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J.-C. : Période shishunaga-nanda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-642-320_av._J.-C._:_Période_shishunaga-nanda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transformations_religieuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transformations_religieuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Transformations religieuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transformations_religieuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transformations_sociales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transformations_sociales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Transformations sociales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transformations_sociales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fin_de_la_période_védique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fin_de_la_période_védique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fin de la période védique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fin_de_la_période_védique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Période védique</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 54 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vediese_tydperk" title="Vediese tydperk – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vediese tydperk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="वैदिक सभ्यता – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="वैदिक सभ्यता" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فترة فيدية – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فترة فيدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodu_v%C3%A9dicu" title="Periodu védicu – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Periodu védicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Веда цивилизацияһы – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Веда цивилизацияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ведическа цивилизация – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ведическа цивилизация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="वैदिक काल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वैदिक काल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97" title="বৈদিক যুগ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৈদিক যুগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADode_v%C3%A8dic" title="Període vèdic – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Període vèdic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9dsk%C3%A9_obdob%C3%AD" title="Védské období – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Védské období" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedeutung_des_Veda" title="Bedeutung des Veda – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bedeutung des Veda" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Vedic period" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda_Civilizo" title="Veda Civilizo – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Veda Civilizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodo_v%C3%A9dico" title="Periodo védico – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Periodo védico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veedade_kultuur" title="Veedade kultuur – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veedade kultuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garai_vediko" title="Garai vediko – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Garai vediko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="دوره ودایی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوره ودایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda-kausi" title="Veda-kausi – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Veda-kausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="वैदिक सभ्यता – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वैदिक सभ्यता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Վեդայական դարաշրջան – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վեդայական դարաշրջան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_Weda" title="Periode Weda – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Periode Weda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedat%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Vedatímabilið – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vedatímabilið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilt%C3%A0_vedica" title="Civiltà vedica – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Civiltà vedica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97" title="ವೈದಿಕ ಯುಗ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೈದಿಕ ಯುಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%8B%A4_%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80" title="베다 시대 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베다 시대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ved%C5%B3_civilizacija" title="Vedų civilizacija – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vedų civilizacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="वैदिक सभ्यता – maïthili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="वैदिक सभ्यता" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maïthili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A6_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="വേദ കാലഘട്ടം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വേദ കാലഘട്ടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Veda" title="Zaman Veda – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zaman Veda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="ودایی دوره – mazandérani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ودایی دوره" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandérani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="वैदिक सभ्यता – népalais" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वैदिक सभ्यता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="népalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedische_tijd" title="Vedische tijd – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vedische tijd" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedisk_tid" title="Vedisk tid – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vedisk tid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2" title="ਵੈਦਿਕ ਕਾਲ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੈਦਿਕ ਕਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okres_wedyjski" title="Okres wedyjski – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Okres wedyjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%DA%A9_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ویدک دور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ویدک دور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civiliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_v%C3%A9dica" title="Civilização védica – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Civilização védica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ведийская цивилизация – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ведийская цивилизация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="वैदिकी संस्कृतिः – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वैदिकी संस्कृतिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedski_period" title="Vedski period – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vedski period" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA" title="වෛදික යුගය – cingalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වෛදික යුගය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vedic period" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periudha_Vedike" title="Periudha Vedike – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Periudha Vedike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Ведска цивилизација – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ведска цивилизација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வேதகாலம் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேதகாலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A4" title="వైదిక నాగరికత – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వైదిక నాగరికత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%97" title="สมัยพระเวท – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมัยพระเวท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahong_Vediko" title="Panahong Vediko – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panahong Vediko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedik_d%C3%B6nem" title="Vedik dönem – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vedik dönem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Веда цивилизациясе – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Веда цивилизациясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ведична цивілізація – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ведична цивілізація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%DA%A9_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ویدک دور – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویدک دور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="吠陀文化 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="吠陀文化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="吠陀時代 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="吠陀時代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q215262#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">comment ?</a></b>) selon les recommandations des <a href="/wiki/Projet:Accueil" title="Projet:Accueil">projets correspondants</a>. </p><p>Consultez la liste des <b>tâches à accomplir</b> en <a href="/wiki/Discussion:P%C3%A9riode_v%C3%A9dique" title="Discussion:Période védique">page de discussion</a>. </p> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Map_of_Vedic_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Map_of_Vedic_India.png/220px-Map_of_Vedic_India.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Map_of_Vedic_India.png/330px-Map_of_Vedic_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Map_of_Vedic_India.png/440px-Map_of_Vedic_India.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>Carte de l’Inde védique de l’<a href="/wiki/%C3%82ge_du_fer" title="Âge du fer">âge du fer</a>, d'après Witzel (1989). Les populations concernées en noir, les autres peuples mentionnés dans les textes védiques anciens en violet, et les <i>śākhā</i> (écoles religieuses védiques) en vert. Les rivières sont en bleu, le <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sert_du_Thar" title="Désert du Thar">désert du Thar</a> en orange.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>Période védique</b> ou <b> Âge védique</b> est la période de l’<a href="/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27Inde" title="Histoire de l'Inde">histoire de l'Inde</a> où les textes <a href="/wiki/Hindouisme" title="Hindouisme">hindouistes</a> canoniques, tels que les quatre <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9da" class="mw-redirect" title="Véda">védas</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hmanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmanas">Brāhmaṇas</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Aranyakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Aranyakas">Āraṇyaka</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaniṣad">Upaniṣad</a> ont été composés en <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_v%C3%A9dique" title="Sanskrit védique">sanskrit védique</a>, une forme du <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">sanskrit</a>. La culture associée à cette période, parfois désignée comme <b>civilisation védique</b>, s’est développée au nord et au nord-ouest du <a href="/wiki/Sous-continent_indien" title="Sous-continent indien">sous-continent indien</a>. La période védique étant, par définition, celle où s’est développée la littérature védique, on peut la situer au <a href="/wiki/IIe_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="IIe millénaire av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ millénaire">II<sup>e</sup></abbr> millénaire <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> et au <a href="/wiki/Ier_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="Ier millénaire av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ millénaire">I<sup>er</sup></abbr> millénaire <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> jusqu’au <a href="/wiki/VIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="VIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="6ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> </p><p>Au cours de la première phase de la période, on voit apparaître la formation de divers <i>royaumes de l’Inde ancienne</i>. La dernière phase, à partir de 700 avant notre ère, voit la montée des <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a>. S’ensuivent l’âge d’or de l’<a href="/wiki/Hindouisme" title="Hindouisme">hindouisme</a> et de la littérature sanskrite classique, l’<a href="/wiki/Empire_Maurya" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire Maurya">Empire Maurya</a> à partir de 320 avant notre ère puis les <a href="/wiki/Antiquit%C3%A9_et_Moyen_%C3%82ge_indien" title="Antiquité et Moyen Âge indien">moyens royaumes indiens</a> tels que les <a href="/wiki/Royaumes_indo-grecs" title="Royaumes indo-grecs">royaumes indo-grecs</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="642-320_av._J.-C._:_Période_shishunaga-nanda"><span id="642-320_av._J.-C._:_P.C3.A9riode_shishunaga-nanda"></span>642-320 av. J.-C. : Période shishunaga-nanda</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9riode_v%C3%A9dique&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : 642-320 av. J.-C. : Période shishunaga-nanda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9riode_v%C3%A9dique&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : 642-320 av. J.-C. : Période shishunaga-nanda"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L’Inde se compose alors d'une multitude de petits États qui se font la guerre. Des royaumes <a href="/wiki/Langues_indo-europ%C3%A9ennes" title="Langues indo-européennes">indo-européens</a> de tailles diverses apparaissent dans le <a href="/wiki/Dekkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dekkan">Dekkan</a> vers le <a href="/wiki/VIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="VIIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="7ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> Celui des Vamsas ou Vatsa, dont la capitale est <a href="/wiki/Kosambi" title="Kosambi">Kosambi</a>, est annexé par le royaume d'<a href="/wiki/Avanti" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Avanti">Avanti</a>. La capitale de cet État, <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjayinî</a>, est peut-être le lieu d'origine du <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pâli">pâli</a>, langue dans laquelle sera composé le canon bouddhique avant qu'il ne soit traduit en sanskrit. La région à l'est du <a href="/wiki/Kosala" title="Kosala">Kosala</a>, entre l'<a href="/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya">Himalaya</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Gange" title="Gange">Gange</a>, est constituée d'une poussière de petites républiques issues de différents clans. La confédération des Vajjis unit huit États. Aux confins du Népal, les <a href="/wiki/Shakya_(clan)" title="Shakya (clan)">Sakyas</a> dominent l'État de <a href="/wiki/Kapilavastu" title="Kapilavastu">Kapilavastu</a>, vassal du royaume de <a href="/wiki/Kosala" title="Kosala">Kosala</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La culture de l'âge postvédique a évolué. Sur le plan politique, il n'est fait que de rares mentions aux conseils de tribus. L'autocratie royale ne peut être contrecarrée que par les <a href="/wiki/Brahmane" title="Brahmane">brahmanes</a>. Les tribus s'intègrent progressivement aux royaumes. Une nouvelle catégorie sociale apparaît : celle des courtisans qui englobe les <i>purohita</i> (grands prêtres), les généraux, les chambellans... </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transformations_religieuses">Transformations religieuses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9riode_v%C3%A9dique&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Transformations religieuses" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9riode_v%C3%A9dique&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Transformations religieuses"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La période védique est la période pendant laquelle certains concepts majeurs de l'hindouisme trouvent leur genèse : La loi du <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> et la réincarnation encore inconnues des hymnes du <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9da" class="mw-redirect" title="Véda">Véda</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> apparaissent dès les <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a> les plus anciennes. Les hindous croient à la <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9incarnation" title="Réincarnation">réincarnation</a>. Ils accordent crédit à la croyance d'une continuation de l'existence après la mort et pensent que nos actions dans cette vie détermineront notre prochaine vie. L'obligation fondamentale est celle du <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> (ordre des choses), d'abord ordre cosmique dans sa régularité mais aussi ordre social (gouvernement, systèmes des classes sociales et des castes)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Cette période est aussi marquée par un développement important du culte sacrificiel en liaison avec le pouvoir royal, comme le sacrifice de chevaux <i><a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">ashvamedha</a></i> : un cheval consacré est libre de se déplacer où bon lui semble sous la surveillance d'un groupe de guerriers. Les chefs et rois dont le territoire est foulé par le cheval doivent rendre hommage au souverain ou combattre, et si le cheval n'est pas capturé par l'un d’entre eux, il est reconduit dans la capitale et sacrifié à la fin de l'année. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transformations_sociales">Transformations sociales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9riode_v%C3%A9dique&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Transformations sociales" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9riode_v%C3%A9dique&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Transformations sociales"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modification essentielle par rapport aux sociétés <a href="/wiki/Dravidiens" title="Dravidiens">dravidiennes</a> antérieures, les Aryens constituent une société de classes. Ils vont se distinguer des populations indigènes qu'ils soumettent et considèrent comme inférieures<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ainsi, naît la formulation d'une théorie des classes sociales : la théorie des Varna, (le mot <i>varna</i> signifiant « couleur » en sanskrit, puis « rang »). La société est répartie en Brahmanes qui assurent les services religieux, en dessous d’eux les <i>Kshatriyas</i> ou guerriers, puis les <i>Vaishyas</i>, qui sont à l'origine des propriétaires cultivateurs, enfin les Shudras, petits agriculteurs et éleveurs. La quatrième classe, celle des <i>śūdra</i> ou <i>Shudras</i> est métissée avec la population indigène. Les <i>Varnas</i> constituent une première figuration du système des <a href="/wiki/Castes_en_Inde" title="Castes en Inde">castes</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dupuis_p85_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dupuis_p85-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Néanmoins, ces transformations sociales sont encore loin de s'imposer dans l'ensemble du monde indien et produisent tous leurs effets exclusivement dans la plaine gangique, le centre et le sud de l'Inde y échappant totalement. De surcroît, la naissance du <a href="/wiki/Bouddhisme" title="Bouddhisme">bouddhisme</a> et le début de son développement condamnait tout système de caste. Ainsi, l'empire d'<a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> au <abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle n'octroie pas une place plus importante au <a href="/wiki/Brahmanisme" title="Brahmanisme">brahmanisme</a> qu'aux autres religions<sup id="cite_ref-Dupuis_p85_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dupuis_p85-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fin_de_la_période_védique"><span id="Fin_de_la_p.C3.A9riode_v.C3.A9dique"></span>Fin de la période védique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9riode_v%C3%A9dique&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Fin de la période védique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9riode_v%C3%A9dique&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Fin de la période védique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ce qui termine la période védique est le renouvellement de la mythologie. La divinité est maintenant adorée sous des formes diverses selon les deux grandes écoles de l'hindouisme : le <a href="/wiki/Shiva%C3%AFsme" title="Shivaïsme">shivaïsme</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Vishnouisme" title="Vishnouisme">vishnouisme</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9riode_v%C3%A9dique&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9riode_v%C3%A9dique&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9disme" title="Védisme">Védisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmane" title="Brahmane">Nambudiri</a> (au <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liste_des_peuples_et_tribus_indo-aryennes_de_l%27Antiquit%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liste des peuples et tribus indo-aryennes de l'Antiquité (page inexistante)">Liste des peuples et tribus indo-aryennes de l'Antiquité</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Indo-Aryan_peoples_and_tribes" class="extiw" title="en:List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aryana (page inexistante)">Aryana</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryana" class="extiw" title="en:Aryana"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Aryana »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peuplement_de_l%27Inde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peuplement de l'Inde (page inexistante)">Peuplement de l'Inde</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peopling_of_India" class="extiw" title="en:Peopling of India"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Peopling of India »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Indians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early Indians (page inexistante)">Early Indians</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Indians" class="extiw" title="en:Early Indians"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Early Indians »">(en)</span></a></i> (2018), essai de Tony Joseph</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9riode_v%C3%A9dique&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9riode_v%C3%A9dique&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Daniélou1983"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alain_Daniélou1983">Alain Daniélou, <cite class="italique">Histoire de l'Inde</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Librairie_Arth%C3%A8me_Fayard" title="Librairie Arthème Fayard">Fayard</a>, <time>1983</time>, 456 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-213-63953-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-213-63953-6"><span class="nowrap">978-2-213-63953-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=UPY7LtLc7O8C&pg=PT2">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27Inde&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft.date=1983&rft.tpages=456&rft.isbn=978-2-213-63953-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A9riode+v%C3%A9dique"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Angot" class="mw-redirect" title="Michel Angot">Michel Angot</a>, <i>L’Inde classique</i>, p 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dupuis_(indianiste)" title="Jacques Dupuis (indianiste)">Jacques Dupuis</a>, <i>Histoire de l'Inde</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="Deuxième">2<sup>e</sup></abbr> éd., Éditions Kailash, 2005, p.55-59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Dupuis, 2005, p.84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dupuis_p85-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dupuis_p85_5-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Dupuis_p85_5-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">Dupuis, 2005, p.85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Dupuis, ibid., 2005, p.59</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Monde_antique" title="Portail du monde antique"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Agrigente_Temple_concorde2.jpg/32px-Agrigente_Temple_concorde2.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Agrigente_Temple_concorde2.jpg/48px-Agrigente_Temple_concorde2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Agrigente_Temple_concorde2.jpg/64px-Agrigente_Temple_concorde2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Monde_antique" title="Portail:Monde antique">Portail du monde antique</a></span> 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