.<a href="#cite_note-443">[443]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2004:_Haiti">2004: Haiti</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=89" title="Edit section: 2004: Haiti">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2004 Haitian coup d'état">2004 Haitian coup d'état</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Secure_Tomorrow" title="Operation Secure Tomorrow">Operation Secure Tomorrow</a></div> In February 2004, the democratically elected President of Haiti <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a> was forced to resign amid a rapidly spiraling situation with the rebel group <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Front_for_the_Liberation_and_Reconstruction_of_Haiti" title="National Revolutionary Front for the Liberation and Reconstruction of Haiti">National Revolutionary Front for the Liberation and Reconstruction of Haiti</a>, which had laid siege to the capital <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a> in the week leading up to Aristide's resignation.<a href="#cite_note-444">[444]</a> It was alleged that the rebels were trained by <a href="/wiki/United_States_special_operations_forces" title="United States special operations forces">U.S. Special Forces</a> in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> prior to the instabilities.<a href="#cite_note-445">[445]</a> It has also been alleged by multiple Haitian and French officials,<a href="#cite_note-446">[446]</a> as well as Aristide himself,<a href="#cite_note-447">[447]</a> that the coup was effectively orchestrated by France and the United States. In the aftermath of the coup, a Multinational Interim Force led by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Secure_Tomorrow" title="Operation Secure Tomorrow">invaded Haiti</a> to stabilize the country under the government of the newly-assumed provisional president <a href="/wiki/Boniface_Alexandre" title="Boniface Alexandre">Boniface Alexandre</a> and prime minister <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Latortue" title="Gérard Latortue">Gérard Latortue</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2005:_Kyrgyzstan">2005: Kyrgyzstan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=90" title="Edit section: 2005: Kyrgyzstan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tulip_Revolution" title="Tulip Revolution">Tulip Revolution</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, in response to the corruption and authoritarianism of the <a href="/wiki/Askar_Akayev" title="Askar Akayev">Askar Akayev</a> government which had ruled since 1990, mass protests ousted the government and <a href="/wiki/2005_Kyrgyz_presidential_election" title="2005 Kyrgyz presidential election">free elections</a> were held. According to <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, the US government provided aid to opposition protesters via the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">USAID</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Liberty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> by funding the only print-media outlet in the country not controlled by the government. When the state cut off electricity to the outlet, the U.S. embassy provided emergency generators. Other opposition groups and an opposition TV station received funding from the US government and US-based NGOs.<a href="#cite_note-448">[448]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2006–2007:_Palestine">2006–2007: Palestine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=91" title="Edit section: 2006–2007: Palestine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg/220px-Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg/330px-Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg/440px-Occupied_Palestinian_Territories.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1895" data-file-height="2889" /></a><figcaption>Occupied Palestinian territories</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict</a></div> The Bush Administration was displeased with the government formed by Hamas, which won 56% of the seats in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election" title="2006 Palestinian legislative election">Palestinian legislative election of 2006</a>.<a href="#cite_note-449">[449]</a> The U.S. government pressured the <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a> faction of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a> leadership to topple the <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a>, and provided funding,<a href="#cite_note-csmonitor.com-450">[450]</a><a href="#cite_note-451">[451]</a> including a secret training and armaments program that received tens of millions of dollars in <a href="/wiki/US_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congress">congressional</a> funding. This funding was initially blocked by Congress, who feared that arms provided to Palestinians might later be used against Israel, but the Bush administration circumvented Congress.<a href="#cite_note-vanityfair.com-452">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-453">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-454">[454]</a> Fatah launched a war against the Haniyeh government. When the government of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> attempted to negotiate a truce between the sides so as to avoid a wide-scale Palestinian civil war, the U.S. government pressured Fatah to reject the Saudi plan and to continue the effort to topple the Hamas government.<a href="#cite_note-vanityfair.com-452">[452]</a> Ultimately, the <a href="/wiki/Hamas_government_of_June_2007" title="Hamas government of June 2007">Hamas government</a> was prevented from ruling over all of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a>, with Fatah retreating to the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and Hamas retreating to and taking control of the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-455">[455]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2005–2009:_Syria">2005–2009: Syria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=92" title="Edit section: 2005–2009: Syria">edit</a>]</div> In 2005, after a period of co-operation in the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a>, the Bush administration froze relations with Syria. According to US cables released by <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a>, the State Department then began to funnel money to opposition groups, including at least $6 million to the opposition satellite channel <a href="/wiki/Barada_TV" title="Barada TV">Barada TV</a> and the exile group <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Justice_and_Development_in_Syria" title="Movement for Justice and Development in Syria">Movement for Justice and Development in Syria</a>, although this was denied by the channel.<a href="#cite_note-WaPoWikiLeaks-456">[456]</a><a href="#cite_note-457">[457]</a><a href="#cite_note-458">[458]</a> This alleged covert backing continued under the Obama administration until at least April 2009 when US diplomats expressed concern the funding would undermine US attempts to rebuild relations with Syrian President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WaPoWikiLeaks-456">[456]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s">2010s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=93" title="Edit section: 2010s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2011:_Libya">2011: Libya</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=94" title="Edit section: 2011: Libya">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_involvement_in_the_2011_Libyan_Civil_War" title="American involvement in the 2011 Libyan Civil War">American involvement in the 2011 Libyan Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Libya_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Libya_in_its_region.svg/220px-Libya_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Libya_in_its_region.svg/330px-Libya_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Libya_in_its_region.svg/440px-Libya_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> In 2011, Libya had been led by <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> since 1969. In February 2011, amid the "<a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>", a revolution broke out against him, spreading from the second city <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a> (where an <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">interim government</a> was set up on February 27), to the capital <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, sparking the <a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan Civil War">First Libyan Civil War</a>. On March 17, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973</a> was adopted, authorizing a <a href="/wiki/No-fly_zone" title="No-fly zone">no-fly zone</a> over Libya, and "all necessary measures" to protect civilians.<a href="#cite_note-UN-AllNecessaryMeasures-459">[459]</a> Two days later, France, the United States and the United Kingdom launched the <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a> with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Odyssey_Dawn" title="Operation Odyssey Dawn">Operation Odyssey Dawn</a>, US and British naval forces firing over 110 <a href="/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile_family)" title="Tomahawk (missile family)">Tomahawk cruise missiles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-al_jaz_command-460">[460]</a> the French and British Air Forces<a href="#cite_note-461">[461]</a> undertaking <a href="/wiki/Sorties" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorties">sorties</a> across Libya and a naval <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> by Coalition forces.<a href="#cite_note-cnn_deployment-462">[462]</a> A coalition of 27 states from Europe and the Middle East soon joined the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>-led intervention, as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Unified_Protector" title="Operation Unified Protector">Operation Unified Protector</a>. The Gaddafi government collapsed in August, leaving the <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a> as the de facto government, with UN recognition. Gaddafi was captured and <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Killing of Muammar Gaddafi">killed</a> in October by <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a> forces and NATO action ceased.<a href="#cite_note-unscres1973-463">[463]</a><a href="#cite_note-464">[464]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2012–2017:_Syria">2012–2017: Syria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=95" title="Edit section: 2012–2017: Syria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Timber_Sycamore" title="Timber Sycamore">Timber Sycamore</a>, <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Syria" title="CIA activities in Syria">CIA activities in Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War">American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_in_its_region_(de-facto).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Syria_in_its_region_%28de-facto%29.svg/220px-Syria_in_its_region_%28de-facto%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Syria_in_its_region_%28de-facto%29.svg/330px-Syria_in_its_region_%28de-facto%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Syria_in_its_region_%28de-facto%29.svg/440px-Syria_in_its_region_%28de-facto%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="191" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>In April 2011, after the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> in early 2011, three U.S. Senators, Republicans <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Lindsey Graham</a> and Independent <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a>, urged President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in a joint statement to "state unequivocally" that "it is time to go" for President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-465">[465]</a> In August, 2011, the U.S. government called on Assad to "step aside" and imposed an <a href="/wiki/Oil_embargo" title="Oil embargo">oil embargo</a> against the Syrian government.<a href="#cite_note-466">[466]</a><a href="#cite_note-467">[467]</a><a href="#cite_note-468">[468]</a> Starting in 2013, the U.S. provided training, weapons, and money to vetted moderate Syrian rebels,<a href="#cite_note-469">[469]</a><a href="#cite_note-470">[470]</a> and in 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Council_(Syria)" title="Supreme Military Council (Syria)">Supreme Military Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-471">[471]</a><a href="#cite_note-472">[472]</a> In 2015, Obama reaffirmed that "Assad must go".<a href="#cite_note-473">[473]</a> In March 2017, Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Nikki_Haley" title="Nikki Haley">Nikki Haley</a> told a group of reporters that the US's priority in Syria was no longer on "getting Assad out."<a href="#cite_note-474">[474]</a> Earlier that day at a news conference in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Rex Tillerson</a> also said that the "longer term status of President Assad will be decided by the Syrian people."<a href="#cite_note-475">[475]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/US_Defense_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US Defense Department">US Defense Department</a>'s program to aid predominantly <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> rebels fighting the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL) continued, it was revealed in July 2017 that US President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> had ordered a "phasing out" of the CIA's support for anti-Assad rebels.<a href="#cite_note-476">[476]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2019:_Bolivia">2019: Bolivia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=96" title="Edit section: 2019: Bolivia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2019_Bolivian_political_crisis" title="2019 Bolivian political crisis">2019 Bolivian political crisis</a></div> In November 2019, there was a coup in Bolivia to oust president <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-477">[477]</a> In the aftermath of the coup, and following the elections which brought back the socialist <a href="/wiki/Movimiento_al_Socialismo" title="Movimiento al Socialismo">Movimiento al Socialismo</a> to power, the U.S. faced allegations that it had supported the coup and removal of Evo Morales.<a href="#cite_note-478">[478]</a><a href="#cite_note-479">[479]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2019–2022:_Venezuela">2019–2022: Venezuela</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=97" title="Edit section: 2019–2022: Venezuela">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Foreign involvement in the Venezuelan presidential crisis">Foreign involvement in the Venezuelan presidential crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Venezuela_in_its_region.svg/220px-Venezuela_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Venezuela_in_its_region.svg/330px-Venezuela_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Venezuela_in_its_region.svg/440px-Venezuela_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> President Donald Trump attempted to remove President <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> from office during the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Venezuelan presidential crisis">Venezuelan presidential crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJervisLabrosseGoddardRovner2023279,_281Section:_Fences_Make_Bad_Hombres_-_Quote:_"the_Trump_administration_tolerated_authoritarians_in_other_regions_of_the_world_but_pushed_for_regime_change_in,_for_example,_Venezuela",_"Trump_then_signaled_his_intent_to_exert_'maximum_pressure'_to_force_regime_change_in_Venezuela,_a_task_he_assumed_would_be_'low-_hanging_fruit'_for_the_United_States,_expecting_a_'major_foreign_policy_victory.'_480-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJervisLabrosseGoddardRovner2023279,_281Section:_Fences_Make_Bad_Hombres_-_Quote:_"the_Trump_administration_tolerated_authoritarians_in_other_regions_of_the_world_but_pushed_for_regime_change_in,_for_example,_Venezuela",_"Trump_then_signaled_his_intent_to_exert_'maximum_pressure'_to_force_regime_change_in_Venezuela,_a_task_he_assumed_would_be_'low-_hanging_fruit'_for_the_United_States,_expecting_a_'major_foreign_policy_victory.'-480">[480]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker2022308-481">[481]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemarais202231Section:_Hitting_Where_It_Hurts_-_Quote:_"The_United_States_believed_that_regime_change_in_Venezuela_was_possible,_if_not_imminent._To_speed_up_Guaido’s_installa-tion,_the_United_States_looked_no_further_than_sanctions."_482-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemarais202231Section:_Hitting_Where_It_Hurts_-_Quote:_"The_United_States_believed_that_regime_change_in_Venezuela_was_possible,_if_not_imminent._To_speed_up_Guaido’s_installa-tion,_the_United_States_looked_no_further_than_sanctions."-482">[482]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYaffe2020259"The_objective_was_clear_..._to_overthrow_the_Maduro_government_in_Venezuela,_ending_oil_exports_to_Cuba,_causing_economic_collapse_on_the_island_and_enabling_the_overthrow_of_the_Cuban_government,_leaving_Nicaragua_as_an_easy_third_target."_483-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYaffe2020259"The_objective_was_clear_..._to_overthrow_the_Maduro_government_in_Venezuela,_ending_oil_exports_to_Cuba,_causing_economic_collapse_on_the_island_and_enabling_the_overthrow_of_the_Cuban_government,_leaving_Nicaragua_as_an_easy_third_target."-483">[483]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDownes202113"Donald_Trump’s_tenure_in_the_White_House_brought_renewed_calls_for_regime_change_in_Iran,_North_Korea,_and_Venezuela."-484">[484]</a><a href="#cite_note-485">[485]</a><a href="#cite_note-AHUMADA-486">[486]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> wrote that "although the Trump Administration initially discussed the possibility of using military force in Venezuela, it ultimately sought to compel Maduro to leave office through diplomatic, economic, and legal pressure."<a href="#cite_note-:4-487">[487]</a> In January 2019, days after <a href="/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3" title="Juan Guaidó">Juan Guaidó</a> was sworn in as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Venezuela" title="President of the National Assembly of Venezuela">president of the National Assembly</a>, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> approved of the plan by him and <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_L%C3%B3pez" title="Leopoldo López">Leopoldo López</a> to be named interim president and that the United States could lead other nations to support Guaidó in an attempt to remove Maduro.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeuman2022211–213Quote:_"López_and_a_small_circles_of_allies_began_reaching_out_to_State_Department_officials_with_a_novel_proposal:_Now_that_Guaidó_was_the_leader_of_the_National_Assembly,_he_could_invoke_Article_233_of_the_constitution_to_become_interim_president._The_United_States_and_other_countries_would_recognize_Guaidó_as_Venezuela's_legitimate_head_of_state._That_would_galvanize_the_opposition_and_supercharge_the_effort_to_remove_Maduro._Secretary_of_State_Pompeo_warmed_to_the_idea..._Pompeo_called_Guaidó_and_assured_him_that_he_had_the_support_of_the_U.S._government"_488-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuman2022211–213Quote:_"López_and_a_small_circles_of_allies_began_reaching_out_to_State_Department_officials_with_a_novel_proposal:_Now_that_Guaidó_was_the_leader_of_the_National_Assembly,_he_could_invoke_Article_233_of_the_constitution_to_become_interim_president._The_United_States_and_other_countries_would_recognize_Guaidó_as_Venezuela's_legitimate_head_of_state._That_would_galvanize_the_opposition_and_supercharge_the_effort_to_remove_Maduro._Secretary_of_State_Pompeo_warmed_to_the_idea..._Pompeo_called_Guaidó_and_assured_him_that_he_had_the_support_of_the_U.S._government"-488">[488]</a> After swearing to serve as acting president of Venezuela on 23 January,<a href="#cite_note-BBCProt-489">[489]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarchasMasivas-490">[490]</a> the United States announced that it recognized Guaidó as interim president minutes after his speech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuman2022211–217Chapter_23:_"Swearing_In"-491">[491]</a> The Trump administration utilized <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_during_the_Venezuelan_crisis" title="Sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis">sanctions against Venezuela</a> to instigate political change.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker2022308-481">[481]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemarais202231Section:_Hitting_Where_It_Hurts_-_Quote:_"The_United_States_believed_that_regime_change_in_Venezuela_was_possible,_if_not_imminent._To_speed_up_Guaido’s_installation,_the_United_States_looked_no_further_than_sanctions."_492-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemarais202231Section:_Hitting_Where_It_Hurts_-_Quote:_"The_United_States_believed_that_regime_change_in_Venezuela_was_possible,_if_not_imminent._To_speed_up_Guaido’s_installation,_the_United_States_looked_no_further_than_sanctions."-492">[492]</a><a href="#cite_note-493">[493]</a> The U.S. failed to remove Maduro<a href="#cite_note-:4-487">[487]</a> while Guaidó never controlled any of Venezuela's institutions and was removed from his position by the National Assembly in December 2022.<a href="#cite_note-Armas-2022-494">[494]</a><a href="#cite_note-495">[495]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=98" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_United_States_foreign_policy" title="Criticism of United States foreign policy">Criticism of United States foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_electoral_intervention" title="Foreign electoral intervention">Foreign electoral intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_interventions_by_the_United_States" title="Foreign interventions by the United States">Foreign interventions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">Latin America–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Russian involvement in regime change">Russian involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operations" title="Timeline of United States military operations">Timeline of United States military operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change_in_Latin_America" title="United States involvement in regime change in Latin America">United States involvement in regime change in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_by_the_CIA#Assassination_and_targeted_killing" title="Human rights violations by the CIA">Assassinations and targeted killing by the CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_by_country" title="CIA activities by country">CIA activities by country</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=99" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/intelligence/2017-02-07/cia-covert-aid-italy-averaged-5-million-annually-late-1940s">"CIA Covert Aid to Italy Averaged $5 Million Annually from Late 1940s to Early 1960s, Study Finds | National Security Archive"</a>. nsarchive.gwu.edu. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA506295">the original</a> on November 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Under+the+Shadow+of+the+Big+Stick%3A+U.S.+Intervention+in+Cuba%2C+1906%E2%80%931909&rft.pub=United+States+Army&rft.aulast=Vitor+II&rft.aufirst=MAJ+Bruce+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fcgi-bin%2FGetTRDoc%3FLocation%3DU2%26doc%3DGetTRDoc.pdf%26AD%3DADA506295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Musicant-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Musicant_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusicant1990" class="citation book cs1">Musicant, Ivan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bananawarshistor00musi">The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama</a>. New York: MacMillan Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-588210-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-588210-2"><bdi>978-0-02-588210-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Banana+Wars%3A+A+History+of+United+States+Military+Intervention+in+Latin+America+from+the+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War+to+the+Invasion+of+Panama&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MacMillan+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-02-588210-2&rft.aulast=Musicant&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbananawarshistor00musi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumanities1909" class="citation news cs1">Humanities, National Endowment for the (December 1, 1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87078082/1909-12-01/ed-1/seq-1/">"The citizen. (Honesdale, Pa.) 1908–1914, December 01, 1909, Image 1"</a>. The Citizen. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2166-7705">2166-7705</a>. Retrieved December 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Citizen&rft.atitle=The+citizen.+%28Honesdale%2C+Pa.%29+1908%E2%80%931914%2C+December+01%2C+1909%2C+Image+1&rft.date=1909-12-01&rft.issn=2166-7705&rft.aulast=Humanities&rft.aufirst=National+Endowment+for+the&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn87078082%2F1909-12-01%2Fed-1%2Fseq-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/ip/108629.htm">"US Intervention in Nicaragua 1911/1912"</a>. US Department of State. August 19, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=US+Intervention+in+Nicaragua+1911%2F1912&rft.date=2008-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fho%2Ftime%2Fip%2F108629.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Langley, Lester D. (1983). The Banana Wars: An Inner History of American Empire, 1900–1934. 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New York: MacMillan Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-588210-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-588210-2"><bdi>978-0-02-588210-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Banana+Wars%3A+A+History+of+United+States+Military+Intervention+in+Latin+America+from+the+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War+to+the+Invasion+of+Panama&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MacMillan+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-02-588210-2&rft.aulast=Musicant&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbananawarshistor00musi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> David Healy, "Gunboat Diplomacy in the Wilson Era: The U.S. Navy in Haiti, 1915–1916," (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976) </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Giles A. Hubert, War and the Trade Orientation of Haiti, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1053341.pdf">https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1053341.pdf</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Proceedings-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Proceedings_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Naval_Institute1879" class="citation book cs1">United States Naval Institute (1879). H. K. Hewitt (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dxNLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA239">Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute</a>. Baltimore, MD: The Lord Baltimore Press. p. 239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+United+States+Naval+Institute&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=The+Lord+Baltimore+Press&rft.date=1879&rft.au=United+States+Naval+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdxNLAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkins,_G._PopeLarman_Curtis_Wilson1998" class="citation book cs1">Atkins, G. Pope & Larman Curtis Wilson (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dominicanrepubli0000atki">The Dominican Republic and the United States: From Imperialism to Transnationalism</a>. Athens, GA: Univ. of Georgia Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dominicanrepubli0000atki/page/49">49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1930-8"><bdi>978-0-8203-1930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dominican+Republic+and+the+United+States%3A+From+Imperialism+to+Transnationalism&rft.place=Athens%2C+GA&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-1930-8&rft.au=Atkins%2C+G.+Pope&rft.au=Larman+Curtis+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdominicanrepubli0000atki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/image/SJRes1_WWI_Germany.htm">S.J. Res. 1 : Declaration of War with Germany, WW1</a>, United States Senate </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/armistice.htm">"Armistice: The End of World War I,1918"</a>. EyeWitness to History. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181126000847/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/armistice.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EyeWitness+to+History&rft.atitle=Armistice%3A+The+End+of+World+War+I%2C1918&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eyewitnesstohistory.com%2Farmistice.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstworldwar.com/source/abdication.htm">"Primary Documents – Kaiser Wilhelm II's Abdication Proclamation, 28 November 1918"</a>. First World War.com. 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International Encyclopedia of the First World War.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+First+World+War&rft.atitle=Saint-Germain%2C+Treaty+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net%2Farticle%2Fsaint-germain_treaty_of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstworldwar.com/source/uspeacetreaty_austria.htm">"Primary Documents – U.S. Peace Treaty with Austria, 24 August 1921"</a>. First World War.com. August 24, 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+World+War.com&rft.atitle=Primary+Documents+%E2%80%93+U.S.+Peace+Treaty+with+Austria%2C+24+August+1921&rft.date=1921-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstworldwar.com%2Fsource%2Fuspeacetreaty_austria.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/trianon_treaty_of">"Trianon, Treaty of"</a>. 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June 15, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108190044/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/03/180_180890.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Korea+Neglects+Memory+of+Provisional+Government&rft.date=2015-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2016%2F03%2F180_180890.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuzo2002" class="citation book cs1">Buzo, Adrian (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo">The Making of Modern Korea</a>. London: Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo/page/n76">66</a>, 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23749-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23749-1"><bdi>0-415-23749-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Korea&rft.place=London&rft.pages=66%2C+69&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-23749-1&rft.aulast=Buzo&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingmodernkore00buzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumings2010" class="citation book cs1">Cumings, Bruce (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreanwarhistory00cumi_528">The Korean War: A History</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreanwarhistory00cumi_528/page/n110">111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679643579" title="Special:BookSources/9780679643579"><bdi>9780679643579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War%3A+A+History&rft.pages=111&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780679643579&rft.aulast=Cumings&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreanwarhistory00cumi_528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Sydney Morning Herald, 15 Nov. 2008, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/world/south-korea-owns-up-to-brutal-past-20081115-gdt2yw.html">South Korea Owns Up to Brutal Past</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Bamberry, Chris, The Second World War: A Marxist History, 2014, Pluto Press (p. 182) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-DM-75"><a href="#cite_ref-DM_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough1992" class="citation book cs1">McCullough, David (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/truman00mccu">Truman</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671456542" title="Special:BookSources/9780671456542"><bdi>9780671456542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truman&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780671456542&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftruman00mccu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JTP-76"><a href="#cite_ref-JTP_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1996" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, James T. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grandexpectation00patt">Grand Expectations</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507680-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507680-6"><bdi>978-0-19-507680-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+Expectations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507680-6&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=James+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrandexpectation00patt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/1914/20171225111417/https://dangerouscitizens.columbia.edu/1946-1949/witness-of-the/1/index.html">"Chapter 5. 1946–1949: Emphýlios » Witness of the Mountains"</a>. wayback.archive-it.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dangerouscitizens.columbia.edu/1946-1949/witness-of-the/1/index.html">the original</a> on December 25, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wayback.archive-it.org&rft.atitle=Chapter+5.+1946%E2%80%931949%3A+Emph%C3%BDlios+%C2%BB+Witness+of+the+Mountains&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdangerouscitizens.columbia.edu%2F1946-1949%2Fwitness-of-the%2F1%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Iatrides, John O., and Nicholas X. Rizopoulos, "The International Dimension of the Greek Civil War," <a href="/wiki/World_Policy_Journal" title="World Policy Journal">World Policy Journal</a> (2000): 87–103. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40209681">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180807220456/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40209681">Archived</a> August 7, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herring-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Herring_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerring2008" class="citation book cs1">Herring, George C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe00herr">From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507822-0"><bdi>978-0-19-507822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Colony+to+Superpower%3A+U.S.+Foreign+Relations+Since+1776&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507822-0&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromcolonytosupe00herr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lorenz2-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lorenz2_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorenz2_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenz2015" class="citation web cs1">Lorenz, Christopher Michael (March 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elespiritudel48.org/costa-rica-and-the-1948-revolution/">"COSTA RICA AND THE 1948 REVOLUTION DECEMBER 7, 2001 ETHICS OF DEVELOPMENT IN A GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT TERM PAPER"</a>. El Espíritu del 48. Retrieved December 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Esp%C3%ADritu+del+48&rft.atitle=COSTA+RICA+AND+THE+1948+REVOLUTION+DECEMBER+7%2C+2001+ETHICS+OF+DEVELOPMENT+IN+A+GLOBAL+ENVIRONMENT+TERM+PAPER&rft.date=2015-03-17&rft.aulast=Lorenz&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felespiritudel48.org%2Fcosta-rica-and-the-1948-revolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2014" class="citation book cs1">Bell, John Patrick (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CKKDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129">Crisis in Costa Rica: The 1948 Revolution - Page 129</a>. University of Texas Press. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292772588" title="Special:BookSources/9780292772588"><bdi>9780292772588</bdi></a>. Retrieved December 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+in+Costa+Rica%3A+The+1948+Revolution+-+Page+129&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780292772588&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=John+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCKKDBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bailey2-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bailey2_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bailey2_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bailey83221.livejournal.com/45020.html">"How Costa Rica Lost Its Military"</a>. bailey83221.livejournal.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bailey83221.livejournal.com&rft.atitle=How+Costa+Rica+Lost+Its+Military&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbailey83221.livejournal.com%2F45020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ww2db.com/country/Albania">"Albania in World War II"</a>. World War II Database.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+War+II+Database&rft.atitle=Albania+in+World+War+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fww2db.com%2Fcountry%2FAlbania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albca.com/aclis/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=436">"Albanian Dossier: CIA and British MI6 in Albania"</a>. Albanian Canadian League Information Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928174549/http://www.albca.com/aclis/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=436">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Albanian+Canadian+League+Information+Service&rft.atitle=Albanian+Dossier%3A+CIA+and+British+MI6+in+Albania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albca.com%2Faclis%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DNews%26file%3Darticle%26sid%3D436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Within Record Group 263. A user's guide is available to assist researchers in locating the documents. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/28443/discussions/34057/h-diplo-roundtable-america%E2%80%99s-great-game-cia%E2%80%99s-secret-arabists-and">"H-Diplo Roundtable on "America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Shaping of the Modern Middle East" | H-Diplo | H-Net"</a>. networks.h-net.org. Retrieved March 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=networks.h-net.org&rft.atitle=H-Diplo+Roundtable+on+%22America%27s+Great+Game%3A+The+CIA%27s+Secret+Arabists+and+the+Shaping+of+the+Modern+Middle+East%22+%7C+H-Diplo+%7C+H-Net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetworks.h-net.org%2Fnode%2F28443%2Fdiscussions%2F34057%2Fh-diplo-roundtable-america%25E2%2580%2599s-great-game-cia%25E2%2580%2599s-secret-arabists-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Little-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Little_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle2008" class="citation book cs1">Little, Douglas (2008). American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East since 1945 (3rd ed.). The University of North Carolina Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807858981" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807858981"><bdi>978-0807858981</bdi></a>. <q>Next door in Damascus, however, neither U.S. diplomats nor businessmen could make any headway with President Shukri Quwatly, a militant Arab nationalist who believed that TAPLINE needed Syria much more than Syria needed TAPLINE. Frustrated by two years of wrangling over the pipeline, the Truman administration secretly encouraged Syrian army chief of staff Hosni Zaim to overthrow the Quwatly regime on 31 March 1949. Six weeks later Zaim granted ARAMCO its exclusive right of way, removing "the last major barrier to the building of the long-pending Trans-Arabian pipeline."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Orientalism%3A+The+United+States+and+the+Middle+East+since+1945&rft.pages=54&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0807858981&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilford2013" class="citation book cs1">Wilford, Hugh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8RI5AAAAQBAJ">America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Making of the Modern Middle East</a>. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. pp. 101, 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465019656" title="Special:BookSources/9780465019656"><bdi>9780465019656</bdi></a>. <q>Predictably, this version of events has proven highly controversial ... In fact, most of the available evidence indicates that it was the Kurd himself [Za'im] who took the initiative in plotting his coup.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Great+Game%3A+The+CIA%27s+Secret+Arabists+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=101%2C+103&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780465019656&rft.aulast=Wilford&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8RI5AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRathmell1996" class="citation journal cs1">Rathmell, Andrew (January 1996). "Copeland and Za'im: Re-evaluating the Evidence". Intelligence and National Security. 11 (1): 89–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684529608432345">10.1080/02684529608432345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+and+National+Security&rft.atitle=Copeland+and+Za%27im%3A+Re-evaluating+the+Evidence&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.date=1996-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02684529608432345&rft.aulast=Rathmell&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuandt2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Quandt" title="William B. Quandt">Quandt, William B.</a> (January 28, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/1996-03-01/secret-war-middle-east-covert-struggle-syria-1949-1961">"Capsule Review: Secret War in the Middle East: The Covert Struggle for Syria, 1949-1961"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>. 75 (March/April 1996). Retrieved March 4, 2019. <q>For example, the author does not believe that the Husni Zaim coup of 1949 was primarily the work of the cia, despite such claims by cia operatives; he does, however, provide considerable detail on the plotting against Syria by Turkey, Iraq, and the United States in 1957.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Capsule+Review%3A+Secret+War+in+the+Middle+East%3A+The+Covert+Struggle+for+Syria%2C+1949-1961&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=March%2FApril+1996&rft.date=2009-01-28&rft.aulast=Quandt&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Freviews%2Fcapsule-review%2F1996-03-01%2Fsecret-war-middle-east-covert-struggle-syria-1949-1961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuster2013" class="citation web cs1">Stuster, J. Dana (August 20, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/08/20/mapped-the-7-governments-the-u-s-has-overthrown/">"Mapped: The 7 Governments the U.S. Has Overthrown"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. Retrieved March 4, 2019. <q>Despite continued speculation about the CIA's role in a 1949 coup to install a military government in Syria, the ouster of Iranian Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh is the earliest coup of the Cold War that the U.S. government has acknowledged.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Mapped%3A+The+7+Governments+the+U.S.+Has+Overthrown&rft.date=2013-08-20&rft.aulast=Stuster&rft.aufirst=J.+Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2013%2F08%2F20%2Fmapped-the-7-governments-the-u-s-has-overthrown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewLeung2013" class="citation book cs1">Lew, Christopher R.; Leung, Pak-Wah, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8WYSAAAAQBAJ">Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Civil War</a>. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810878730" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810878730"><bdi>978-0810878730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Chinese+Civil+War&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0810878730&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8WYSAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott_2010-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Scott_2010_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Dale_Scott2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dale_Scott" title="Peter Dale Scott">Peter Dale Scott</a> (November 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apjjf.org/-Peter-Dale-Scott/3436/article.html">"Operation Paper: The United States and Drugs in Thailand and Burma"</a>. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. Retrieved August 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Asia-Pacific+Journal%3A+Japan+Focus&rft.atitle=Operation+Paper%3A+The+United+States+and+Drugs+in+Thailand+and+Burma&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft.au=Peter+Dale+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapjjf.org%2F-Peter-Dale-Scott%2F3436%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Kaufman, Victor S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3451165">"Trouble in the Golden Triangle: The United States, Taiwan and the 93rd Nationalist Division"</a>. The China Quarterly. No. 166, Jun., 2001. p.441. Retrieved January 22, 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Kaufman, Victor S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3451165">"Trouble in the Golden Triangle: The United States, Taiwan and the 93rd Nationalist Division"</a>. The China Quarterly. No. 166, Jun., 2001. p.442. Retrieved January 22, 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-apjjf.org-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apjjf.org_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apjjf.org_95-1">b</a> Peter Dale Scott, Asia-Pacific Journal Japan Focus, 1 Nov. 2010, Volume 8 | Issue 44 | Number 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apjjf.org/-Peter-Dale-Scott/3436/article.html">"Operation Paper: The United States and Drugs in Thailand and Burma" 米国とタイ・ビルマの麻薬</a>, taken from Chapter 3 of "American War Machine: Deep Politics, the CIA Global Drug Connection, and the Road to Afghanistan (War and Peace Library)" (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> William R. Corson, The Armies of Ignorance: The Rise of the American Intelligence Empire (New York: Dial Press/James Wade, 1977), 320–22 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilford2013" class="citation book cs1">Wilford, Hugh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasgreatgam0000wilf/page/135">America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Making of the Modern Middle East</a>. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasgreatgam0000wilf/page/135">135–139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465019656" title="Special:BookSources/9780465019656"><bdi>9780465019656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Great+Game%3A+The+CIA%27s+Secret+Arabists+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=135-139&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780465019656&rft.aulast=Wilford&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericasgreatgam0000wilf%2Fpage%2F135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland1996" class="citation book cs1">Holland, Matthew F. (1996). America and Egypt: From Roosevelt to Eisenhower. Praeger. pp. 26–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95474-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95474-1"><bdi>978-0-275-95474-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+and+Egypt%3A+From+Roosevelt+to+Eisenhower&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-275-95474-1&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Matthew+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoulton201347–49-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoulton201347–49_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoulton2013">Moulton 2013</a>, pp. 47–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_S._Painter1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a> (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americamiddleeast.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/the-us-and-mossadegh-1951-19531.pdf">The United States, Great Britain, and Mossadegh</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98960655" class="extiw" title="d:Q98960655">Q98960655</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States%2C+Great+Britain%2C+and+Mossadegh&rft.date=1993&rft.au=David+S.+Painter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericamiddleeast.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F09%2Fthe-us-and-mossadegh-1951-19531.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-newsmine.org-101"><a href="#cite_ref-newsmine.org_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsmine.org/content.php?ol=coldwar-imperialism/iran53/mossaddegh-eccentric-nationalist-begets-strange-history.txt">"Mossaddegh: Eccentric nationalist begets strange history"</a>. NewsMine. April 16, 2000. Retrieved June 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mossaddegh%3A+Eccentric+nationalist+begets+strange+history&rft.pub=NewsMine&rft.date=2000-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsmine.org%2Fcontent.php%3Fol%3Dcoldwar-imperialism%2Firan53%2Fmossaddegh-eccentric-nationalist-begets-strange-history.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadaee2023" class="citation news cs1">Fadaee, Simin (August 18, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/70-years-ago-an-anglo-us-coup-condemned-iran-to-decades-of-oppression-but-now-the-people-are-fighting-back-211698">"70 years ago, an Anglo-US coup condemned Iran to decades of oppression – but now the people are fighting back"</a>. The Conversation. Retrieved August 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=70+years+ago%2C+an+Anglo-US+coup+condemned+Iran+to+decades+of+oppression+%E2%80%93+but+now+the+people+are+fighting+back&rft.date=2023-08-18&rft.aulast=Fadaee&rft.aufirst=Simin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2F70-years-ago-an-anglo-us-coup-condemned-iran-to-decades-of-oppression-but-now-the-people-are-fighting-back-211698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian2017" class="citation interview cs1">Abrahamian, Ervand (July 24, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.democracynow.org/2017/7/24/newly_declassified_documents_confirm_us_backed">"Newly Declassified Documents Confirm U.S. Backed 1953 Coup in Iran Over Oil Contracts"</a> (Interview). Interviewed by Amy Goodman and Juan González. Democracy Now!. Retrieved July 24, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newly+Declassified+Documents+Confirm+U.S.+Backed+1953+Coup+in+Iran+Over+Oil+Contracts&rft.pub=Democracy+Now%21&rft.date=2017-07-24&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2017%2F7%2F24%2Fnewly_declassified_documents_confirm_us_backed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> The date of the coup in the Persian calendar. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Clandestine Service History: Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran, Mar. 1954: p. iii. </li> <li id="cite_note-CN-IC-01-106"><a href="#cite_ref-CN-IC-01_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC&pg=PA775">Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization</a>. I.B.Tauris. 2007. pp. 775 of 1082. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-347-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-347-6"><bdi>978-1-84511-347-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ends+of+British+Imperialism%3A+The+Scramble+for+Empire%2C+Suez%2C+and+Decolonization&rft.pages=775+of+1082&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-347-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQnpQNKeKKAC%26pg%3DPA775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisen2000" class="citation web cs1">Risen, James (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/041600iran-cia-index.html">"Secrets of History: The United States in Iran"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130125113825/http://www.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/041600iran-cia-index.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Secrets+of+History%3A+The+United+States+in+Iran&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Risen&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Fworld%2Fmideast%2F041600iran-cia-index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegelByrne2018" class="citation news cs1">Siegel, Danielle; Byrne, Malcolm (February 12, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/iran/2018-02-12/cia-declassifies-more-zendebad-shah-internal-study-1953-iran-coup">"CIA declassifies more of "Zendebad, Shah!" – internal study of 1953 Iran coup"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CIA+declassifies+more+of+%22Zendebad%2C+Shah%21%22+%E2%80%93+internal+study+of+1953+Iran+coup&rft.date=2018-02-12&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft.au=Byrne%2C+Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fbriefing-book%2Firan%2F2018-02-12%2Fcia-declassifies-more-zendebad-shah-internal-study-1953-iran-coup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylvanMajeski2009" class="citation book cs1">Sylvan, David; Majeski, Stephen (2009). U.S. Foreign Policy in Perspective: Clients, Enemies and Empire. London: Routledge. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-70134-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-70134-1"><bdi>978-0-415-70134-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/259970287">259970287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Foreign+Policy+in+Perspective%3A+Clients%2C+Enemies+and+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F259970287&rft.isbn=978-0-415-70134-1&rft.aulast=Sylvan&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Majeski%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne2013" class="citation news cs1">Byrne, Malcolm (August 19, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/08/19/cia-admits-it-was-behind-irans-coup/">"CIA Admits It Was Behind Iran's Coup"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Policy (magazine)">Foreign Policy</a>. 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Washington, D.C.: National Security Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124234222/http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB4/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=overview&rft.btitle=CIA+and+Assassinations%3A+The+Guatemala+1954+Documents&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=National+Security+Archive+Electronic+Briefing+Book&rft.pub=National+Security+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB4%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-talbot-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-talbot_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-talbot_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-talbot_114-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2025" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, David (2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MeE_BgAAQBAJ">The Devil's Chessboard: Allen Dulles, the CIA, and the Rise of America's Secret Government</a>. 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The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+Apology+for+a+Guatemalan+Coup%2C+57+Years+Later+%28Published+2011%29&rft.date=2011-10-21&rft.aulast=Malkin&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F10%2F21%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fan-apology-for-a-guatemalan-coup-57-years-later.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Saunders, Bonnie, "The United States and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Nationalism">Arab Nationalism</a>: The Syrian Case, 1953–1960," (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1996), p. 49 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylvanMajeski2009" class="citation web cs1">Sylvan, David; Majeski, Stephen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us-foreign-policy-perspective.org/index.php?id=328&L=0">"U.S. Foreign Policy in Perspective: Clients, Enemies and Empire"</a>. 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Zed Books. pp. 86–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-369-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-369-7"><bdi>978-1-84277-369-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killing+Hope%3A+US+Military+and+CIA+Interventions+Since+World+War+II&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-369-7&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-IbQvd13uToC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Saunders, Bonnie, "The United States and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Nationalism">Arab Nationalism</a>: The Syrian Case, 1953–1960," (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1996), p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenton-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fenton_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenton_123-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenton2003" class="citation news cs1">Fenton, Ben (September 26, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150603144326/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/sep/27/uk.syria1">"Documents show White House and No 10 conspired over oil-fuelled invasion plan"</a>. 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The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. 51–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9"><bdi>978-1-5036-1382-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paranoid+Style+in+American+Diplomacy%3A+Oil+and+Arab+Nationalism+in+Iraq&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-1382-9&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2015" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Bryan R. (2015). Sold Out? US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 18–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48711-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48711-7"><bdi>978-1-137-48711-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sold+Out%3F+US+Foreign+Policy%2C+Iraq%2C+the+Kurds%2C+and+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-137-48711-7&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Bryan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osgood_pp._21–23-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osgood_pp._21–23_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osgood_pp._21–23_134-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osgood_pp._21–23_134-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osgood_pp._21–23_134-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osgood_pp._21–23_134-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsgood2009" class="citation book cs1">Osgood, Kenneth (2009). "Eisenhower and regime change in Iraq: the United States and the Iraqi Revolution of 1958". America and Iraq: Policy-making, Intervention and Regional Politics. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 21–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134036721" title="Special:BookSources/9781134036721"><bdi>9781134036721</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eisenhower+and+regime+change+in+Iraq%3A+the+United+States+and+the+Iraqi+Revolution+of+1958&rft.btitle=America+and+Iraq%3A+Policy-making%2C+Intervention+and+Regional+Politics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781134036721&rft.aulast=Osgood&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2015" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Bryan R. (2015). Sold Out? US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48711-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48711-7"><bdi>978-1-137-48711-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sold+Out%3F+US+Foreign+Policy%2C+Iraq%2C+the+Kurds%2C+and+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-137-48711-7&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Bryan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osgood_p._16-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osgood_p._16_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osgood_p._16_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsgood2009" class="citation book cs1">Osgood, Kenneth (2009). "Eisenhower and regime change in Iraq: the United States and the Iraqi Revolution of 1958". America and Iraq: Policy-making, Intervention and Regional Politics. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134036721" title="Special:BookSources/9781134036721"><bdi>9781134036721</bdi></a>. <q>The documentary record is filled with holes. A remarkable volume of material remains classified, and those records that are available are obscured by redactions – large blacked-out sections that allow for plausible deniability. While it is difficult to know exactly what actions were taken to destabilize or overthrow Qasim's regime, we can discern fairly clearly what was on the planning table. We also can see clues as to what was authorized.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eisenhower+and+regime+change+in+Iraq%3A+the+United+States+and+the+Iraqi+Revolution+of+1958&rft.btitle=America+and+Iraq%3A+Policy-making%2C+Intervention+and+Regional+Politics&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781134036721&rft.aulast=Osgood&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSale2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sale_(journalist)" title="Richard Sale (journalist)">Sale, Richard</a> (April 10, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Exclusive-Saddam-key-in-early-CIA-plot/65571050017416/">"Exclusive: Saddam Key in Early CIA Plot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a>. Retrieved April 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Saddam+Key+in+Early+CIA+Plot&rft.date=2003-04-10&rft.aulast=Sale&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FExclusive-Saddam-key-in-early-CIA-plot%2F65571050017416%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2015" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Bryan R. (2015). Sold Out? US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 25–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48711-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48711-7"><bdi>978-1-137-48711-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sold+Out%3F+US+Foreign+Policy%2C+Iraq%2C+the+Kurds%2C+and+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-137-48711-7&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Bryan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2011" class="citation web cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:tm772zz7352/Concessionary%20Regime%20%5be-submit%5d-augmented.pdf">"The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958-1972"</a> (PDF). p. 42. Retrieved May 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Concessionary+Regime%3A+Oil+and+American+Power+in+Iraq%2C+1958-1972&rft.pages=42&rft.date=2011-03&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstacks.stanford.edu%2Ffile%2Fdruid%3Atm772zz7352%2FConcessionary%2520Regime%2520%5Be-submit%5D-augmented.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WH2021_1959_2-140"><a href="#cite_ref-WH2021_1959_2_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2021" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021). The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. 53–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9"><bdi>978-1-5036-1382-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paranoid+Style+in+American+Diplomacy%3A+Oil+and+Arab+Nationalism+in+Iraq&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-1382-9&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2021" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021). The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. 119–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9"><bdi>978-1-5036-1382-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paranoid+Style+in+American+Diplomacy%3A+Oil+and+Arab+Nationalism+in+Iraq&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-1382-9&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarshRautsi2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Karsh" title="Efraim Karsh">Karsh, Efraim</a>; Rautsi, Inari (2002). Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Press" title="Grove Press">Grove Press</a>. pp. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3978-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3978-8"><bdi>978-0-8021-3978-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam+Hussein%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-3978-8&rft.aulast=Karsh&rft.aufirst=Efraim&rft.au=Rautsi%2C+Inari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slugletts_p._327-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Slugletts_p._327_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarouk–SluglettSluglett2001" class="citation book cs1">Farouk–Sluglett, Marion; Sluglett, Peter (2001). Iraq Since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. p. 327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857713735" title="Special:BookSources/9780857713735"><bdi>9780857713735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq+Since+1958%3A+From+Revolution+to+Dictatorship&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780857713735&rft.aulast=Farouk%E2%80%93Sluglett&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft.au=Sluglett%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HistPlace-144"><a href="#cite_ref-HistPlace_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/index-1945.html">"The History Place — Vietnam War 1945–1960"</a>. Retrieved June 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+Place+%E2%80%94+Vietnam+War+1945%E2%80%931960&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyplace.com%2Funitedstates%2Fvietnam%2Findex-1945.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prados2-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Prados2_145-0">^</a> Prados, John, (2006) "The Road South: The Ho Chi Minh Trail", Rolling Thunder in a Gentle Land, editor By Andrew A. Wiest, Osprey Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84603-020-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-84603-020-X">1-84603-020-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW-RoM-Ch03-146"><a href="#cite_ref-HRW-RoM-Ch03_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch2002" class="citation cs2">Human Rights Watch (April 2002), "III. A History of Resistance to Central Government Control", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/vietnam/viet0402-03.htm#TopOfPage">Repression of Montagnards: Conflicts over Land and Religion in Vietnam's Central Highlands</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III.+A+History+of+Resistance+to+Central+Government+Control&rft.btitle=Repression+of+Montagnards%3A+Conflicts+over+Land+and+Religion+in+Vietnam%27s+Central+Highlands&rft.date=2002-04&rft.au=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2002%2Fvietnam%2Fviet0402-03.htm%23TopOfPage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shultz-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Shultz_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShultz2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Shultz" title="Richard H. Shultz">Shultz, Richard H. Jr.</a> (2000), the Secret War against Hanoi: the untold story of spies, saboteurs, and covert warriors in North Vietnam, Harper Collins Perennial</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=the+Secret+War+against+Hanoi%3A+the+untold+story+of+spies%2C+saboteurs%2C+and+covert+warriors+in+North+Vietnam&rft.pub=Harper+Collins+Perennial&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Shultz&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988">, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinzer2007" class="citation book cs1">Kinzer, Stephen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/overthrow00step">Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq</a>. New York: Henry Holt and Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/overthrow00step/page/158">158–166</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-0537-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-0537-4"><bdi>978-1-4299-0537-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overthrow%3A+America%27s+Century+of+Regime+Change+from+Hawaii+to+Iraq&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=158-166&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-0537-4&rft.aulast=Kinzer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foverthrow00step&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/01/archives/us-and-diems-overthrow-step-by-step-pentagon-papers-the-diem-coup.html">"U.S. and Diem's Overthrow: Step by Step"</a>. The New York Times. July 1, 1971. Retrieved July 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+and+Diem%27s+Overthrow%3A+Step+by+Step&rft.date=1971-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F07%2F01%2Farchives%2Fus-and-diems-overthrow-step-by-step-pentagon-papers-the-diem-coup.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNPR_Staff2011" class="citation news cs1">NPR Staff (April 17, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2011/04/17/135444482/50-years-later-learning-from-the-bay-of-pigs">"50 Years Later: Learning From The Bay Of Pigs"</a>. NPR. 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CNA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNA&rft.atitle=CIA+planned+to+assassinate+Raul+Castro+in+1960%3A+Declassified+documents&rft.date=2021-04-17&rft.au=AFP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fworld%2Fcia-plan-assassinate-raul-castro-1960-declassified-pilot-225366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurchett,_William_G.Norodom,_Sihanouk1973" class="citation book cs1">Burchett, William G.; <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom, Sihanouk</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mywarwithciathe00noro/page/105">My War with the CIA: Cambodia's fight for survival</a>. 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Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5247-4881-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5247-4881-4"><bdi>978-1-5247-4881-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lumumba+Plot%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+CIA+and+a+Cold+War+Assassination&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-5247-4881-4&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Stuart+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Lumumba_Plot%2FniGlEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Monte Reel, "A Brotherhood of Spies: The U2 and the CIA's Secret War," (New York: Anchor Books, 2019), pp. 209–210 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965375–377-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965375–377_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoskyns1965">Hoskyns 1965</a>, pp. 375–377. </li> <li id="cite_note-LaFontaine16-170"><a href="#cite_ref-LaFontaine16_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaFontaine1986">LaFontaine 1986</a>, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillafana201772–73-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVillafana201772–73_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVillafana2017">Villafana (2017)</a>, pp. 72–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell201874–75-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell201874–75_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartell2018">Martell (2018)</a>, pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Traugott (1979) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENugent2004233-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugent2004233_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugent2004233_174-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNugent2004">Nugent 2004</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <a href="/wiki/US_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Library of Congress">US Library of Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>, "Laos: The Attempt to Restore Neutrality," <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041031091831/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0039%29">https://web.archive.org/web/20041031091831/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0039%29</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Castle, Timothy, "At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: United States Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955–1975," (<a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, 1993), pp. 32–33 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Castle, Timothy, "At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: United States Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955–1975," (<a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, 1993), pp. 33–35, 40, 59 </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> US Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress Country Studies, "Laos: The Attempt to Restore Neutrality," <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041031091831/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0039%29">https://web.archive.org/web/20041031091831/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bla0039%29</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Castle, Timothy, "At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: United States Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955–1975," (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), pp. 21–25, 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-WHN-180"><a href="#cite_ref-WHN_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKross2018" class="citation web cs1">Kross, Peter (December 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180828204134/http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/military-history/the-assassination-of-rafael-trujillo/">"The Assassination of Rafael Trujillo"</a>. Sovereign Media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/military-history/the-assassination-of-rafael-trujillo/">the original</a> on August 28, 2018. Retrieved January 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Assassination+of+Rafael+Trujillo&rft.pub=Sovereign+Media&rft.date=2018-12-09&rft.aulast=Kross&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfarehistorynetwork.com%2Fdaily%2Fmilitary-history%2Fthe-assassination-of-rafael-trujillo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123002412/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP84-00499R001000100003-2.pdf">"The Kaplans of the CIA – Approved For Release 2001/03/06 CIA-RDP84-00499R001000100003-2"</a> (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. November 24, 1972. pp. 3–6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP84-00499R001000100003-2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 23, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kaplans+of+the+CIA+%E2%80%93+Approved+For+Release+2001%2F03%2F06+CIA-RDP84-00499R001000100003-2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=1972-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Freadingroom%2Fdocs%2FCIA-RDP84-00499R001000100003-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB222/family_jewels_full_ocr.pdf">CIA "Family Jewels" Memo, 1973 (see page 434)</a> <a href="/wiki/Family_Jewels_(Central_Intelligence_Agency)" title="Family Jewels (Central Intelligence Agency)">Family Jewels (Central Intelligence Agency)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cord_Meyer-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Cord_Meyer_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmeringer1990" class="citation book cs1">Ameringer, Charles D. (January 1, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umsl.edu/~thomaskp/plwordab.htm">U.S. Foreign Intelligence: The Secret Side of American history</a> (1990 ed.). Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0669217803" title="Special:BookSources/978-0669217803"><bdi>978-0669217803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Foreign+Intelligence%3A+The+Secret+Side+of+American+history&rft.edition=1990&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0669217803&rft.aulast=Ameringer&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umsl.edu%2F~thomaskp%2Fplwordab.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diplomatic_History-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Diplomatic_History_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIber2013" class="citation journal cs1">Iber, Patrick (April 24, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht041">""Who Will Impose Democracy?": Sacha Volman and the Contradictions of CIA Support for the Anticommunist Left in Latin America"</a>. Diplomatic History. 37 (5): 995–1028. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht041">10.1093/dh/dht041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=%22Who+Will+Impose+Democracy%3F%22%3A+Sacha+Volman+and+the+Contradictions+of+CIA+Support+for+the+Anticommunist+Left+in+Latin+America&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E995-%3C%2Fspan%3E1028&rft.date=2013-04-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht041&rft.aulast=Iber&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fdh%252Fdht041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, B. (January 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/dh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/dh/dht121">"Embracing Regime Change in Iraq: American Foreign Policy and the 1963 Coup d'etat in Baghdad"</a>. Diplomatic History. 39 (1): 98–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht121">10.1093/dh/dht121</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096">0145-2096</a>. <q>While scholars and journalists have long suspected that the CIA was involved in the 1963 coup, as yet, there is very little archival analysis of the question. The most comprehensive study put forward thus far finds "mounting evidence of U.S. involvement" but ultimately runs up against the problem of available documentation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Embracing+Regime+Change+in+Iraq%3A+American+Foreign+Policy+and+the+1963+Coup+d%27etat+in+Baghdad&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht121&rft.issn=0145-2096&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fdh%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2021" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021). The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq. Stanford University Press. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9"><bdi>978-1-5036-1382-9</bdi></a>. <q>What really happened in Iraq in February 1963 remains shrouded behind a veil of official secrecy. Many of the most relevant documents remain classified. Others were destroyed. And still others were never created in the first place.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paranoid+Style+in+American+Diplomacy%3A+Oil+and+Arab+Nationalism+in+Iraq&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-1382-9&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2011" class="citation journal cs1">Matthews, Weldon C. (November 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/kennedy-administration-counterinsurgency-and-iraqs-first-bathist-regime/B4DA680E1CD37E8293DCEE8788C7C826">"The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies" title="International Journal of Middle East Studies">International Journal of Middle East Studies</a>. 43 (4): 635–653. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743811000882">10.1017/S0020743811000882</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6380">1471-6380</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159490612">159490612</a>. <q>Archival sources on the U.S. relationship with this regime are highly restricted. Many records of the Central Intelligence Agency's operations and the Department of Defense from this period remain classified, and some declassified records have not been transferred to the National Archives or cataloged.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Kennedy+Administration%2C+Counterinsurgency%2C+and+Iraq%27s+First+Ba%27thist+Regime&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E635-%3C%2Fspan%3E653&rft.date=2011-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159490612%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1471-6380&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743811000882&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Weldon+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-journal-of-middle-east-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fkennedy-administration-counterinsurgency-and-iraqs-first-bathist-regime%2FB4DA680E1CD37E8293DCEE8788C7C826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2021" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021). The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq. Stanford University Press. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9"><bdi>978-1-5036-1382-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paranoid+Style+in+American+Diplomacy%3A+Oil+and+Arab+Nationalism+in+Iraq&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-1382-9&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolfe-Hunnicutt_2017-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe-Hunnicutt_2017_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe-Hunnicutt_2017_189-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/09592296.2017.1309882">"Oil Sovereignty, American Foreign Policy, and the 1968 Coups in Iraq"</a>. Diplomacy & Statecraft. 28 (2). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>: 235–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592296.2017.1309882">10.1080/09592296.2017.1309882</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157328042">157328042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+%26+Statecraft&rft.atitle=Oil+Sovereignty%2C+American+Foreign+Policy%2C+and+the+1968+Coups+in+Iraq&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E253&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592296.2017.1309882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157328042%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1080%2F09592296.2017.1309882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2015" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Bryan R. (2015). Sold Out? US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. xvii, 58, 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48711-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48711-7"><bdi>978-1-137-48711-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sold+Out%3F+US+Foreign+Policy%2C+Iraq%2C+the+Kurds%2C+and+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=xvii%2C+58%2C+200&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-137-48711-7&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Bryan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahn2011" class="citation book cs1">Hahn, Peter (2011). Missions Accomplished?: The United States and Iraq Since World War I. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195333381" title="Special:BookSources/9780195333381"><bdi>9780195333381</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missions+Accomplished%3F%3A+The+United+States+and+Iraq+Since+World+War+I&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780195333381&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2021" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021). The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq. Stanford University Press. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9"><bdi>978-1-5036-1382-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paranoid+Style+in+American+Diplomacy%3A+Oil+and+Arab+Nationalism+in+Iraq&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-1382-9&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-193"><a href="#cite_ref-:03_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobsen, E. (November 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/dh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/dh/dht049">"A Coincidence of Interests: Kennedy, U.S. Assistance, and the 1963 Iraqi Ba'th Regime"</a>. Diplomatic History. 37 (5): 1029–1059. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht049">10.1093/dh/dht049</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096">0145-2096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=A+Coincidence+of+Interests%3A+Kennedy%2C+U.S.+Assistance%2C+and+the+1963+Iraqi+Ba%27th+Regime&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1029-%3C%2Fspan%3E1059&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht049&rft.issn=0145-2096&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fdh%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCitino2017" class="citation book cs1">Citino, Nathan J. (2017). "The People's Court". Envisioning the Arab Future: Modernization in US-Arab Relations, 1945–1967. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 182–183, 218–219, 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-10755-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-10755-6"><bdi>978-1-108-10755-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+People%27s+Court&rft.btitle=Envisioning+the+Arab+Future%3A+Modernization+in+US-Arab+Relations%2C+1945%E2%80%931967&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E182-%3C%2Fspan%3E183%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E218-%3C%2Fspan%3E219%2C+222&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-108-10755-6&rft.aulast=Citino&rft.aufirst=Nathan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2011" class="citation journal cs1">Matthews, Weldon C. (November 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0020743811000882/type/journal_article">"The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies" title="International Journal of Middle East Studies">International Journal of Middle East Studies</a>. 43 (4): 635–653. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743811000882">10.1017/S0020743811000882</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7438">0020-7438</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159490612">159490612</a>. <q>[Kennedy] Administration officials viewed the Iraqi Ba'th Party in 1963 as an agent of counterinsurgency directed against Iraqi communists, and they cultivated supportive relationships with Ba'thist officials, police commanders, and members of the Ba'th Party militia. The American relationship with militia members and senior police commanders had begun even before the February coup, and Ba'thist police commanders involved in the coup had been trained in the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Kennedy+Administration%2C+Counterinsurgency%2C+and+Iraq%27s+First+Ba%27thist+Regime&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E635-%3C%2Fspan%3E653&rft.date=2011-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159490612%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0020-7438&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743811000882&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Weldon+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0020743811000882%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_196-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, B. (January 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/dh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/dh/dht121">"Embracing Regime Change in Iraq: American Foreign Policy and the 1963 Coup d'etat in Baghdad"</a>. Diplomatic History. 39 (1): 98–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht121">10.1093/dh/dht121</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096">0145-2096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Embracing+Regime+Change+in+Iraq%3A+American+Foreign+Policy+and+the+1963+Coup+d%27etat+in+Baghdad&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht121&rft.issn=0145-2096&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fdh%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2011" class="citation journal cs1">Matthews, Weldon C. (November 11, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/kennedy-administration-counterinsurgency-and-iraqs-first-bathist-regime/B4DA680E1CD37E8293DCEE8788C7C826">"The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime"</a>. International Journal of Middle East Studies. 43 (4): 635–653. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743811000882">10.1017/S0020743811000882</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6380">1471-6380</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159490612">159490612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Kennedy+Administration%2C+Counterinsurgency%2C+and+Iraq%27s+First+Ba%27thist+Regime&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E635-%3C%2Fspan%3E653&rft.date=2011-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159490612%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1471-6380&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743811000882&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Weldon+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-journal-of-middle-east-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fkennedy-administration-counterinsurgency-and-iraqs-first-bathist-regime%2FB4DA680E1CD37E8293DCEE8788C7C826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomer1963" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Komer" title="Robert Komer">Komer, Robert</a> (February 8, 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bwk-oiHeEQzzMTMwYmUzYWQtZWY0ZS00ODYyLWE0NzQtMzU4MTRlMTRmMjdh/view">"Secret Memorandum for the President"</a>. Retrieved May 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secret+Memorandum+for+the+President&rft.date=1963-02-08&rft.aulast=Komer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F0Bwk-oiHeEQzzMTMwYmUzYWQtZWY0ZS00ODYyLWE0NzQtMzU4MTRlMTRmMjdh%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Rositzke later claimed "the CIA's major source, in an ideal catbird seat, reported the exact time of the coup and provided a list of the new cabinet members." See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRositzke1977" class="citation book cs1">Rositzke, Harry (1977). The CIA's Secret Operations. <a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest_Press" title="Reader's Digest Press">Reader's Digest Press</a>. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88349-116-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88349-116-8"><bdi>0-88349-116-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+CIA%27s+Secret+Operations&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Reader%27s+Digest+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-88349-116-8&rft.aulast=Rositzke&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2015" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Bryan R. (2015). Sold Out? US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 59–61, 68–72, 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48711-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48711-7"><bdi>978-1-137-48711-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sold+Out%3F+US+Foreign+Policy%2C+Iraq%2C+the+Kurds%2C+and+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E61%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E72%2C+80&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-137-48711-7&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Bryan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Batatu-201"><a href="#cite_ref-Batatu_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatatu1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Batatu" title="Hanna Batatu">Batatu, Hanna</a> (1978). The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq's Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of its Communists, Ba'thists and Free Officers. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 985–987. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0863565205" title="Special:BookSources/978-0863565205"><bdi>978-0863565205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Social+Classes+and+the+Revolutionary+Movements+of+Iraq%3A+A+Study+of+Iraq%27s+Old+Landed+and+Commercial+Classes+and+of+its+Communists%2C+Ba%27thists+and+Free+Officers&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E985-%3C%2Fspan%3E987&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0863565205&rft.aulast=Batatu&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_202-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2011" class="citation web cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:tm772zz7352/Concessionary%20Regime%20%5Be-submit%5D-augmented.pdf">"The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958-1972"</a> (PDF). pp. 84–85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Concessionary+Regime%3A+Oil+and+American+Power+in+Iraq%2C+1958-1972&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=2011-03&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstacks.stanford.edu%2Ffile%2Fdruid%3Atm772zz7352%2FConcessionary%2520Regime%2520%255Be-submit%255D-augmented.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarouk–SluglettSluglett2001" class="citation book cs1">Farouk–Sluglett, Marion; Sluglett, Peter (2001). Iraq Since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857713735" title="Special:BookSources/9780857713735"><bdi>9780857713735</bdi></a>. <q>Although individual leftists had been murdered intermittently over the previous years, the scale on which the killings and arrests took place in the spring and summer of 1963 indicates a closely coordinated campaign, and it is almost certain that those who carried out the raid on suspects' homes were working from lists supplied to them. Precisely how these lists had been compiled is a matter of conjecture, but it is certain that some of the Ba'th leaders were in touch with American intelligence networks, and it is also undeniable that a variety of different groups in Iraq and elsewhere in the Middle East had a strong vested interest in breaking what was probably the strongest and most popular communist party in the region.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq+Since+1958%3A+From+Revolution+to+Dictatorship&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780857713735&rft.aulast=Farouk%E2%80%93Sluglett&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft.au=Sluglett%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2015" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Bryan R. (2015). Sold Out? US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48711-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48711-7"><bdi>978-1-137-48711-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sold+Out%3F+US+Foreign+Policy%2C+Iraq%2C+the+Kurds%2C+and+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-137-48711-7&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Bryan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCitino2017" class="citation book cs1">Citino, Nathan J. (2017). "The People's Court". Envisioning the Arab Future: Modernization in US–Arab Relations, 1945–1967. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 220–222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-10755-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-10755-6"><bdi>978-1-108-10755-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+People%27s+Court&rft.btitle=Envisioning+the+Arab+Future%3A+Modernization+in+US%E2%80%93Arab+Relations%2C+1945%E2%80%931967&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E220-%3C%2Fspan%3E222&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-108-10755-6&rft.aulast=Citino&rft.aufirst=Nathan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2011" class="citation web cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:tm772zz7352/Concessionary%20Regime%20%5Be-submit%5D-augmented.pdf">"The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958-1972"</a> (PDF). pp. 84–85. <q>One study from 1961 or 1962 included a section on "the capability of the U.S. Government to provide support to friendly groups, not in power, who are seeking the violent overthrow of a communist dominated and supported government." The study went on to discuss providing "covert assistance" to such groups and advised that, "Pinpointing of enemy concentrations and hideouts can permit effective use of 'Hunter‐Killer' teams." Given the Embassy's concern with the immediate suppression of Baghdad's sarifa population, it seems likely that American intelligence services would be interested in providing support to the Ba'thist "'Hunter‐Killer' teams."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Concessionary+Regime%3A+Oil+and+American+Power+in+Iraq%2C+1958-1972&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=2011-03&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstacks.stanford.edu%2Ffile%2Fdruid%3Atm772zz7352%2FConcessionary%2520Regime%2520%255Be-submit%255D-augmented.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2021" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021). The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. 111–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1382-9"><bdi>978-1-5036-1382-9</bdi></a>. <q>The CIA had long employed the method of targeted assassination in its global crusade against Communism. In 1954, a CIA team involved in the overthrow of Guatemalan leader Jacobo Arbenz compiled a veritable "Handbook of Assassination," replete with precise instructions for committing "political murder" and a list of suspected Guatemalan Communists to be targeted for "executive action." In the 1960s, the Kennedy administration made this rather ad hoc practice into a science. According to its special warfare doctrines, covertly armed and trained "Hunter-Killer teams" were a highly effective instrument in the root-and-branch eradication of Communist threats in developing nations. In what became known as the "Jakarta Method"—named for the systematic CIA-backed purge of Indonesian Communists in 1965—the CIA was involved in countless campaigns of mass murder in the name of anti-Communism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paranoid+Style+in+American+Diplomacy%3A+Oil+and+Arab+Nationalism+in+Iraq&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-1382-9&rft.aulast=Wolfe-Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/intelligence/2020-04-06/cia-covert-operations-overthrow-cheddi-jagan-british-guiana-1964">"CIA Covert Operations: The 1964 Overthrow of Cheddi Jagan in British Guiana | National Security Archive"</a>. nsarchive.gwu.edu. Retrieved October 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nsarchive.gwu.edu&rft.atitle=CIA+Covert+Operations%3A+The+1964+Overthrow+of+Cheddi+Jagan+in+British+Guiana+%7C+National+Security+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fbriefing-book%2Fintelligence%2F2020-04-06%2Fcia-covert-operations-overthrow-cheddi-jagan-british-guiana-1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavares2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tavares, Flávio (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QuAXthbq83QC">1961 - O Golpe Derrotado</a> (in Portuguese). L&PM Editores. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788525425874" title="Special:BookSources/9788525425874"><bdi>9788525425874</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1961+-+O+Golpe+Derrotado&rft.pub=L%26PM+Editores&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9788525425874&rft.aulast=Tavares&rft.aufirst=Fl%C3%A1vio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQuAXthbq83QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeveriano,_Mylton2007" class="citation book cs1">Severiano, Mylton, ed. (2007). A ditadura militar no Brasil : a história em cima dos fatos. Brazil: Caros Amigos Editora. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788586821837" title="Special:BookSources/9788586821837"><bdi>9788586821837</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/654432961">654432961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+ditadura+militar+no+Brasil+%3A+a+hist%C3%B3ria+em+cima+dos+fatos&rft.place=Brazil&rft.pub=Caros+Amigos+Editora&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F654432961&rft.isbn=9788586821837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-211"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200320222215/https://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780195375701/pdf/SPD12_US_Support_Brazil_Coup.pdf">"Document No. 12. U.S. Support for the Brazilian Military Coup d'État, 1964"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780195375701/pdf/SPD12_US_Support_Brazil_Coup.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 20, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Document+No.+12.+U.S.+Support+for+the+Brazilian+Military+Coup+d%27%C3%89tat%2C+1964&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Fus%2Fcompanion.websites%2F9780195375701%2Fpdf%2FSPD12_US_Support_Brazil_Coup.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakeley2009" class="citation book cs1">Blakeley, Ruth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/">State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA94">94</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68617-4"><bdi>978-0-415-68617-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Terrorism+and+Neoliberalism%3A+The+North+in+the+South&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-68617-4&rft.aulast=Blakeley&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%2F9780415462402%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2014" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Phyllis R. (August 4, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IeBPBAAAQBAJ">Brazil and the Quiet Intervention, 1964</a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-0162-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-0162-3"><bdi>978-1-4773-0162-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brazil+and+the+Quiet+Intervention%2C+1964&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2014-08-04&rft.isbn=978-1-4773-0162-3&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Phyllis+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIeBPBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Stone, Oliver and Kuznick, Peter, "The Untold History of the United States" (New York, Simon & Schuster, Inc., 2012), p. 350 citing David F. Schmitz, "The United States and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1965–1989" (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2018" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html">The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8886-3"><bdi>978-1-4008-8886-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Killing+Season%3A+A+History+of+the+Indonesian+Massacres%2C+1965%E2%80%9366&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8886-3&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F11135.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelvin2018" class="citation book cs1">Melvin, Jess (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder/Melvin/p/book/9781138574694">The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-57469-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-57469-4"><bdi>978-1-138-57469-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+and+the+Indonesian+Genocide%3A+Mechanics+of+Mass+Murder&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-138-57469-4&rft.aulast=Melvin&rft.aufirst=Jess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FThe-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder%2FMelvin%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781138574694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indoholo-217"><a href="#cite_ref-indoholo_217-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a>, September 30, 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4055185/indonesia-anticommunist-massacre-holocaust-killings-1965/">The Memory of Savage Anticommunist Killings Still Haunts Indonesia, 50 Years On</a>, Time </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Aarons2007" class="citation book cs1">Mark Aarons (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105053952/http://www.brill.com/legacy-nuremberg-civilising-influence-or-institutionalised-vengeance">"Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide"</a>. In David A. Blumenthal & Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.com/legacy-nuremberg-civilising-influence-or-institutionalised-vengeance">The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus Nijhoff Publishers">Martinus Nijhoff Publishers</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA81">81</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004156913" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004156913"><bdi>978-9004156913</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA69">the original</a> on January 5, 2016. Retrieved August 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Justice+Betrayed%3A+Post-1945+Responses+to+Genocide&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Nuremberg%3A+Civilising+Influence+or+Institutionalised+Vengeance%3F+%28International+Humanitarian+Law%29&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9004156913&rft.au=Mark+Aarons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddg0hWswKgTIC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/17/indonesia-anti-communist-killings-us-declassified-files">"Files reveal US had detailed knowledge of Indonesia's anti-communist purge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. October 17, 2017. Retrieved August 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Files+reveal+US+had+detailed+knowledge+of+Indonesia%27s+anti-communist+purge&rft.date=2017-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Foct%2F17%2Findonesia-anti-communist-killings-us-declassified-files&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelvin2017" class="citation web cs1">Melvin, Jess (October 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/telegrams-confirm-scale-of-us-complicity-in-1965-genocide/">"Telegrams confirm scale of US complicity in 1965 genocide"</a>. Indonesia at Melbourne. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a>. Retrieved July 27, 2018. <q>The new telegrams confirm the US actively encouraged and facilitated genocide in Indonesia to pursue its own political interests in the region, while propagating an explanation of the killings it knew to be untrue.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indonesia+at+Melbourne&rft.atitle=Telegrams+confirm+scale+of+US+complicity+in+1965+genocide&rft.date=2017-10-20&rft.aulast=Melvin&rft.aufirst=Jess&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au%2Ftelegrams-confirm-scale-of-us-complicity-in-1965-genocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2017" class="citation news cs1">Scott, Margaret (October 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2017/10/20/uncovering-indonesias-act-of-killing/">"Uncovering Indonesia's Act of Killing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>. Retrieved August 5, 2018. <q>According to Simpson, these previously unseen cables, telegrams, letters, and reports "contain damning details that the U.S. was willfully and gleefully pushing for the mass murder of innocent people."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Uncovering+Indonesia%27s+Act+of+Killing&rft.date=2017-10-26&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Fdaily%2F2017%2F10%2F20%2Funcovering-indonesias-act-of-killing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bevins2017-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bevins2017_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bevins2017_222-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevins2017" class="citation news cs1">Bevins, Vincent (October 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/the-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda/543534/">"What the United States Did in Indonesia"</a>. The Atlantic. Retrieved October 21, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+the+United+States+Did+in+Indonesia&rft.date=2017-10-20&rft.aulast=Bevins&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2017%2F10%2Fthe-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda%2F543534%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-washingtonpost.com-223"><a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadane1990" class="citation news cs1">Kadane, Kathy (May 21, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/05/21/us-officials-lists-aided-indonesian-bloodbath-in-60s/ff6d37c3-8eed-486f-908c-3eeafc19aab2/">"U.S. Officials' Lists Aided Indonesian Bloodbath in '60s"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved August 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U.S.+Officials%27+Lists+Aided+Indonesian+Bloodbath+in+%2760s&rft.date=1990-05-21&rft.aulast=Kadane&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1990%2F05%2F21%2Fus-officials-lists-aided-indonesian-bloodbath-in-60s%2Fff6d37c3-8eed-486f-908c-3eeafc19aab2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2018" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html">The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8886-3"><bdi>978-1-4008-8886-3</bdi></a>. <q>a US Embassy official in Jakarta, Robert Martens, had supplied the Indonesian Army with lists containing the names of thousands of PKI officials in the months after the alleged coup attempt. According to the journalist Kathy Kadane, "As many as 5,000 names were furnished over a period of months to the Army there, and the Americans later checked off the names of those who had been killed or captured." Despite Martens later denials of any such intent, these actions almost certainly aided in the death or detention of many innocent people. They also sent a powerful message that the US government agreed with and supported the army's campaign against the PKI, even as that campaign took its terrible toll in human lives.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Killing+Season%3A+A+History+of+the+Indonesian+Massacres%2C+1965%E2%80%9366&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8886-3&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F11135.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2010" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Bradley (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853">Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7182-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7182-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-7182-5</bdi></a>. <q>Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the army-led massacre of alleged PKI members, and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party's unarmed supporters might not go far enough, permitting Sukarno to return to power and frustrate the [Johnson] Administration's emerging plans for a post-Sukarno Indonesia. This was efficacious terror, an essential building block of the <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> policies that the West would attempt to impose on Indonesia after Sukarno's ouster.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economists+with+Guns%3A+Authoritarian+Development+and+U.S.%E2%80%93Indonesian+Relations%2C+1960%E2%80%931968&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7182-5&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Bradley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sup.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitle%2F%3Fid%3D7853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Stone, Oliver and Kuznick, Peter, "The Untold History of the United States" (New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 2012), p. 352 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bevins2020-227"><a href="#cite_ref-Bevins2020_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevins2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bevins" title="Vincent Bevins">Bevins, Vincent</a> (2020). <a href="/wiki/The_Jakarta_Method" title="The Jakarta Method">The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World</a>. <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541742406" title="Special:BookSources/978-1541742406"><bdi>978-1541742406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jakarta+Method%3A+Washington%27s+Anticommunist+Crusade+and+the+Mass+Murder+Program+that+Shaped+Our+World&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1541742406&rft.aulast=Bevins&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevins2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bevins" title="Vincent Bevins">Bevins, Vincent</a> (2020). <a href="/wiki/The_Jakarta_Method" title="The Jakarta Method">The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World</a>. <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. pp. 238–243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541742406" title="Special:BookSources/978-1541742406"><bdi>978-1541742406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jakarta+Method%3A+Washington%27s+Anticommunist+Crusade+and+the+Mass+Murder+Program+that+Shaped+Our+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E238-%3C%2Fspan%3E243&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1541742406&rft.aulast=Bevins&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Chandler, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClymer2004" class="citation book cs1">Clymer, Kenton (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitedstatescamb00clym">The United States and Cambodia, 1969–2000: A Troubled Relationship</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitedstatescamb00clym/page/n35">21</a>–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415326025" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415326025"><bdi>978-0415326025</bdi></a>. <q>Sihanouk's dismissal (which followed constitutional forms, rather than a blatant military coup d'état) immediately produced much speculation as to its causes. ... most others see at least some American involvement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Cambodia%2C+1969%E2%80%932000%3A+A+Troubled+Relationship&rft.pages=21-23&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0415326025&rft.aulast=Clymer&rft.aufirst=Kenton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funitedstatescamb00clym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Kiernan, Ben</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howpolpotcametop00kier_0/page/300">How Pol Pot Came to Power: Colonialism, Nationalism, and Communism in Cambodia, 1930–1975</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howpolpotcametop00kier_0/page/300">300</a>-301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300102628" title="Special:BookSources/9780300102628"><bdi>9780300102628</bdi></a>. <q>Prince Sihanouk has long claimed that the American CIA 'masterminded' the coup against him. ... There is in fact no evidence of CIA involvement in the 1970 events, but a good deal of evidence points to a role played by sections of the US military intelligence establishment and the Army Special Forces. ... While [Samuel R.] Thornton's allegation that 'the highest level' of the US government was party to the coup plans remains uncorroborated, it is clear that Lon Nol carried out the coup with at least a legitimate expectation of significant US support.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Pol+Pot+Came+to+Power%3A+Colonialism%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+Communism+in+Cambodia%2C+1930%E2%80%931975&rft.pages=300-301&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780300102628&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowpolpotcametop00kier_0%2Fpage%2F300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedyCohenPiehl2016" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, David M.; Cohen, Lizabeth; Piehl, Mel (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u8YaCgAAQBAJ&q=cambodia+war+powers+act.+freedom+deal&pg=PA669">The Brief American Pageant: A History of the Republic, Volume II: Since 1865</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 669. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781305887886" title="Special:BookSources/9781305887886"><bdi>9781305887886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brief+American+Pageant%3A+A+History+of+the+Republic%2C+Volume+II%3A+Since+1865&rft.pages=669&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781305887886&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Lizabeth&rft.au=Piehl%2C+Mel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du8YaCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcambodia%2Bwar%2Bpowers%2Bact.%2Bfreedom%2Bdeal%26pg%3DPA669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2015/08/07/cambodia-u-s-bombing-civil-war-khmer-rouge">"Cambodia: U.S. bombing and civil war"</a>. sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings. August 7, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.tufts.edu%2Fatrocityendings&rft.atitle=Cambodia%3A+U.S.+bombing+and+civil+war&rft.date=2015-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.tufts.edu%2Fatrocityendings%2F2015%2F08%2F07%2Fcambodia-u-s-bombing-civil-war-khmer-rouge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClymer2013" class="citation book cs1">Clymer, Kenton (2013). The United States and Cambodia, 1969–2000: A Troubled Relationship. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 14–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134341566" title="Special:BookSources/9781134341566"><bdi>9781134341566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Cambodia%2C+1969%E2%80%932000%3A+A+Troubled+Relationship&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781134341566&rft.aulast=Clymer&rft.aufirst=Kenton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/26/archives/cambodians-designate-sihanouk-as-chief-for-life.html">"Cambodians Designate Sihanouk as Chief for Life"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">UPI</a>. April 26, 1975. Retrieved July 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cambodians+Designate+Sihanouk+as+Chief+for+Life&rft.date=1975-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1975%2F04%2F26%2Farchives%2Fcambodians-designate-sihanouk-as-chief-for-life.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/04/05/archives/phnom-penh-says-sinanouk-resigns-reports-exchief-of-state-will-stay.html">"PHNOM PENH SAYS SIHANOUK RESIGNS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">UPI</a>. April 5, 1976. 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BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080124053912/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/264094.stm">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2008. Retrieved February 10, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Jonas+Savimbi%2C+Unita%27s+local+boy&rft.date=2002-02-25&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F264094.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crusade-278"><a href="#cite_ref-crusade_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaston2000" class="citation book cs1">Easton, Nina J. 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Ocean Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cubaunitedstates0000fran/page/212">212</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781875284924" title="Special:BookSources/9781875284924"><bdi>9781875284924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba+and+the+United+States%3A+A+Chronological+History&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Ocean+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781875284924&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcubaunitedstates0000fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson" class="citation web cs1">Peterson, Matt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/assets/media/interactives/2018/02/20/masthead-the-corruption-issue-1/stories/how-an-american-lobbyist-stoked-war-halfway-around-the-world/">"How an American Lobbyist Stoked War Halfway Across the World"</a>. 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Grove Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/certaincurveofho0000walk/page/190">190</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802140685" title="Special:BookSources/9780802140685"><bdi>9780802140685</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Certain+Curve+of+Horn%3A+The+Hundred-Year+Quest+for+the+Giant+Sable+Antelope+of+Angola&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780802140685&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=John+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcertaincurveofho0000walk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-terms-282"><a href="#cite_ref-terms_282-0">^</a> Wright, George. 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Macmillan. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1429933414" title="Special:BookSources/978-1429933414"><bdi>978-1429933414</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerald+R.+Ford%3A+The+American+Presidents+Series%3A+The+38th+President&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1429933414&rft.aulast=Brinkley&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DANVyLKKIp9wC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Simons, Geoff (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indonesialongopp00simo">Indonesia: The Long Oppression</a>. 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Bilquees Press. p. 342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781728795522" title="Special:BookSources/9781728795522"><bdi>9781728795522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quest+for+Sovereignty&rft.pages=342&rft.pub=Bilquees+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781728795522&rft.aulast=Whitehouse&rft.aufirst=Anab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU5l2DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmondale%2Bisrael%2Btimor%26pg%3DPA342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etan.org/news/2006/cavr.htm">"Final Report of the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor"</a>. www.etan.org. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etan.org&rft.atitle=Final+Report+of+the+Commission+for+Reception%2C+Truth+and+Reconciliation+in+East+Timor&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etan.org%2Fnews%2F2006%2Fcavr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/southern-cone/2021-03-23/argentinas-military-coup-what-us-knew">"Argentina's Military Coup of 1976: What the U.S. Knew"</a>. 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Retrieved May 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Security+Archive&rft.atitle=Argentina%27s+Military+Coup+of+1976%3A+What+the+U.S.+Knew&rft.date=2021-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fbriefing-book%2Fsouthern-cone%2F2021-03-23%2Fargentinas-military-coup-what-us-knew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevins2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bevins" title="Vincent Bevins">Bevins, Vincent</a> (2020). <a href="/wiki/The_Jakarta_Method" title="The Jakarta Method">The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World</a>. <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541742406" title="Special:BookSources/978-1541742406"><bdi>978-1541742406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jakarta+Method%3A+Washington%27s+Anticommunist+Crusade+and+the+Mass+Murder+Program+that+Shaped+Our+World&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1541742406&rft.aulast=Bevins&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakeley2009" class="citation book cs1">Blakeley, Ruth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/">State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96">96–97</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68617-4"><bdi>978-0-415-68617-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Terrorism+and+Neoliberalism%3A+The+North+in+the+South&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-68617-4&rft.aulast=Blakeley&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%2F9780415462402%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kissinger2-295"><a href="#cite_ref-kissinger2_295-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2003" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Duncan (December 6, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/dec/06/argentina.usa">"Kissinger approved Argentinian 'dirty war'"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved March 19, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kissinger+approved+Argentinian+%27dirty+war%27&rft.date=2003-12-06&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2003%2Fdec%2F06%2Fargentina.usa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB104/herald.pdf">"Transcript: U.S. OK'd 'dirty war'"</a> (PDF). The Miami Herald. December 4, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Transcript%3A+U.S.+OK%27d+%27dirty+war%27&rft.date=2003-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB104%2Fherald.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-goni2-297"><a href="#cite_ref-goni2_297-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoni2016" class="citation news cs1">Goni, Uki (July 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/22/argentinian-stolen-baby-guillermo-perez-roisinblit">"How an Argentinian man learned his 'father' may have killed his real parents"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved July 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+an+Argentinian+man+learned+his+%27father%27+may+have+killed+his+real+parents&rft.date=2016-07-22&rft.aulast=Goni&rft.aufirst=Uki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fjul%2F22%2Fargentinian-stolen-baby-guillermo-perez-roisinblit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coll-298"><a href="#cite_ref-Coll_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColl2004">Coll 2004</a>, pp. 46, 50–51, 58, 593: "Contemporary memos—particularly those written in the first days after the Soviet invasion—make clear that while Brzezinski was determined to confront the Soviets in Afghanistan through covert action, he was also very worried the Soviets would prevail. ... Given this evidence and the enormous political and security costs that the invasion imposed on the Carter administration, any claim that Brzezinski lured the Soviets into Afghanistan warrants deep skepticism." cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrzezinski1979" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Brzezinski, Zbigniew</a> (December 26, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB396/docs/1979-12-26%20Brzezinski%20to%20Carter%20on%20Afghanistan.pdf">"Reflections on Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan"</a> (PDF). Retrieved June 26, 2021. <q>Accordingly, the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan poses for us an extremely grave challenge, both internationally and domestically. ... we should not be too sanguine about Afghanistan becoming a Soviet Vietnam ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+Soviet+Intervention+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=1979-12-26&rft.aulast=Brzezinski&rft.aufirst=Zbigniew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB396%2Fdocs%2F1979-12-26%2520Brzezinski%2520to%2520Carter%2520on%2520Afghanistan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tobin, Conor (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdhz065">"The Myth of the "Afghan Trap": Zbigniew Brzezinski and Afghanistan, 1978–1979"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_History_(journal)" title="Diplomatic History (journal)">Diplomatic History</a>. 44 (2). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 237–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdhz065">10.1093/dh/dhz065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+the+%22Afghan+Trap%22%3A+Zbigniew+Brzezinski+and+Afghanistan%2C+1978%E2%80%931979&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E264&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdhz065&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=Conor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fdh%252Fdhz065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, December 27, 2007, "Sorry Charlie This is Michael Vickers's War," <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/27/AR2007122702116.html">https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/27/AR2007122702116.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171126130632/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/27/AR2007122702116.html">Archived</a> November 26, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> Riedel, Bruce 2014, "What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979–1989," <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> Press. pp. ix–xi, 21–22, 98–105 </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>, October 1, 2001, Evan Thomas, "The Road to September 11," <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131122133713/http://www.newsweek.com/war-terror-road-september-11-151771">"The Road to September 11"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. October 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/war-terror-road-september-11-151771">the original</a> on November 22, 2013. Retrieved September 2, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=The+Road+to+September+11&rft.date=2001-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fwar-terror-road-september-11-151771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_National_Security_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Security Archive">The National Security Archive</a>, October 9, 2001, "U.S. Analysis of The Soviet War in Afghanistan: Declassified," <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//NSAEBB/NSAEBB57/us.html">https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//NSAEBB/NSAEBB57/us.html</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColl200458,_149–150,_337-304"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColl200458,_149–150,_337_304-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColl2004">Coll 2004</a>, pp. 58, 149–150, 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwans2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Ewans" title="Martin Ewans">Ewans, Martin</a> (December 1, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c9V-AgAAQBAJ&q=afghan+arabs,+cia,+ewans&pg=PA128">Conflict in Afghanistan: Studies in Asymmetric Warfare</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134294817" title="Special:BookSources/9781134294817"><bdi>9781134294817</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+Afghanistan%3A+Studies+in+Asymmetric+Warfare&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-12-01&rft.isbn=9781134294817&rft.aulast=Ewans&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc9V-AgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dafghan%2Barabs%2C%2Bcia%2C%2Bewans%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwans2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Ewans" title="Martin Ewans">Ewans, Martin</a> (September 5, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BREUv91DebIC&q=Ewans,+%22Afghanistan+--+A+New+History.%22&pg=PP1">Afghanistan – A New History</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136803390" title="Special:BookSources/9781136803390"><bdi>9781136803390</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+%E2%80%93+A+New+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-09-05&rft.isbn=9781136803390&rft.aulast=Ewans&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBREUv91DebIC%26q%3DEwans%2C%2B%2522Afghanistan%2B--%2BA%2BNew%2BHistory.%2522%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergenTiedemann2013" class="citation book cs1">Bergen, Peter; Tiedemann, Katherine (February 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dvtQI1aANTIC">Talibanistan</a>. Oup USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199893096" title="Special:BookSources/9780199893096"><bdi>9780199893096</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talibanistan&rft.pub=Oup+USA&rft.date=2013-02-14&rft.isbn=9780199893096&rft.aulast=Bergen&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Tiedemann%2C+Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdvtQI1aANTIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB389/">"The Haqqani History: Bin Ladin's Advocate Inside the Taliban"</a>. nsarchive.gwu.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nsarchive.gwu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Haqqani+History%3A+Bin+Ladin%27s+Advocate+Inside+the+Taliban&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB389%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKepel2018" class="citation book cs1">Kepel, Gilles (August 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=kepel,+bin+laden,+cia">Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam</a>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845112578" title="Special:BookSources/9781845112578"><bdi>9781845112578</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+The+Trail+of+Political+Islam&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2018-08-09&rft.isbn=9781845112578&rft.aulast=Kepel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOLvTNk75hUoC%26q%3Dkepel%2C%2Bbin%2Bladen%2C%2Bcia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2005" class="citation news cs1">Cook, Robin (July 8, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jul/08/july7.development">"The struggle against terrorism cannot be won by military means"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050710025703/http://www.guardian.co.uk/terrorism/story/0%2C12780%2C1523838%2C00.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2005. Retrieved July 8, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+struggle+against+terrorism+cannot+be+won+by+military+means&rft.date=2005-07-08&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2005%2Fjul%2F08%2Fjuly7.development&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130324142230/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1670089.stm">"Al-Qaeda's Origins and Links"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. July 20, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1670089.stm">the original</a> on March 24, 2013. <q>During the anti-Soviet jihad Bin Laden and his fighters received American and Saudi funding. Some analysts believe Bin Laden himself had security training from the CIA.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Al-Qaeda%27s+Origins+and+Links&rft.date=2004-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F1670089.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160718060636/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/3340101/t/bin-laden-comes-home-roost">"Bin Laden Comes Home to Roost: His CIA Ties Are Only the Beginning of a Woeful Story"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. August 24, 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3340101#.WsHDwYXfjvY">the original</a> on July 18, 2016. <q>By 1984, [bin Laden] was running a front organization known as <a href="/wiki/Maktab_al-Khidamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Maktab al-Khidamar">Maktab al-Khidamar</a> – the MAK – which funneled money, arms and fighters from the outside world into the Afghan war. What the CIA bio conveniently fails to specify (in its unclassified form, at least) is that the MAK was nurtured by Pakistan's state security services, the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> agency, or ISI, the CIA's primary conduit for conducting the covert war against Moscow's occupation [...] So bin Laden, along with a small group of Islamic militants from Egypt, Pakistan, Lebanon, Syria and Palestinian refugee camps all over the Middle East, became the 'reliable' partners of the CIA in its war against Moscow.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bin+Laden+Comes+Home+to+Roost%3A+His+CIA+Ties+Are+Only+the+Beginning+of+a+Woeful+Story&rft.date=1998-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna3340101%23.WsHDwYXfjvY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner1998" class="citation news cs1">Weiner, Tim (August 24, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/24/world/afghan-camps-hidden-in-hills-stymied-soviet-attacks-for-years.html">"Afghan Camps, Hidden in Hills, Stymied Soviet Attacks for Years"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180402224817/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/24/world/afghan-camps-hidden-in-hills-stymied-soviet-attacks-for-years.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2018. <q>And some of the same warriors who fought the Soviets with the C.I.A.'s help are now fighting under Mr. bin Laden's banner.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Afghan+Camps%2C+Hidden+in+Hills%2C+Stymied+Soviet+Attacks+for+Years&rft.date=1998-08-24&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F08%2F24%2Fworld%2Fafghan-camps-hidden-in-hills-stymied-soviet-attacks-for-years.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColl200487-314"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColl200487_314-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColl2004">Coll 2004</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergen2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bergen" title="Peter Bergen">Bergen, Peter</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWI7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42">The Rise and Fall of Osama bin Laden</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-7052-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-7052-3"><bdi>978-1-9821-7052-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Osama+bin+Laden&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-9821-7052-3&rft.aulast=Bergen&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmWI7EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHegghammer2020" class="citation book cs1">Hegghammer, Thomas (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7FfPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA183">The Caravan: Abdallah Azzam and the Rise of Global Jihad</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781139049375">10.1017/9781139049375</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76595-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76595-4"><bdi>978-0-521-76595-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214002117">214002117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caravan%3A+Abdallah+Azzam+and+the+Rise+of+Global+Jihad&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214002117%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781139049375&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76595-4&rft.aulast=Hegghammer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7FfPDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Burke" title="Jason Burke">Burke, Jason</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda:_Casting_a_Shadow_of_Terror" title="Al-Qaeda: Casting a Shadow of Terror">Al-Qaeda: The True Story of Radical Islam</a> (3rd ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-103136-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-103136-1"><bdi>978-0-14-103136-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Qaeda%3A+The+True+Story+of+Radical+Islam&rft.place=London&rft.pages=59&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-14-103136-1&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColl2004232–233,_238-318"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColl2004232–233,_238_318-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColl2004">Coll 2004</a>, pp. 232–233, 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_J._MacEachin" class="citation web cs1">Douglas J. MacEachin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/books-monographs/us-intelligence-and-the-polish-crisis-1980-1981-2/">"US Intelligence and the Polish Crisis 1980–1981"</a>. CIA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Intelligence+and+the+Polish+Crisis+1980%E2%80%931981&rft.pub=CIA&rft.au=Douglas+J.+MacEachin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fresources%2Fcsi%2Fbooks-monographs%2Fus-intelligence-and-the-polish-crisis-1980-1981-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2018" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Seth G. (October 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/going-offensive-us-strategy-combat-russian-information-warfare">"Going on the Offensive: A U.S. Strategy to Combat Russian Information Warfare"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a>. Retrieved December 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies&rft.atitle=Going+on+the+Offensive%3A+A+U.S.+Strategy+to+Combat+Russian+Information+Warfare&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Seth+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csis.org%2Fanalysis%2Fgoing-offensive-us-strategy-combat-russian-information-warfare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arsanjani_2011_p.107-321"><a href="#cite_ref-Arsanjani_2011_p.107_321-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArsanjani2011" class="citation book cs1">Arsanjani, Mahnoush (2011). Looking to the Future: Essays on International Law in Honor of W. Michael Reisman. Leiden Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17361-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17361-3"><bdi>978-90-04-17361-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/806439566">806439566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+to+the+Future%3A+Essays+on+International+Law+in+Honor+of+W.+Michael+Reisman&rft.place=Leiden+Boston&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F806439566&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17361-3&rft.aulast=Arsanjani&rft.aufirst=Mahnoush&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> Richard T. Davies, "The CIA and the Polish Crisis of 1980–1981." Journal of Cold War Studies (2004) 6#3 pp: 120–123. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/1520397041447346">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_F._Domber2008" class="citation book cs1">Gregory F. Domber (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Grtub61ScTgC&pg=PA199">Supporting the Revolution: America, Democracy, and the End of the Cold War in Poland, 1981–1989</a>. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-38516-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-549-38516-5"><bdi>978-0-549-38516-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supporting+the+Revolution%3A+America%2C+Democracy%2C+and+the+End+of+the+Cold+War+in+Poland%2C+1981%E2%80%931989&rft.pages=199&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-549-38516-5&rft.au=Gregory+F.+Domber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGrtub61ScTgC%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], revised as Domber 2014, p. 110 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hlk7BAAAQBAJ&q=%22although+Casey+initiated%22">[3]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomber2014" class="citation cs2">Domber, Gregory F. (August 28, 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uncpressblog.com/2014/08/28/gregory-f-domber-what-putin-misunderstands-about-american-power/">What Putin Misunderstands about American Power</a>, University of California Press Blog, University of North Carolina Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Putin+Misunderstands+about+American+Power&rft.series=University+of+California+Press+Blog&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2014-08-28&rft.aulast=Domber&rft.aufirst=Gregory+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funcpressblog.com%2F2014%2F08%2F28%2Fgregory-f-domber-what-putin-misunderstands-about-american-power%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> MacEachin, Douglas J.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/books-monographs/us-intelligence-and-the-polish-crisis-1980-1981-2/">"US Intelligence and the Polish Crisis 1980–1981."</a> CIA. June 28, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> Cover Story: The Holy Alliance By Carl Bernstein Sunday, June 24, 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> Branding Democracy: U.S. Regime Change in Post-Soviet Eastern Europe, Gerald Sussman, page 128 </li> <li id="cite_note-Executive_Secrets_page_201-203-328"><a href="#cite_ref-Executive_Secrets_page_201-203_328-0">^</a> Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency, William J. Daugherty. page 201–203 </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollelo1990" class="citation book cs1">Collelo, Thomas, ed. (1990) [December 1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.loc.gov/master/frd/frdcstdy/ch/chadcountrystudy00coll/chadcountrystudy00coll.pdf">Chad: a country study</a> (PDF) (Second ed.). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 24–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chad%3A+a+country+study&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.loc.gov%2Fmaster%2Ffrd%2Ffrdcstdy%2Fch%2Fchadcountrystudy00coll%2Fchadcountrystudy00coll.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2013/7/2/us_backed_chadian_dictator_hissene_habre">"U.S.-Backed Chadian Dictator Hissène Habré Faces War Crimes Trial in Historic Win for His Victims"</a>. Democracy Now!. 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Retrieved November 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Hiss%C3%A8ne+Habr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Ftag%2Fhissene-habre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-justice.gov-332"><a href="#cite_ref-justice.gov_332-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/oig/special/9712/appa.htm">"Appendix A: Background on United States Funding of the Contras"</a>. U.S. Department of Justice.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appendix+A%3A+Background+on+United+States+Funding+of+the+Contras&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Foig%2Fspecial%2F9712%2Fappa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-7.pdf">"National Security Decision Directive number 7"</a> (PDF). August 6, 1981. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424044012/https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-7.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Security+Decision+Directive+number+7&rft.date=1981-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Foffdocs%2Fnsdd%2Fnsdd-7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-17.pdf">"National Security Decision Directive number 17"</a> (PDF). January 4, 1982. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424094345/https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-17.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Security+Decision+Directive+number+17&rft.date=1982-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Foffdocs%2Fnsdd%2Fnsdd-17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/documents/d-all-45.pdf">"Presidential Finding authorizing paramilitary activities"</a> (PDF). December 1, 1981. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030205727/http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/documents/d-all-45.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 30, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+Finding+authorizing+paramilitary+activities&rft.date=1981-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brown.edu%2FResearch%2FUnderstanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair%2Fdocuments%2Fd-all-45.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1985" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Hedrick (February 22, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/22/us/president-asserts-goal-is-to-remove-sandinista-regime.html">"President Asserts Goal Is to Remove Sandinista Regime"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160814030115/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/22/us/president-asserts-goal-is-to-remove-sandinista-regime.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=President+Asserts+Goal+Is+to+Remove+Sandinista+Regime&rft.date=1985-02-22&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Hedrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1985%2F02%2F22%2Fus%2Fpresident-asserts-goal-is-to-remove-sandinista-regime.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/contras">"Contras"</a>. Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019145304/http://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/contras">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contras&rft.pub=Terrorism+Research+and+Analysis+Consortium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trackingterrorism.org%2Fgroup%2Fcontras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/60879.html#2c">"U.S. Orders Probe of CIA Terror Manual"</a>. Facts on File World News Digest. October 19, 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060531103945/http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/60879.html#2c">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2006 – via Live Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facts+on+File+World+News+Digest&rft.atitle=U.S.+Orders+Probe+of+CIA+Terror+Manual&rft.date=1984-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbailey83221.livejournal.com%2F60879.html%232c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/18/world/oct-10-assault-on-nicaraguans-is-laid-to-cia.html">"OCT. 10 ASSAULT ON NICARAGUANS IS LAID TO C.I.A."</a> The New York Times. April 18, 1984.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=OCT.+10+ASSAULT+ON+NICARAGUANS+IS+LAID+TO+C.I.A.&rft.date=1984-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F04%2F18%2Fworld%2Foct-10-assault-on-nicaraguans-is-laid-to-cia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward2005" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, Bob (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61458429">Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981–1987</a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-7403-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-7403-2"><bdi>0-7432-7403-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61458429">61458429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veil%3A+The+Secret+Wars+of+the+CIA%2C+1981%E2%80%931987&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61458429&rft.isbn=0-7432-7403-2&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F61458429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> Gilbert, Dennis, "Sandinistas: The Party and The Revolution," Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988, p. 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcManusToth1986" class="citation news cs1">McManus, Doyle; Toth, Robert C. (March 5, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-03-05-mn-12633-story.html">"Setback for Contras: CIA Mining of Harbors 'a Fiasco'"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131218102454/http://articles.latimes.com/1985-03-05/news/mn-12633_1_harbor-mining">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Setback+for+Contras%3A+CIA+Mining+of+Harbors+%27a+Fiasco%27&rft.date=1986-03-05&rft.aulast=McManus&rft.aufirst=Doyle&rft.au=Toth%2C+Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1985-03-05-mn-12633-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150301210929/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/?sum=367&p1=3&p2=3&case=70&p3=5">"Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America)"</a>. International Court of Justice. June 27, 1986. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/?sum=367&p1=3&p2=3&case=70&p3=5">the original</a> on March 1, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Military+and+Paramilitary+Activities+in+and+against+Nicaragua+%28Nicaragua+v.+United+States+of+America%29&rft.pub=International+Court+of+Justice&rft.date=1986-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fdocket%2F%3Fsum%3D367%26p1%3D3%26p2%3D3%26case%3D70%26p3%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/10/world/iran-contra-hearings-boland-amendments-what-they-provided.html">"Iran-Contra Hearings; Boland Amendments: What They Provided"</a>. The New York Times. July 10, 1987. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531164036/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/10/world/iran-contra-hearings-boland-amendments-what-they-provided.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Iran-Contra+Hearings%3B+Boland+Amendments%3A+What+They+Provided&rft.date=1987-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F07%2F10%2Fworld%2Firan-contra-hearings-boland-amendments-what-they-provided.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/27/newsid_2520000/2520169.stm">"1986: US guilty of backing Contras"</a>. On This Day – 27 June. BBC News. June 27, 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922162721/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/27/newsid_2520000/2520169.stm">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=On+This+Day+%E2%80%93+27+June&rft.atitle=1986%3A+US+guilty+of+backing+Contras&rft.date=1986-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjune%2F27%2Fnewsid_2520000%2F2520169.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/16/opinion/l-nicaraguan-vote-free-fair-hotly-contested-089345.html">"Nicaraguan Vote: 'Free, Fair, Hotly Contested,'"</a>. The New York Times. November 16, 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701011437/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/16/opinion/l-nicaraguan-vote-free-fair-hotly-contested-089345.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nicaraguan+Vote%3A+%27Free%2C+Fair%2C+Hotly+Contested%2C%27&rft.date=1984-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F11%2F16%2Fopinion%2Fl-nicaraguan-vote-free-fair-hotly-contested-089345.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeamish1989" class="citation news cs1">Beamish, Rita (November 8, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/43da45651156d0de56c194d0adc72263">"Bush Will Lift Trade Embargo if Nicaraguan Opposition Candidate Wins"</a>. Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bush+Will+Lift+Trade+Embargo+if+Nicaraguan+Opposition+Candidate+Wins&rft.date=1989-11-08&rft.aulast=Beamish&rft.aufirst=Rita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F43da45651156d0de56c194d0adc72263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastro1992" class="citation book cs1">Castro, Vanessa (September 1992). The 1990 Elections in Nicaragua and Their Aftermath. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1990+Elections+in+Nicaragua+and+Their+Aftermath&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1992-09&rft.aulast=Castro&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73891981.html?dids=73891981:73891981&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+09%2C+1989&author=John+M.+Goshko%3B+Ann+Devroy&pub=The+Washington+Post+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=U.S.+Endorses+Contra+Plan+as+Prod+to+Democracy+in+Nicaragua&pqatl=google">"U.S. Endorses Contra Plan as Prod to Democracy in Nicaragua"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130206094847/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73891981.html?dids=73891981:73891981&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+09%2C+1989&author=John+M.+Goshko%3B+Ann+Devroy&pub=The+Washington+Post+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=U.S.+Endorses+Contra+Plan+as+Prod+to+Democracy+in+Nicaragua&pqatl=google">Archived</a> February 6, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Washington Post, 9 August 1989 </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/30/world/medals-outnumber-gi-s-in-grenada-assault.html">"Medals Outnumber G.I.s in Grenada Assault"</a>. The New York Times. March 30, 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213084434/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/30/world/medals-outnumber-gi-s-in-grenada-assault.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Medals+Outnumber+G.I.s+in+Grenada+Assault&rft.date=1984-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F03%2F30%2Fworld%2Fmedals-outnumber-gi-s-in-grenada-assault.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2008" class="citation report cs1">Stewart, Richard W. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/grenada/urgent_fury.pdf">Operation Urgent Fury: The Invasion of Grenada, October 1983</a> (PDF) (Report). 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Federation of American Scientists (published May 30, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014809/https://fas.org/news/iraq/1991/910404-179249.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft.atitle=US+Forces+Won%27t+Intervene+in+Iraq%27s+Civil+War.+%22President+Bush+firmly+reiterated+that+he+does+not+want+US+military+forces+to+be+involved+in+Iraq%27s+internal+turmoil%22.&rft.date=1991-04-04&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Dian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fnews%2Firaq%2F1991%2F910404-179249.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wounds-369"><a href="#cite_ref-wounds_369-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/09/world/middleeast/iraqi-shiite-anger-at-united-states-remains-strong.html">A Long-Awaited Apology for Shiites, but the Wounds Run Deep</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426165737/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/09/world/middleeast/iraqi-shiite-anger-at-united-states-remains-strong.html">Archived</a> April 26, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The New York Times, November 8, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-inaction-370"><a href="#cite_ref-inaction_370-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/national/article/Uprising-in-Iraq-may-be-slow-because-of-U-S-1111482.php">"Uprising in Iraq may be slow because of U.S. inaction in 1991"</a>. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. April 4, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201190456/http://www.seattlepi.com/national/article/Uprising-in-Iraq-may-be-slow-because-of-U-S-1111482.php">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Post-Intelligencer&rft.atitle=Uprising+in+Iraq+may+be+slow+because+of+U.S.+inaction+in+1991&rft.date=2003-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Fnational%2Farticle%2FUprising-in-Iraq-may-be-slow-because-of-U-S-1111482.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> United Nations, UN Security Council Resolution 687, April 8, 1991, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.un.org/Depts/unmovic/documents/687.pdf">http://www.un.org/Depts/unmovic/documents/687.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020115805/http://www.un.org/Depts/unmovic/documents/687.pdf">Archived</a> October 20, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> |<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRieff2003" class="citation web cs1">Rieff, David (July 27, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/27/magazine/were-sanctions-right.html">"Were Sanctions Right?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014051343/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/27/magazine/were-sanctions-right.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=Were+Sanctions+Right%3F&rft.date=2003-07-27&rft.aulast=Rieff&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F07%2F27%2Fmagazine%2Fwere-sanctions-right.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakiya1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kanan_Makiya" title="Kanan Makiya">Makiya, Kanan</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicoffearpo00maki">Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, Updated Edition</a>. University of California Press. p. xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92124-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92124-5"><bdi>978-0-520-92124-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republic+of+Fear%3A+The+Politics+of+Modern+Iraq%2C+Updated+Edition&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-520-92124-5&rft.aulast=Makiya&rft.aufirst=Kanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frepublicoffearpo00maki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F_Lv-mj7br0">"A Gulf War Exclusive: President Bush Talking with David Frost"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. Retrieved February 26, 2017. <q>George H. W. Bush: Everybody felt that Saddam Hussein could not stay in office—certainly not stay in office as long as he's stayed in office. I miscalculated—I thought he'd be gone. But I wasn't alone! People in the Arab world felt, with unanimity, that he would be out of there. I think all observers felt that (event occurs at 45:14).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=A+Gulf+War+Exclusive%3A+President+Bush+Talking+with+David+Frost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DF_Lv-mj7br0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyler1991" class="citation web cs1">Tyler, Patrick E. (May 21, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/21/world/after-the-war-bush-links-end-of-trading-ban-to-hussein-exit.html">"AFTER THE WAR; Bush Links End of Trading Ban To Hussein Exit"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152914/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/21/world/after-the-war-bush-links-end-of-trading-ban-to-hussein-exit.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2017. <q>My view is we don't want to lift these sanctions as long as Saddam Hussein is in power," said President George H. W. Bush</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=AFTER+THE+WAR%3B+Bush+Links+End+of+Trading+Ban+To+Hussein+Exit&rft.date=1991-05-21&rft.aulast=Tyler&rft.aufirst=Patrick+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F05%2F21%2Fworld%2Fafter-the-war-bush-links-end-of-trading-ban-to-hussein-exit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/05/20/US-taking-tough-stand-against-Saddam-Hussein/1946674712000/">"U.S. taking tough stand against Saddam Hussein - UPI Archives"</a>. UPI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019213745/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/05/20/US-taking-tough-stand-against-Saddam-Hussein/1946674712000/">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved August 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=U.S.+taking+tough+stand+against+Saddam+Hussein+-+UPI+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1991%2F05%2F20%2FUS-taking-tough-stand-against-Saddam-Hussein%2F1946674712000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> Additional U.S. government officials' statements setting Saddam Hussein's ouster as the precondition for the cessation of sanctions against Iraq, including statements by Robert Gates, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, are provided in Gordon, Joy, 2010 "Invisible War: The United States and the Iraq Sanctions," Harvard University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=978-0674035713">http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=978-0674035713</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427184120/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=978-0674035713">Archived</a> April 27, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accuracy.org/44-autopsy-of-a-disaster-the-u-s-sanctions-policy-on-iraq/">"Autopsy of a Disaster: The U.S. Sanctions Policy on Iraq"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Public_Accuracy" title="Institute for Public Accuracy">Institute for Public Accuracy</a>. November 13, 1998. Retrieved February 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+Public+Accuracy&rft.atitle=Autopsy+of+a+Disaster%3A+The+U.S.+Sanctions+Policy+on+Iraq&rft.date=1998-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accuracy.org%2F44-autopsy-of-a-disaster-the-u-s-sanctions-policy-on-iraq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> For example, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a> stated in March 1997 that "Our view, which is unshakable, is that Iraq must prove its peaceful intentions. It can only do that by complying with all of the Security Council resolutions to which it is subjected"; <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Adviser_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Adviser (United States)">National Security Adviser</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Berger" title="Sandy Berger">Sandy Berger</a> stated in November 1997 that "It's been the U.S. position since the Bush administration that Saddam Hussein comply—has to comply with all of the relevant Security Council resolutions"; and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">UN ambassador</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Bill Richardson</a> stated in December 1997 that "Our policy is clear. We believe that Saddam Hussein should comply with all the Security Council resolutions, and that includes 1137, those that deal with the UNSCOM inspectors, those that deal with human rights issues, those that deal with prisoners of war with Kuwait, those that deal with the treatment of his own people. We think that there are standards of international behavior." </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench1990" class="citation news cs1">French, Howard W. (December 18, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/18/world/haitians-overwhelmingly-elect-populist-priest-to-the-presidency.html">"Haitians Overwhelmingly Elect Populist Priest to the Presidency"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved December 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Haitians+Overwhelmingly+Elect+Populist+Priest+to+the+Presidency&rft.date=1990-12-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Howard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F12%2F18%2Fworld%2Fhaitians-overwhelmingly-elect-populist-priest-to-the-presidency.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitney3202-380"><a href="#cite_ref-Whitney3202_380-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitney1996" class="citation journal cs1">Whitney, Kathleen Marie (1996). "Sin, Fraph, and the CIA: U.S. Covert Action in Haiti". Southwestern Journal of Law and Trade in the Americas. 3 (2): 303–32 [p. 320].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwestern+Journal+of+Law+and+Trade+in+the+Americas&rft.atitle=Sin%2C+Fraph%2C+and+the+CIA%3A+U.S.+Covert+Action+in+Haiti&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=303-32+p.+320&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitney1996">Whitney 1996</a>, p. 321 </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitney1996">Whitney 1996</a>, p. 320 </li> <li id="cite_note-AFIO-WIN-19-03-383"><a href="#cite_ref-AFIO-WIN-19-03_383-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociation_of_Former_Intelligence_Officers2003" class="citation cs2">Association of Former Intelligence Officers (May 19, 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afio.com/sections/wins/2003/2003-19.html#terrirst">US Coup Plotting in Iraq</a>, Weekly Intelligence Notes 19-03</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=US+Coup+Plotting+in+Iraq&rft.date=2003-05-19&rft.au=Association+of+Former+Intelligence+Officers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afio.com%2Fsections%2Fwins%2F2003%2F2003-19.html%23terrirst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2003/05/16/the-cia-and-the-coup-that-wasnt/0abfb8fa-61e9-4159-a885-89b8c476b188/">"The CIA And the Coup That Wasn't"</a>. The Washington Post. May 16, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+CIA+And+the+Coup+That+Wasn%27t&rft.date=2003-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fopinions%2F2003%2F05%2F16%2Fthe-cia-and-the-coup-that-wasnt%2F0abfb8fa-61e9-4159-a885-89b8c476b188%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/307963286">"With CIA's Help, Group in Jordan Targets Saddam; U.S. Funds Support Campaign To Topple Iraqi Leader From Afar"</a>. The Washington Post. June 23, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/307963286">307963286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203071356/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/doc/307963286.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jun+23%2C+1996&author=Lancaster%2C+John%7C%7C%7C%7C%7C%7COttaway%2C+David+B&desc=With+CIA%27s+Help%2C+Group+in+Jordan+Targets+Saddam%3B+U.S.+Funds+Support+Campaign+To+Topple+Iraqi+Leader+From+Afar">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=With+CIA%27s+Help%2C+Group+in+Jordan+Targets+Saddam%3B+U.S.+Funds+Support+Campaign+To+Topple+Iraqi+Leader+From+Afar&rft.date=1996-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F307963286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allawi-386">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allawi_386-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allawi_386-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkley2004" class="citation news cs1">Brinkley, Joel (June 9, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/09/world/reach-war-new-premier-ex-cia-aides-say-iraq-leader-helped-agency-90-s-attacks.html">"Ex-C.I.A. Aides Say Iraq Leader Helped Agency in 90's Attacks"</a>. The New York Times. <q>The Iraqi government at the time claimed that the bombs, including one it said exploded in a movie theater, resulted in many civilian casualties ... One former Central Intelligence Agency officer who was based in the region, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baer" title="Robert Baer">Robert Baer</a>, recalled that a bombing during that period 'blew up a <a href="/wiki/School_bus" title="School bus">school bus</a>; school children were killed.' Mr. Baer ... said he did not recall which resistance group might have set off that bomb. Other former intelligence officials said Dr. Allawi's organization was the only resistance group involved in bombings and sabotage at that time. But one former senior intelligence official recalled that 'bombs were going off to no great effect.' 'I don't recall very much killing of anyone,' the official said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-C.I.A.+Aides+Say+Iraq+Leader+Helped+Agency+in+90%27s+Attacks&rft.date=2004-06-09&rft.aulast=Brinkley&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F06%2F09%2Fworld%2Freach-war-new-premier-ex-cia-aides-say-iraq-leader-helped-agency-90-s-attacks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarah_Nayeri2004" class="citation web cs1">Farah Nayeri (June 1, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050919222145/http://quote.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000085&sid=agdsULUSsCdo&refer=europe">"Allawi, Who Battled Hussein, to Lead Iraq After U.S. Handover"</a>. Bloomberg. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quote.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid%3D10000085%26sid%3DagdsULUSsCdo%26refer%3Deurope">the original</a> on September 19, 2005. 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The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U.S.+secretly+backed+Syrian+opposition+groups%2C+cables+released+by+WikiLeaks+show&rft.date=2011-04-17&rft.aulast=Whitlock&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fus-secretly-backed-syrian-opposition-groups-cables-released-by-wikileaks-show%2F2011%2F04%2F14%2FAF1p9hwD_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandeira2017" class="citation book cs1">Bandeira, Luiz Alberto Moniz (May 30, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xgImDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54">The Second Cold War: Geopolitics and the Strategic Dimensions of the USA</a>. Springer. pp. 54–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-54888-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-54888-3"><bdi>978-3-319-54888-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Cold+War%3A+Geopolitics+and+the+Strategic+Dimensions+of+the+USA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017-05-30&rft.isbn=978-3-319-54888-3&rft.aulast=Bandeira&rft.aufirst=Luiz+Alberto+Moniz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxgImDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-458"><a href="#cite_ref-458">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2011" class="citation news cs1">Morrison, Sarah (April 19, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/ukbased-syrian-tv-station-denies-secret-funding-from-us-government-2269730.html">"UK-based Syrian TV station denies secret funding from US government"</a>. 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Retrieved March 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Security+Council+Approves+%27No-Fly+Zone%27+over+Libya%2C+Authorizing+%27All+Necessary+Measures%27+To+Protect+Civilians+in+Libya%2C+by+a+Vote+of+Ten+For%2C+None+Against%2C+with+Five+Abstentions&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2011-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FNews%2FPress%2Fdocs%2F2011%2Fsc10200.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-al_jaz_command-460"><a href="#cite_ref-al_jaz_command_460-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110320235930/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya-live-blog-march-19">"Libya Live Blog"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. March 19, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/libya-live-blog-march-19">the original</a> on March 20, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libya+Live+Blog&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2011-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.aljazeera.net%2Flive%2Fafrica%2Flibya-live-blog-march-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12796972">"Libya: US, UK and France attack Gaddafi forces"</a>. BBC News. March 20, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110320053754/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12796972">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Libya%3A+US%2C+UK+and+France+attack+Gaddafi+forces&rft.date=2011-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-12796972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn_deployment-462"><a href="#cite_ref-cnn_deployment_462-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/03/19/libya.civil.war">"French Fighter Jets Deployed over Libya"</a>. CNN. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfcnaples.nato.int/resources/24/Documents/UNSCR_1973.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 19, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JFC+NAPLES+%26%23124%3B+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfcnaples.nato.int%2Fresources%2F24%2FDocuments%2FUNSCR_1973.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 </li> <li id="cite_note-464"><a href="#cite_ref-464">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChulov2012" class="citation news cs1">Chulov, Martin (October 20, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/20/muammar-gaddafi-killing-witnesses">"Gaddafi's last moments: 'I saw the hand holding the gun and I saw it fire'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved September 24, 2016. <q>one fighter crouched in the dirt behind the frightened captive and sodomised him with a bayonet</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Gaddafi%27s+last+moments%3A+%27I+saw+the+hand+holding+the+gun+and+I+saw+it+fire%27&rft.date=2012-10-20&rft.aulast=Chulov&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Foct%2F20%2Fmuammar-gaddafi-killing-witnesses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-465"><a href="#cite_ref-465">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/426646115/">"Assad must go, U.S. Republicans say"</a>. Newspapers.com. Agence France Presse. April 29, 2011. Retrieved December 28, 2019. <q>We urge President Obama to state unequivocally, as he did in the case of (Libyan leader Moammar) Gadhafi and Egyptian president Hosni) Mubarak — that it is time for Assad to go.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newspapers.com&rft.atitle=Assad+must+go%2C+U.S.+Republicans+say&rft.date=2011-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F426646115%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-466"><a href="#cite_ref-466">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>, August 18, 2011, "Calling for Regime Change in Syria," <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cfr.org/syria/calling-regime-change-syria/p25677">http://www.cfr.org/syria/calling-regime-change-syria/p25677</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161113114436/http://www.cfr.org/syria/calling-regime-change-syria/p25677">Archived</a> November 13, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-467"><a href="#cite_ref-467">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, August 19, 2011, "World Leaders Urge Assad to Resign: Obama Imposes New Embargo on Syrian Oil Sales as Europe Considers Similar Measures; Crackdown on Protests Persists," <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903639404576516144145940136">https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903639404576516144145940136</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171119063638/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903639404576516144145940136">Archived</a> November 19, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-468"><a href="#cite_ref-468">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, January 25, 2015, "US Changes Its Tune on Syrian Regime Change as Isis Threat Takes Top Priority, Washington Still Hopes Bashar al-Assad Will Be Removed from Power, But Is No Longer Insisting on It As A Precondition for Peace, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jan/25/us-syrian-regime-change-isis-priority">https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jan/25/us-syrian-regime-change-isis-priority</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161113045705/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jan/25/us-syrian-regime-change-isis-priority">Archived</a> 2016-11-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-469"><a href="#cite_ref-469">^</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>, April 23, 2014, "CIA Is Quietly Ramping Up Aid To Syrian Rebels, Sources Say," <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/04/23/306233248/cia-is-quietly-ramping-up-aid-to-syrian-rebels-sources-say">https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/04/23/306233248/cia-is-quietly-ramping-up-aid-to-syrian-rebels-sources-say</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161332/https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/04/23/306233248/cia-is-quietly-ramping-up-aid-to-syrian-rebels-sources-say">Archived</a> April 18, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-470"><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a> The Guardian, March 8, 2013, "West Training Syrian Rebels in Jordan Exclusive: UK and French Instructors Involved in US-Led Effort to Strengthen Secular Elements in Syria's Opposition, Say Sources," <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/08/west-training-syrian-rebels-jordan">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/08/west-training-syrian-rebels-jordan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161210164158/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/08/west-training-syrian-rebels-jordan">Archived</a> December 10, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-471"><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbouzeid2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Abouzeid, Rania (September 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/syrian-opposition-groups-stop-pretending">"Syrian Opposition Groups Stop Pretending"</a>. The New Yorker. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309033429/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/syrian-opposition-groups-stop-pretending">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2018. Retrieved May 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Syrian+Opposition+Groups+Stop+Pretending&rft.date=2013-09-26&rft.issn=0028-792X&rft.aulast=Abouzeid&rft.aufirst=Rania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-desk%2Fsyrian-opposition-groups-stop-pretending&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-472"><a href="#cite_ref-472">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtwan2015" class="citation book cs1">Atwan, Abdel Bari (September 8, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yHolDQAAQBAJ&q=digital+caliphate,+smc&pg=PA106">Islamic State: The Digital Caliphate</a>. Univ of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520289284" title="Special:BookSources/9780520289284"><bdi>9780520289284</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+State%3A+The+Digital+Caliphate&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2015-09-08&rft.isbn=9780520289284&rft.aulast=Atwan&rft.aufirst=Abdel+Bari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyHolDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddigital%2Bcaliphate%2C%2Bsmc%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-473"><a href="#cite_ref-473">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2015" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Colleen McCain (November 19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/obama-says-syrian-leader-bashar-al-assad-must-go-1447925671">"Obama Says Syrian Leader Bashar al-Assad Must Go"</a>. 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Retrieved October 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.atitle=Venezuela%3A+Political+Crisis+and+U.S.+Policy&rft.date=2021-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FAD1148940.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuman2022211–213Quote:_"López_and_a_small_circles_of_allies_began_reaching_out_to_State_Department_officials_with_a_novel_proposal:_Now_that_Guaidó_was_the_leader_of_the_National_Assembly,_he_could_invoke_Article_233_of_the_constitution_to_become_interim_president._The_United_States_and_other_countries_would_recognize_Guaidó_as_Venezuela's_legitimate_head_of_state._That_would_galvanize_the_opposition_and_supercharge_the_effort_to_remove_Maduro._Secretary_of_State_Pompeo_warmed_to_the_idea..._Pompeo_called_Guaidó_and_assured_him_that_he_had_the_support_of_the_U.S._government"-488"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeuman2022211–213Quote:_"López_and_a_small_circles_of_allies_began_reaching_out_to_State_Department_officials_with_a_novel_proposal:_Now_that_Guaidó_was_the_leader_of_the_National_Assembly,_he_could_invoke_Article_233_of_the_constitution_to_become_interim_president._The_United_States_and_other_countries_would_recognize_Guaidó_as_Venezuela's_legitimate_head_of_state._That_would_galvanize_the_opposition_and_supercharge_the_effort_to_remove_Maduro._Secretary_of_State_Pompeo_warmed_to_the_idea..._Pompeo_called_Guaidó_and_assured_him_that_he_had_the_support_of_the_U.S._government"_488-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeuman2022">Neuman 2022</a>, pp. 211–213, Quote: "López and a small circles of allies began reaching out to State Department officials with a novel proposal: Now that Guaidó was the leader of the National Assembly, he could invoke Article 233 of the constitution to become interim president. The United States and other countries would recognize Guaidó as Venezuela's legitimate head of state. That would galvanize the opposition and supercharge the effort to remove Maduro. Secretary of State Pompeo warmed to the idea... Pompeo called Guaidó and assured him that he had the support of the U.S. government". </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCProt-489"><a href="#cite_ref-BBCProt_489-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-46979531">"Protestas en Venezuela: miles de personas participan en manifestaciones masivas contra el gobierno de Maduro"</a>. BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). January 23, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Mundo&rft.atitle=Protestas+en+Venezuela%3A+miles+de+personas+participan+en+manifestaciones+masivas+contra+el+gobierno+de+Maduro&rft.date=2019-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fmundo%2Fnoticias-america-latina-46979531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarchasMasivas-490"><a href="#cite_ref-MarchasMasivas_490-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2019/01/24/las-50-fotos-de-las-masivas-marchas-contra-la-dictadura-de-nicolas-maduro-en-venezuela-y-latinoamerica/">"Las 50 fotos de las masivas marchas contra la dictadura de Nicolás Maduro en Venezuela y Latinoamérica"</a>. Infobae (in Spanish). January 24, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infobae&rft.atitle=Las+50+fotos+de+las+masivas+marchas+contra+la+dictadura+de+Nicol%C3%A1s+Maduro+en+Venezuela+y+Latinoam%C3%A9rica&rft.date=2019-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infobae.com%2Famerica%2Fvenezuela%2F2019%2F01%2F24%2Flas-50-fotos-de-las-masivas-marchas-contra-la-dictadura-de-nicolas-maduro-en-venezuela-y-latinoamerica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuman2022211–217Chapter_23:_"Swearing_In"-491"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeuman2022211–217Chapter_23:_"Swearing_In"_491-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeuman2022">Neuman 2022</a>, pp. 211–217, Chapter 23: "Swearing In". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemarais202231Section:_Hitting_Where_It_Hurts_-_Quote:_"The_United_States_believed_that_regime_change_in_Venezuela_was_possible,_if_not_imminent._To_speed_up_Guaido’s_installation,_the_United_States_looked_no_further_than_sanctions."-492"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemarais202231Section:_Hitting_Where_It_Hurts_-_Quote:_"The_United_States_believed_that_regime_change_in_Venezuela_was_possible,_if_not_imminent._To_speed_up_Guaido’s_installation,_the_United_States_looked_no_further_than_sanctions."_492-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemarais2022">Demarais 2022</a>, p. 31, Section: Hitting Where It Hurts - Quote: "The United States believed that regime change in Venezuela was possible, if not imminent. To speed up Guaido’s installation, the United States looked no further than sanctions.". </li> <li id="cite_note-493"><a href="#cite_ref-493">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith2019" class="citation journal cs1">Galbraith, Jean (July 2019). "United States Recognizes the Opposition Government in Venezuela and Imposes Sanctions as Tensions Escalate". <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_International_Law" title="American Journal of International Law">American Journal of International Law</a>. 113 (3): 601, 608. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fajil.2019.41">10.1017/ajil.2019.41</a>. <q>In a campaign designed to oust Maduro from power, the United States has encouraged foreign governments and intergovernmental organizations to recognize Guaidó and has imposed a series of targeted economic sanctions to weaken Maduro's regime. ... the Trump administration has consistently exempted humanitarian assistance and insisted that the sanctions 'do not target the innocent people of Venezuela. Despite this assertion, Venezuela's economic situation has worsened severely under the prolonged sanctions, and the humanitarian crisis remains devastating.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=United+States+Recognizes+the+Opposition+Government+in+Venezuela+and+Imposes+Sanctions+as+Tensions+Escalate&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=601%2C+608&rft.date=2019-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fajil.2019.41&rft.aulast=Galbraith&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armas-2022-494"><a href="#cite_ref-Armas-2022_494-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmas2022" class="citation news cs1">Armas, Mayela (December 31, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuela-opposition-removes-interim-president-guaido-2022-12-31/">"Venezuela opposition removes interim President Guaido"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Retrieved December 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Venezuela+opposition+removes+interim+President+Guaido&rft.date=2022-12-31&rft.aulast=Armas&rft.aufirst=Mayela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fvenezuela-opposition-removes-interim-president-guaido-2022-12-31%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-495"><a href="#cite_ref-495">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martínez, Deisy (December 30, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://efectococuyo.com/politica/an-de-2015-aprueba-su-extension-por-un-ano-mas-y-elimina-gobierno-interino/">"AN de 2015 aprueba su extensión por otro año y elimina gobierno interino"</a> [2015 NA approves its extension for one more year and eliminates interim government]. <a href="/wiki/Efecto_Cocuyo" title="Efecto Cocuyo">Efecto Cocuyo</a> (in Spanish). Retrieved December 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Efecto+Cocuyo&rft.atitle=AN+de+2015+aprueba+su+extensi%C3%B3n+por+otro+a%C3%B1o+y+elimina+gobierno+interino&rft.date=2022-12-30&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=Deisy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fefectococuyo.com%2Fpolitica%2Fan-de-2015-aprueba-su-extension-por-un-ano-mas-y-elimina-gobierno-interino%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=100" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="bass" class="citation book cs1">Bass, Gary J. (2008). Freedom's Battle: The Origins of Humanitarian Intervention. Knopf Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26929-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26929-4"><bdi>978-0-307-26929-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom%27s+Battle%3A+The+Origins+of+Humanitarian+Intervention&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-307-26929-4&rft.aulast=Bass&rft.aufirst=Gary+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2022" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Marc (2022). Contemporary Latin American Revolutions. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781538163740" title="Special:BookSources/9781538163740"><bdi>9781538163740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Latin+American+Revolutions&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781538163740&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="bert" class="citation book cs1">Bert, Wayne (2016). American Military Intervention in Unconventional War: From the Philippines to Iraq. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-33781-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-33781-7"><bdi>978-0-230-33781-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Military+Intervention+in+Unconventional+War%3A+From+the+Philippines+to+Iraq&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-230-33781-7&rft.aulast=Bert&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevins2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bevins" title="Vincent Bevins">Bevins, Vincent</a> (2020). <a href="/wiki/The_Jakarta_Method" title="The Jakarta Method">The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World</a>. <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541742406" title="Special:BookSources/978-1541742406"><bdi>978-1541742406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jakarta+Method%3A+Washington%27s+Anticommunist+Crusade+and+the+Mass+Murder+Program+that+Shaped+Our+World&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1541742406&rft.aulast=Bevins&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakeley2009" class="citation book cs1">Blakeley, Ruth (2009). State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68617-4"><bdi>978-0-415-68617-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Terrorism+and+Neoliberalism%3A+The+North+in+the+South&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-68617-4&rft.aulast=Blakeley&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="blum" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Blum" title="William Blum">Blum, William</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/Killing_Hope:_US_Military_and_CIA_Interventions_Since_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II">Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-369-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-369-7"><bdi>978-1-84277-369-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killing+Hope%3A+US+Military+and+CIA+Interventions+Since+World+War+II&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-369-7&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="bruzzese" class="citation book cs1">Bruzzese, Anthony (2008). The Origins of Intervention: America, Italy, and the Fight Against Communism, 1947–1953. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-494-46952-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-494-46952-1"><bdi>978-0-494-46952-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Intervention%3A+America%2C+Italy%2C+and+the+Fight+Against+Communism%2C+1947%E2%80%931953&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-494-46952-1&rft.aulast=Bruzzese&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColl2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Coll" title="Steve Coll">Coll, Steve</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Wars" title="Ghost Wars">Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594200076" title="Special:BookSources/9781594200076"><bdi>9781594200076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghost+Wars%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+CIA%2C+Afghanistan%2C+and+Bin+Laden%2C+from+the+Soviet+Invasion+to+September+10%2C+2001&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781594200076&rft.aulast=Coll&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="cooley" class="citation book cs1">Cooley, Alexander (2012). Great Games, Local Rules: The New Power Contest in Central Asia. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-981200-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-981200-4"><bdi>978-0-19-981200-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Games%2C+Local+Rules%3A+The+New+Power+Contest+in+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-981200-4&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="cullinane" class="citation book cs1">Cullinane, Michael (2012). Liberty and American Anti-Imperialism: 1898–1909. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00257-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00257-0"><bdi>978-1-137-00257-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty+and+American+Anti-Imperialism%3A+1898%E2%80%931909&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-137-00257-0&rft.aulast=Cullinane&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemarais2022" class="citation book cs1">Demarais, Agathe (2022). Backfire: How Sanctions Reshape the World Against U.S. Interests. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231199902" title="Special:BookSources/9780231199902"><bdi>9780231199902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Backfire%3A+How+Sanctions+Reshape+the+World+Against+U.S.+Interests&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780231199902&rft.aulast=Demarais&rft.aufirst=Agathe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownes2021" class="citation book cs1">Downes, Alexander B. (2021). Catastrophic Success: Why Foreign-Imposed Regime Change Goes Wrong. Ithaca London: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501761140" title="Special:BookSources/9781501761140"><bdi>9781501761140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catastrophic+Success%3A+Why+Foreign-Imposed+Regime+Change+Goes+Wrong&rft.place=Ithaca+London&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781501761140&rft.aulast=Downes&rft.aufirst=Alexander+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="foner1" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_S._Foner" title="Philip S. Foner">Foner, Philip</a> (1972). The Spanish–Cuban–American War and the Birth of American Imperialism Vol. 1: 1895–1898. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-266-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-266-9"><bdi>978-0-85345-266-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish%E2%80%93Cuban%E2%80%93American+War+and+the+Birth+of+American+Imperialism+Vol.+1%3A+1895%E2%80%931898&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-85345-266-9&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="foner2" class="citation book cs1">Foner, Philip (1972). The Spanish–Cuban–American War and the Birth of American Imperialism Vol. 2: 1898–1902. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-267-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-267-6"><bdi>978-0-85345-267-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish%E2%80%93Cuban%E2%80%93American+War+and+the+Birth+of+American+Imperialism+Vol.+2%3A+1898%E2%80%931902&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-85345-267-6&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="fouskas" class="citation book cs1">Fouskas, Vassilis; Gökay, Bülent (2005). The New American Imperialism: Bush's War on Terror and Blood for Oil. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98476-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98476-2"><bdi>978-0-275-98476-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+American+Imperialism%3A+Bush%27s+War+on+Terror+and+Blood+for+Oil&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98476-2&rft.aulast=Fouskas&rft.aufirst=Vassilis&rft.au=G%C3%B6kay%2C+B%C3%BClent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="grow" class="citation book cs1">Grow, Michael (2008). U.S. Presidents and Latin American Interventions: Pursuing Regime Change in the Cold War. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1586-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1586-5"><bdi>978-0-7006-1586-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Presidents+and+Latin+American+Interventions%3A+Pursuing+Regime+Change+in+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1586-5&rft.aulast=Grow&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="harland" class="citation book cs1">Harland, Michael (2013). Democratic Vanguardism: Modernity, Intervention, and the Making of the Bush Doctrine. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7970-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7970-3"><bdi>978-0-7391-7970-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Vanguardism%3A+Modernity%2C+Intervention%2C+and+the+Making+of+the+Bush+Doctrine&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-7970-3&rft.aulast=Harland&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="hiro" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dilip_Hiro" title="Dilip Hiro">Hiro, Dilip</a> (2014). War Without End: The Rise of Islamist Terrorism and Global Response. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-48556-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-48556-5"><bdi>978-1-136-48556-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Without+End%3A+The+Rise+of+Islamist+Terrorism+and+Global+Response&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-136-48556-5&rft.aulast=Hiro&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoskyns1965" class="citation book cs1">Hoskyns, Catherine (1965). The Congo Since Independence: January 1960 – December 1961. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/414961">414961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congo+Since+Independence%3A+January+1960+%E2%80%93+December+1961&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F414961&rft.aulast=Hoskyns&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJervisLabrosseGoddardRovner2023" class="citation book cs1">Jervis, Robert; Labrosse, Diane N.; Goddard, Stacie E.; Rovner, Joshua (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7312/ali-20448-027/html">Chaos reconsidered: the liberal order and the future of international politics</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fali-20448-027">10.7312/ali-20448-027</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231205993" title="Special:BookSources/9780231205993"><bdi>9780231205993</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chaos+reconsidered%3A+the+liberal+order+and+the+future+of+international+politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Fali-20448-027&rft.isbn=9780231205993&rft.aulast=Jervis&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Labrosse%2C+Diane+N.&rft.au=Goddard%2C+Stacie+E.&rft.au=Rovner%2C+Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.7312%2Fali-20448-027%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="kinzer" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kinzer" title="Stephen Kinzer">Kinzer, Stephen</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/overthrow00step">Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq</a>. Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8240-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8240-1"><bdi>978-0-8050-8240-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overthrow%3A+America%27s+Century+of+Regime+Change+from+Hawaii+to+Iraq&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8240-1&rft.aulast=Kinzer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foverthrow00step&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaFontaine1986" class="citation book cs1">LaFontaine, J.S. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XCA4AAAAIAAJ">City Politics: A Study of Léopoldville 1962–63</a>. 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University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7761-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7761-6"><bdi>978-0-8078-7761-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Orientalism%3A+The+United+States+and+the+Middle+East+since+1945&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-7761-6&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="greenthreat" class="citation book cs1">Little, Douglas (2016). Us versus Them: The United States, Radical Islam, and the Rise of the Green Threat. 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London: Hurst & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849049597" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849049597"><bdi>978-1849049597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Raise+a+Flag&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1849049597&rft.aulast=Martell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxrSXDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DFirst%2BRaise%2Ba%2BFlag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="maurer" class="citation book cs1">Maurer, Noel (2013). The Empire Trap: The Rise and Fall of U.S. Intervention to Protect American Property Overseas, 1893–2013. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4660-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4660-3"><bdi>978-1-4008-4660-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+Trap%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+U.S.+Intervention+to+Protect+American+Property+Overseas%2C+1893%E2%80%932013&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4660-3&rft.aulast=Maurer&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="mcphersonshort" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_McPherson" title="Alan McPherson">McPherson, Alan</a> (2016). A Short History of U.S. Interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-95400-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-95400-3"><bdi>978-1-118-95400-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+U.S.+Interventions+in+Latin+America+and+the+Caribbean&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-118-95400-3&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="mcphersonenc" class="citation book cs1">McPherson, Alan (2013). Encyclopedia of U.S. Military Interventions in Latin America. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-260-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-260-9"><bdi>978-1-59884-260-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+U.S.+Military+Interventions+in+Latin+America&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-260-9&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoulton2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moulton, Aaron Coy (July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.35424%2Frha.149.2013.406">""Amplies Ayuda Externa" Contra "La Gangrena Comunista": Las Fuerzas Regionales Anticomunistas y la Finalizacion de la Operacion PBFortune, Octobre de 1952"</a> ["Extend External Assistance" Against "The Communist Gangrene": The Regional Anti-Communist Forces and the Finalization of Operation PBFortune, October 1952]. Revista de Historia de América (in Spanish) (149): 45–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.35424%2Frha.149.2013.406">10.35424/rha.149.2013.406</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44732841">44732841</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257442076">257442076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Historia+de+Am%C3%A9rica&rft.atitle=%22Amplies+Ayuda+Externa%22+Contra+%22La+Gangrena+Comunista%22%3A+Las+Fuerzas+Regionales+Anticomunistas+y+la+Finalizacion+de+la+Operacion+PBFortune%2C+Octobre+de+1952&rft.issue=149&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2013-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257442076%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44732841%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.35424%2Frha.149.2013.406&rft.aulast=Moulton&rft.aufirst=Aaron+Coy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.35424%252Frha.149.2013.406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuman2022" class="citation book cs1">Neuman, William (2022). <a href="/wiki/Things_Are_Never_So_Bad_That_They_Can%27t_Get_Worse:_Inside_the_Collapse_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Things Are Never So Bad That They Can't Get Worse: Inside the Collapse of Venezuela">Things Are Never So Bad That They Can't Get Worse: Inside the Collapse of Venezuela</a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250266163" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250266163"><bdi>978-1250266163</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Things+Are+Never+So+Bad+That+They+Can%27t+Get+Worse%3A+Inside+the+Collapse+of+Venezuela&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1250266163&rft.aulast=Neuman&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="north" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_North_(socialist)" title="David North (socialist)">North, David</a> (2016). A Quarter Century of War. Mehring Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-69-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-69-3"><bdi>978-1-893638-69-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Quarter+Century+of+War&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-893638-69-3&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNugent2004" class="citation book cs1">Nugent, Paul (2004). Africa since Independence: A Comparative History. New York: Palgrave-MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333682739" title="Special:BookSources/9780333682739"><bdi>9780333682739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+since+Independence%3A+A+Comparative+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave-MacMillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780333682739&rft.aulast=Nugent&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="parmar" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Inderjeet_Parmar" title="Inderjeet Parmar">Parmar, Inderjeet</a>; Cox, Michael (2010). Soft Power and US Foreign Policy: Theoretical, Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-15048-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-15048-8"><bdi>978-1-135-15048-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soft+Power+and+US+Foreign+Policy%3A+Theoretical%2C+Historical+and+Contemporary+Perspectives&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-135-15048-8&rft.aulast=Parmar&rft.aufirst=Inderjeet&rft.au=Cox%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="sandstrom" class="citation book cs1">Sandstrom, Karl (July 18, 2013). Local Interests and American Foreign Policy: Why International Interventions Fail. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-04165-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-04165-6"><bdi>978-1-135-04165-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Local+Interests+and+American+Foreign+Policy%3A+Why+International+Interventions+Fail&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft.isbn=978-1-135-04165-6&rft.aulast=Sandstrom&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="schoonover" class="citation book cs1">Schoonover, Thomas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unclesamswarof180000scho">Uncle Sam's War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization</a>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-4336-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-4336-1"><bdi>978-0-8131-4336-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncle+Sam%27s+War+of+1898+and+the+Origins+of+Globalization&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-4336-1&rft.aulast=Schoonover&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funclesamswarof180000scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="sullivan" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Michael (2008). American adventurism abroad: invasions, interventions, and regime changes since World War II. Blackwell Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7075-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7075-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-7075-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+adventurism+abroad%3A+invasions%2C+interventions%2C+and+regime+changes+since+World+War+II&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7075-8&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li>*Traugott, M. (1979). The Economic Origins of the Kwilu Rebellion. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 21(3), 459–479. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/178542">The Economic Origins of the Kwilu Rebellion</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillafana2017" class="citation book cs1">Villafana, Frank (2017) [1st pub. 2009]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1GRQDwAAQBAJ">Cold War in the Congo: The Confrontation of Cuban Military Forces, 1960-1967</a>. Abingdon; New York City: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4766-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4766-7"><bdi>978-1-4128-4766-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+War+in+the+Congo%3A+The+Confrontation+of+Cuban+Military+Forces%2C+1960-1967&rft.place=Abingdon%3B+New+York+City&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-4766-7&rft.aulast=Villafana&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1GRQDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="wurlitzer" class="citation book cs1">Wilford, Hugh (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mightywurlitzerh00wilf">The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04517-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04517-0"><bdi>978-0-674-04517-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mighty+Wurlitzer%3A+How+the+CIA+Played+America&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04517-0&rft.aulast=Wilford&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmightywurlitzerh00wilf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="wilford" class="citation book cs1">Wilford, Hugh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasgreatgam0000wilf">America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Shaping of the Modern Middle East</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01965-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01965-6"><bdi>978-0-465-01965-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Great+Game%3A+The+CIA%27s+Secret+Arabists+and+the+Shaping+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01965-6&rft.aulast=Wilford&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericasgreatgam0000wilf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Woodward, Bob</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/bushatwar00wood">Bush at War</a>. Internet Archive. New York : Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0473-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0473-6"><bdi>978-0-7432-0473-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bush+at+War&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-0473-6&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbushatwar00wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright_et_al.2010" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Donald P.; Bird, James; Clay, Steven; et al. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/html/bookshelves/resmat/gwot/DifferentKindofWar.pdf">A Different Kind of War: The United States Army in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) October 2001-September 2005</a> (PDF). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Different+Kind+of+War%3A+The+United+States+Army+in+Operation+Enduring+Freedom+%28OEF%29+October+2001-September+2005&rft.place=Fort+Leavenworth%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=Combat+Studies+Institute+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Donald+P.&rft.au=Bird%2C+James&rft.au=Clay%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbookshelves%2Fresmat%2Fgwot%2FDifferentKindofWar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaffe2020" class="citation book cs1">Yaffe, Helen (2020). We Are Cuba! How a Revolutionary People Have Survived in a Post-Soviet World (hardcover ed.). <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 256–260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23003-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23003-1"><bdi>978-0-300-23003-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Are+Cuba%21+How+a+Revolutionary+People+Have+Survived+in+a+Post-Soviet+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E256-%3C%2Fspan%3E260&rft.edition=hardcover&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-300-23003-1&rft.aulast=Yaffe&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=101" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky, Noam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Towards_a_New_Cold_War" title="Towards a New Cold War">Towards a New Cold War</a> (1982) and <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Consent" title="Manufacturing Consent">Manufacturing Consent</a> (1988)</li> <li>Downes, Alexander B. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c-giEAAAQBAJ">Catastrophic Success: Why Foreign-Imposed Regime Change Goes Wrong</a>. Cornell University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Salazar_TorreonSofia_Plagakis2020" class="citation cs2">Barbara Salazar Torreon; Sofia Plagakis (July 20, 2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R42738">Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2020</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108417901" class="extiw" title="d:Q108417901">Q108417901</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Instances+of+Use+of+United+States+Armed+Forces+Abroad%2C+1798-2020&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2020-07-20&rft.au=Barbara+Salazar+Torreon&rft.au=Sofia+Plagakis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrsreports.congress.gov%2Fproduct%2Fdetails%3Fprodcode%3DR42738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+involvement+in+regime+change" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_involvement_in_regime_change&action=edit&section=102" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War16183" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War16183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation Masterdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation Blacklist Forty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Atomica" title="Pax Atomica">Pax Atomica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States545" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States545" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran–United States relations</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Iran,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Iran_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Iran to the United States">Ambassadors of Iran to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Tehran" title="Embassy of the United States, Tehran">Embassy of the United States, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Iran" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Iran">Ambassadors of the United States to Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interests_Section_of_Iran_in_the_United_States" title="Interests Section of Iran in the United States">Interests Section of Iran in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_the_United_States,_Tabriz" title="Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz">Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Near_Eastern_Affairs" title="Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs">Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_Claims_Tribunal" title="Iran–United States Claims Tribunal">Iran–United States Claims Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Directorate" title="Iranian Directorate">Iranian Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Syria_Policy_and_Operations_Group" title="Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group">Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Corridor" title="Persian Corridor">Persian Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Command" title="Persian Gulf Command">Persian Gulf Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_the_Iranian_oil_industry" title="Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry">Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Abadan_Crisis" title="Timeline of the Abadan Crisis">Abadan Crisis Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity,_Economic_Relations_and_Consular_Rights" title="Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights">Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Delawar" title="Exercise Delawar">Exercise Delawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Dark_Gene" title="Project Dark Gene">Project Dark Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Stability_(speech)" title="Island of Stability (speech)">Island of Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad%27s_letter_to_George_W._Bush" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_between_Barack_Obama_and_Ali_Khamenei" title="Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei">Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_conversation_between_Barack_Obama_and_Hassan_Rouhani" title="Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani">Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_leading_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Plan of Action">Joint Plan of Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_nuclear_deal_framework" title="Iran nuclear deal framework">Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Reactions to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Criticism of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Aftermath of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">U.S. withdrawal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">United States support for Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeton_incident" title="Bridgeton incident">Bridgeton incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Ajr" title="Iran Ajr">Iran Ajr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Staunch" title="Operation Staunch">Operation Staunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eager_Glacier" title="Operation Eager Glacier">Operation Eager Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Earnest_Will" title="Operation Earnest Will">Operation Earnest Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prime_Chance" title="Operation Prime Chance">Operation Prime Chance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nimble_Archer" title="Operation Nimble Archer">Operation Nimble Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Praying_Mantis" title="Operation Praying Mantis">Operation Praying Mantis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">February 2019 Warsaw Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Assassination of Qasem Soleimani">Assassination of Qasem Soleimani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Reactions to the assassination of Qasem Soleimani">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_revenge_scenarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen revenge scenarios">Thirteen revenge scenarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_threat_for_the_destruction_of_Iranian_cultural_sites" title="Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites">Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Soleimani" title="Operation Martyr Soleimani">Operation Martyr Soleimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Camp_Taji_attacks" title="2020 Camp Taji attacks">2020 Camp Taji attacks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_after_1979" title="Iran–United States relations after 1979">Incidents after 1979</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Paul_R._Shaffer_and_John_H._Turner" title="Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner">Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Iranian_hostage_crisis" title="Timeline of the Iranian hostage crisis">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe_Conference" title="Guadeloupe Conference">Guadeloupe Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Credible_Sport" title="Operation Credible Sport">Operation Credible Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Caper" title="Canadian Caper">Canadian Caper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter%27s_engagement_with_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini">Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_October_Surprise_theory" title="1980 October Surprise theory">1980 October Surprise theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis_negotiations" title="Iran hostage crisis negotiations">Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_Accords" title="Algiers Accords">Algiers Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_can%27t_do_a_damn_thing_against_us" title="America can't do a damn thing against us">America can't do a damn thing against us</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombings">Beirut barracks bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Franklin_espionage_scandal" title="Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal">Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Robert_Levinson" title="Disappearance of Robert Levinson">Disappearance of Robert Levinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_kill_or_capture_strategy_in_Iraq" title="United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq">United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_raid_on_the_Iranian_Liaison_Office_in_Erbil" title="United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil">United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Jalal_Sharafi" title="Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi">Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Iran%E2%80%93United_States_naval_dispute" title="2008 Iran–United States naval dispute">2008 Naval dispute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Monkey" title="Filipino Monkey">Filipino Monkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cassandra" title="Project Cassandra">Project Cassandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932011_detention_of_American_hikers_by_Iran" title="2009–2011 detention of American hikers by Iran">Detention of American hikers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contents_of_the_United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak_(Iran)" title="Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Iran)">United States diplomatic cables leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Strait_of_Hormuz_dispute" title="2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute">Strait of Hormuz dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93U.S._RQ-170_incident" title="Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident">RQ-170 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Maersk_Tigris" title="MV Maersk Tigris">MV Maersk Tigris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_U.S.%E2%80%93Iran_naval_incident" title="2016 U.S.–Iran naval incident">2016 Naval incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program of Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Timeline of the nuclear program of Iran">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P5%2B1" title="P5+1">P5+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Merlin" title="Operation Merlin">Operation Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charming_Kitten" title="Charming Kitten">Charming Kitten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Hossein_Alikhani" title="Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani">Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou" title="Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou">Arrest of Meng Wanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Iranian_students_at_US_airports" title="Deportation of Iranian students at US airports">Deportation of Iranian students at US airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Iranian_shoot-down_of_American_drone" title="2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone">2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_K-1_Air_Base_attack" title="2019 K-1 Air Base attack">2019 K-1 Air Base attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_United_States_embassy_in_Baghdad" title="Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad">Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Iran_explosions" title="2020 Iran explosions">2020 Iran explosions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Erbil_rocket_attacks" title="2021 Erbil rocket attacks">2021 Erbil rocket attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Natanz_incident" title="2021 Natanz incident">2021 Natanz incident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaked_Mohammad_Javad_Zarif_audiotape" title="Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape">Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2021_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident">July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2021_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident">August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_U.S.%E2%80%93Iran_naval_incident" title="2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident">2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Erbil_missile_attacks" title="2022 Erbil missile attacks">2022 Erbil missile attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2023_Northeastern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="March 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes">2023 Northeastern Syria clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Rajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Rajan">Seizure of Suez Rajan and St Nikolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_US_bases_in_Iraq,_Jordan,_and_Syria_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on US bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war">Attacks on US bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Erbil_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Erbil attack">2024 Erbil attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_22_drone_attack" title="Tower 22 drone attack">Tower 22 drone attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_interference_in_the_2024_United_States_elections" title="Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections">Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">Legislation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" title="United States sanctions against Iran">United States sanctions against Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_pressure_campaign" title="Maximum pressure campaign">Maximum pressure campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12170" title="Executive Order 12170">Executive Order 12170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12172" title="Executive Order 12172">Executive Order 12172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">Executive Order 13769</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_Executive_Order_13769" title="Reactions to Executive Order 13769">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_travel_ban" title="Trump travel ban">Trump travel ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">Executive Order 13780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13876" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Order 13876">Executive Order 13876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_Libya_Sanctions_Act" title="Iran and Libya Sanctions Act">Iran and Libya Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Nonproliferation_Act_of_2000" title="Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000">Iran Nonproliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran,_North_Korea,_Syria_Nonproliferation_Act" title="Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act">Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Freedom_and_Support_Act" title="Iran Freedom and Support Act">Iran Freedom and Support Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Sanctions_Enhancement_Act_of_2007" title="Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act of 2007">Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyl%E2%80%93Lieberman_Amendment" title="Kyl–Lieberman Amendment">Kyl–Lieberman Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Iran_Sanctions,_Accountability,_and_Divestment_Act_of_2010" title="Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010">Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Freedom_and_Counter-Proliferation_Act" title="Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act">Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Law_113-100" title="Public Law 113-100">Public Law 113-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Nuclear_Agreement_Review_Act_of_2015" title="Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015">Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dames_%26_Moore_v._Regan" title="Dames & Moore v. Regan">Dames & Moore v. Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Diplomatic_and_Consular_Staff_in_Tehran" title="United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran">United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Platforms_case" title="Oil Platforms case">Oil Platforms case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Banki" title="United States v. Banki">United States v. Banki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Markazi_v._Peterson" title="Bank Markazi v. Peterson">Bank Markazi v. Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certain_Iranian_Assets" title="Certain Iranian Assets">Certain Iranian Assets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubin_v._Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran">Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleged_Violations_of_the_1955_Treaty_of_Amity_(Iran_v._United_States)" title="Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity (Iran v. 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Afrasiabi">Kaveh L. Afrasiabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baskerville" title="Howard Baskerville">Howard Baskerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Fallon" title="William J. Fallon">William J. Fallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hook" title="Brian Hook">Brian Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Macmanus" title="Joseph Macmanus">Joseph Macmanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Malley" title="Robert Malley">Robert Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Mull" title="Stephen D. Mull">Stephen D. Mull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_David_Rabhan" title="Erwin David Rabhan">Erwin David Rabhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Rezaian" title="Jason Rezaian">Jason Rezaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Ritter" title="Scott Ritter">Scott Ritter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Wadsworth" title="Craig Wadsworth">Craig Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_R._White_(U.S._veteran)" title="Michael R. White (U.S. veteran)">Michael R. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxana_Saberi" title="Roxana Saberi">Roxana Saberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Abedini" title="Saeed Abedini">Saeed Abedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeid_Aboutaleb" title="Saeid Aboutaleb">Saeid Aboutaleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahram_Amiri" title="Shahram Amiri">Shahram Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirous_Asgari" title="Sirous Asgari">Sirous Asgari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Reza_Banki" title="Mahmoud Reza Banki">Mahmoud Reza Banki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleh_Esfandiari" title="Haleh Esfandiari">Haleh Esfandiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Mirza_Hekmati" title="Amir Mirza Hekmati">Amir Mirza Hekmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezedin_Abdel_Aziz_Khalil" title="Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil">Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrzad_Mirgholikhan" title="Shahrzad Mirgholikhan">Shahrzad Mirgholikhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hosseini_(showman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Hosseini (showman)">Mohammad Hosseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esha_Momeni" title="Esha Momeni">Esha Momeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baquer_Namazi" title="Baquer Namazi">Baquer Namazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamak_Namazi" title="Siamak Namazi">Siamak Namazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahar_Nowrouzzadeh" title="Sahar Nowrouzzadeh">Sahar Nowrouzzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Pahlavi,_Crown_Prince_of_Iran" title="Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran">Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noor_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Noor Pahlavi">Noor Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trita_Parsi" title="Trita Parsi">Trita Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Rajavi" title="Maryam Rajavi">Maryam Rajavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolreza_Shahlaei" title="Abdolreza Shahlaei">Abdolreza Shahlaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shakeri" title="Ali Shakeri">Ali Shakeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoud_Soleimani" title="Masoud Soleimani">Masoud Soleimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morad_Tahbaz" title="Morad Tahbaz">Morad Tahbaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kian_Tajbakhsh" title="Kian Tajbakhsh">Kian Tajbakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karan_Vafadari" title="Karan Vafadari">Karan Vafadari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiyue_Wang" title="Xiyue Wang">Xiyue Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_Zakka" title="Nizar Zakka">Nizar Zakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay" title="List of Iranian detainees at Guantanamo Bay">Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majid_Muhammed" title="Abdul Majid Muhammed">Abdul Majid Muhammed</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v_Iran_(1998_FIFA_World_Cup)" title="United States v Iran (1998 FIFA World Cup)">1998 FIFA World Cup match</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_relations_between_Iran_and_the_United_States" title="Academic relations between Iran and the United States">Academic relations between Iran and the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Islam_(term)" title="American Islam (term)">American Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Iran" title="Anti-American sentiment in Iran">Anti-American sentiment in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Iran" title="CIA activities in Iran">CIA activities in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_copyright_relations" title="Iran–United States copyright relations">Copyright relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_to_America" title="Death to America">Death to America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_containment" title="Dual containment">Dual containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Satan" title="Great Satan">Great Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Hollywoodism" title="International Conference on Hollywoodism">International Conference on Hollywoodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_frozen_assets" title="Iranian frozen assets">Iranian frozen assets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Opposition to military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsor of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">United States and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/650_Fifth_Avenue" title="650 Fifth Avenue">650 Fifth Avenue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Foundation" title="Alavi Foundation">Alavi Foundation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alborz_High_School" title="Alborz High School">Alborz High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Iranian_Studies" title="American Institute of Iranian Studies">American Institute of Iranian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_School_of_Isfahan" title="American School of Isfahan">American School of Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_School,_Tehran" title="Community School, Tehran">Community School, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damavand_College" title="Damavand College">Damavand College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Bethel_School" title="Iran Bethel School">Iran Bethel School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranzamin_School" title="Iranzamin School">Iranzamin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Church,_Tehran" title="Saint Peter Church, Tehran">Saint Peter Church, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_American_School" title="Tehran American School">Tehran American School</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bomb_Iran" title="Bomb Iran">Bomb Iran</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_(book)" title="Overthrow (book)">Overthrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_for_the_Faint_of_Heart" title="Not for the Faint of Heart">Not for the Faint of Heart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-r6hmk","wgBackendResponseTime":162,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.081","walltime":"4.473","ppvisitednodes":{"value":29877,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":975794,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":17754,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":132,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1572348,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":4,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3744.380 1 -total"," 54.78% 2051.345 2 Template:Reflist"," 21.95% 821.820 166 Template:Cite_book"," 15.53% 581.395 121 Template:Cite_web"," 9.60% 359.621 83 Template:Cite_news"," 6.49% 242.996 22 Template:Sfn"," 4.15% 155.297 55 Template:Main"," 3.25% 121.823 23 Template:Cite_journal"," 2.88% 107.719 1 Template:Excerpt"," 2.79% 104.544 16 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.673","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12344329,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"1912–1941\"] = 1,\n [\"1940–1945\"] = 1,\n [\"1945–1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAFP2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbouzeid2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbrahamian2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhumada_Beltrán2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkkocOzerkan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmeringer1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmas2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArsanjani2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAssociation_of_Former_Intelligence_Officers2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtkins,_G._PopeLarman_Curtis_Wilson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtwan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaldwin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBandeira2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatatu1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeamish1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBecker\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBecker1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBecker2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeinart2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergen2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergenTiedemann2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBevins2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBevins2020\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFBlakeley2009\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFBlum2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoard2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorger2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrinkley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrinkley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriscoe2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrooke,_James1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrzezinski1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurchett,_William_G.Norodom,_Sihanouk1973\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFBurke2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuzo2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrne2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastro1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandler,_David_P.1991\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFChulov2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCitino2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFClymer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClymer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohenWeinberg2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColl2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollelo1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnolly2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConway2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorera2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCumings2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemarais2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinges2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomber2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglas_J._MacEachin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowd1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDownes2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaston2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmbry2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwans2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwans2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFadaee2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalcke_Martin1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarah_Nayeri2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarouk–SluglettSluglett2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFausoldAlan_Shank1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerran2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisk\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranklin1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuerbringer,_Jonathan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalbraith2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeoghegan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson2015\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFGilderhusrt2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoni2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman,_Amy2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGossman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory_F._Domber2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunaratnaWoodall2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGustafson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHahn2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHegghammer2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerreroKrauss2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerring2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolland1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoskyns1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumanities1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIber2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffeEntous2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJervisLabrosseGoddardRovner2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJones2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKadane1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamLyons2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarshRautsi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeneally1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedyCohenPiehl2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKepel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiernan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiernan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinzer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlippensteinGrim2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnutson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoh1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKomer1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKornbluh1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKornbluhDoyle\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKross2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKullab2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaFontaine1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewLeung2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittle2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakiya1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMalkasian2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalkin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManningCallahanLatanéBrown1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_Aarons2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartínez2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews2011\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMcCann2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCullough1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcManusToth1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcSherry2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelvin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelvin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolotsky,_IrvinWeaver_Jr,_Warren1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrison2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoulton2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMusicant1990\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMéheutPorterGebrekidanApuzzo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNPR_Staff2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Commission_on_Terrorist_Attacks_Upon_the_United_States2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholas_Thompson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNichols2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNugent2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Rourke2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborne,_Milton_E.1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOsgood2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFParker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkinsonCuddyPye2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatterson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Dale_Scott2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Schrijvers2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolgreen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrunier2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuandt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRathmell1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay_Jennings2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRieff2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRisen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRose2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRositzke1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSale2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuels2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaunders2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavimbi1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelden1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeveriano,_Mylton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShishkin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShultz2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegelByrne2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteve_MillerJoseph_Curl2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson,_Robert_Louis1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuster2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSylvanMajeski2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTabahriti2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbot2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTavares2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTed_Galen_Carpenter\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTewolde2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTharoor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTobin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTvedten1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyler1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyler2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTylerBumiller2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Naval_Institute1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValentino2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVillafana2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVitor_II\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVon_Hippel2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiner1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiner1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitehouse2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitlock2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitney1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilford2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2011\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfe-Hunnicutt2021\"] = 7,\n [\"CITEREFWoodward2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodward2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodward2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright_et_al.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYaffe2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYates2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZunes2003\"] = 1,\n [\"Cold_War\"] = 1,\n [\"Post-Cold_War\"] = 1,\n [\"Pre-1887\"] = 1,\n [\"World_War_II\"] = 1,\n [\"bass\"] = 1,\n [\"bert\"] = 1,\n [\"blum\"] = 1,\n [\"bruzzese\"] = 1,\n [\"cooley\"] = 1,\n [\"cullinane\"] = 1,\n [\"foner1\"] = 1,\n [\"foner2\"] = 1,\n [\"fouskas\"] = 1,\n [\"greenthreat\"] = 1,\n [\"grow\"] = 1,\n [\"harland\"] = 1,\n [\"hiro\"] = 1,\n [\"interwar\"] = 1,\n [\"kinzer\"] = 1,\n [\"maurer\"] = 1,\n [\"mcphersonenc\"] = 1,\n [\"mcphersonshort\"] = 1,\n [\"north\"] = 1,\n [\"orientalism\"] = 1,\n [\"parmar\"] = 1,\n [\"sandstrom\"] = 1,\n [\"schoonover\"] = 1,\n [\"sullivan\"] = 1,\n [\"wilford\"] = 1,\n [\"wurlitzer\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 9,\n [\"American imperialism\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 5,\n [\"Bullet\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite Q\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 166,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite interview\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 78,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 119,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 3,\n [\"Cold War\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Covert United States involvement in regime change\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 4,\n [\"How\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 6,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 1,\n [\"Importance section\"] = 1,\n [\"Iran–United States relations\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 55,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 7,\n [\"See also\"] = 21,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 22,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snds\"] = 2,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Very long\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 21,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n1 1 David S. Painter\n1 1 Barbara Salazar Torreon\n2 2 Sofia Plagakis\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","14.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","340","12.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","320","11.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","6.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","5.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","4.4"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","120","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","2.9"],["type","80","2.9"],["[others]","840","30.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-55fd9d4764-wtsgk","timestamp":"20250216190517","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"United States involvement in regime change","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q61671409","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q61671409","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2012-10-08T09:20:56Z","dateModified":"2025-02-14T10:35:01Z","headline":"history of the involvement of the United States with foreign regime changes"}</script> </body> </html>