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class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Wikipedia</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Manual of Style</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Project page</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" 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class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--editLock"></span> <span>View source</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:MOS&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MOS">Wikipedia:MOS</a>)</span></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Style guide for all Wikipedia articles</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/30px-Blue_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/45px-Blue_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/60px-Blue_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines#guide" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">guideline</a> is a part of the English Wikipedia's Manual of Style.</b><br><div style="font-size: 90%;"> It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">occasional exceptions</a> may apply. 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When in doubt, discuss first on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style">talk page</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:MOS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:MOS&redirect=no">WP:MOS</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manual of Style (MoS)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form" action="/wiki/Special:Search" id="style-searchbox"><div class="cdx-text-input"><input class="mw-inputbox-input mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" placeholder="" size="25" dir="ltr"></div><input type="hidden" value="Wikipedia:Manual of Style" name="prefix"><br><input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search the MoS" class="cdx-button"><input type="hidden" value="Search" name="fulltext"></form></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(content)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (content)">Content</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Disambiguation_pages" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages">Disambiguation pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Organizing_disambiguation_pages_by_subject_area" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area">Organizing by subject</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Gender_identity" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hidden_text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hidden text">Hidden text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Self-references_to_avoid" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid">Self-references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Words to watch</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(formatting)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (formatting)">Formatting</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling">Spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Text formatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works">Titles of works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(images)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (images)">Images</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Captions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions">Captions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Adding_images_to_articles" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Icons" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(layout)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (layout)">Layout</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">Trivia sections</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(lists)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (lists)">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works">Lists of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Road_junction_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Road junction lists">Road junctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stand-alone_lists" title="Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists">Stand-alone lists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic area</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(legal)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (legal)">Legal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Legal" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Legal">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Trademarks</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(arts)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (arts)">Arts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Anime_and_manga" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Comics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Film" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lyrics_and_poetry" title="Wikipedia:Lyrics and poetry">Lyrics and poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Novels" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Television" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Video_games" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Visual_arts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Writing_about_fiction" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction">Writing about fiction</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(music)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (music)">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music_samples" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music samples">Music samples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Record_charts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Record charts">Record charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stringed_instrument_tunings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stringed instrument tunings">Stringed instruments</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(history)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (history)">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Blazon" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Blazon">Blazons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Military_history" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history">Military history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(regional)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)">Regional</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)#Specific_topics" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Specific naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Canada-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Canada-related articles">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/China-_and_Chinese-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China- and Chinese-related articles">China (and Chinese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Egypt-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Egypt-related articles">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/France-_and_French-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/France- and French-related articles">France (and French)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hawaii-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/India-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Indonesia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Indonesia-related articles">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Ireland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Japan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Korea-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Korea-related articles">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Macedonia)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Macedonia)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Malaysia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Malaysia-related articles">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pakistan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pakistan-related articles">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Philippines-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philippines-related articles">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Poland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Singapore-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Singapore-related articles">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Trinidad_and_Tobago/Style_guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Trinidad and Tobago/Style guide">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(religion)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (religion)">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Islam-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Islam-related articles">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Latter_Day_Saints" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(science)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (science)">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry">Chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Compound_classes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Compound classes">Compound classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Chemicals" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Chemicals">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/References_and_external_links" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/References and external links">References and external links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Safety" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Structure_drawing" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Structure drawing">Structure drawing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxobox/doc" title="Template:Taxobox/doc">Taxonomy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(sports)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (sports)">Sports</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Cue_sports" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Cue sports">Cue sports</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Snooker" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Snooker">Snooker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating">Figure skating</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating_terminology" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating terminology">Terminology</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(related_guidelines)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (related guidelines)">Related guidelines</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Styletips" title="Wikipedia:Styletips">Tips</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Style" title="Template:Style"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Style" title="Template talk:Style"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Style" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Style"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This <b>Manual of Style</b> (<b>MoS</b> or <b>MOS</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/Style_manual" class="mw-redirect" title="Style manual">style manual</a> for all English Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_is_an_article%3F" title="Wikipedia:What is an article?">articles</a> (though <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">provisions related to accessibility</a> apply across the entire project, not just to articles). This primary page is supported by further <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style">detail pages</a>, which are cross-referenced here and listed at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents</a>. If any contradiction arises, this page has precedence.<sup id="cite_ref-CONLEVEL_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CONLEVEL-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Clarity"></span>Editors should write articles using straightforward, succinct, easily understood language and structure articles with consistent, reader-friendly layouts and formatting (which are detailed in this guide). </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Stability"></span>Where more than one style or format is acceptable under the MoS, one should be used consistently within an article and <a href="#Retaining_existing_styles">should not be changed</a> without good reason. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring" title="Wikipedia:Edit warring">Edit warring</a> over stylistic choices is unacceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-ew_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ew-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New content added to this page should directly address a persistently recurring style issue. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Retaining_existing_styles"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Retaining existing styles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Article_titles,_sections,_and_headings"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Article titles, sections, and headings</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Article_titles"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Article titles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Section_organization"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Section organization</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Section_headings"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Section headings</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Heading-like_material"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Heading-like material</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#National_varieties_of_English"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">National varieties of English</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Consistency_within_articles"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Consistency within articles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Opportunities_for_commonality"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Opportunities for commonality</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Strong_national_ties_to_a_topic"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Strong national ties to a topic</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Retaining_the_existing_variety"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Retaining the existing variety</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Capital_letters"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Capital letters</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Capitalization_of_The"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Capitalization of <i>The</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Titles_of_works"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Titles of works</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Titles_of_people"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Titles of people</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Religions,_deities,_philosophies,_doctrines"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Calendar_items"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Calendar items</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Animals, plants, and other organisms</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Celestial_bodies"><span class="tocnumber">4.7</span> <span class="toctext">Celestial bodies</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Compass_points"><span class="tocnumber">4.8</span> <span class="toctext">Compass points</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Proper_names_versus_generic_terms"><span class="tocnumber">4.9</span> <span class="toctext">Proper names versus generic terms</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Ligatures"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Ligatures</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Abbreviations"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Abbreviations</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Write_first_occurrences_in_full"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Write first occurrences in full</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Plural_forms"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Plural forms</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Punctuation_and_spacing"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Punctuation and spacing</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#US_and_U.S."><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">US and U.S.</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Circa"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Circa</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Avoid_unwarranted_use"><span class="tocnumber">6.6</span> <span class="toctext">Avoid unwarranted use</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Do_not_invent"><span class="tocnumber">6.7</span> <span class="toctext">Do not invent</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#HTML_tags_and_templates"><span class="tocnumber">6.8</span> <span class="toctext">HTML tags and templates</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Ampersand"><span class="tocnumber">6.9</span> <span class="toctext">Ampersand</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Italics"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Italics</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Emphasis"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Emphasis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Titles"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Titles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Words_as_words"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Words as words</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Non-English_words"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Non-English words</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Scientific_names"><span class="tocnumber">7.5</span> <span class="toctext">Scientific names</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Quotations_in_italics"><span class="tocnumber">7.6</span> <span class="toctext">Quotations in italics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Italics_within_quotations"><span class="tocnumber">7.7</span> <span class="toctext">Italics within quotations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Effect_on_nearby_punctuation"><span class="tocnumber">7.8</span> <span class="toctext">Effect on nearby punctuation</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Quotations"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Quotations</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Original_wording"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Original wording</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Point_of_view"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Point of view</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Typographic_conformity"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Typographic conformity</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Attribution"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Attribution</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Quotations_within_quotations"><span class="tocnumber">8.5</span> <span class="toctext">Quotations within quotations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Linking"><span class="tocnumber">8.6</span> <span class="toctext">Linking</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Block_quotations"><span class="tocnumber">8.7</span> <span class="toctext">Block quotations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Non-English_quotations"><span class="tocnumber">8.8</span> <span class="toctext">Non-English quotations</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#Punctuation"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Punctuation</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Apostrophes"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Apostrophes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="#Quotation_marks"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Quotation marks</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-54"><a href="#Quotation_characters"><span class="tocnumber">9.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Quotation characters</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-55"><a href="#Double_or_single"><span class="tocnumber">9.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Double or single</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-56"><a href="#For_a_quotation_within_a_quotation"><span class="tocnumber">9.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">For a quotation within a quotation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-57"><a href="#Article_openings"><span class="tocnumber">9.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Article openings</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-58"><a href="#Punctuation_before_quotations"><span class="tocnumber">9.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Punctuation before quotations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-59"><a href="#Names_and_titles"><span class="tocnumber">9.2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Names and titles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-60"><a href="#Punctuation_inside_or_outside"><span class="tocnumber">9.2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Punctuation inside or outside</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-61"><a href="#Quotation_marks_and_external_links"><span class="tocnumber">9.2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Quotation marks and external links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-62"><a href="#Quotation_marks_and_internal_links"><span class="tocnumber">9.2.9</span> <span class="toctext">Quotation marks and internal links</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-63"><a href="#Brackets_and_parentheses"><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Brackets and parentheses</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-64"><a href="#Brackets_and_linking"><span class="tocnumber">9.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Brackets and linking</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-65"><a href="#Ellipses"><span class="tocnumber">9.4</span> <span class="toctext">Ellipses</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-66"><a href="#Commas"><span class="tocnumber">9.5</span> <span class="toctext">Commas</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-67"><a href="#Serial_commas"><span class="tocnumber">9.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Serial commas</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-68"><a href="#Colons"><span class="tocnumber">9.6</span> <span class="toctext">Colons</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-69"><a href="#Semicolons"><span class="tocnumber">9.7</span> <span class="toctext">Semicolons</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-70"><a href="#Semicolon_before_%22however%22"><span class="tocnumber">9.7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Semicolon before "however"</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-71"><a href="#Hyphens"><span class="tocnumber">9.8</span> <span class="toctext">Hyphens</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-72"><a href="#Dashes"><span class="tocnumber">9.9</span> <span class="toctext">Dashes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-73"><a href="#In_article_titles"><span class="tocnumber">9.9.1</span> <span class="toctext">In article titles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-74"><a href="#In_running_text"><span class="tocnumber">9.9.2</span> <span class="toctext">In running text</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-75"><a href="#In_ranges_that_might_otherwise_be_expressed_with_to_or_through"><span class="tocnumber">9.9.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">In ranges that might otherwise be expressed with <i>to</i> or <i>through</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-76"><a href="#In_compounds_when_the_connection_might_otherwise_be_expressed_with_to,_versus,_and,_or_between"><span class="tocnumber">9.9.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">In compounds when the connection might otherwise be expressed with <i>to</i>, <i>versus</i>, <i>and</i>, or <i>between</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-77"><a href="#Instead_of_a_hyphen,_use_an_en_dash_when_applying_a_prefix_or_suffix_to_a_compound_that_itself_includes_a_space,_dash_or_hyphen"><span class="tocnumber">9.9.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Instead of a hyphen, use an en dash when applying a prefix or suffix to a compound that itself includes a space, dash or hyphen</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-78"><a href="#To_separate_parts_of_an_item_in_a_list"><span class="tocnumber">9.9.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">To separate parts of an item in a list</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-79"><a href="#Other_uses_for_en_dashes"><span class="tocnumber">9.9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Other uses for en dashes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-80"><a href="#Other_uses_for_em_dashes"><span class="tocnumber">9.9.4</span> <span class="toctext">Other uses for em dashes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-81"><a href="#Other_dashes"><span class="tocnumber">9.9.5</span> <span class="toctext">Other dashes</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-82"><a href="#Slashes_(strokes)"><span class="tocnumber">9.10</span> <span class="toctext">Slashes (strokes)</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-83"><a href="#And/or"><span class="tocnumber">9.10.1</span> <span class="toctext">And/or</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-84"><a href="#Symbols"><span class="tocnumber">9.11</span> <span class="toctext">Symbols</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-85"><a href="#Number_(pound,_hash)_sign_and_numero"><span class="tocnumber">9.12</span> <span class="toctext">Number (pound, hash) sign and numero</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-86"><a href="#Terminal_punctuation"><span class="tocnumber">9.13</span> <span class="toctext">Terminal punctuation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-87"><a href="#Spacing"><span class="tocnumber">9.14</span> <span class="toctext">Spacing</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-88"><a href="#Consecutive_punctuation_marks"><span class="tocnumber">9.15</span> <span class="toctext">Consecutive punctuation marks</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-89"><a href="#Punctuation_and_footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">9.16</span> <span class="toctext">Punctuation and footnotes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-90"><a href="#Punctuation_after_formulae"><span class="tocnumber">9.17</span> <span class="toctext">Punctuation after formulae</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-91"><a href="#Dates_and_time"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Dates and time</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-92"><a href="#Time_of_day"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Time of day</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-93"><a href="#Dates"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Dates</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-94"><a href="#Months"><span class="tocnumber">10.3</span> <span class="toctext">Months</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-95"><a href="#Seasons"><span class="tocnumber">10.4</span> <span class="toctext">Seasons</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-96"><a href="#Years_and_longer_periods"><span class="tocnumber">10.5</span> <span class="toctext">Years and longer periods</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-97"><a href="#Current"><span class="tocnumber">10.6</span> <span class="toctext">Current</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-98"><a href="#Numbers"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Numbers</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-99"><a href="#Currencies"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Currencies</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-100"><a href="#Units_of_measurement"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Units of measurement</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-101"><a href="#Common_mathematical_symbols"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Common mathematical symbols</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-102"><a href="#Grammar_and_usage"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Grammar and usage</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-103"><a href="#Possessives"><span class="tocnumber">15.1</span> <span class="toctext">Possessives</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-104"><a href="#Singular_nouns"><span class="tocnumber">15.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Singular nouns</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-105"><a href="#Plural_nouns"><span class="tocnumber">15.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Plural nouns</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-106"><a href="#Official_names"><span class="tocnumber">15.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Official names</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-107"><a href="#Pronouns"><span class="tocnumber">15.2</span> <span class="toctext">Pronouns</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-108"><a href="#First-person_pronouns"><span class="tocnumber">15.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">First-person pronouns</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-109"><a href="#Second-person_pronouns"><span class="tocnumber">15.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Second-person pronouns</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-110"><a href="#Plurals"><span class="tocnumber">15.3</span> <span class="toctext">Plurals</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-111"><a href="#Verb_tense"><span class="tocnumber">15.4</span> <span class="toctext">Verb tense</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-112"><a href="#Vocabulary"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">Vocabulary</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-113"><a href="#Contractions"><span class="tocnumber">16.1</span> <span class="toctext">Contractions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-114"><a href="#Gender-neutral_language"><span class="tocnumber">16.2</span> <span class="toctext">Gender-neutral language</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-115"><a href="#Contested_vocabulary"><span class="tocnumber">16.3</span> <span class="toctext">Contested vocabulary</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-116"><a href="#Instructional_and_presumptuous_language"><span class="tocnumber">16.4</span> <span class="toctext">Instructional and presumptuous language</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-117"><a href="#Subset_terms"><span class="tocnumber">16.5</span> <span class="toctext">Subset terms</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-118"><a href="#Identity"><span class="tocnumber">16.6</span> <span class="toctext">Identity</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-119"><a href="#Gender_identity"><span class="tocnumber">16.6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Gender identity</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-120"><a href="#Non-English_terms"><span class="tocnumber">16.7</span> <span class="toctext">Non-English terms</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-121"><a href="#Terms_without_common_usage_in_English"><span class="tocnumber">16.7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Terms without common usage in English</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-122"><a href="#Terms_with_common_usage_in_English"><span class="tocnumber">16.7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Terms with common usage in English</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-123"><a href="#Spelling_and_romanization"><span class="tocnumber">16.7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Spelling and romanization</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-124"><a href="#Other_non-English_concerns"><span class="tocnumber">16.7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Other non-English concerns</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-125"><a href="#Technical_language"><span class="tocnumber">16.8</span> <span class="toctext">Technical language</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-126"><a href="#Geographical_items"><span class="tocnumber">16.9</span> <span class="toctext">Geographical items</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-127"><a href="#Media_files"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">Media files</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-128"><a href="#Images"><span class="tocnumber">17.1</span> <span class="toctext">Images</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-129"><a href="#Other_media"><span class="tocnumber">17.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other media</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-130"><a href="#Avoid_using_images_to_display_text"><span class="tocnumber">17.3</span> <span class="toctext">Avoid using images to display text</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-131"><a href="#Captions"><span class="tocnumber">17.4</span> <span class="toctext">Captions</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-132"><a href="#Formatting_of_captions"><span class="tocnumber">17.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Formatting of captions</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-133"><a href="#Bulleted_and_numbered_lists"><span class="tocnumber">18</span> <span class="toctext">Bulleted and numbered lists</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-134"><a href="#Links"><span class="tocnumber">19</span> <span class="toctext">Links</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-135"><a href="#Wikilinks"><span class="tocnumber">19.1</span> <span class="toctext">Wikilinks</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-136"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">19.2</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-137"><a href="#Miscellaneous"><span class="tocnumber">20</span> <span class="toctext">Miscellaneous</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-138"><a href="#Keep_markup_simple"><span class="tocnumber">20.1</span> <span class="toctext">Keep markup simple</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-139"><a href="#Formatting_issues"><span class="tocnumber">20.2</span> <span class="toctext">Formatting issues</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-140"><a href="#Color_coding"><span class="tocnumber">20.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Color coding</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-141"><a href="#Indentation"><span class="tocnumber">20.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Indentation</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-142"><a href="#Controlling_line_breaks"><span class="tocnumber">20.3</span> <span class="toctext">Controlling line breaks</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-143"><a href="#Scrolling_lists_and_collapsible_content"><span class="tocnumber">20.4</span> <span class="toctext">Scrolling lists and collapsible content</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-144"><a href="#Invisible_comments"><span class="tocnumber">20.5</span> <span class="toctext">Invisible comments</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-145"><a href="#Pronunciation"><span class="tocnumber">20.6</span> <span class="toctext">Pronunciation</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-146"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">21</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-147"><a href="#Guidance"><span class="tocnumber">21.1</span> <span class="toctext">Guidance</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-148"><a href="#Tools"><span class="tocnumber">21.2</span> <span class="toctext">Tools</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-149"><a href="#Other_community_standards"><span class="tocnumber">21.3</span> <span class="toctext">Other community standards</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-150"><a href="#Guidelines_within_the_Manual_of_Style"><span class="tocnumber">21.4</span> <span class="toctext">Guidelines within the Manual of Style</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-151"><a href="#Names"><span class="tocnumber">21.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Names</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-152"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">22</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-153"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">23</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-154"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">24</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Retaining_existing_styles" data-mw-thread-id="h-Retaining_existing_styles"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Retaining_existing_styles"></span>Retaining existing styles<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Retaining_existing_styles"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:VAR"></span><span id="MOS:STYLEVAR"></span><span id="MOS:STYLERET"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:VAR&redirect=no">MOS:VAR</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:STYLEVAR&redirect=no">MOS:STYLEVAR</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:STYLERET&redirect=no">MOS:STYLERET</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MOS:VAR" redirects here. For a list of more specific derived and related rules, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VARS" class="mw-disambig" title="Wikipedia:VARS">WP:VARS</a>.</div> <p>Sometimes the MoS provides more than one acceptable style or gives no specific guidance. When either of two styles is acceptable it is generally considered inappropriate for a Wikipedia editor to change from one style to another unless there is some substantial reason for the change.<sup id="cite_ref-ArbCom_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArbCom-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edit-warring over style, or enforcing optional style in a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bot_policy#Assisted_editing_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Bot policy">bot-like</a> fashion without prior consensus, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing" title="Wikipedia:Disruptive editing">is never acceptable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ew_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ew-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bot-like_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bot-like-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unjustified changes from one acceptable, <a href="#Consistency_within_articles">consistently applied</a> style in an article to a different style may generally be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reverting" title="Wikipedia:Reverting">reverted</a>. Seek <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Opportunities_for_commonality">opportunities for commonality</a> to avoid disputes over style. </p><p>If you believe an alternative style would be more appropriate for a particular article, seek <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a> by discussing this at the article's talk page or – if it raises an issue of more general application or with the MoS itself – at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style">Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style</a>. If a discussion does not result in consensus for the change at the article, continue to use the already-established style there. If discussion fails to reach a consensus regarding which of two or more competing styles to use at all, then default to the style that was used in the first post-<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a> version of the article in which one of the applicable styles appeared. (This fall-back position does not give <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UNCHALLENGED" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UNCHALLENGED">unchallengeable primacy</a> to that particular style during consensus discussion, nor give the editor who imposed that earliest style <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ownership_of_content" title="Wikipedia:Ownership of content">any more say</a> in the discussion.) </p><p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">For retention of an article's established national variety of English (and potential reasons to change it), see <a href="#National_varieties_of_English">§ National varieties of English</a>.</span> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Article_titles,_sections,_and_headings" data-mw-thread-id="h-Article_titles,_sections,_and_headings"><span id="Article_titles.2C_sections.2C_and_headings"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Article_titles,_sections,_and_headings"></span>Article titles, sections, and headings <span class="anchor" id="Article_titles,_headings,_and_sections"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Article_titles,_sections,_and_headings"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:AT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:AT&redirect=no">MOS:AT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_titles" data-mw-thread-id="h-Article_titles-Article_titles,_sections,_and_headings"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Article_titles-Article_titles,_sections,_and_headings"></span>Article titles<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Article_titles-Article_titles,_sections,_and_headings"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Wikipedia:Article titles</a></div> <p>A title should be a recognizable name or description of the topic, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Common_sense" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Common sense">balancing</a> the criteria of being natural, sufficiently precise, concise, and consistent with those of related articles. </p><p>For formatting guidance see the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles#Article_title_format" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Wikipedia:Article titles § Article title format</a> section, noting the following: </p> <ul><li>Capitalize the initial letter (except in rare cases, such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">eBay</span>), but otherwise follow <a href="/wiki/Sentence_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentence case">sentence case</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sentence_case_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentence_case-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Funding of UNESCO projects</span>), not title case (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Funding of UNESCO Projects</span>), except where title case would be used in ordinary prose. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(capitalization)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)</a>.</li> <li>To italicize, add <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Italic_title" title="Template:Italic title">italic title</a>}}</code> near the top of the article. For mixed situations, use, e.g., <code>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Interpretations of ''2001: A Space Odyssey''}}</code>, instead. Use of italics should conform to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting#Italic_type" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting § Italic type</a>.</li> <li>Do not use <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a> (<i>a</i>, <i>an</i>, or <i>the</i>) as the first word (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Economy of the Second Empire</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">The economy of the Second Empire</span>), unless it is an inseparable part of a name (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The Hague</span>) or of the title of a work (<i><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">A Clockwork Orange</span></i>, <i><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The Simpsons</span></i>).</li> <li>Normally use <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> or <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrases</a>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Early life</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">In early life</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The final character should not be punctuation unless it is an inseparable part of a name (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis-du-Ha!_Ha!" title="Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!">Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!</a></span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i><a href="/wiki/Do_Androids_Dream_of_Electric_Sheep%3F" title="Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?">Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?</a></i></span>) or an abbreviation (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Inverness_City_F.C." title="Inverness City F.C.">Inverness City F.C.</a></span>), or when a closing round bracket or quotation mark is required (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/John_Palmer_(1814_schooner)" title="John Palmer (1814 schooner)"><i>John Palmer</i> (1814 schooner)</a></span>).</li> <li>Whenever quotation marks or apostrophes appear, add a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect" title="Wikipedia:Redirect">redirect</a> for the same title using apostrophes.<sup id="cite_ref-curlyq_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curlyq-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Subject both to the above and to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Wikipedia:Article titles</a>, the rest of the MoS, particularly <a href="#Punctuation">§ Punctuation</a>, applies also to the title. </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works</a>, for cases where an article about a published work has a title that coincides with the work's title.</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Section_organization" data-mw-thread-id="h-Section_organization-Article_titles,_sections,_and_headings"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Section_organization-Article_titles,_sections,_and_headings"></span>Section organization<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Section_organization-Article_titles,_sections,_and_headings"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SO"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SO&redirect=no">MOS:SO</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout</a></div> <p>An article's content should begin with an introductory <em>lead section</em> – a concise summary of the article – which is never divided into sections <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section</a>)</span>. The remainder of the article is typically divided into <a href="/wiki/Help:Section" title="Help:Section">sections</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">Infoboxes</a>, images, and related content in the lead section must be right-aligned. </p><p>Certain standardized <a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">templates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">wikicode</a> that are not sections go at the very top of the article, before the content of the lead section, and in the following order: </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Short_description" title="Wikipedia:Short description">short description</a>, with the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Short_description" title="Template:Short description">Short description</a>}}</code> template</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">disambiguation hatnote</a>, most of the time with the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Hatnote" title="Template:Hatnote">Hatnote</a>}}</code> template <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote_templates" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Wikipedia:Hatnote § Hatnote templates</a>)</span></li> <li>No-output templates that indicate the article's established date format and English-language variety, if any (e.g., <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Use_dmy_dates" title="Template:Use dmy dates">Use dmy dates</a>}}</code>, <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Use_Canadian_English" title="Template:Use Canadian English">Use Canadian English</a>}}</code>)</li> <li>Banner-type maintenance templates, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index/Disputes" title="Wikipedia:Template index/Disputes">Dispute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index/Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Template index/Cleanup">Cleanup templates</a> for article-wide issues that have been flagged (otherwise used at the top of a specific section, after any sectional hatnote such as <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Main" title="Template:Main">main</a>}}</code>)</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">infobox</a>, which is optional (except in special cases like <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Taxobox" title="Template:Taxobox">Taxobox</a>}}</code> and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Chembox" title="Template:Chembox">Chembox</a>}}</code>, or a variant thereof, at applicable articles); usually also includes the first image</li> <li>An introductory image, when an infobox is not used, or an additional image is desired for the lead section (for unusually long leads, a second image can be placed midway through the lead text)</li></ul> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Vector_2022" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector 2022">Vector 2022</a> skin, the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Table_of_contents" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Table of contents">table of contents</a> is separate from the article content. In some older skins, a navigable table of contents appears automatically just after the lead if an article has at least four section headings. </p><p>If the topic of a section is covered in more detail in a dedicated article <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">Wikipedia:Summary style</a>)</span>, insert <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Main" title="Template:Main">main</a>|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">Article name</var>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Further" title="Template:Further">further</a>|<var style="padding-right: 1px;">Article name</var>}}</code> immediately under the section heading. </p><p>As explained in detail in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Standard_appendices_and_footers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout § Standard appendices and footers</a>, several kinds of material (mostly optional) may appear after the main body of the article, in the following order: </p> <ul><li>Books or other works created by the subject of the article, under a section heading "Works", "Publications", "Discography", "Filmography", etc. as appropriate (avoid "Bibliography", confusable with reference citations)</li> <li>Internal links to related English Wikipedia articles, with section heading "See also"</li> <li>Notes and references, with a section heading "Notes" or "References" (usually the latter), or a separate section for each in this order <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources</a>)</span>; avoid "Bibliography", confusable with the subject's works</li> <li>Relevant books, articles, or other publications that have not been used as sources; use the section heading "Further reading"; be highly selective, as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_directory" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia is not a bibliographic directory</a></li> <li>Relevant <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">and appropriate</a> websites that have not been used as sources and do not appear in the earlier appendices, using the heading "External links", which may be made a subsection of "Further reading" (or such links can be integrated directly into the "Further reading" list instead); <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Links_to_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">link templates for sister-project content</a> also usually go at the top of this section when it is present (otherwise in the last section on the page)</li> <li>The following final items never take section headings: <ul><li>Internal links organized into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">navigational boxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Authority_control" title="Wikipedia:Authority control">Authority control</a> metadata, if needed, using <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Authority_control" title="Template:Authority control">Authority control</a>}}</code> (distinguishes uses of the same name for two subjects, or multiple names for one subject)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categories</a>, which should be the very last material in the article's source code if there are no stub templates</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub_sorting" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Stub sorting">Stub templates</a>, if needed, which should follow the categories</li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stand-alone_lists" title="Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists">Stand-alone list articles</a> have some additional layout considerations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Section_headings" data-mw-thread-id="h-Section_headings-Article_titles,_sections,_and_headings"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Section_headings-Article_titles,_sections,_and_headings"></span>Section headings<span class="anchor" id="Section_management"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Section_headings-Article_titles,_sections,_and_headings"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:HEAD"></span><span id="MOS:HEADINGS"></span><span id="MOS:SECTIONS"></span><span id="MOS:SECTIONHEAD"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:HEAD&redirect=no">MOS:HEAD</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:HEADINGS&redirect=no">MOS:HEADINGS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SECTIONS&redirect=no">MOS:SECTIONS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SECTIONHEAD&redirect=no">MOS:SECTIONHEAD</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Help:Section" title="Help:Section">Help:Section</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#Headings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility § Headings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Order_of_article_elements" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout § Order of article elements</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#Section_headings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters § Section headings</a></div> <p>Section headings should generally follow the guidance for <a href="#Article_titles">article titles</a> (above), and should be presented in <a href="/wiki/Sentence_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentence case">sentence case</a> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Funding of UNESCO projects in developing countries</span>), not title case (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Funding of UNESCO Projects in Developing Countries</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sentence_case_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentence_case-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:BLANKLINE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BLANKLINE&redirect=no">MOS:BLANKLINE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Blank_line"></span> The heading must be on its own line, with one blank line just before it; a blank line just <i>after</i> is optional and ignored (but do not use <i>two</i> blank lines, before or after, because that will add unwanted visible space). </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Section_headings_(technical_best_practice)"></span>For technical reasons, section headings should: </p> <ul><li><span class="anchor" id="Section_headings_(necessary_point_1)"></span>Be unique within a page, so that <a href="/wiki/Template:Section_link" title="Template:Section link">section links</a> lead to the right place.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NOSECTIONLINKS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NOSECTIONLINKS&redirect=no">MOS:NOSECTIONLINKS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><span class="anchor" id="Section_headings_(necessary_point_2)"></span>Not contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking#Principles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">links</a>, especially where only part of a heading is linked.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Section_headings_(necessary_point_3)"></span>Not contain images or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Icons#Encyclopedic_purpose" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons">icons</a>.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Section_headings_(necessary_point_4)"></span>Not contain <<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics#Typesetting_of_mathematical_formulae" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">math</a>> markup.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Section_headings_(necessary_point_5)"></span>Not contain citations or footnotes.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Section_headings_(necessary_point_6)"></span>Not misuse <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#Description_(definition,_association)_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">description list</a> markup ("<code>;</code>") to create <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#Pseudo-headings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">pseudo-headings</a>.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Section_headings_(necessary_point_7)"></span>Not contain template transclusions.</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Section_headings_(main_technical_reason)"></span>These technical restrictions are necessary to avoid technical complications and are not subject to override by local consensus. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="SECTIONSTYLE"></span><span class="anchor" id="Section_headings_(styling_best_practice)"></span>As a matter of consistent style, section headings should: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SECTIONSTYLE"></span><span id="MOS:NOBACKREF"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SECTIONSTYLE&redirect=no">MOS:SECTIONSTYLE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NOBACKREF&redirect=no">MOS:NOBACKREF</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><span class="anchor" id="Section_headings_(style_point_1)"></span>Not redundantly refer back to the subject of the article, e.g., <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Early life</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Smith's early life</span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">His early life</span>.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Section_headings_(style_point_2)"></span>Not refer to a higher-level heading, unless doing so is shorter or clearer.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Section_headings_(style_point_3)"></span>Not be numbered or lettered as an outline.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Section_headings_(style_point_4)"></span>Not be phrased as a question, e.g., <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Languages</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">What languages are spoken in Mexico?</span>.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Section_headings_(style_point_5)"></span>Not use color or unusual fonts that might cause <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#Headings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">accessibility problems</a>.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Section_headings_(style_point_6)"></span>Not be wrapped in <a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">markup</a>, which may break their display and cause other accessibility issues.</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Section_headings_(main_styling_reason)"></span>These are broadly accepted community preferences. <span class="anchor" id="SECTIONCOMMENT"></span><span class="anchor" id="Section_comment"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SECTIONCOMMENT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SECTIONCOMMENT&redirect=no">MOS:SECTIONCOMMENT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>An <a href="#Invisible_comments">invisible comment</a> on the same line must be <em>inside</em> the <code>== ==</code> markup:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><code>==Implications== </code></span><br> <p><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><code>==Implications== </code></span><br> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><code>==Implications== </code></span><br> </p> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><code>==Implications== </code></span></div> <p>It is more usual practice to put such comments <em>below</em> the heading. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="SECTIONANCHOR"></span><span class="anchor" id="Section_anchor"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SECTIONANCHOR"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SECTIONANCHOR&redirect=no">MOS:SECTIONANCHOR</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Before changing a heading, consider whether you might be breaking existing links to it. If there are many <a href="/wiki/Help:Link#To_a_section" title="Help:Link">links to the old title</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-many_links_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-many_links-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> create an <a href="/wiki/Help:Anchor" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Anchor">anchor</a> with that title to ensure that these still work. Similarly, when linking to a section, leave an invisible comment at the heading of the target section, naming the linking articles, so that if the heading is later altered these can be fixed. For (a combined) example: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><code>==Implications{{subst:<a href="/wiki/Template:Anchor" title="Template:Anchor">Anchor</a>|Consequences}}==<br></code></span></div> <p>which will be saved in the article as: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><code>==Implications<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="anchor" id="Consequences"></span></code>==<br></code></span></div> <p>The advantage of using <code>{{subst:Anchor}}</code>, or simply inserting the <code><span></code> tags directly, is that when edits are made to the section in the future, the anchor will not be included in page history entries as part of the section name. When <code>{{Anchor}}</code> is used directly, that undesirable behavior <i>does</i> occur. Note: if electing to insert the span directly, do not abbreviate it by using a self-closing tag, as in <code>==Implications<span id="Consequences" />==</code>, since in HTML5 that XML-style syntax is valid only for certain tags, such as <span class="nowrap"><code><br /></code></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking#Avoiding_broken_section_links" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking § Avoiding broken section links</a> for further discussion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heading-like_material" data-mw-thread-id="h-Heading-like_material-Section_headings"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Heading-like_material-Section_headings"></span>Heading-like material<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Heading-like_material-Section_headings"></span></h4></div> <p>The above guidance about sentence case, redundancy, images, and questions also applies to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables#Captions_and_headers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">headers of tables</a> (and of table columns and rows). However, table headings can incorporate citations and may begin with, or be, numbers. Unlike page headings, table headers do not automatically generate link anchors. Aside from sentence case in glossaries, the heading advice also applies to the <i>term</i> entries in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#DLIST" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">description lists</a>. If using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries#Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Glossaries">template-structured glossaries</a>, terms will automatically have link anchors, but will not otherwise. Citations for description-list content go in the <i>term</i> or <i>definition</i> element, as needed. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="National_varieties_of_English" data-mw-thread-id="h-National_varieties_of_English"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-National_varieties_of_English"></span>National varieties of English<span data-mw-comment-end="h-National_varieties_of_English"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:ENGVAR"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ENGVAR&redirect=no">MOS:ENGVAR</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles#National_varieties_of_English" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Wikipedia:Article titles § National varieties of English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling</a></div> <p>National varieties of English (for example, <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> or <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>) differ in vocabulary (<i>elevator</i> vs. <i>lift</i> ), spelling (<i>center</i> vs. <i>centre</i>), and occasionally grammar <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="#Plurals">§ Plurals</a>, below)</span>. Articles such as <a href="/wiki/English_plurals" title="English plurals">English plurals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a> provide information about such differences. The English Wikipedia prefers no national variety over others. </p><p>An article's date formatting (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">November 23, 2024</span> vs. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">23 November 2024</span>) is also related to national varieties of English – see <a href="/wiki/MOS:DATEFORMAT" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:DATEFORMAT">MOS:DATEFORMAT</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/MOS:DATETIES" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:DATETIES">MOS:DATETIES</a> and <a href="/wiki/MOS:DATEVAR" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:DATEVAR">MOS:DATEVAR</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consistency_within_articles" data-mw-thread-id="h-Consistency_within_articles-National_varieties_of_English"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Consistency_within_articles-National_varieties_of_English"></span>Consistency within articles<span class="anchor" id="Internal_consistency"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Consistency_within_articles-National_varieties_of_English"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:ARTCON"></span><span id="MOS:CONSISTENT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ARTCON&redirect=no">MOS:ARTCON</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CONSISTENT&redirect=no">MOS:CONSISTENT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consistency" class="mw-disambig" title="Wikipedia:Consistency">Wikipedia:Consistency</a></div> <p>The conventions of a particular variety of English should be followed consistently within a given article. Exceptions include: </p> <ul><li><b>Quotations</b> and <b>titles of works</b> (such as books, films, and music) should be given as they appear in sources. However, there are certain situations where this principle is not followed in order to maintain a level of typographic conformity across the encyclopedia: see <a href="#Typographic_conformity">§ Typographic conformity</a>.</li> <li><b>Proper names</b> use the subject's own spelling, e.g., <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">joint project of the United States Department of Defense and the Australian Defence Force</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">International Labour Organization</span>;</li> <li>For articles about chemistry-related topics, the international standard spellings <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">aluminium</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">sulfur</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">caesium</span> (and derivative terms) should be used regardless of the variety of English otherwise employed in the article. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(chemistry)#Element_names" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry) § Element names</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opportunities_for_commonality" data-mw-thread-id="h-Opportunities_for_commonality-National_varieties_of_English"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Opportunities_for_commonality-National_varieties_of_English"></span>Opportunities for commonality<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Opportunities_for_commonality-National_varieties_of_English"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:COMMONALITY"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:COMMONALITY&redirect=no">MOS:COMMONALITY</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>For an international encyclopedia, using vocabulary common to all varieties of English is preferable. </p> <ul><li>Use universally accepted terms rather than those less widely distributed, especially in titles. For example, <a href="/wiki/Glasses" title="Glasses"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">glasses</span></a> is preferred to the national varieties <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">spectacles</span> (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>) and <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">eyeglasses</span> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>); <a href="/wiki/Ten_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten million"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">ten million</span></a> is preferable to <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">one crore</span></a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian English</a>).</li> <li>If a variant spelling appears in a title, make a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect" title="Wikipedia:Redirect">redirect</a> page to accommodate the others, as with <a href="/wiki/Artefact" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Artefact">artefact</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artifact" class="mw-disambig" title="Artifact">artifact</a>, so that all variants can be used in searches and linking.</li> <li>Terms that differ between varieties of English, or that have divergent meanings, may be <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)#In_linguistics" title="Gloss (annotation)">glossed</a> to prevent confusion, for example, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the trunk (American English) or boot (British English) of a car ...</span>.</li> <li>Use a commonly understood word or phrase in preference to one that has a different meaning because of national differences (rather than <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">alternate</span>, use <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">alternative</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">alternating</span>, as appropriate), except in technical contexts where such substitution would be inappropriate (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">alternate leaves</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">alternate law</span>).</li> <li>When more than one variant spelling exists within a national variety of English, the most commonly used current variant should usually be preferred, except where the less common spelling has a specific usage in a specialized context, e.g., <i>connexion</i> in <a href="/wiki/Connexionalism" title="Connexionalism">Methodist connexionalism</a>.</li></ul> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">For assistance with specific terms, see <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English#Vocabulary" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English § Vocabulary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" title="American and British English spelling differences">American and British English spelling differences</a>; most dictionaries also indicate regional terms.</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strong_national_ties_to_a_topic" data-mw-thread-id="h-Strong_national_ties_to_a_topic-National_varieties_of_English"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Strong_national_ties_to_a_topic-National_varieties_of_English"></span>Strong national ties to a topic<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Strong_national_ties_to_a_topic-National_varieties_of_English"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:TIES"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:TIES&redirect=no">MOS:TIES</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Strong_national_ties_to_a_topic" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Strong national ties to a topic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Unit_choice_and_order" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Unit choice and order</a></div> <p>An article on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation should use the (formal, not colloquial) English of that nation. For example: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Australian Defence Force</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire of London</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigerian English</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistani English</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian English</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> (<a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanchai_Tower" title="Wanchai Tower">Wanchai Tower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong English</a>)</li></ul></div> <p>For topics with strong ties to <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> countries and other <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">former British territories</a>, use <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth English">Commonwealth English</a> orthography, largely indistinguishable from British English in encyclopedic writing (excepting Canada, which uses <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English#Spelling" title="Canadian English">a different orthography</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retaining_the_existing_variety" data-mw-thread-id="h-Retaining_the_existing_variety-National_varieties_of_English"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Retaining_the_existing_variety-National_varieties_of_English"></span>Retaining the existing variety<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Retaining_the_existing_variety-National_varieties_of_English"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:RETAIN"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:RETAIN&redirect=no">MOS:RETAIN</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Retaining_existing_styles">§ Retaining existing styles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Retaining_the_existing_format" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Retaining the existing format</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:RETAIN" redirects here. For the general editing policy, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PRESERVE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PRESERVE">WP:PRESERVE</a>. For the title policy, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TITLEVAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TITLEVAR">WP:TITLEVAR</a>.</div> <p>When an English variety's <a href="#Consistency_within_articles">consistent usage</a> has been established in an article, maintain it in the absence of consensus to the contrary. With few exceptions (e.g., when a topic has <a href="#Strong_national_ties_to_a_topic">strong national ties</a> or the change reduces ambiguity), there is no valid reason for changing from one acceptable option to another. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="FPSR"></span><span class="anchor" id="FMC"></span>When no English variety has been established and discussion does not resolve the issue, use the variety found in the first post-<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a> revision that introduced an identifiable variety. The established variety in a given article can be documented by placing the appropriate <a href="/wiki/Category:Varieties_of_English_templates" title="Category:Varieties of English templates">variety of English template</a> on its talk page. </p><p>An article should not be edited or renamed simply to switch from one variety of English to another. <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Uw-engvar" title="Template:Uw-engvar">subst:uw-engvar</a>}}</code> may be placed on an editor's talk page to explain this. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Capital_letters" data-mw-thread-id="h-Capital_letters"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Capital_letters"></span>Capital letters<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Capital_letters"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters</a></div> <p>Wikipedia article titles and section headings use sentence case, not title case; see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Wikipedia:Article titles</a> and <a href="#Section_headings">§ Section headings</a>. For capitalization of list items, see <a href="#Bulleted_and_numbered_lists">§ Bulleted and numbered lists</a>. Other points concerning capitalization are summarized below. Full information can be found at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters</a>. The central point is that Wikipedia does not capitalize something unless it is consistently capitalized in a substantial majority of independent, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capitalization_of_The" data-mw-thread-id="h-Capitalization_of_The-Capital_letters"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Capitalization_of_The-Capital_letters"></span>Capitalization of <i>The</i><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Capitalization_of_The-Capital_letters"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#Capitalization_of_The" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters § Capitalization of The</a></div> <p>Generally, do not capitalize the word <i>the</i> in mid-sentence: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">throughout the United Kingdom</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">throughout The United Kingdom</span>. Conventional exceptions include certain proper names (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">he visited The Hague</span>) and most titles of creative works (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Tolkien wrote <i>The Lord of the Rings</i></span> – but be aware that <i>the</i> might not be part of the title itself, e.g., <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Homer composed the <i>Odyssey</i></span>). </p><p>There are special considerations for: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music#Names_(definite_article)" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">band names</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#Institutions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">institution names</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography#NICKNAMETHE" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography">nicknames</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles#Indefinite_and_definite_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles">titles of works</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks#TMTHE" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">trademarks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_of_works" data-mw-thread-id="h-Titles_of_works-Capital_letters"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Titles_of_works-Capital_letters"></span>Titles of works<span id="Capitalization-Titles"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Titles_of_works-Capital_letters"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works">WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works</a></div> <p>The English-language titles of compositions (books and other print works, songs and other audio works, films and other visual media works, paintings and other artworks, etc.) are given in <em><a href="/wiki/Title_case" title="Title case">title case</a></em>, in which every word is given an initial capital except for certain less important words (as detailed at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#Composition_titles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters § Composition titles</a>). The first and last words in an English-language title are always capitalized. </p> <ul><li><em>Correct:</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>An Eye for an Eye</i></span></li> <li><em>Correct:</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Worth the Fighting For</i></span></li></ul> <p>Capitalization in non-English language titles varies, even over time within the same language; generally, retain the style of the original for modern works, and follow the usage in current<sup id="cite_ref-recent_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recent-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English-language reliable sources for historical works. When written in the Latin alphabet, many of these items should also be in <a href="#Italics">italics</a>, or enclosed in <a href="#Names_and_titles">quotation marks</a>. </p> <ul><li><em>Correct:</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Liaisons dangereuses</i></span></span></li> <li><em>Correct:</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Hymnus an den heiligen Geist</span></span>"</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_of_people" data-mw-thread-id="h-Titles_of_people-Capital_letters"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Titles_of_people-Capital_letters"></span>Titles of people<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Titles_of_people-Capital_letters"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography#Titles_of_people" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography § Titles of people</a></div> <ul><li><b>In generic use</b>, use lower case for words such as <i>president</i>, <i>king</i>, and <i>emperor</i> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">De Gaulle was a French president</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Louis XVI was a French king</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Three prime ministers attended the conference</span>).</li> <li><b>Directly before the person's name</b>, such words begin with a capital letter (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">President Obama</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">president Obama</span>). Standard or commonly used names of an office are treated as proper names (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">David Cameron was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Hirohito was Emperor of Japan</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Louis XVI was King of France</span>). Royal styles take capitals (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Her Majesty</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">His Highness</span>); exceptions may apply for particular offices.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religions,_deities,_philosophies,_doctrines" data-mw-thread-id="h-Religions,_deities,_philosophies,_doctrines-Capital_letters"><span id="Religions.2C_deities.2C_philosophies.2C_doctrines"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Religions,_deities,_philosophies,_doctrines-Capital_letters"></span>Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Religions,_deities,_philosophies,_doctrines-Capital_letters"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#Religions,_deities,_philosophies,_doctrines,_and_their_adherents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters § Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines, and their adherents</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Religion" class="mw-disambig" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Religion">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Religion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles#Religious_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles § Religious texts</a></div> <ul><li><b>Religions, sects, and churches</b> and their followers (in noun or adjective form) start with a capital letter. Generally, "the" is not capitalized before such names (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Unitarians</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">The Unitarians</span>).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious texts</a></b> are capitalized, but often not italicized (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Bhagavad Gita</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Quran</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Talmud</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Granth Sahib</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Bible</span>). Do not capitalize "the" when using it in this way. Some derived adjectives are capitalized by convention, and some are not (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">biblical</span>, but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Quranic</span>); if unsure, check a dictionary.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">Honorifics</a> for deities</b>, including proper names and titles, start with a capital letter (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">God</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Allah</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Lord</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Supreme Being</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Great Spirit</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Horned One</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Bhagavan</span>). Do not capitalize "the" in such cases or when referring to major religious figures or characters from mythology (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Prophet</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Messiah</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Virgin</span>). Common nouns for deities and religious figures are not capitalized (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">many gods</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the god Woden</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">saints and prophets</span>).</li> <li><b>Pronouns for figures of veneration or worship</b> are not capitalized, even if capitalized in a religion's scriptures (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">God and his will</span>).</li> <li><b>Broad categories of mythical or legendary beings</b> start with lower-case letters (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">elf</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">fairy</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">nymph</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">unicorn</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">angel</span>), although in works of fantasy, such as the novels of <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> and some video games, initial capitals are sometimes used to indicate that the beings form a culture or race in a <a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">fictional universe</a>. Capitalize the names or titles of individual creatures (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Minotaur</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Pegasus</span>) and of groups whose name and membership are fixed (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Magi, or the Three Wise Men</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Furies</span>). Generalized references are not capitalized (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">these priests</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">several wise men</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">cherub-like</span>).</li> <li><b>Spiritual or religious events</b> are capitalized only when referring to specific incidents or periods (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Great Flood</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Exodus</span>; but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">annual flooding</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">an exodus of refugees</span>).</li> <li><b>Philosophies, theories, movements, and doctrines</b> use lower case unless the name derives from a proper name (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">capitalism versus Marxism</span>) or has become a proper name (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">republican</span>, a system of political thought; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Republican</span>, a political party). Use lower case for doctrinal topics or canonical religious ideas (as opposed to specific events), even if they are capitalized by some religious adherents (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">virgin birth</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">original sin</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">transubstantiation</span>).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Platonic_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic idealism">Platonic</a> or transcendent ideals</b> are capitalized in the context of philosophical doctrine (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Truth</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Good</span>); used more broadly, they are in lower case (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice</span>). Use capitals for personifications represented in art (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the guidebook mentioned statues of Justice and Liberty</span>).</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Eponyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="EPONYM"></span><span class="anchor" id="EPONYMS"></span><b><a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">Eponyms</a></b> are capitalized (<a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Edwardian</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Morgan%27s_laws" title="De Morgan's laws"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">De Morgan's laws</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_syndrome" title="Alice in Wonderland syndrome"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Alice in Wonderland syndrome</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Plaster_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaster of Paris"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">plaster of Paris</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Platonic_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic idealism"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Platonic idealism</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Draconian_constitution" title="Draconian constitution"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Draconian constitution of Athens</span></a>), except in idiomatic uses disconnected from the original context and usually lower-cased in sources (<a href="/wiki/Platonic_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic relationship"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a platonic relationship</span></a>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">complained of draconian workplace policies</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-eponyms_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eponyms-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An entire phrase in which an eponym is an adjective <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#Religions,_deities,_philosophies,_doctrines,_and_their_adherents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">is not capitalized</a> except when the phrase is itself a proper name (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles">title of a published work</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_China_Syndrome" title="The China Syndrome"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>The China Syndrome</i></span></a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calendar_items" data-mw-thread-id="h-Calendar_items-Capital_letters"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Calendar_items-Capital_letters"></span>Calendar items<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Calendar_items-Capital_letters"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#Calendar_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters § Calendar items</a></div> <ul><li><b>Months, days of the week, and holidays</b> start with a capital letter (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">June</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Monday</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Fourth of July</span> refers only to the US Independence Day – otherwise <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">July 4</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">4 July</span>).</li> <li><b>Seasons</b> are in lower case (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">her last summer</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the winter solstice</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">spring fever</span>), except in personifications or in proper names for periods or events (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Old Man Winter</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">competed on the Spring Circuit</span>).</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="People,_animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms" data-mw-thread-id="h-Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms-Capital_letters"><span id="Animals.2C_plants.2C_and_other_organisms"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms-Capital_letters"></span>Animals, plants, and other organisms<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms-Capital_letters"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:LIFE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LIFE&redirect=no">MOS:LIFE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more detail on capitalization, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters § Animals, plants, and other organisms</a>; on italicization, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting#Italic_type" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting § Italic type</a>. See also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lead_section#Organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Lead section">Wikipedia:Lead section § Organisms</a> for handling of first sentence. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(fauna)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(flora)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)</a> for article title guidelines.</div> <p>When using <b><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic ("scientific") names</a></b>, capitalize and italicize the genus: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Berberis</i></span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Erithacus</i></span>. (Supergenus and subgenus, when applicable, are treated the same way.) Italicize but do not capitalize taxonomic ranks at the level of species and below: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Berberis darwinii</i></span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Erithacus rubecula superbus</i></span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Acacia coriacea</i> subsp. <i>sericophylla</i></span>; no exception is made for proper names forming part of scientific names. Higher taxa (order, family, etc.) are capitalized in Latin (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Carnivora</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Felidae</span>) but not in their English equivalents (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">carnivorans</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">felids</span>); they are not italicized in either form, except for viruses, where all names accepted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses" title="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses">ICTV</a> are italicized (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Retroviridae</i></span>). </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">cultivar group</a></b> names of plants are not italicized, and are capitalized (including the word <i>Group</i> in the name); cultivar names appear within single quotes (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Malus domestica</i> 'Red Delicious'</span>), while cultivar groups do not (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Cynara cardunculus</i> Scolymus Group</span>). </p><p><b>English <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">vernacular ("common") names</a></b> are given in lower case in article prose (<a href="/wiki/Plains_zebra" title="Plains zebra"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">plains zebra</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_maple" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain maple"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">mountain maple</span></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_red-tailed_hawk" title="Southwestern red-tailed hawk"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">southwestern red-tailed hawk</span></a>) and in sentence case at the start of sentences and in other places where the first letter of the first word is capitalized.<sup id="cite_ref-Sentence_case_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentence_case-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are additionally capitalized where they contain proper names: <a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_horse" title="Przewalski's horse"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Przewalski's horse</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/California_condor" title="California condor"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">California condor</span></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fair-maid-of-France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair-maid-of-France"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">fair-maid-of-France</span></a>. This applies to species and subspecies, as in the previous examples, as well as to general names for groups or types of organism: <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">bird of prey</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">oak</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_apes" class="mw-redirect" title="Great apes"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">great apes</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryde%27s_whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryde's whales"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Bryde's whales</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Livestock_guardian_dog" title="Livestock guardian dog"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">livestock guardian dog</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Poodle" title="Poodle"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">poodle</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Van_cat" title="Van cat"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Van cat</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfdog" title="Wolfdog"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">wolfdog</span></a>. When the common name coincides with a scientific taxon, do not capitalize or italicize, except where addressing the organism taxonomically: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">A lynx is any of the four medium-sized wild cat species within the genus <i>Lynx</i>.</span> Non-English vernacular names, when relevant to include, are handled like any other non-English terms: italicized as such, and capitalized only if the rules of the native language require it. Non-English names that have become English-assimilated are treated as English (<a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">ayahuasca</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">okapi</span></a>). </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Breed_standard" title="Breed standard">Standardized breeds</a></b> should generally retain the capitalization used in the breed standards.<sup id="cite_ref-Standardized_breeds_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standardized_breeds-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples: <a href="/wiki/German_Shepherd" title="German Shepherd"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">German Shepherd</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_White_goat" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian White goat"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Russian White goat</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Short-faced_Tumbler" title="Berlin Short-faced Tumbler"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Berlin Short-faced Tumbler</span></a>. As with plant cultivars, this applies whether or not the included noun is a proper name, in contrast to how vernacular names of species are written. However, unlike cultivars, breeds are never put in single quotation marks, and their names are never part of a scientific name. A species term appended at the end for disambiguation ("cat", "hound", "horse", "swine", etc.) should not be capitalized, unless it is a part of the breed name itself and is consistently presented that way in the breed standards (rare cases include <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Forest_Cat" title="Norwegian Forest Cat"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Norwegian Forest Cat</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Quarter_Horse" title="American Quarter Horse"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">American Quarter Horse</span></a>). </p><p>Create <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect" title="Wikipedia:Redirect">redirects</a> from alternative capitalization and spelling forms of article titles, and from alternative names, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Penguin" class="mw-redirect" title="Adélie Penguin">Adélie Penguin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adelie_penguin" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelie penguin">Adelie penguin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adelie_Penguin" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelie Penguin">Adelie Penguin</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pygoscelis_adeliae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pygoscelis adeliae">Pygoscelis adeliae</a></i> should all redirect to <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_penguin" title="Adélie penguin">Adélie penguin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celestial_bodies" data-mw-thread-id="h-Celestial_bodies-Capital_letters"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Celestial_bodies-Capital_letters"></span>Celestial bodies<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Celestial_bodies-Capital_letters"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#Celestial_bodies" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters § Celestial bodies</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(astronomical_objects)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)</a></div> <p>The words <i>sun</i>, <i>earth</i>, <i>moon</i>, and <i>solar system</i> do not take capitals in general use (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The sun was over the mountain top</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The tribal people thought of the whole earth as their home</span>). They are capitalized when the entity is personified (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Sol Invictus ('Unconquered Sun') was the Roman sun god</span>) or when used as the name of a specific body in a scientific or astronomical context (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The Moon orbits the Earth</span>; but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Io is a moon of Jupiter</span>). </p><p>Names of planets, moons, asteroids, comets, stars, constellations, and galaxies are proper names, and therefore capitalized (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The planet Mars is in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux</span>). The first letter of every word in such a name is capitalized (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Alpha Centauri</span> and not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Alpha centauri</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Milky Way</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Milky way</span>). Words such as <i>comet</i> and <i>galaxy</i> should be capitalized when they form part of a proper name, but not when they are used as a generic term (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Halley's Comet is the most famous of the comets</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compass_points" data-mw-thread-id="h-Compass_points-Capital_letters"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Compass_points-Capital_letters"></span>Compass points<span class="anchor" id="Compass"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Compass_points-Capital_letters"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#Compass_points" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters § Compass points</a></div> <p>Do not capitalize <b>directions</b> such as <i>north</i> or their related forms (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">We took the northern road</span>) except when they are parts of proper names (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Great North Road</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Great Western Drive</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">South Pole</span>). </p><p>Capitalize <b>names of regions</b> if they have attained proper-name status, including informal conventional names (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Southern California</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Western Desert</span>), and derived terms for people (e.g., a <i>Southerner</i> as someone from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>). Do not capitalize descriptive names for regions that have not attained the status of proper names, such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">southern Poland</span>. </p><p>Composite directions may or may not be hyphenated, depending on the <a href="#National_varieties_of_English">variety of English adopted</a> in the article. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Southeast Asia</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">northwest</span> are more common in American English; but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">South-East Asia</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">north-west</span> in British English. In cases such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">north–south dialogue</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">east–west orientation</span>, use an en dash; see <a href="#En_dashes:_other_uses">§ En dashes: other uses</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proper_names_versus_generic_terms" data-mw-thread-id="h-Proper_names_versus_generic_terms-Capital_letters"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Proper_names_versus_generic_terms-Capital_letters"></span>Proper names versus generic terms<span id="Institutions"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Proper_names_versus_generic_terms-Capital_letters"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#Institutions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters § Institutions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#Capitalization_of_''The''" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters § Capitalization of <i>The</i></a></div> <p>Capitalize names of particular institutions (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the founding of the University of Delhi</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the history of Stanford University</span>) but not generic words for institutions (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the high school is near the university</span>). Do not capitalize <i>the</i> at the start of an institution's name, regardless of the institution's preferred style. There are rare exceptions, when a leading <i>The</i> is represented by a <i>T</i> in the organization's acronym: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The International Cat Association (TICA)</span>. </p><p>Treat political or geographic units similarly: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The city has a population of 55,000</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The two towns merged to become the City of Smithville</span>. Do not mimic the style of local newspapers which refer to their municipality as <i>the City</i> or <i>The City</i>; an exception is the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, referred to as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the City</span> in a context that already makes the subject clear, as distinct from <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>. When in doubt, use the full name for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">accessibility</a> reasons; users of text-to-speech systems usually cannot hear a difference between <i>city</i> and <i>City</i>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Ligatures" data-mw-thread-id="h-Ligatures"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Ligatures"></span>Ligatures<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Ligatures"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(use_English)#Modified_letters" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (use English)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (use English) § Modified letters</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:LIG"></span><span id="MOS:LIGATURE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LIG&redirect=no">MOS:LIG</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LIGATURE&redirect=no">MOS:LIGATURE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">Ligatures</a> should be used in languages in which they are standard (hence <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Moreau's last words were <i>clin d'œil</i></span> is preferable to <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Moreau's last words were <i>clin d'oeil</i></span>) but not in English (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">encyclopedia</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">encyclopaedia</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">encyclopædia</span>), except in proper names (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Æthelstan</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Aethelstan</span>). </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Abbreviations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Abbreviations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Abbreviations"></span>Abbreviations<span class="anchor" id="Acronyms_and_abbreviations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Acronyms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Initialisms"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shortenings"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Abbreviations"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography#Initials" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography § Initials</a></div> <p>Abbreviations are shortened forms of words or phrases. In strict analysis, they are distinct from <a href="/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" title="Contraction (grammar)">contractions</a>, which use an <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> (e.g., <i>won't</i>, see <a href="#Contractions">§ Contractions</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Initialism">initialisms</a>. An initialism is formed from some or all of the initial letters of words in a phrase. Below, references to abbreviations should be taken to include acronyms, and the term <i>acronym</i> to apply also to initialisms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Write_first_occurrences_in_full" data-mw-thread-id="h-Write_first_occurrences_in_full-Abbreviations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Write_first_occurrences_in_full-Abbreviations"></span>Write first occurrences in full<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Write_first_occurrences_in_full-Abbreviations"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:1STOCC"></span><span id="MOS:1STABBR"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:1STOCC&redirect=no">MOS:1STOCC</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:1STABBR&redirect=no">MOS:1STABBR</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>When an abbreviation will be used in an article, first introduce it using the full expression: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">an early local area network (LAN) developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)<span class="nowrap"> </span>... DEC's later LAN products were<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</span></div> <p>Do not use capitals in the full version merely because capitals are used in the abbreviation: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">an early Local Area Network (LAN)</span>. </p><p>Except in special circumstances, common abbreviations (such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">PhD</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">DNA</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">USSR</span>) need not be expanded even on first use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plural_forms" data-mw-thread-id="h-Plural_forms-Abbreviations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Plural_forms-Abbreviations"></span>Plural forms<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Plural_forms-Abbreviations"></span></h3></div> <p>Pluralize <a href="/wiki/Acronyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Acronyms">acronyms</a> by adding <i>-s</i> or <i>-es</i>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Three CD-ROMs and two BIOSes were released</span>. Do not <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe#Abbreviations" title="Apostrophe">use apostrophes to form plurals</a>: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Three CD-ROM's and two BIOS's were released</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punctuation_and_spacing" data-mw-thread-id="h-Punctuation_and_spacing-Abbreviations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Punctuation_and_spacing-Abbreviations"></span>Punctuation and spacing<span class="anchor" id="Periods_(full_stops)_and_spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="Full_stops_and_spaces"></span><span class="anchor" id="op.cit."></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Punctuation_and_spacing-Abbreviations"></span></h3></div> <p>An abbreviation may or may not be terminated with a full point (also called a <i>period</i> or <i>full stop</i>). A consistent style should be maintained within an article. North American usage is typically to end all abbreviations with a period/point (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Dr. Smith of 42 Drummond St.</span>) but in common British and Australian usage, no period/point is used if the abbreviation (contraction) ends in the last letter of the unabbreviated form (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Dr Smith of 42 Drummond St</span>) unless confusion could result. This is also common practice in scientific writing. Regardless of punctuation, words that are abbreviated to more than one letter are spaced (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">op. cit.</span> not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">op.cit.</span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">opcit</span>). There are some exceptions: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">PhD</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see above)</span> for "Philosophiae Doctor"; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">BVetMed</span> for "Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine". In most situations, Wikipedia uses no such punctuation inside acronyms and initialisms: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">GDP</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">G.D.P.</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_and_U.S." data-mw-thread-id="h-US_and_U.S.-Abbreviations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-US_and_U.S.-Abbreviations"></span>US and U.S.<span class="anchor" id="US"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S."></span><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S.A."></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-US_and_U.S.-Abbreviations"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MOS:US" redirects here. For the use of the word "us", see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#First-person_pronouns">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § First-person pronouns</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:US"></span><span id="MOS:USA"></span><span id="MOS:NOTUSA"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:US&redirect=no">MOS:US</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:USA&redirect=no">MOS:USA</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NOTUSA&redirect=no">MOS:NOTUSA</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">US</span> is a commonly used abbreviation for <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">United States</span>, although <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">U.S.</span> – with periods and without a space – remains common in North American publications, including in news journalism. Multiple American style guides, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a></i> (since 2010), now deprecate "U.S." and recommend "US". </p><p>For <a href="#Opportunities_for_commonality">commonality</a> reasons, use <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">US</span> by default when abbreviating, but <a href="#Retaining_existing_styles">retain</a> <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">U.S.</span> in American or Canadian English articles in which it is already established, unless there is a good reason to change it. Because use of periods for abbreviations and acronyms should be consistent within any given article, use <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">US</span> in an article with other country abbreviations, and especially avoid constructions like <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">the U.S. and the UK</span>. In longer abbreviations that incorporate the country's initials (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">USN</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">USAF</span>), never use periods. When the United States is mentioned with one or more other countries in the same sentence, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">US</span> (or <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">U.S.</span>) may be too informal, especially at the first mention or as a noun instead of an adjective (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">France and the United States</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">France and the US</span>). Do not use the spaced <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">U. S.</span> or the archaic <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">U.S. of A.</span>, except when quoting. Do not use <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">U.S.A.</span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">USA</span> except in a quotation, as part of a proper name (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Team USA</span>), or in certain technical and formal uses (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-3" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-3">ISO 3166-1 alpha-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/FIFA_country_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="FIFA country codes">FIFA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_IOC_country_codes" title="List of IOC country codes">IOC country codes</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circa" data-mw-thread-id="h-Circa-Abbreviations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Circa-Abbreviations"></span>Circa<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Circa-Abbreviations"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Uncertain,_incomplete,_or_approximate_dates" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates</a> for examples.</div> <p>To indicate <i>approximately</i>, the use of <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Circa" title="Template:Circa">circa</a>}}</code>, showing as <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>, is preferred over circa, c., ca., or approx. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avoid_unwarranted_use" data-mw-thread-id="h-Avoid_unwarranted_use-Abbreviations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Avoid_unwarranted_use-Abbreviations"></span>Avoid unwarranted use<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Avoid_unwarranted_use-Abbreviations"></span></h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="unwarranted_abbreviations"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Units_of_measurement" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Units of measurement</a> for when to abbreviate units of measurement.</div> <p>Avoid abbreviations when they might confuse the reader, interrupt the flow, or appear informal. For example: </p> <ul><li>Do not use <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">approx.</span> for <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">approximate(ly)</span> except in an infobox or table (in which case use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Abbr" title="Template:Abbr">abbr</a>|approx.|approximately}}</code> at first occurrence: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><abbr title="approximately">approx.</abbr></span>).</li> <li>Do not use the legalism <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Smith J</span> for <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Justice Smith</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Do_not_invent" data-mw-thread-id="h-Do_not_invent-Abbreviations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Do_not_invent-Abbreviations"></span>Do not invent<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Do_not_invent-Abbreviations"></span></h3></div> <p>Avoid devising <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_not_a_dictionary#Neologisms" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary">new abbreviations</a>, especially acronyms. For example, <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">World Union of Billiards</span> is good as a <em>translation</em> of <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Union_Mondiale_de_Billard" title="Union Mondiale de Billard">Union Mondiale de Billard</a></span>, but neither it nor the reduction <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">WUB</span> is used by the organization or by independent sources; use the original name and its official abbreviation, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">UMB</span>. </p><p>If it is necessary to abbreviate in a tight space, such as a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables#Captions_and_headers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">column header in a table</a>, use widely recognized abbreviations. For example, for <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">New Zealand gross national product</span>, use <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">NZ</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">GNP</span>, with a link if the term has not already been written out in the article: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">NZ <a href="/wiki/Measures_of_national_income_and_output" title="Measures of national income and output">GNP</a></span>. Do not make up initialisms such as <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">NZGNP</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HTML_tags_and_templates" data-mw-thread-id="h-HTML_tags_and_templates-Abbreviations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-HTML_tags_and_templates-Abbreviations"></span>HTML tags and templates<span data-mw-comment-end="h-HTML_tags_and_templates-Abbreviations"></span></h3></div> <p>Either <code class="nowrap" style=""><abbr></code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Abbr" title="Template:Abbr">abbr</a>}}</code> can be used for abbreviations and acronyms: <code class="wrap" style=""><abbr title="World Health Organization">WHO</abbr></code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Abbr" title="Template:Abbr">abbr</a>|WHO|World Health Organization}}</code> will generate <abbr title="World Health Organization">WHO</abbr>; <a href="/wiki/Mouseover" title="Mouseover">hovering</a> over the rendered text causes a <a href="/wiki/Tooltip" title="Tooltip">tooltip</a> of the long form to pop up. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ampersand" data-mw-thread-id="h-Ampersand-Abbreviations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Ampersand-Abbreviations"></span>Ampersand<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Ampersand-Abbreviations"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:AMP"></span><span id="MOS:&amp;"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:AMP&redirect=no">MOS:AMP</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:%26&redirect=no">MOS:&</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:&" redirects here. For the use of "and" in titles, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AND" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AND">WP:AND</a>.</div> <p>In normal text and headings, use <i>and</i> instead of the <a href="/wiki/Ampersand" title="Ampersand">ampersand</a> (<i>&</i>): <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">January 1 and 2</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">January 1 & 2</span>. But retain an ampersand when it is a legitimate part of the style of a proper noun, the title of a work, or a trademark, such as in <i><a href="/wiki/Up_%26_Down_(Horace_Parlan_album)" title="Up & Down (Horace Parlan album)">Up & Down</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>. Elsewhere, ampersands may be used with consistency and discretion where space is extremely limited (e.g., tables and infoboxes). Quotations <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Typographic_conformity">may be cautiously modified</a>, especially for consistency where different editions are quoted, as modern editions of old texts routinely replace ampersands with <i>and</i> (just as they replace other disused <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a>, and abbreviations). Another frequent permissible but not required use is in short bibliographic references to works by multiple authors, e.g.: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><ref>Lubbers & Scheepers (2002); Van Hiel & Mervielde (2002); Swyngedouw & Giles (2007); Van Hiel (2012).</ref></span>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Italics" data-mw-thread-id="h-Italics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Italics"></span>Italics<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Italics"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:IT"></span><span id="MOS:ITAL"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:IT&redirect=no">MOS:IT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ITAL&redirect=no">MOS:ITAL</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting#Italic_type" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting § Italic type</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emphasis" data-mw-thread-id="h-Emphasis-Italics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Emphasis-Italics"></span>Emphasis<span id="Do_not_use_capitals_for_emphasis"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Emphasis-Italics"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting#Emphasis" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting § Emphasis</a></div> <p>Italics are used for emphasis, rather than <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting#Boldface" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">boldface</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#All_caps_and_small_caps" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">capitals</a>. But overuse diminishes its effect; consider rewriting instead. </p><p>Use <code class="nowrap" style=""><em>...</em></code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Em" title="Template:Em">em</a>|...}}</code> for emphasis. This allows <a href="/wiki/Help:User_style" title="Help:User style">user style sheets</a> to handle emphasis in a customized way, and helps reusers and translators.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Correct: <code><span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The meerkat is <em>not</em> actually a cat.</span></code></li> <li>Correct: <code><span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The meerkat is {{em|not}} actually a cat.</span></code></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles" data-mw-thread-id="h-Titles-Italics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Titles-Italics"></span>Titles<span id="Italics-Titles"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Titles-Italics"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For complete guidance on the handling of titles of works, see (until the material is better consolidated): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works">WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works</a> (overview and details)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Titles_of_works">WP:Manual of Style § Titles of works</a> (which summarizes the key points)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting#Names_and_titles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">WP:Manual of Style/Text formatting § Names and titles</a> (provides greater detail than the section you are reading now)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Names_and_titles">WP:Manual of Style § Punctuation §§ Quotation marks §§§ Names and titles</a> (summarizes details at WP:Manual of Style/Titles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works">WP:Manual of Style/Lists of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music#Capitalization" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">WP:Manual of Style/Music § Capitalization</a></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NOITALIC"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NOITALIC&redirect=no">MOS:NOITALIC</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Use italics for the titles of works (such as books, films, television series, named exhibitions, computer games, music albums, and artworks). The titles of articles, chapters, songs, episodes, storylines, research papers and other short works instead take double quotation marks. </p><p>Italics are not used for major religious works (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Bible</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Quran</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Talmud</span>). Many of these titles should also be in <a href="#Titles_of_works">title case</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Words_as_words" data-mw-thread-id="h-Words_as_words-Italics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Words_as_words-Italics"></span>Words as words<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Words_as_words-Italics"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting#Words_as_words" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting § Words as words</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the policy when a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WORDISSUBJECT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WORDISSUBJECT">WP:WORDISSUBJECT</a>.</div> <p>Use italics when <em>mentioning</em> a word or character <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Use%E2%80%93mention_distinction" title="Use–mention distinction">Use–mention distinction</a>)</span> or a string of words up to one sentence (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the term <i>panning</i> is derived from <i>panorama</i></span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the most common letter in English is <i>e</i></span>). When a whole sentence is mentioned, double quotation marks may be used instead, with consistency (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The preposition in <i>She sat on the chair</i> is <i>on</i></span>; or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The preposition in "She sat on the chair" is "on"</span>). Quotation marks may also be used for shorter material to avoid confusion, such as when italics are already heavily used in the page for another purpose (e.g., for many non-English words and phrases). <em>Mentioning</em> (to discuss grammar, wording, punctuation, etc.) is different from <em>quoting</em> (in which something is usually expressed on behalf of a quoted source). Quotation is done with quotation marks, never italics, nor both at once <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="#Quotations">§ Quotations</a> for details).</span> </p><p>A closely related use of italics is when introducing or distinguishing terms: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The <i>natural numbers</i> are the integers greater than 0.</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-English_words" data-mw-thread-id="h-Non-English_words-Italics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Non-English_words-Italics"></span>Non-English words <span class="anchor" id="Foreign_words"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Non-English_words-Italics"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting#Non-English_terms" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting § Non-English terms</a></div> <p>Italics are indicated for non-English phrases and isolated non-English words that are not commonly used in everyday English. However, proper names (such as place names) in other languages are not usually italicized, nor are terms in non-Latin scripts. The <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>}}</code> template and its variants support all <a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a> language codes, correctly identifying the language and automatically italicizing for you. Please use these templates rather than just manually italicizing non-English material. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#Other_languages" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility § Other languages</a> for more information.)</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_names" data-mw-thread-id="h-Scientific_names-Italics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Scientific_names-Italics"></span>Scientific names<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Scientific_names-Italics"></span></h3></div> <p>Use italics for the scientific names of plants, animals, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">all other organisms</a> except viruses at the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> level and below (italicize <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Panthera leo</i></span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Retroviridae</i></span>, but not <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Felidae</span>). The hybrid sign is not italicized (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Rosa</i> × <i>damascena</i></span>), nor is the "connecting term" required in <a href="/wiki/Trinomial_nomenclature#In_botany" title="Trinomial nomenclature">three-part botanical names</a> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Rosa gallica</i> subsp. <i>officinalis</i></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quotations_in_italics" data-mw-thread-id="h-Quotations_in_italics-Italics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Quotations_in_italics-Italics"></span>Quotations in italics<span id="Italics_and_quotations"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Quotations_in_italics-Italics"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NOITALQUOTE"></span><span id="MOS:ITALQUOTE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NOITALQUOTE&redirect=no">MOS:NOITALQUOTE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ITALQUOTE&redirect=no">MOS:ITALQUOTE</a></span></li></ul></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Quotations">§ Quotations</a></div> <p>Do not put quotations in italics. <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Quotation_marks">Quotation marks</a> (or <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Block_quotations">block quoting</a>) alone are sufficient and the correct ways to denote quotations. Italics should only be used if the quoted material would otherwise call for italics. (<a href="#Italics_within_quotations">See below</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italics_within_quotations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Italics_within_quotations-Italics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Italics_within_quotations-Italics"></span>Italics within quotations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Italics_within_quotations-Italics"></span></h3></div> <p>Use italics within quotations to reproduce emphasis that exists in the source material or to indicate the use of non-English words. The emphasis is better done with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Em" title="Template:Em">em</a>}}</code>. If it is not clear that the source already included italics (or some other styling) for emphasis, or to indicate when emphasis was not used in the original text but was editorially added later, add the editorial note <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">[emphasis in original]</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">[emphasis added]</span>, respectively, after the quotation. </p> <ul><li>For example: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"Now cracks a noble heart. Good night sweet prince: And <em>flights of angels</em> sing thee to thy rest." [emphasis in original].</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_nearby_punctuation" data-mw-thread-id="h-Effect_on_nearby_punctuation-Italics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Effect_on_nearby_punctuation-Italics"></span>Effect on nearby punctuation<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Effect_on_nearby_punctuation-Italics"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:ITALPUNCT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ITALPUNCT&redirect=no">MOS:ITALPUNCT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Italicize only the elements of the sentence affected by the emphasis. Do not italicize surrounding punctuation. </p> <ul><li><em>Incorrect:</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">What are we to make of <em>that?</em></span> (The question mark applies to the whole sentence, not just to the emphasized <i>that</i>, so it should not be italicized.)</li> <li><em>Correct:</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">What are we to make of <em>that</em>?</span></li> <li><em>Correct:</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Four of Patrick White's most famous novels are <i>A Fringe of Leaves</i>, <i>The Aunt's Story</i>, <i>Voss</i>, and <i>The Tree of Man</i>.</span> (The commas, the period, and the word <i>and</i> are not italicized.)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Quotations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Quotations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Quotations"></span>Quotations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Quotations"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_include_the_full_text_of_lengthy_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources">Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the essay, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Quotations" title="Wikipedia:Quotations">Wikipedia:Quotations</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MOS:QUOTE" redirects here. For the section on quotation characters, see <a href="/wiki/MOS:CURLY" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:CURLY">MOS:CURLY</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:QUOT"></span><span id="MOS:QUOTE"></span><span id="MOS:QUOTATIONS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:QUOT&redirect=no">MOS:QUOT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:QUOTE&redirect=no">MOS:QUOTE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:QUOTATIONS&redirect=no">MOS:QUOTATIONS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content#Guideline_examples" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content">Brief quotations of copyrighted text</a> may be used to illustrate a point, establish context, or attribute a point of view or idea. While quotations are an indispensable part of Wikipedia, try not to overuse them. Using too many quotes is incompatible with an encyclopedic writing style and may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">copyright infringement</a>, and so most of the content should be in the editor's own words. Consider paraphrasing quotations into plain and concise text when appropriate (while being aware that <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing" title="Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing">close paraphrasing</a> can still violate copyright). <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting#Quotations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">It is incorrect to put quotations in italics</a> unless the material would be italicized for some other reason. </p><p>Per <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">the verifiability policy</a>, direct quotations <i>must</i> be accompanied by an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:INCITE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:INCITE">inline citation</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliable source</a> that supports the material. This is especially important in articles that are about or contain material about <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLP">living or recently deceased people</a> (BLPs). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_wording" data-mw-thread-id="h-Original_wording-Quotations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Original_wording-Quotations"></span>Original wording<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Original_wording-Quotations"></span></h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Principle_of_minimal_change"></span><span class="anchor" id="Minimal_change"></span><span class="anchor" id="PMC"></span><span class="anchor" id="PLC"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINIMALCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="MINCHANGE"></span><span class="anchor" id="LEASTCHANGE"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:PMC" redirects here. For closure of requested moves by page movers, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_moves/Closing_instructions#Closure_by_a_page_mover" title="Wikipedia:Requested moves/Closing instructions">Wikipedia:Requested moves/Closing instructions § Closure by a page mover</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:PLC" redirects here. For inclusion guidelines for organizations, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(organizations_and_companies)" title="Wikipedia:Notability (organizations and companies)">Wikipedia:Notability (organizations and companies)</a>. For the handling of the abbreviation "plc" in article titles, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(companies)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (companies)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (companies)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:PMC"></span><span id="MOS:SIC"></span><span id="MOS:TYPOFIX"></span><span id="WP:QUOTETYPO"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PMC&redirect=no">MOS:PMC</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SIC&redirect=no">MOS:SIC</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:TYPOFIX&redirect=no">MOS:TYPOFIX</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:QUOTETYPO&redirect=no">WP:QUOTETYPO</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Quotations must be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiably</a> attributed, and the wording of the quoted text must be faithfully reproduced. This is referred to as the <strong>principle of minimal change</strong>. Where there is good reason to change the wording, bracket the changed text; for example, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">"Ocyrhoe told him his fate"</span> might be quoted as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"Ocyrhoe told [her father] his fate"</span>. If there is a significant error in the original, follow it with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sic" title="Template:Sic">sic</a>}}</code> (producing <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"> [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>]</span> ) to show that the error was not made by Wikipedia. However, insignificant spelling and typographic errors should simply be silently corrected (for example, correct <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">basicly</span> to <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">basically</span>). When applied to linked titles appearing between <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref>...</ref></code> tags, title parameters in citation templates, or similar text that is linked, the syntax of the template may be adjusted to <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sic" title="Template:Sic">sic</a>|nolink=y}}</code> (producing [<i>sic</i>] in the resulting linked text). For the sake of accuracy and indexing, the titles of referenced sources should not be corrected for spelling, but minor typographic corrections (like changing <a href="/wiki/MOS:CURLY" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:CURLY">curly quotes</a> to straight) may be made silently. </p><p>Use <a href="#Ellipses">ellipses</a> to indicate omissions from quoted text. Legitimate omissions include extraneous, irrelevant, or parenthetical words, and unintelligible speech (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">umm</span> and <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">hmm</span>), but do not omit text where doing so would remove important context or alter the meaning of the text. Vulgarities and obscenities should be shown exactly as they appear in the quoted source; Wikipedians should <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Offensive_material#How_to_treat_offensive_material_in_articles" title="Wikipedia:Offensive material">never bowdlerize words</a> (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">G-d d--m it!</span>), but if the text being quoted <i>itself</i> does so, copy the text verbatim and use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sic" title="Template:Sic">sic</a>}}</code> to indicate that the text is quoted as shown in the source. </p><p>In direct quotations, retain dialectal and archaic spellings, including capitalization (but not archaic glyphs and ligatures, as detailed below in <a href="#Typographic_conformity">§ Typographic conformity</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Point_of_view" data-mw-thread-id="h-Point_of_view-Quotations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Point_of_view-Quotations"></span>Point of view<span class="anchor" id="Quotation_point_of_view"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Point_of_view-Quotations"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:QUOTEPOV"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:QUOTEPOV&redirect=no">MOS:QUOTEPOV</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Attributing_and_specifying_biased_statements" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Wikipedia:Neutral point of view § Attributing and specifying biased statements</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Expressions_of_doubt" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch § Expressions of doubt</a></div> <p>Quotation should be used, with attribution, to present emotive opinions that cannot be expressed in Wikipedia's own voice, but never to present cultural norms as simply opinional: </p> <ul><li>Acceptable: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Siskel and Ebert called the film "unforgettable".</span></li> <li>Unacceptable: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">The site is considered "sacred" by the religion's scriptures.</span></li></ul> <p>Concise opinions that are not overly emotive can often be reported with attribution instead of direct quotation. Use of quotation marks around simple descriptive terms can <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Expressions_of_doubt" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">imply something doubtful</a> regarding the material being quoted; sarcasm or <a href="/wiki/Weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Weasel words">weasel words</a> such as <i>supposedly</i> or <i>so-called</i>, might be inferred. </p> <ul><li>Permissible: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Siskel and Ebert called the film interesting.</span></li> <li>Unnecessary and may imply doubt: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting".</span></li> <li>Should be quoted: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Siskel and Ebert called the film "interesting but heart-wrenching".</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typographic_conformity" data-mw-thread-id="h-Typographic_conformity-Quotations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Typographic_conformity-Quotations"></span>Typographic conformity<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Typographic_conformity-Quotations"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:CONFORM"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CONFORM&redirect=no">MOS:CONFORM</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>A quotation is not a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/facsimile" class="extiw" title="wikt:facsimile">facsimile</a> and, in most cases, it is not a requirement that the original formatting be preserved. Formatting and other purely typographical elements of quoted text<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> should be adapted to English Wikipedia's conventions without comment, provided that doing so will not change or obscure meaning or intent of the text. These are alterations which make no difference when the text is read aloud, for example: </p> <ul><li>Normalize dashes and hyphens: see <a href="#Dashes">§ Dashes</a>. Use the style chosen for the article: unspaced <a href="/wiki/Em_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="Em dash">em dash</a> or spaced <a href="/wiki/En_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="En dash">en dash</a>.</li> <li>Convert apostrophes and quotation marks to Wikipedia's style: <ul><li>These should be straight, not curly or slanted. See <a href="#Quotation_marks">§ Quotation marks</a>.</li> <li>When quoting a quotation that itself contains a quotation, alternate between using double and single quotes for each quotation. See <a href="#For_a_quotation_within_a_quotation">§ For a quotation within a quotation</a> for details.</li></ul></li> <li>When quoting text from non-English languages, the outer punctuation should follow <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Quotation_marks">the Manual of Style for English quote marks</a>. If there are nested quotations, follow the rules for correct punctuation in that language. If there are multiple styles for a language, the one used by the Wikipedia for that language is preferred unless the punctuation itself is under discussion. <dl><dd><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The cynical response "<span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr">L'auteur aurait dû demander : « à quoi sert-il d'écrire ceci ? » mais ne l'a pas fait</span></span>" was all he wrote.</span></dd></dl></li> <li>Remove spaces before punctuation such as periods and colons.</li> <li>Generally preserve bold and italics <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="#Italics">§ Italics</a>)</span>, but most other styling should be altered. <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Underlining</span></span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">spac ing</span> within words, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">co<span style="color:Goldenrod;">lor</span>s</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">ALL CAPS</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">small caps</span></span>, etc. should generally be normalized to plain text. If it <em>clearly</em> indicates emphasis, use italic <em>emphasis</em> (<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Em" title="Template:Em">em</a>}}</code>) or, in an already-italic passage, boldface (with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Strong" title="Template:Strong">strong</a>}}</code>). For titles of books, articles, poems, and so forth, use italics or quotation marks following <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles">the guidance for titles</a>. Italics can also be added to mark up <a href="#Non-English_terms">non-English terms</a> (with the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>}}</code> template), for an <a href="#Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms">organism's scientific name</a>, and to indicate a <a href="#Words_as_words">words-as-words</a> usage.</li> <li>Expand an abbreviation (not already used in the content before the quotation) as a square-bracketed change, or explain it using <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Abbr" title="Template:Abbr">abbr</a>}}</code>.</li> <li>Normalize archaic glyphs and ligatures in English that are unnecessary to the meaning. Examples include <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">æ</a></i>→<i>ae</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ">œ</a></i>→<i>oe</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">ſ</a></i>→<i>s</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)#Abbreviations" title="Thorn (letter)">þ<sup>e</sup></a></i>→<i>the</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See also <a href="#Ampersand">§ Ampersand</a>.)</span></li></ul> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles#Typographic_conformity" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles § Typographic conformity</a> for special considerations in normalizing the typography of titles of works.</span> </p><p>However, national varieties should not be changed, as these may involve changes in vocabulary. For example, a quotation from a British source should retain British spelling, even in an article that otherwise uses American spelling. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See <a href="#Consistency_within_articles">§ Consistency within articles</a>.)</span> Numbers also usually <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Quotations,_titles,_etc." title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">should not be reformatted</a>. </p><p>Direct quotation should not be used to preserve the formatting preferred by an external publisher (especially when the material would otherwise be unchanged), as this tends to have the effect of <a href="/wiki/Scare_quotes" title="Scare quotes">scare-quoting</a>: </p> <ul><li><em>Acceptable</em>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The animal is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.</span></li> <li><em>Unacceptable</em>: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">The animal is listed as "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.</span></li></ul> <p>Italics can be used to mark a particular usage as a <a href="/wiki/Term_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Term of art">term of art</a> (a case of "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting#Words_as_words" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">words as words</a>"), especially when it is unfamiliar or should not be reworded by a non-expert: </p> <ul><li><em>Permissible</em>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The animal is listed as <i>critically endangered</i> on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.</span></li></ul> <p>When quoting a complete sentence, it is usually recommended to keep the first word capitalized. However, if the quoted passage has been integrated into the surrounding sentence (for example, with an introduction such as "<var style="padding-right: 1px;">X</var> said that"), the original capital letter may be lower-cased. </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">LaVesque's report stated: "The equipment was selected for its low price. This is the primary reason for criticism of the program."</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">LaVesque's report said that "the equipment was selected for its low price".</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The program was criticized primarily because "the equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.</span></li></ul> <p>It is normally unnecessary to explicitly note changes in capitalization. However, for more precision, the altered letter may be put inside square brackets: <span class="nowrap">"The" → "[t]he".</span> </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The program was criticized primarily because <span class="nowrap">"[t]he</span> equipment was selected for its low price", according to LaVesque.</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attribution" data-mw-thread-id="h-Attribution-Quotations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Attribution-Quotations"></span>Attribution<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Attribution-Quotations"></span></h3></div> <p>The reader must be able to determine the source of any quotation, at the very least via a footnote. The source must be named <em>in article text</em> if the quotation is an opinion <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Attributing_and_specifying_biased_statements" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Wikipedia:Neutral point of view § Attributing and specifying biased statements</a>)</span>. When attributing a quotation, avoid <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Words_to_avoid#Synonyms_for_said" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Words to avoid">characterizing it in a biased manner</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quotations_within_quotations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Quotations_within_quotations-Quotations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Quotations_within_quotations-Quotations"></span>Quotations within quotations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Quotations_within_quotations-Quotations"></span></h3></div> <p>See <a href="#For_a_quotation_within_a_quotation">§ For a quotation within a quotation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linking" data-mw-thread-id="h-Linking-Quotations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Linking-Quotations"></span>Linking<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Linking-Quotations"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:LINKQUOTE"></span><span id="MOS:LWQ"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LINKQUOTE&redirect=no">MOS:LINKQUOTE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LWQ&redirect=no">MOS:LWQ</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Be conservative when linking within quotations; link only to targets that correspond to the meaning clearly intended by the quote's author. Where possible, link from text outside of the quotation instead – either before it or soon after. (If quoting <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a>, add an editorial note, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">[link in original]</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">[link added]</span>, as appropriate, to avoid ambiguity as to whether the link was made by the original author.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Block_quotations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Block_quotations-Quotations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Block_quotations-Quotations"></span>Block quotations<span class="anchor" id="Block_quotations"></span><span class="anchor" id="Block_quotes"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Block_quotations-Quotations"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:BQ"></span><span id="MOS:BLOCKQUOTE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BQ&redirect=no">MOS:BQ</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BLOCKQUOTE&redirect=no">MOS:BLOCKQUOTE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Format a long quote (more than about forty words or a few hundred characters, or consisting of more than one paragraph, regardless of length) as a <a href="/wiki/Block_quotation" title="Block quotation">block quotation</a>, indented on both sides. Block quotations should be enclosed in <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Blockquote" title="Template:Blockquote">blockquote</a>}}</code>. </p><p>Do not enclose block quotations in quotation marks (and especially avoid large, decorative quotation marks; those provided by the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cquote" title="Template:Cquote">cquote</a>}}</code> template have been disabled in mainspace). Block quotations using a colored background are also discouraged. </p><p>Use <code>{{blockquote}}</code> and so on only for actual quotations; <a href="#Indentation">indentation for other purposes</a> is done differently. </p><p>It is conventional to precede a block quotation with an introductory sentence (or sentence fragment) and append the source citation to that line. Alternatively, the <code>{{blockquote}}</code> template provides parameters for attribution and citation which will appear below the quotation. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(For use of dashes with attributions, see <a href="#Other_uses_for_em_dashes">§ Other uses for em dashes</a>.)</span> This below-quotation attribution style is intended for famous quotations and is unusual in articles because it may strike an inappropriate tone. A quotation with no cited source should be flagged with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Quote_without_source" title="Template:Quote without source">quote without source</a>}}</code>, or deleted. </p><p>Line breaks and indentation inside a <code>{{blockquote}}</code> or <code class="nowrap" style=""><blockquote></code> are generally ignored; use <code class="nowrap"><<a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Poem" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Poem">poem</a>></code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Poem_quote" title="Template:Poem quote">poem quote</a>}}</code> for poetry, lyrics, and similar material: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">blockquote</span><span class="p">|<</span><span class="nt">poem</span><span class="p">></span> What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt, and ominous bird of yore Meant in croaking "Nevermore." <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">poem</span><span class="p">>}}</span> </pre></div> <p>This gives: </p> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt, and ominous bird of yore<br> Meant in croaking "Nevermore." </p> </div></blockquote></span> <p>Or quote such material inline, with line breaks indicated by <code>{{nbsp}}/</code>, and paragraph or stanza breaks by <code>{{nbsp}}//</code>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:PQ"></span><span id="MOS:PULLQUOTE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PQ&redirect=no">MOS:PQ</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PULLQUOTE&redirect=no">MOS:PULLQUOTE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Pull_quotes"></span><span class="anchor" id="Pull_quote"></span><span class="anchor" id="Pull_quotations"></span><span class="anchor" id="nocquote"></span> <a href="/wiki/Pull_quote" title="Pull quote">Pull quotes</a> do not belong in Wikipedia articles. These are the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_news" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">news and magazine style</a> of "pulling" material already in the article to reuse it in attention-grabbing decorative quotations. This unencyclopedic approach is a form of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Editorializing" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">editorializing</a>, produces <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Provide_context_for_the_reader" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">out-of-context</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue emphasis</a>, and may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">lead the reader to conclusions</a> not supported in the material. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-English_quotations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Non-English_quotations-Quotations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Non-English_quotations-Quotations"></span>Non-English quotations <span class="anchor" id="Foreign-language_quotations"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Non-English_quotations-Quotations"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE"></span><span id="MOS:QUOTEFOREIGN"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE&redirect=no">MOS:FOREIGNQUOTE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:QUOTEFOREIGN&redirect=no">MOS:QUOTEFOREIGN</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Quotations from non-English language sources should appear with a translation into English, preferably a modern<sup id="cite_ref-recent_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recent-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one. Quotations that are translations should be explicitly distinguished from those that are not. Indicate the original source of a translation (if it is available, and not first published within Wikipedia), and the original language (if that is not clear from the context). </p><p>If the original, untranslated text is available, provide a reference for it or include it, as appropriate. </p><p>When editors themselves translate text into English, care must always be taken to include the original text, <em>in italics</em> (except for non-Latin-based writing systems, and best done with the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>}}</code> template which both italicizes as appropriate and provides language metadata); and to use actual and (if at all possible) common English words in the translation. Unless you are certain of your competency to translate something, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a> for assistance. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Punctuation" data-mw-thread-id="h-Punctuation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Punctuation"></span>Punctuation<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Punctuation"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:PUNCT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PUNCT&redirect=no">MOS:PUNCT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a brief guide to how some punctuation marks are used in Wikipedia for special purposes, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Help:List#List_basics" title="Help:List">description lists</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Help:Punctuation" title="Help:Punctuation">Help:Punctuation</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apostrophes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Apostrophes-Punctuation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Apostrophes-Punctuation"></span>Apostrophes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Apostrophes-Punctuation"></span></h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Foreign_characters_that_resemble_apostrophes"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:&#039;"></span><span id="MOS:APOSTROPHE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:%27&redirect=no">MOS:'</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:APOSTROPHE&redirect=no">MOS:APOSTROPHE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li>Use straight apostrophes (<span style="font-size:120%"><span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">'</span></span>), not curly apostrophes (<span style="font-size:120%"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">’</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-curlyq_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curlyq-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Do not use accent marks or backticks (<span style="font-size:120%"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">`</span></span>) as apostrophes.</li> <li>Templates such as <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:'">'</a>}}</code> and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:%27s" title="Template:'s">'s</a>}}</code> are helpful when an apostrophe (or single quote) appears at the beginning or end of text in italics or bold, because italics and bold are themselves indicated by sequences of single quotes. Example: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Dynasty</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> first season</span> (markup: <span class="nowrap"><code>''Dynasty''{{'s}} first season</code></span>).</li> <li>Letters resembling apostrophes, such as the <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBokina" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻokina">ʻokina</a> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"> <span style="font-size:120%">ʻ</span> </span> – <i>markup:</i> <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Okina" title="Template:Okina">okina</a>}}</code>), <a href="/wiki/Saltillo_(linguistics)" title="Saltillo (linguistics)">saltillo</a> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"> <span style="font-size:120%">ꞌ</span> </span> – <i>markup:</i> <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Saltillo" title="Template:Saltillo">saltillo</a>}}</code>), <a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Hebrew ayin or Arabic ʿayn</a> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"> <span style="font-size:120%">ʽ</span> </span> – <i>markup:</i> <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Ayin" title="Template:Ayin">ayin</a>}}</code>) and Arabic <a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">hamza</a> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"> <span style="font-size:120%">ʼ</span> </span> – <i>markup:</i><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Hamza" title="Template:Hamza">hamza</a>}}</code>), should be represented by those templates or by their <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> values. <ul><li>Templates cannot be used in article titles; if necessary, use the corresponding Unicode character directly. Per <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TITLESPECIALCHARACTERS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TITLESPECIALCHARACTERS">WP:TITLESPECIALCHARACTERS</a>, also make a redirect from the ASCII form to aid searches. Forms without apostrophe-like characters are sometimes preferred by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:COMMONNAME" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:COMMONNAME">WP:COMMONNAME</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> but not <a href="/wiki/Keali%CA%BBi_Reichel" title="Kealiʻi Reichel">Kealiʻi Reichel</a>).</li></ul> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hawaii-related_articles#Orthography,_spelling_and_formatting" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles § Orthography, spelling and formatting</a></span></dd></dl></li> <li>For <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> romanizations of Mandarin Chinese, use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Wg-apos" title="Template:Wg-apos">wg-apos</a>}}</code>.</li> <li>For languages with <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective consonants">ejective consonants</a> and the like, use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Hamza" title="Template:Hamza">hamza</a>}}</code>.</li> <li>For the Cyrillic <a href="/wiki/Soft_sign" title="Soft sign">soft sign</a>, when indicated at all, use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Softsign" title="Template:Softsign">softsign</a>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Hamza" title="Template:Hamza">hamza</a>}}</code>.</li> <li>For usage of the possessive apostrophe, see <a href="#Possessives">§ Possessives</a>.</li> <li>For further treatment of apostrophe usage (possessive, elision, formation of certain plurals, non-English language issues) see the article <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">Apostrophe</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quotation_marks" data-mw-thread-id="h-Quotation_marks-Punctuation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Quotation_marks-Punctuation"></span>Quotation marks<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Quotation_marks-Punctuation"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:QUOTEMARKS"></span><span id="MOS:SPEECHMARKS"></span><span id="MOS:&quot;"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:QUOTEMARKS&redirect=no">MOS:QUOTEMARKS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SPEECHMARKS&redirect=no">MOS:SPEECHMARKS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:%22&redirect=no">MOS:"</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Quotations">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Quotations</a></div> <p>In the material below, the term <i>quotation</i> includes conventional uses of quotation marks such as for titles of songs, chapters, episodes, and so on. Quotation marks are also used in other contexts, such as in <a href="#Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms">cultivar names</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quotation_characters" data-mw-thread-id="h-Quotation_characters-Quotation_marks"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Quotation_characters-Quotation_marks"></span>Quotation characters<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Quotation_characters-Quotation_marks"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:CURLY"></span><span id="MOS:CQ"></span><span id="MOS:STRAIGHT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CURLY&redirect=no">MOS:CURLY</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CQ&redirect=no">MOS:CQ</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:STRAIGHT&redirect=no">MOS:STRAIGHT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li>Use <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span style="font-size:120%"><b>"</b></span>straight<span style="font-size:120%"><b>"</b></span></span> quotation marks, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><span style="font-size:120%"><b>“</b></span>curly<span style="font-size:120%"><b>”</b></span></span> ones. (For single-apostrophe quotes: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span style="font-size:120%"><b>'</b></span>straight<span style="font-size:120%"><b>'</b></span></span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><span style="font-size:120%"><b>‘</b></span>curly<span style="font-size:120%"><b>’</b></span></span>.)<sup id="cite_ref-curlyq_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curlyq-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Do not use accent marks, backticks (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><span style="font-size:120%"><b>`</b></span>text<span style="font-size:120%"><b>´</b></span></span>), low-high (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">„ “</span>) or <a href="/wiki/Guillemet" title="Guillemet">guillemet</a> (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">« »</span>) marks as quotation marks (except when such marks are <em>internal</em> to quoted non-English text – see <a href="#Typographic_conformity">§ Typographic conformity</a>). The symbols <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">′</span> and <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">″</span> seen in edit window dropdowns are <a href="/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">prime</a> and double prime: these are used to designate <a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">units of angular measurement</a>, and not as apostrophes or quote marks.</li> <li>Quotation marks and apostrophes in imported material <a href="#Typographic_conformity">should be changed</a> if necessary to comply with the above.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Double_or_single" data-mw-thread-id="h-Double_or_single-Quotation_marks"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Double_or_single-Quotation_marks"></span>Double or single<span id="Double_or_single_quotation_marks"></span><span id="Single_quotation_marks"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Double_or_single-Quotation_marks"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:DOUBLE"></span><span id="MOS:SINGLE"></span><span id="MOS:SIMPLEGLOSS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DOUBLE&redirect=no">MOS:DOUBLE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SINGLE&redirect=no">MOS:SINGLE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SIMPLEGLOSS&redirect=no">MOS:SIMPLEGLOSS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Most quotations take double quotation marks (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Bob said: "Jim ate the apple."</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exceptions: </p> <ul><li>Plant cultivars take single quotation marks (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Malus domestica</i> 'Golden Delicious'</span>; see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(flora)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)#In_linguistics" title="Gloss (annotation)">Glosses</a> that translate or define unfamiliar terms take single quotes; simple glosses require no comma before the definition (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Turkic <span title="Turkic languages collective text"><i lang="trk">qazaq</i></span> 'freebooter' is the root of <i>Cossack</i>; <i>republic</i> comes from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">res publica</i></span>, loosely meaning 'public affair'.</span>). The <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Gloss" title="Template:Gloss">Gloss</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template can be used for this; e.g. <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>|es|casa}}</code> <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Gloss" title="Template:Gloss">gloss</a>|house}}</code> yields: <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">casa</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">house</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="For_a_quotation_within_a_quotation" data-mw-thread-id="h-For_a_quotation_within_a_quotation-Quotation_marks"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-For_a_quotation_within_a_quotation-Quotation_marks"></span>For a quotation within a quotation<span data-mw-comment-end="h-For_a_quotation_within_a_quotation-Quotation_marks"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:QWQ"></span><span id="MOS:QINQ"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:QWQ&redirect=no">MOS:QWQ</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:QINQ&redirect=no">MOS:QINQ</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Use single quotes: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Darwin wrote in his introduction that "the maxim 'de minimis lex non curat' does not apply to science".</span></li></ul> <p>For deeper nesting, alternate between single and double quotes: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">He said, "That book asserts, 'Confucius said "Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'<span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span></span></li></ul> <p>For quote marks in immediate succession, add a sliver of space by using <span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:%22_%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:" '">" '</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></span>, <span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:%27_%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:' "">' "</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></span>, or (as in the example just given) <span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:%22_%27_%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:" ' "">" ' "</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></span>: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</span> Markup: <code>He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:%27_%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:' "">' "</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></code></li> <li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'"</span> (simply jamming things together looks awful in most fonts)</li> <li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">He announced, "The answer was 'Yes!'<span class="nowrap"> </span>"</span> (a regular space is too much)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Article_openings" data-mw-thread-id="h-Article_openings-Quotation_marks"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Article_openings-Quotation_marks"></span>Article openings<span id="Quotation_marks_in_article_openings"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Article_openings-Quotation_marks"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:BOLDQUOTE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BOLDQUOTE&redirect=no">MOS:BOLDQUOTE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>In the bolded text typically appearing at the opening of an article: </p> <ul><li>Any quotation marks that are part of the title should be in bold just like the rest of the title. <ul><li>From <i><a href="/wiki/%22A%22_Is_for_Alibi" title='"A" Is for Alibi'>"A" Is for Alibi</a></i>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i><b>"A" Is for Alibi</b></i> is a mystery novel ...</span></li></ul></li> <li>Quotation marks <i>not</i> part of the article title should not be bolded. <ul><li>From <a href="/wiki/Jabberwocky" title="Jabberwocky">Jabberwocky</a>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"<b>Jabberwocky</b>" is a nonsense poem ...</span></li> <li>From <a href="/wiki/Babe_Ruth" title="Babe Ruth">Babe Ruth</a>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>George Herman</b> "<b>Babe</b>" <b>Ruth</b> was an American baseball player ...</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography#Nicknames" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography § Nicknames</a>.)</span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Punctuation_before_quotations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Punctuation_before_quotations-Quotation_marks"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Punctuation_before_quotations-Quotation_marks"></span>Punctuation before quotations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Punctuation_before_quotations-Quotation_marks"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:QUOTEPUNCT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:QUOTEPUNCT&redirect=no">MOS:QUOTEPUNCT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>If a non-quoted but otherwise identical construction would work grammatically without a comma, using a comma before a quotation embedded within a sentence is optional: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The report stated "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."</span> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cf." class="extiw" title="wikt:cf.">Cf.</a> the non-quotation <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The report stated there was a 45% reduction in transmission rate.</span>)</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The report stated, "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."</span></li></ul> <p>The comma-free approach is often used with partial quotations: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The report observed "a 45% reduction in transmission rate".</span></li></ul> <p>A comma is required when it would be present in the same construction if none of the material were a quotation: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">In Margaret Mead's view, "we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities" to enrich our culture.</span></li></ul> <p>Do not insert a comma if it would confuse or alter the meaning: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".</span> (Accurate quote of a statement about <em>some</em> children – specifically those children "who are coming to terms<span class="nowrap"> </span>...")</li> <li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Caitlyn Jenner expressed concerns about children, "who are coming to terms with being true to who they are".</span> (Changes the meaning to imply Jenner was expressing concern about <em>all</em> children, while separately observing that children, in general, "are coming to terms<span class="nowrap"> </span>...")</li></ul> <p>It is clearer to use a colon to introduce a quotation if it forms a complete sentence, and this should always be done for multi-sentence quotations: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The report stated: "There was a 45% reduction in transmission rate."</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">In a letter to his son, Albert Einstein wrote: "Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving."</span></li></ul> <p>No additional punctuation is necessary for an explicit <a href="#Words_as_words">words-as-words</a> scenario: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The message was unintelligible except for the fragments "help soon" and "how much longer before".</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Names_and_titles" data-mw-thread-id="h-Names_and_titles-Quotation_marks"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Names_and_titles-Quotation_marks"></span>Names and titles<span class="anchor" id="Quotation_marks-Titles"></span><span id="Quotation_marks_with_names_and_titles"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Names_and_titles-Quotation_marks"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For complete guidance on the handling of titles of works, see (until the material is better consolidated): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works">WP:Manual of Style/Titles of works</a> (overview and details)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Titles_of_works">WP:Manual of Style § Titles of works</a> (which summarizes the key points)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Titles">WP:Manual of Style § Italics §§ Titles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting#Names_and_titles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">WP:Manual of Style/Text formatting § Names and titles</a> (both summarize details at WP:Manual of Style/Titles)</li> <li>the section you are reading now</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works">WP:Manual of Style/Lists of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music#Capitalization" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">WP:Manual of Style/Music § Capitalization</a></li></ul></div> <p>Quotation marks should be used for the following names and titles: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Articles and chapters (books and periodicals italicized)</li> <li>Short stories (books and periodicals italicized)</li> <li>Sections of musical pieces (pieces italicized)</li> <li>Individual strips from comics and webcomics (comics italicized)</li> <li>Poems (long or epic poems italicized)</li> <li>Songs (albums, song cycles, operas, operettas, and oratorios italicized)</li> <li>Individual episodes of television and radio series and <a href="/wiki/Serial_(radio_and_television)" title="Serial (radio and television)">serials</a> (series title italicized)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <p><em>Correct:</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The Beatles wrote "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" for their album <i>Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band</i>.</span> </p><p>Do not use quotation marks or italics for: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li>Ancient writings</li> <li>Concert tours</li> <li>Locations</li> <li>Myths and epics</li> <li>Prayers</li></ul></div> <p>Many, but not all, of the above items should also be in <a href="#Titles_of_works">title case</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Punctuation_inside_or_outside" data-mw-thread-id="h-Punctuation_inside_or_outside-Quotation_marks"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Punctuation_inside_or_outside-Quotation_marks"></span>Punctuation inside or outside<span class="anchor" id="LP"></span><span class="anchor" id="LQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="TQ"></span><span class="anchor" id="logical_quotes"></span><span id="Punctuation_inside_or_outside_quotation_marks"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Punctuation_inside_or_outside-Quotation_marks"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:LQ"></span><span id="MOS:LQUOTE"></span><span id="MOS:INOROUT"></span><span id="MOS:LOGICAL"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LQ&redirect=no">MOS:LQ</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LQUOTE&redirect=no">MOS:LQUOTE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:INOROUT&redirect=no">MOS:INOROUT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LOGICAL&redirect=no">MOS:LOGICAL</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Logical_quotation_on_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Logical quotation on Wikipedia">Wikipedia:Logical quotation on Wikipedia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Effect_on_nearby_punctuation">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Italics: Effect on nearby punctuation</a></div> <p>Use the <a href="/wiki/Quotation_marks_in_English#British_practice" title="Quotation marks in English">logical quotation</a> style in all articles, regardless of the variety of English in which they are written. Include terminal punctuation within the quotation marks only if it was present in the original material, and otherwise place it after the closing quotation mark. For the most part, this means treating periods and commas in the same way as question marks: keep them inside the quotation marks if they apply only to the quoted material and outside if they apply to the whole sentence. Examples are given below. </p> <ul><li><em>Correct:</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Did Darla say, "Here I am"?</span> (question mark applies to whole sentence)</li> <li><em>Incorrect:</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Did Darla say, "Here I am?"</span> (incorrect to apply the question mark to the quotation)</li> <li><em>Correct:</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Darla said, "Where am I?"</span> (question mark applies to quoted material only)</li></ul> <p>If the quotation is a single word or a sentence fragment, place the terminal punctuation outside the closing quotation mark. When quoting a full sentence, the end of which coincides with the end of the sentence containing it, place terminal punctuation inside the closing quotation mark. </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Miller wanted, he said, "to create something timeless".</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Miller said: "I wanted to create something timeless."</span></li></ul> <p>If the quoted sentence is followed by a <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a> that should be preceded by a comma, omit the <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop</a> (period), and do not replace it with a comma <em>inside</em> the quotation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other terminal punctuation, such as a question mark or exclamation mark, may be retained. </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Livingston then said, "It is done", and turned to the people.</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Livingston then exclaimed, "It is done!", and turned to the people.</span></li></ul> <p>If the quoted sentence is followed by a clause identifying the speaker, use a comma outside the quotation mark instead of a full stop inside it, but retain any other terminal punctuation, such as a question mark. </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet", said Kennedy.</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">By asking "Who are you?", da Gama prompts Adamastor to tell his story.</span></li></ul> <p>Do not follow quoted words or fragments with commas inside the quotation marks, except where a longer quotation has been broken up and the comma is part of the full quotation. </p> <ul><li><em>Correct:</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"I began to change, opening the way to confidence and courage", said Turner.</span></li> <li><em>Correct:</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"I began to change," said Turner, "opening the way to confidence and courage."</span></li> <li><em>Correct:</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"I began to change, opening the way", said Turner, "to confidence and courage."</span></li> <li><em>Incorrect:</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">"I began to change, opening the way," said Turner, "to confidence and courage."</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quotation_marks_and_external_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-Quotation_marks_and_external_links-Quotation_marks"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Quotation_marks_and_external_links-Quotation_marks"></span>Quotation marks and external links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Quotation_marks_and_external_links-Quotation_marks"></span></h4></div> <p>External links to article titles should have the title in quotes inside the link. The <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">CS1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">CS2</a> citation templates do this automatically, and untemplated references should do the same. </p> <ul><li><em>Correct:</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1">Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html">"Clinton: The Early Years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Clinton%3A+The+Early+Years&rft.date=1998-05-29&rft.aulast=Kiefer&rft.aufirst=Francine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F1998%2F0529%2F052998.us.us.3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> (Using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>)</li> <li><em>Correct:</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"> Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html">"Clinton: The Early Years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i>.</span> (Untemplated)</li> <li><em>Incorrect:</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"> Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html">Clinton: The Early Years</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i>.</span> (Untemplated)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quotation_marks_and_internal_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-Quotation_marks_and_internal_links-Quotation_marks"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Quotation_marks_and_internal_links-Quotation_marks"></span>Quotation marks and internal links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Quotation_marks_and_internal_links-Quotation_marks"></span></h4></div> <p>Internal links (wikilinks) accompanied by quotation marks should usually have the quotes outside the link. This applies to titles of works in quotation marks (songs, episodes, etc.) </p> <ul><li><em>Correct:</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Play it, Sam. Play "<a href="/wiki/As_Time_Goes_By_(song)" title="As Time Goes By (song)">As Time Goes By</a>".</span> (Using <code>"[[ ]]"</code>.)</li> <li><em>Incorrect:</em> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Play it, Sam. Play <a href="/wiki/As_Time_Goes_By_(song)" title="As Time Goes By (song)">"As Time Goes By"</a>.</span> (Using <code>[[" "]]</code>.)</li></ul> <p>However, quotation marks are needed inside wikilinks when the quotation mark is part of the link, or where the linked display text includes quotation marks indicating slang, nicknames, common names, or similar usage. </p> <ul><li><em>Correct:</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The term <i>soccer</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Oxford_%22-er%22" title='Oxford "-er"'>Oxford "-er"</a> slang, which was prevalent at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in England from about 1875....</span></li> <li><em>Correct:</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">A Cockney accent <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">drops the "r"</a> after a vowel.</span></li> <li><em>Correct:</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The <a href="/wiki/Dynamo_Sports_Club" title="Dynamo Sports Club">Proletarian Sports Society "Dynamo"</a> was established in Moscow in 1923.</span></li> <li><em>Correct:</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">President Suharto's <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">"New Order"</a> administration received U.S. support for its economic policies.</span></li> <li><em>Correct:</em> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Japan's <a href="/wiki/Lost_Decades" title="Lost Decades">"Lost Decades"</a> began in 1991.</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brackets_and_parentheses" data-mw-thread-id="h-Brackets_and_parentheses-Punctuation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Brackets_and_parentheses-Punctuation"></span>Brackets and parentheses<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Brackets_and_parentheses-Punctuation"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:B&amp;P"></span><span id="MOS:BRACKET"></span><span id="MOS:PAREN"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:B%26P&redirect=no">MOS:B&P</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BRACKET&redirect=no">MOS:BRACKET</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PAREN&redirect=no">MOS:PAREN</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MOS:PAREN" redirects here. For use of parentheses (round brackets) in article titles, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles#Parenthetical_disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">WP:Article titles § Parenthetical disambiguation</a>. For deprecated inline parenthetical citations, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Parenthetical_referencing" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">WP:Citing sources § Parenthetical referencing</a>.</div> <p>This section applies to both round brackets <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">( )</span>, often called <a href="/wiki/Bracket" title="Bracket">parentheses</a>, and square brackets <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">[ ]</span>. </p><p>If a sentence contains a bracketed phrase, place the sentence punctuation outside the brackets <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">(as shown here).</span> However, where one or more sentences are wholly inside brackets, place their punctuation inside the brackets. There should be no space next to the inner side of a bracket. An opening bracket should usually be preceded by a space. This may not be the case if it is preceded by an opening quotation mark, another opening bracket, or a portion of a word: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">He rose to address the meeting: "(Ahem) ... Ladies and gentlemen, welcome!"</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Only the royal characters in the play ([Prince] Hamlet and his family) habitually speak in blank verse.</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">We journeyed on the Inter[continental].</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Most people are right-handed. (Some people are left-handed, but that does not make right-handed people "better" than left-handed people.)</span></li></ul> <p>There should be a space after a closing bracket, except where a punctuation mark follows (though a spaced dash would still be spaced after a closing bracket) and in unusual cases similar to those listed for opening brackets. </p><p>Avoid adjacent sets of brackets. Either put the parenthetical phrases in one set separated by semicolons, or rewrite: </p> <ul><li><em>Avoid</em>: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Nikifor Grigoriev (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1885</span> – 1919) (also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.</span></li> <li><em>Better</em>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Nikifor Grigoriev (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1885</span> – 1919; also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader.</span></li> <li><em>Better</em>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Nikifor Grigoriev (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1885</span> – 1919) was a Ukrainian insurgent leader. He was also known as Matvii Hryhoriiv.</span></li></ul> <p>Square brackets are used to indicate editorial replacements and insertions within quotations, though this should never alter the intended meaning. They serve three main purposes: </p> <ul><li>To clarify: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">She attended [secondary] school</span>, where this was the intended meaning, but the type of school was unstated in the original sentence.</li> <li>To reduce the size of a quotation: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">X contains Y, and under certain circumstances, X may contain Z as well</span> may be reduced to <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">X contains Y [and sometimes Z]</span>. When an ellipsis (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">...</span>) is used to indicate that material is removed from a direct quotation, it should not normally be bracketed. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See <a href="#Ellipses">§ Ellipses</a> for an exceptional case.)</span></li> <li>To make the grammar work: Referring to someone's statement <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"I hate to do laundry"</span>, one could properly write <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">She "hate[s] to do laundry"</span>.</li></ul><p> If a sentence includes subsidiary material enclosed in square or round brackets, it must still carry terminal punctuation <em>after</em> those brackets, regardless of any punctuation within the brackets. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"></p><div class="block-indent"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">She refused all requests (except for basics such as food, medicine, etc.).</span></div><p> However, if the entire sentence is within brackets, the closing punctuation falls within the brackets. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">(This sentence is an example.)</span> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brackets_and_linking" data-mw-thread-id="h-Brackets_and_linking-Brackets_and_parentheses"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Brackets_and_linking-Brackets_and_parentheses"></span>Brackets and linking<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Brackets_and_linking-Brackets_and_parentheses"></span></h4></div> <p>Square brackets inside of links must be <a href="/wiki/Escape_character" title="Escape character">escaped</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>He said, "<code><span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">[[John Doe|John &#91;Doe&#93;]]</span></code> answered."</td> <td> <p>He said, "<a href="/wiki/John_Doe" title="John Doe">John [Doe]</a> answered." </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>He said, "<code><span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">[[John Doe|John {{bracket|Doe}}]]</span></code> answered."</td> <td> <p>He said, "<a href="/wiki/John_Doe" title="John Doe">John [Doe]</a> answered." </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code><span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">[https://example.com On the first day &#91;etc.&#93;]</span></code></td> <td> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://example.com">On the first day [etc.]</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code><span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">[https://example.com On the first day {{bracket|etc.}}]</span></code></td> <td> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://example.com">On the first day [etc.]</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <code class="nowrap"><<a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext#Nowiki" title="Help:Wikitext">nowiki</a>></code> markup can also be used: <code class="nowrap" style=""><nowiki>[Doe]</nowiki></code> or <code class="nowrap" style=""><nowiki>[etc.]</nowiki></code>. </p><p>If a URL itself contains square brackets, the wiki-text should use the <a href="/wiki/URL_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="URL encoding">URL-encoded</a> form <code>https://example.com/foo.php?query=<span class="example example-bold" style="font-weight: bold; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">%5B</span>xxx<span class="example example-bold" style="font-weight: bold; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">%5D</span>yyy</code>, rather than ...<code>query=<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad example-bold" style="font-weight: bold; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">[</span>xxx<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad example-bold" style="font-weight: bold; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">]</span>yyy</code>. This will avoid truncation of the link after <code>xxx</code>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ellipses" data-mw-thread-id="h-Ellipses-Punctuation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Ellipses-Punctuation"></span>Ellipses<span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipses"></span><span class="anchor" id="..."></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis_style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ellipsis_function_and_implementation"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Ellipses-Punctuation"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:ELLIPSIS"></span><span id="MOS:ELLIPSES"></span><span id="MOS:DOTDOTDOT"></span><span id="MOS:…"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ELLIPSIS&redirect=no">MOS:ELLIPSIS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ELLIPSES&redirect=no">MOS:ELLIPSES</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DOTDOTDOT&redirect=no">MOS:DOTDOTDOT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:%E2%80%A6&redirect=no">MOS:…</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Use an <i><a href="/wiki/Ellipsis" title="Ellipsis">ellipsis</a></i> (plural <i>ellipses</i>) if material is omitted in the course of a quotation, unless square brackets are used to <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">gloss</a> the quotation <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="#Brackets_and_parentheses">§ Brackets and parentheses</a>, and the points below)</span>. </p> <ul><li>Wikipedia's style for an ellipsis is three unspaced dots (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><code>...</code></span>); do not use the precomposed ellipsis character (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><code>…</code></span>) or three dots separated by spaces <span class="nowrap">(<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><code>. . .</code></span>)</span></li> <li>Generally, use a non-breaking space before an ellipsis, and a regular space after it: <span class="nowrap"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><code>"Alpha, Bravo,{{nbsp}}... Zulu"</code></span></span> <ul><li>But where an ellipsis is immediately followed by any of <code>. ? ! : ; , ) ] }</code> or by a closing quotation mark (single or double), use a non-breaking space before the ellipsis, and no space after it: <dl><dd><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><code>Jones wrote: "These stories amaze me. The facts suffer so frightfully{{nbsp}}...".</code></span></dd> <dd><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><code>"But what of the other cities? London, Paris{{nbsp}}...?"</code></span> (Place terminal punctuation after an ellipsis only if it is textually important, as is often the case with exclamation marks and question marks but rarely with periods.)</dd></dl></li> <li>Or, if the ellipsis immediately follows a quotation mark, use no space before the ellipsis, and a non-breaking space after it: <dl><dd><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><code>He continued to pursue Smith ("...{{nbsp}}to the ends of the earth", he had sworn) until his own death.</code></span></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Pause_or_suspension_of_speech"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Pause or suspension of speech</span></span></dt> <dd>Three dots are occasionally used to represent a pause in or suspense of speech, in which case the punctuation is retained in its original form: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Virginia's startled reply was "Could he ...? No, I can't believe it!"</span>. When it indicates an incomplete word, no space is used between the word fragment(s) and the ellipsis: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The garbled transmission ended with "We are stranded near San L...o", interpreted as a reference to either San Leandro or San Lorenzo.</span></dd> <dt><span class="anchor" id="Ellipses_with_square_brackets"></span>With square brackets</dt> <dd>Square brackets may be placed around an ellipsis that indicates omitted text to distinguish it from an ellipsis that is part of the quoted text: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">She retorted: "How do I feel? How do you <em>think</em> I ... This is too much! [...] Take me home!"</span>. In this example, the first ellipsis is part of the quoted text and the second ellipsis (in square brackets) indicates omitted text.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commas" data-mw-thread-id="h-Commas-Punctuation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Commas-Punctuation"></span>Commas<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Commas-Punctuation"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:COMMA"></span><span id="MOS:,"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:COMMA&redirect=no">MOS:COMMA</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:,&redirect=no">MOS:,</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul> <li> A pair of <a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">commas</a> can bracket an <a href="/wiki/Apposition" title="Apposition">appositive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clause</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Parenthesis_(rhetoric)" title="Parenthesis (rhetoric)">parenthetical phrase</a> (as can brackets or dashes, though with greater interruption of the sentence). For example: <table role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );"> <tbody><tr> <td><em>Correct:</em> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">John Smith, Janet Cooper's son, is a well-known playwright.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Correct:</em> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Janet Cooper's son John Smith is a well-known playwright.</span> (when Janet has multiple sons) </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Correct:</em> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Janet Cooper's son, John Smith, is a well-known playwright.</span> (when Janet has only one son) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Always use a <i>pair</i> of commas for this, unless another punctuation mark takes the place of the second comma: </p> <table role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );"> <tbody><tr> <td><em>Incorrect:</em> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">The newest member, John Smith was blunt.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Correct:</em> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Blunt comments came from the newest member, John Smith.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Correct:</em> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The newest member, John Smith – a retired teacher – was blunt.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </li> <li> Don't let other punctuation distract you from the need for a comma, especially when the comma collides with a bracket or parenthesis: <table role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );"> <tbody><tr> <td><em>Correct:</em> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and <i>ngardu</i>), survived for a few months.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Incorrect:</em> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Burke and Wills, fed by locals (on beans, fish, and <i>ngardu</i>) survived for a few months.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </li> <li><span class="anchor" id="fewer_commas"></span> Modern<sup id="cite_ref-recent_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recent-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> writing uses fewer commas; there are usually ways to simplify a sentence so that fewer are needed. <table role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );"> <tbody><tr> <td><em>Clear</em>: </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Schubert's heroes included Mozart, Beethoven, and Joseph and Michael Haydn.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Awkward</em>: </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Mozart was, along with the Haydns, both Joseph and Michael, and also Beethoven, one of Schubert's heroes.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:GEOCOMMA"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:GEOCOMMA&redirect=no">MOS:GEOCOMMA</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <li><span class="anchor" id="Geographical_references"></span> In geographical references that include multiple levels of subordinate divisions (e.g., city, state/province, country), a comma separates each element and follows the last element unless followed by terminal punctuation or a closing parenthesis. The last element is treated as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting#Parenthetical_comma" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">parenthetical</a>. <table role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );"> <tbody><tr> <td><em>Correct:</em> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the night.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Incorrect:</em> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">He traveled through North Carolina before staying in Chattanooga, Tennessee for the night.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Also include commas when the geographical element is used as a disambiguator: </p> <table role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );"> <tbody><tr> <td><em>Correct:</em> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine, in 1977.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Incorrect:</em> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Hantratty received a PhD from the University of California, Irvine in 1977.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:DATECOMMA"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DATECOMMA&redirect=no">MOS:DATECOMMA</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <li><span class="anchor" id="Date_commas"></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Dates,_months,_and_years" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates</a> in month–day–year format require a comma after the day, as well as after the year, unless followed by other punctuation. The last element is treated as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting#Parenthetical_comma" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">parenthetical</a>. <table role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );"> <tbody><tr> <td><em>Correct:</em> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">He set October 1, 2011, as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Incorrect:</em> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">He set October 1, 2011 as the deadline for Patterson to meet his demands.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:QUOTECOMMA"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:QUOTECOMMA&redirect=no">MOS:QUOTECOMMA</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <li><span class="anchor" id="Quotation_commas"></span> Place quotation marks by following <a href="#Punctuation_inside_or_outside">§ Punctuation inside or outside</a>. This is known as "logical quotation". <table role="presentation" style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );"> <tbody><tr> <td><em>Correct:</em> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">She said, "The weather changes too often", and made other complaints.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Incorrect:</em> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">She said, "The weather changes too often," and made other complaints.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </li> <li> A comma may be included before a quotation embedded within a sentence <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="#Quotation_marks">§ Quotation marks</a>)</span>. </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serial_commas" data-mw-thread-id="h-Serial_commas-Commas"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Serial_commas-Commas"></span>Serial commas<span class="anchor" id="Serial_comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford_comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford_commas"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard_comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Harvard_commas"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Serial_commas-Commas"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:OCOMMA"></span><span id="MOS:SERIAL"></span><span id="MOS:OXFORD"></span><span id="MOS:HARVARD"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:OCOMMA&redirect=no">WP:OCOMMA</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SERIAL&redirect=no">MOS:SERIAL</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:OXFORD&redirect=no">MOS:OXFORD</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:HARVARD&redirect=no">MOS:HARVARD</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MOS:OXFORD" redirects here. For Oxford spelling, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling#British_English_with_%22-ize%22_(Oxford_spelling)" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling § British English with "-ize" (Oxford spelling)</a>.</div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Serial_comma" title="Serial comma">serial comma</a> (sometimes also known as an <i>Oxford comma</i> or <i>Harvard comma</i>) is a comma used immediately before a conjunction (<i>and</i>, <i>or</i>, <i>nor</i>) in a list of three or more items. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">ham, chips, and eggs</span> – serial comma</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">ham, chips and eggs</span> – no serial comma</div> <p>Editors may use either convention so long as each article is internally consistent. Serial commas are more helpful when article text is complex, such as a list with multi-word items (especially if one contains its own "<i>and</i>"<span style="padding-left:0.15em;">)</span> or a series of probably unfamiliar terms. </p><p>However, there are cases in which either omitting or including the serial comma results in ambiguity: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">The author thanked her friends, Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley</span> – which may list either four or more people (the friends and the two people named) or two people (O'Connor and Marley, who are the friends).</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">The author thanked a friend, Sinéad O'Connor, and Bob Marley</span> – which may list either two people (O'Connor, who is the friend, and Marley) or three people (the first being the friend, the second O'Connor, and the third Marley).</div> <p>In such cases of ambiguity, clarify one of four ways: </p> <ul><li>Add or remove the serial comma.</li> <li>Use separate sentences, bullet lists, or some other structural change to clarify.</li> <li>Recast the sentence ("friends" case): <ul><li>To list two people: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The author thanked her friends Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.</span> <ul><li>Clearer: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The author thanked two friends – Sinéad O'Connor and Bob Marley.</span></li></ul></li> <li>To list several people: <dl><dd><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley and her friends</span> or</dd> <dd><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The author thanked Sinéad O'Connor, Bob Marley, and her friends</span>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>But not: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor[,] and her friends</span> – introduces ambiguity about <i>her</i>.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Recast the sentence ("friend" case): <ul><li>To list two people: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The author thanked Bob Marley and her friend, Sinéad O'Connor.</span> <ul><li>Or be more specific when possible (the commas here set off non-restrictive <a href="/wiki/Apposition" title="Apposition">appositives</a>): <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The author thanked her childhood friend, Sinéad O'Connor, and her mentor, Bob Marley.</span></li></ul></li> <li>To list three people: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The author thanked Bob Marley, Sinéad O'Connor, and a friend.</span> <ul><li>Clarity with gender-specific terms such as <i>mother</i> can be tricky; <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">The author thanked her mother, Kim Thayil, and Sinéad O'Connor</span> is unclear because readers may not know <a href="/wiki/Kim_Thayil" title="Kim Thayil">Kim Thayil</a> is male and wouldn't be the same person as the mother.</li> <li>Clearer: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The author thanked Kim Thayil, Sinéad O'Connor, and her own mother</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The author thanked her mother and musicians Kim Thayil and Sinéad O'Connor</span>.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colons" data-mw-thread-id="h-Colons-Punctuation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Colons-Punctuation"></span>Colons<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Colons-Punctuation"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:COLON"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:COLON&redirect=no">MOS:COLON</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the "colon trick" (for linking to a category, image, or interwiki link without adding the page to the category, displaying the image, or adding the interwiki link), see <a href="/wiki/Help:Colon_trick" title="Help:Colon trick">Help:Colon trick</a>.</div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">:</span>) introduces something that demonstrates, explains, or modifies what has come before, or is a list of items that has just been introduced. The items in such a list may be separated by commas, or if they are more complex and perhaps themselves contain commas, the items should be separated by semicolons or arranged in a bulleted list. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">We visited several tourist attractions: the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which I thought could fall at any moment; the Bridge of Sighs; the supposed birthplace of Petrarch, or at least the first known house in which he lived; and so many more.</span></div> <p>A colon may also be used to introduce <a href="/wiki/Quotation_marks_in_English#Quotations_and_speech" title="Quotation marks in English">direct speech</a> enclosed within quotation marks. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See <a href="#Quotation_marks">§ Quotation marks</a>.)</span> </p><p>In most cases, a colon works best with a complete grammatical sentence before it. When what follows the colon is also a complete sentence, start it with a capital letter, but otherwise do not capitalize after a colon except where doing so is needed for another reason, such as for a proper name. When a colon is being used as a separator in an article title, section heading, or list item, editors may choose whether to capitalize what follows, taking into consideration <a href="#Retaining_existing_styles">the existing practice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles#Consistent_titling" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">consistency with related articles</a>. </p><p>Except in technical usage (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a 3:1 ratio</span>), no sentence should contain multiple colons, no space should precede a colon, and a space (but never a hyphen or dash) should follow the colon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semicolons" data-mw-thread-id="h-Semicolons-Punctuation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Semicolons-Punctuation"></span>Semicolons<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Semicolons-Punctuation"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SEMICOLON"></span><span id="MOS:COMMASPLICE"></span><span id="MOS:;"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SEMICOLON&redirect=no">MOS:SEMICOLON</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:COMMASPLICE&redirect=no">MOS:COMMASPLICE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:;&redirect=no">MOS:;</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For usage in marking up description (definition) lists, see <a href="/wiki/Help:List#Description_lists" title="Help:List">Help:List § Description lists</a>.</div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolon</a> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">;</span>) is sometimes an alternative to a full stop (period), enabling related material to be kept in the same sentence; it marks a more decisive division in a sentence than a comma. If the semicolon separates clauses, normally each clause must be independent (meaning that it could stand on its own as a sentence). In many cases, only a comma or only a semicolon will be correct in a given sentence. </p> <table role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:1em"><em>Correct:</em> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Though he had been here before, I did not recognize him.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1em"><em>Incorrect:</em> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Though he had been here before; I did not recognize him.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Above, "Though he had been here before" cannot stand on its own as a sentence, and therefore is not an independent clause. </p> <table role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:1em"><em>Correct:</em> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1em"><em>Incorrect:</em> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are classified as alkaline.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This incorrect use of a comma between two independent clauses is known as a <a href="/wiki/Comma_splice" title="Comma splice">comma splice</a>; however, in certain kinds of cases, a comma may be used where a semicolon would seem to be called for: </p> <table role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );"> <tbody><tr> <td><em>Accepted</em>:</td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"Life is short, art is long."</span> (two brief clauses in an <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorism</a>; see <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_longa,_vita_brevis" title="Ars longa, vita brevis">Ars longa, vita brevis</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Accepted</em>:</td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"I have studied it, you have not."</span> (reporting brisk conversation, such as this reply of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a>'s) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A sentence may contain several semicolons, especially when the clauses are parallel in construction and meaning; multiple unrelated semicolons are often signs that the sentence should be divided into shorter sentences or otherwise refashioned. </p> <table role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:1em"><em>Unwieldy</em>: </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Oranges are an acidic fruit; bananas are classified as alkaline; pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1em"><em>Better</em>: </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Oranges are an acidic fruit, bananas are alkaline, and pears are close to neutral; these distinctions are rarely discussed.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Semicolons are used in addition to commas to separate items in a listing, when commas alone would result in confusion. </p> <table role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:1em"><em>Confusing</em>: </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts, San Francisco, California, Singapore, and Millbank, London, England.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1em"><em>Clear</em>: </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Sales offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Singapore; and Millbank, London, England.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id='Semicolon_before_"however"' data-mw-thread-id='h-Semicolon_before_"however"-Semicolons'><span id="Semicolon_before_.22however.22"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id='h-Semicolon_before_"however"-Semicolons'></span>Semicolon before "however"<span data-mw-comment-end='h-Semicolon_before_"however"-Semicolons'></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:HOWEVER"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:HOWEVER&redirect=no">MOS:HOWEVER</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>The meaning of a sentence containing a trailing clause that starts with the word <i>however</i> depends on the punctuation preceding that word. A common error is to use the wrong punctuation, thereby changing the meaning to one not intended. </p><p>When the word <i>however</i> is an adverb meaning "nevertheless", it should be preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma. Example: </p> <table role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );"> <tbody><tr> <td></td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">It was obvious they could not convert these people; however, they tried.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Meaning</em>:</td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">It was obvious they could not convert these people; nevertheless, they tried.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>When the word <i>however</i> is a conjunction meaning "in whatever manner", or "regardless of how", it may be preceded by a comma but not by a semicolon, and should not be followed by punctuation. Example: </p> <table role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );"> <tbody><tr> <td></td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">It was obvious they could not convert these people, however they tried.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Meaning</em>:</td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">It was obvious they could not convert these people, regardless of how they tried.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the first case, the clause that starts with "however" cannot be swapped with the first clause; in the second case this can be done without change of meaning: </p> <table role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );"> <tbody><tr> <td></td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">However they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Meaning</em>:</td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Regardless of how they tried, it was obvious they could not convert these people.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>If the two clauses cannot be swapped, a semicolon is required. </p><p>A sentence or clause can also contain the word <i>however</i> in the middle, if it is an adverb meaning "although" that could have been placed at the beginning but does not start a new clause in mid-sentence. In this use, the word may be enclosed between commas. Example: </p> <table role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );"> <tbody><tr> <td></td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">He did not know, however, that the venue had been changed at the last minute.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Meaning</em>:</td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">However, he did not know that the venue had been changed at the last minute.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hyphens" data-mw-thread-id="h-Hyphens-Punctuation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Hyphens-Punctuation"></span>Hyphens<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Hyphens-Punctuation"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:HYPHEN"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:HYPHEN&redirect=no">MOS:HYPHEN</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">Hyphens</a> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">-</span>) indicate conjunction. There are three main uses: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:164px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_Toters-A_Birla_Preschool,Indore_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Globe_Toters-A_Birla_Preschool%2CIndore_%28cropped%29.jpg/142px-Globe_Toters-A_Birla_Preschool%2CIndore_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="508"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 142px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Globe_Toters-A_Birla_Preschool%2CIndore_%28cropped%29.jpg/142px-Globe_Toters-A_Birla_Preschool%2CIndore_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="142" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Globe_Toters-A_Birla_Preschool%2CIndore_%28cropped%29.jpg/213px-Globe_Toters-A_Birla_Preschool%2CIndore_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Globe_Toters-A_Birla_Preschool%2CIndore_%28cropped%29.jpg/284px-Globe_Toters-A_Birla_Preschool%2CIndore_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Four-year-old children</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:164px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po,_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po%2C_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg/128px-Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po%2C_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="2614"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 128px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po%2C_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg/128px-Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po%2C_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="128" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po%2C_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg/192px-Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po%2C_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po%2C_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg/256px-Peuters_in_het_tehuis_zitten_met_zijn_allen_op_de_po%2C_Bestanddeelnr_252-0385.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Four year-old children</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:164px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graduates_2014_IMG_2779_(14083168633).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Graduates_2014_IMG_2779_%2814083168633%29.jpg/110px-Graduates_2014_IMG_2779_%2814083168633%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="4080"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Graduates_2014_IMG_2779_%2814083168633%29.jpg/110px-Graduates_2014_IMG_2779_%2814083168633%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="110" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Graduates_2014_IMG_2779_%2814083168633%29.jpg/165px-Graduates_2014_IMG_2779_%2814083168633%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Graduates_2014_IMG_2779_%2814083168633%29.jpg/220px-Graduates_2014_IMG_2779_%2814083168633%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Four-year old children</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haring_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Haring_03.jpg/118px-Haring_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="2560"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 118px;height: 177px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Haring_03.jpg/118px-Haring_03.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="118" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Haring_03.jpg/177px-Haring_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Haring_03.jpg/236px-Haring_03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A man <span class="nowrap">eating fish</span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:268px;max-width:268px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_white_Dyer_island_2010-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Great_white_Dyer_island_2010-07.jpg/266px-Great_white_Dyer_island_2010-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="885"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 266px;height: 178px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Great_white_Dyer_island_2010-07.jpg/266px-Great_white_Dyer_island_2010-07.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="266" data-height="178" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Great_white_Dyer_island_2010-07.jpg/399px-Great_white_Dyer_island_2010-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Great_white_Dyer_island_2010-07.jpg/532px-Great_white_Dyer_island_2010-07.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A man-eating fish</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:180px;max-width:180px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg/178px-Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="1042"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 178px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg/178px-Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="178" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg/267px-Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg/356px-Catalina_Island_Rescue_DVIDS1091019.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Officials help <span class="nowrap">dog-bite victim</span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kint%C3%ADn_al_ataque_(5189220934).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kint%C3%ADn_al_ataque_%285189220934%29.jpg/206px-Kint%C3%ADn_al_ataque_%285189220934%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="2262"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 206px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kint%C3%ADn_al_ataque_%285189220934%29.jpg/206px-Kint%C3%ADn_al_ataque_%285189220934%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="206" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kint%C3%ADn_al_ataque_%285189220934%29.jpg/309px-Kint%C3%ADn_al_ataque_%285189220934%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kint%C3%ADn_al_ataque_%285189220934%29.jpg/412px-Kint%C3%ADn_al_ataque_%285189220934%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Officials help <span class="nowrap">dog bite victim</span></div></div></div></div></div> <ol><li>In hyphenated personal names (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">John Lennard-Jones</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Omar al-Bashir</span>).</li> <li>To link <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a> with their main terms in certain constructions (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">quasi-scientific</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">pseudo-Apollodorus</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">ultra-nationalistic</span>). <ul><li>A hyphen may be used to distinguish between <a href="/wiki/Homograph" title="Homograph">homographs</a> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">re-dress</span> means <i>dress again</i>, but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">redress</span> means <i>remedy</i> or <i>set right</i>).</li> <li>There is a clear trend to join both elements in all varieties of English (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">subsection</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">nonlinear</span>). Hyphenation clarifies when the letters brought into contact are the same (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">non-negotiable</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">sub-basement</span>) or are vowels (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">pre-industrial</span>), or where a word is uncommon (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">co-proposed</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">re-target</span>) or may be misread (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">sub-era</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">subera</span>). Some words of these sorts are nevertheless common without the hyphen (e.g., <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">cooperation</span> is more frequently attested than <span class="example deprecated-content example-deprecated" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-subtle, #696969);">co-operation</span> in contemporary English).<sup id="cite_ref-recent_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recent-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>To link related terms in <a href="/wiki/Compound_modifier" title="Compound modifier">compound modifiers</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Hyphens can aid ease of reading (that is, they can be <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">ease-of-reading</span> aids) and are particularly useful in long noun phrases: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">gas-phase reaction dynamics</span>. But never insert a hyphen into a proper name (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Middle Eastern cuisine</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Middle-Eastern cuisine</span>).</li> <li>A hyphen can help to disambiguate (some <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">short-story writers</span> are quite tall; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a government-monitoring program</span> is a program that monitors the government, whereas <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a government monitoring program</span> is a government program that monitors).</li> <li>Compounds that are hyphenated when used <em><a href="/wiki/Attributive_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Attributive adjective">attributively</a></em> (adjectives before the nouns they qualify: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a light-blue handbag</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a 34-year-old woman</span>) or <em><a href="/wiki/Substantive" class="mw-redirect" title="Substantive">substantively</a></em> (as a noun: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">she is a 34-year-old</span>) are usually not hyphenated when used <em><a href="/wiki/Predicative_expression" title="Predicative expression">predicatively</a></em> (descriptive phrase separated from the noun: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the handbag was light blue</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the woman is 34 years old</span>). Where there would otherwise be a loss of clarity, however, a hyphen may be used in the predicative form as well (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">hand-fed turkeys</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the turkeys were hand-fed</span>). Awkward attributive hyphenation can sometimes be avoided with a simple rewording: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Hawaiian-native species</span> → <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">native Hawaiian species</span>.</li> <li>Avoid using a hyphen after a standard <i><span class="nowrap">-ly</span></i> adverb (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a newly available home</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a wholly owned subsidiary</span>) unless part of a larger compound (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a slowly-but-surely strategy</span>). In rare cases, a hyphen can improve clarity if a rewritten alternative is awkward, but rewording is usually preferable: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">The idea was clearly stated enough</span> can be disambiguated as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The idea clearly was stated often enough</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The idea was stated with enough clarity</span>.</li> <li>A few words ending in <i><span class="nowrap">-ly</span></i> function as both adjectives and adverbs (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a kindly-looking teacher</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a kindly provided facility</span>). Some such dual-purpose words (like <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">early</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">only</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">northerly</span>) are not standard <i><span class="nowrap">-ly</span></i> adverbs, because they are not formed by addition of <i><span class="nowrap">-ly</span></i> to an independent current-English adjective. These need careful treatment: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Early flowering plants appeared around 130 million years ago</span>, but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Early-flowering plants risk damage from winter frosts</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">only child actors</span> (no adult actors) but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">only-child actors</span> (actors without siblings).</li> <li>A hyphen is normally used when the adverb <i>well</i> precedes a participle used attributively (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a well-meaning gesture</span>; but normally <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a very well managed firm</span>, because <i>well</i> itself is modified) and even predicatively, if <i>well</i> is necessary to, or alters, the sense of the adjective rather than simply intensifying it (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the gesture was well-meaning</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the child was well-behaved</span>, but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the floor was well polished</span>).</li> <li>In some cases, such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">diode–transistor logic</span>, the independent status of the linked elements requires an en dash instead of a hyphen. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">See <a href="#Dashes">§ Dashes</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SUSPENDED"></span><span id="MOS:HANGING"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SUSPENDED&redirect=no">MOS:SUSPENDED</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:HANGING&redirect=no">MOS:HANGING</a></span></li></ul></div></div>Use a <b><a href="/wiki/Suspended_hyphen" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspended hyphen">suspended hyphen</a></b> (also called a <i>hanging hyphen</i>) when two compound modifiers are separated (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">two- and three-digit numbers</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a ten-car or -truck convoy</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">sloping right- or leftward</span>).</li> <li>Values and units used as compound modifiers are hyphenated only where the unit is given as a whole word; when using the unit symbol, separate it from the number with a <a href="/wiki/Non-breaking_space" title="Non-breaking space">non-breaking space</a> (<code>&nbsp;</code>).</li></ul></li></ol> <div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 5em; padding-right: 0; overflow: hidden;"> <table style="background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );"> <tbody><tr> <td><em>Incorrect:</em></td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">9-mm gap</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Correct:</em></td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">9 mm gap</span> (markup: <code>9&nbsp;mm gap</code>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Incorrect:</em> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">9 millimetre gap</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Correct:</em></td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">9-millimetre gap</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Correct:</em></td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">12-hour shift</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Correct:</em></td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">12 h shift</span> (markup: <code>12&nbsp;h shift</code>) </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p><b>Multi-word hyphenated items:</b> It is often possible to avoid multi-word hyphenated modifiers by rewording (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a four-CD soundtrack album</span> may be easier to read as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a soundtrack album of four CDs</span>). This is particularly important where converted units are involved (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the 6-hectare-limit (14.8-acre-limit) rule</span> might be possible as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the rule imposing a limit of six hectares (14.8 acres)</span>, and the ungainly <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">4.9-mile (7.9 km) -long tributary</span> as simply <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">4.9-mile (7.9 km) tributary</span>). </p><p>For optional hyphenation of compound <b>points of the compass</b> such as <i>southwest/south-west</i>, see <a href="#Compass_points">§ Compass points</a>. </p><p>Do not use a capital letter after a hyphen except for a proper name following the hyphen: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Graeco-Roman</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Mediterranean-style</span>, but not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Gandhi-Like</span>. In titles of published works, when given in <a href="/wiki/Title_case" title="Title case">title case</a>, follow the capitalization rule for each part independently (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>The Out-of-Towners</i></span>), unless reliable sources consistently do otherwise in a particular case (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>The History of Middle-earth</i></span>). </p><p>Hyphenation rules in other languages may be different. Thus, in French a place name such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Trois-Rivières</span> ('Three Rivers') is hyphenated, when it would not be in English. Follow reliable sources in such cases. </p><p><b>Spacing:</b> A hyphen is never followed or preceded by a space, except when hanging <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see above)</span> or when used to display parts of words independently, such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the prefix sub-</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the suffix<span class="nowrap"> </span>-less</span>. </p><p><b>Image filenames and redirects:</b> Image filenames are not part of the encyclopedic content; they are tools. They are most useful if they can be readily typed, so they usually use hyphens instead of dashes. Similarly, article titles with dashes should also have a corresponding redirect from a copy of the title with hyphens: for example, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Michelson-Morley_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelson-Morley experiment">Michelson-Morley experiment</a></span> redirects to <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment" title="Michelson–Morley experiment">Michelson–Morley experiment</a></span>. </p><p><b>Non-breaking:</b> A <a href="/wiki/Non-breaking_hyphen" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-breaking hyphen">non-breaking hyphen</a> (<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Nbhyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbhyph">nbhyph</a>}}</code>) will <em>not</em> be used as a point of line-wrap. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SHY"></span><span id="MOS:SOFTHYPHEN"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SHY&redirect=no">MOS:SHY</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SOFTHYPHEN&redirect=no">MOS:SOFTHYPHEN</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="shy"></span> <b>Soft hyphens:</b> Use <a href="/wiki/Soft_hyphen" title="Soft hyphen">soft hyphens</a> to mark locations where a word will be broken and hyphenated <em>if necessary</em> at the end of a line of text, usually in <a href="/wiki/Longest_English_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Longest English words">very long words</a> or narrow spaces (such as captions, narrow table columns, or text adjacent to a very wide image), for example: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Shy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Shy">shy</a>|Penn|syl|va|nia and Mass|a|chu|setts style themselves com|mon|wealths.}}</code>. Use sparingly to avoid making wikitext difficult to read and edit. For more information, see <a href="/wiki/Help:Line-break_handling#<wbr_/>_and_soft_hyphens" title="Help:Line-break handling">Help:Line-break handling</a>. </p><p><b>Encoding</b>: The hyphen is represented by the <span style="font-size:85%;">ASCII/UNICODE <a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">HYPHEN-MINUS</a></span> character, which is entered by the hyphen or minus key on all standard keyboards. Do not use the <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen#Unicode" title="Hyphen">UNICODE HYPHEN</a></span> character. </p><p>Hyphenation involves many subtleties that cannot be covered here; the rules and examples presented above illustrate the broad principles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dashes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Dashes-Punctuation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Dashes-Punctuation"></span>Dashes<span id="Em_dashes"></span><span id="Unspaced_em_dash"></span><span id="En_dashes"></span><span id="Spaced_en_dash"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Dashes-Punctuation"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:DASH" redirects here. For the overview of Wikipedia discussions, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dashboard" title="Wikipedia:Dashboard">Wikipedia:Dashboard</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:DASH"></span><span id="MOS:EMDASH"></span><span id="MOS:ENDASH"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DASH&redirect=no">MOS:DASH</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:EMDASH&redirect=no">MOS:EMDASH</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ENDASH&redirect=no">MOS:ENDASH</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Two forms of dash are used on Wikipedia: <b><a href="/wiki/En_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="En dash">en dash</a></b> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">–</span>) and <b><a href="/wiki/Em_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="Em dash">em dash</a></b> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">—</span>). To enter them, click on them in the <a href="/wiki/Help:CharInsert" title="Help:CharInsert">CharInsert toolbar</a>, or enter them manually as: </p> <ul><li><code>&ndash;</code> or <code>&mdash;</code></li> <li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Endash" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Endash">endash</a>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Emdash" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Emdash">emdash</a>}}</code></li></ul> <p>Do not use a double hyphen (<code>--</code>) to stand in for a dash. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_make_dashes" title="Wikipedia:How to make dashes">Wikipedia:How to make dashes</a>.)</span> </p><p>Sources use dashes in varying ways. For consistency and clarity, Wikipedia adopts the following principles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_article_titles" data-mw-thread-id="h-In_article_titles-Dashes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-In_article_titles-Dashes"></span>In article titles<span data-mw-comment-end="h-In_article_titles-Dashes"></span></h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">article titles</a>, do not use a hyphen (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">-</span>) as a substitute for an en dash, for example in <i><a href="/wiki/Eye%E2%80%93hand_span" title="Eye–hand span">eye–hand span</a></i> (since <i>eye</i> does not modify <i>hand</i>). Nonetheless, to aid searching and linking, provide a redirect with hyphens replacing the en dash(es), as in <i><a href="/wiki/Eye-hand_span" class="mw-redirect" title="Eye-hand span">eye-hand span</a></i>. Similarly, provide <a href="/wiki/Template:Category_redirect" title="Template:Category redirect">category redirects</a> for categories containing dashes. When an en dash is being used as a separator in an article title or section heading, editors may choose whether to capitalize what follows, taking into consideration <a href="#Retaining_existing_styles">the existing practice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles#Consistent_titling" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">consistency with related articles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_running_text" data-mw-thread-id="h-In_running_text-Dashes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-In_running_text-Dashes"></span>In running text<span data-mw-comment-end="h-In_running_text-Dashes"></span></h4></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="DASHVAR"></span> Dashes are often used to mark divisions within a sentence: in pairs (parenthetical dashes, instead of parentheses or pairs of commas) or singly (perhaps instead of a colon). They may also indicate an abrupt stop or interruption in reporting quoted speech. In all such cases, either unspaced em dashes or spaced en dashes can be used, with consistency maintained throughout a given article: </p> <ul><li>An em dash is <em>unspaced</em> on both sides:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Another "planet" was detected—but it was later found to be a moon of Saturn.</span></div> <ul><li>An en dash is <em>spaced</em> on both sides:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Another "planet" was detected – but it was later found to be a moon of Saturn.</span></div> <p>Ideally, an en dash should be preceded by a non-breaking space; this prevents the dash from appearing at the beginning of a line. The <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Snd" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Snd">snd</a>}}</code> template may be used for this: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Another "planet" was detected{{snd}}but it was later found to be a moon of Saturn.</span></div> <p>Do not insert any spaces where an en dash should be unspaced <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(see <a href="#Other_uses_for_en_dashes">§ Other uses for en dashes</a>)</span>. </p><p>Dashes can clarify a sentence's structure when commas, parentheses, or both are also being used. </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The book summarizes works of some major philosophers in chronological order: Descartes, Locke, Hume – but not his <i>Treatise</i> (deemed too complex for the target audience) – and Kant.</span></li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Spare_the_dash"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SPARETHEDASH"></span><span id="MOS:NOTRIPLEDASH"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SPARETHEDASH&redirect=no">MOS:SPARETHEDASH</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NOTRIPLEDASH&redirect=no">MOS:NOTRIPLEDASH</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Use dashes sparingly. More than two in a single sentence makes the structure unclear; it takes time for the reader to see which dashes form a pair, if any. </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The birds – at least the ones Darwin collected – had red and blue feathers.</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"We have run aground at – ", was the final, incomplete message received from the ship.</span></li> <li>Avoid: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">First – at a marshy site leveled with landfill – came the workshop – then administrative and other buildings.</span></li> <li>Better: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">First – at a marshy site leveled with landfill – came the workshop; administrative and other buildings were erected later.</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_ranges_that_might_otherwise_be_expressed_with_to_or_through" data-mw-thread-id="h-In_ranges_that_might_otherwise_be_expressed_with_to_or_through-In_running_text"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-In_ranges_that_might_otherwise_be_expressed_with_to_or_through-In_running_text"></span>In ranges that might otherwise be expressed with <i>to</i> or <i>through</i><span id="Ranges"></span><span id="Number_ranges"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-In_ranges_that_might_otherwise_be_expressed_with_to_or_through-In_running_text"></span></h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:ENTO"></span><span id="MOS:ENFROM"></span><span id="MOS:RANGE"></span><span id="MOS:RANGES"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ENTO&redirect=no">MOS:ENTO</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ENFROM&redirect=no">MOS:ENFROM</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:RANGE&redirect=no">MOS:RANGE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:RANGES&redirect=no">MOS:RANGES</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This section is about ranges of numbers, dates, or times. For other ranges, such as ranges of physical locations, see <a href="#In_compounds_when_the_connection_might_otherwise_be_expressed_with_to,_versus,_and,_or_between">§ In compounds when the connection might otherwise be expressed with to, versus, and, or between</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Ranges" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Ranges</a></div> <p>For ranges between numbers, dates, or times, use an en dash: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">pp. 7–19</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">64–75%</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Henry VIII reigned 1509–1547</span><sup id="cite_ref-date_range_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-date_range-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Do not change hyphens to dashes in filenames, <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URLs</a>, or templates such as <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Bibleverse" title="Template:Bibleverse">Bibleverse</a>}}</code> (which formats verse ranges into URLs), even if a range is embedded in them. </p><p>Do not mix en dashes with <i>between</i> or <i>from</i>. </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">450–500 people</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">between 450 and 500 people</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">between 450–500 people</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">from 450 to 500 people</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">from 450–500 people</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">from 1961 to 1964</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">from 1961–1964</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">between the 1961–1962 and 1967–1968 seasons, ticket sales dropped substantially</span> (or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">between the 1961–62 and 1967–68 seasons</span>)</li></ul> <p>The en dash in a range is always unspaced, except when either or both elements of the range include at least one space, hyphen, or en dash; in such cases, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Snd" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Snd">snd</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> between them will provide the proper formatting. </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">July 23, 1790 – December 1, 1791</span></span> (not <span class="nowrap"> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">July 23, 1790–December 1, 1791</span></span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">14 May – 2 August 2011</span></span> (not <span class="nowrap"> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">14 May–2 August 2011</span></span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1–17 September</span></span> (and note in this case that the second element of the range is <i>17</i> not <i>17<span class="nowrap"> </span>September</i>); <span class="nowrap"> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">February–October 2009</span></span>; <span class="nowrap"> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1492 – 7 April 1556</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Christmas Day – New Year's Eve</span></span>; <span class="nowrap"> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Christmas 2001 – Easter 2002</span></span>; <span class="nowrap"> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">10:30 pm Tuesday – 1:25 am Wednesday</span></span>; <span class="nowrap"> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">6:00 p.m. – 9:30 p.m.</span></span> (but <span class="nowrap"> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">6:00–9:30 p.m.</span></span>)</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">wavelengths in the range <span class="nowrap"> 28 mm – 17 m.</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">pages 5-7 – 5-9</span></span></li></ul> <p>If negative values are involved, an unspaced en dash might be confusing: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">−10 to 10</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">−10–10</span> (though <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">−10 – 10</span> might work in a table consistently formatted with <var style="padding-right: 1px;">x</var>–<var style="padding-right: 1px;">y</var> constructions)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_compounds_when_the_connection_might_otherwise_be_expressed_with_to,_versus,_and,_or_between" data-mw-thread-id="h-In_compounds_when_the_connection_might_otherwise_be_expressed_with_to,_versus,_a-In_running_text"><span id="In_compounds_when_the_connection_might_otherwise_be_expressed_with_to.2C_versus.2C_and.2C_or_between"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-In_compounds_when_the_connection_might_otherwise_be_expressed_with_to,_versus,_a-In_running_text"></span>In compounds when the connection might otherwise be expressed with <i>to</i>, <i>versus</i>, <i>and</i>, or <i>between</i><span class="anchor" id="ENBETWEEN"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-In_compounds_when_the_connection_might_otherwise_be_expressed_with_to,_versus,_a-In_running_text"></span></h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:ENBETWEEN"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ENBETWEEN&redirect=no">MOS:ENBETWEEN</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Here, the relationship is thought of as parallel, symmetric, equal, oppositional, or at least involving <em>separate or independent elements</em>. The components may be nouns, adjectives, verbs, or any other independent part of speech. Often, if the components are reversed there would be little change of meaning. </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">boyfriend–girlfriend problems</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Paris–Montpellier route</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a New York–Los Angeles flight</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">iron–cobalt interactions</span>; the components are parallel and reversible; iron and cobalt retain their identity</li> <li>Wrong: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">an iron–roof shed</span>; <i>iron</i> modifies <i>roof</i>, so use a hyphen: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">an iron-roof shed</span></li> <li>Wrong: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">a singer–songwriter</span>; not separate persons, so use a hyphen: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a singer-songwriter</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">red–green colorblind</span>; red and green are separate independent colors, not mixed</li> <li>Wrong: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">blue–green algae</span>; a blended, intermediate color, so use a hyphen: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">blue-green algae</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a 51–30 win</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a 12–0 perfect season</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a 22–17 majority vote</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but prefer spelling out when using words instead of numerals: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a six-to-two majority decision</span>, not with the awkward <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">six–two</span>; avoid confusingly reversed order: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">a 17–22 majority vote</span><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a 50–50 joint venture</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a 60–40 split</span>; avoid using a slash (stroke) here, which indicates division</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Uganda–Tanzania War</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Roman–Syrian War</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the east–west runway</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Lincoln–Douglas debates</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a carbon–carbon bond</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">diode–transistor logic</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the analog–digital distinction</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">push–pull output</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">on–off switch</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a pro-establishment–anti-intellectual alliance</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Singapore–Sumatra–Java shipping lanes</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the ballerina's rapid walk–dance transitions</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a male–female height ratio of 1.14</span></li></ul> <p>Generally, use a hyphen in compounded proper names of single entities. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Guinea-Bissau</span></a>; Bissau is its capital, and this name distinguishes the country from neighboring <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Wilkes-Barre</span>, a single city named after two people, but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</span>, an area encompassing two cities</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">John Lennard-Jones</span>, an individual named after two families</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Anglo-"></span><span class="anchor" id="Dual_nationalities"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:DUALNATIONALITIES"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DUALNATIONALITIES&redirect=no">MOS:DUALNATIONALITIES</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Use an en dash between the names of nations or nationalities when referring to an association between them. For people and things identifying with multiple nationalities, use a hyphen when using the combination adjectivally and a space when they are used as nouns, with the first used attributively to modify the second. </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">an Italian–Swiss border crossing</span>; but <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">an Italian-Swiss newspaper</span> for <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Italian-speaking Swiss</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">France–Britain rivalry</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">French–British rivalry</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">an Indian-American scientist</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">was especially popular with Indian Americans</span></li> <li>Wrong: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Franco–British rivalry</span>; <i>Franco-</i> is a <em>combining form</em>, not an independent word, so use a hyphen: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Franco-British rivalry</span></li></ul> <p>A slash or some other alternative may occasionally be better to express a ratio, especially in technical contexts <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="#Slashes">§ Slashes</a>)</span>. </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the protein–fat ratio</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the protein/fat ratio</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the protein-to-fat ratio</span></li> <li>Colons are often used for strictly numeric ratios, to avoid confusion with subtraction and division: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a 3:1 ratio</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a three-to-one ratio</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Ratios" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Ratios</a>)</span>.</li></ul> <p>Use an en dash for the names of two or more entities in an attributive compound. </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Seifert–van Kampen theorem</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Alpher–Bethe–Gamow theory</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Seeliger–Donker-Voet scheme</span> (developed by Seeliger and Donker-Voet)</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Comet Hale–Bopp</span> or just <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Hale–Bopp</span> (discovered by Hale and Bopp)</li></ul> <p>Do not use an en dash for hyphenated personal names, even when they are used as adjectives: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Lennard-Jones potential</span> with a hyphen: named after John Lennard-Jones</li></ul> <p>Do not use spaces around the en dash in any of the compounds above. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Instead_of_a_hyphen,_use_an_en_dash_when_applying_a_prefix_or_suffix_to_a_compound_that_itself_includes_a_space,_dash_or_hyphen" data-mw-thread-id="h-Instead_of_a_hyphen,_use_an_en_dash_when_applying_a_prefix_or_suffix_to_a_compou-In_running_text"><span id="Instead_of_a_hyphen.2C_use_an_en_dash_when_applying_a_prefix_or_suffix_to_a_compound_that_itself_includes_a_space.2C_dash_or_hyphen"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Instead_of_a_hyphen,_use_an_en_dash_when_applying_a_prefix_or_suffix_to_a_compou-In_running_text"></span>Instead of a hyphen, use an en dash when applying a prefix or suffix to a compound that itself includes a space, dash or hyphen<span class="anchor" id="En_dash_across_open_compounds"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Instead_of_a_hyphen,_use_an_en_dash_when_applying_a_prefix_or_suffix_to_a_compou-In_running_text"></span></h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:AFFIXDASH"></span><span id="MOS:PREFIXDASH"></span><span id="MOS:SUFFIXDASH"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:AFFIXDASH&redirect=no">MOS:AFFIXDASH</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PREFIXDASH&redirect=no">MOS:PREFIXDASH</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SUFFIXDASH&redirect=no">MOS:SUFFIXDASH</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">ex–prime minister Thatcher</span> (consider recasting: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">former prime minister Thatcher</span>)</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">pre–World War II aircraft</span> (consider recasting: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">aircraft from before World War II</span>)</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93September_11_anti-war_movement" title="Post–September 11 anti-war movement">post–September 11 anti-war movement</a></span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea languages</a></span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Hartree%E2%80%93Fock" title="Post–Hartree–Fock">post–Hartree–Fock</a></span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Rican" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro–Puerto Rican">Afro–Puerto Rican</a></span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Turks and Caicos–based company</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a Rodgers and Hammerstein–esque musical number</span></li></ul> <p>The form of category names follows the corresponding main articles, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Category:Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Category:Trans–New Guinea languages">Category:Trans–New Guinea languages</a>. However, the principle is not extended when compounding other words in category names, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Category:Tennis-related_lists" title="Category:Tennis-related lists">Category:Tennis-related lists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Table_tennis-related_lists" title="Category:Table tennis-related lists">Category:Table tennis-related lists</a> both use hyphens. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="To_separate_items_in_certain_lists"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="To_separate_parts_of_an_item_in_a_list" data-mw-thread-id="h-To_separate_parts_of_an_item_in_a_list-In_running_text"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-To_separate_parts_of_an_item_in_a_list-In_running_text"></span>To separate parts of an item in a list<span data-mw-comment-end="h-To_separate_parts_of_an_item_in_a_list-In_running_text"></span></h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:LISTDASH"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LISTDASH&redirect=no">MOS:LISTDASH</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Spaced en dashes are sometimes used between parts of list items. For example: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">James Galway – flute; Anne-Sophie Mutter – violin; Maurizio Pollini – piano.</span></li></ul> <p>or </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"The Future" – 7:21</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"Ain't No Cure for Love" – 6:17</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"Bird on the Wire" – 6:14</span></li></ul> <p>Editors may choose whether to capitalize what follows, taking into consideration <a href="#Retaining_existing_styles">the existing practice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles#Consistent_titling" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">consistency with related articles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_uses_for_en_dashes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other_uses_for_en_dashes-Dashes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Other_uses_for_en_dashes-Dashes"></span>Other uses for en dashes<span id="En_dashes:_other_uses"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Other_uses_for_en_dashes-Dashes"></span></h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/En_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="En dash">en dash</a> (–) has several common functions beyond its use in lists and running text. It is used to <em>join</em> components less strongly than a hyphen would <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="#Hyphens">§ Hyphens</a>)</span>; conversely, it may also <em>separate</em> components less strongly than a slash would <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="#Slashes">§ Slashes</a>)</span>. Consider the relationship that exists between two components when deciding what punctuation to place between them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_uses_for_em_dashes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other_uses_for_em_dashes-Dashes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Other_uses_for_em_dashes-Dashes"></span>Other uses for em dashes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Other_uses_for_em_dashes-Dashes"></span></h4></div> <p>An <a href="#Indentation">indented</a> em dash may be used when attributing the source of a passage, such as a <a href="#Block_quotations">block quotation</a> or poem. This dash should not be fully spaced: however, for reasons related to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Reuse">metadata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">accessibility</a>, it is best to place a <a href="/wiki/Hair_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair space">hair space</a> between the dash and the name.<sup id="cite_ref-hairspace_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hairspace-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of Wikipedia's quotation templates provide this formatting automatically. </p><p>For example, <span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:In5" title="Template:In5">in5</a>}}</span>—<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Hair_space" title="Template:Hair space">hair space</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>Charlotte Brontë</span> will produce: </p><p> — Charlotte Brontë </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_dashes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other_dashes-Dashes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Other_dashes-Dashes"></span>Other dashes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Other_dashes-Dashes"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NEGATIVE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NEGATIVE&redirect=no">MOS:NEGATIVE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Do not use <a href="/wiki/Typewriter#Typewriter_conventions" title="Typewriter">typewriter approximations</a> or other substitutes, such as two hyphens (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">--</span>), for em or en dashes. </p><p>For a negative sign or subtraction operator use <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+2212</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">−</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs#Minus_sign" title="Plus and minus signs">MINUS SIGN</a></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&minus;</span>), which can also be generated by clicking on the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">−</code> following the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">±</code> in the <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Insert</span> toolbar beneath the edit window. Do not use <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2212</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">−</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MINUS SIGN</span> inside a <code class="nowrap" style=""><math></code> tag, as the character gives a syntax error; instead use a normal hyphen <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+002D</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">-</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">HYPHEN-MINUS</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slashes_(strokes)" data-mw-thread-id="h-Slashes_(strokes)-Punctuation"><span id="Slashes_.28strokes.29"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Slashes_(strokes)-Punctuation"></span>Slashes (strokes)<span class="anchor" id="Slashes"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Slashes_(strokes)-Punctuation"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:SLASH" redirects here. For information on subpages, which contain a slash in their titles, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SUB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SUB">WP:SUB</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SLASH"></span><span id="MOS:STROKE"></span><span id="MOS:/"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SLASH&redirect=no">MOS:SLASH</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:STROKE&redirect=no">MOS:STROKE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:/&redirect=no">MOS:/</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Generally, avoid joining two words with a <a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">slash</a>, also called a forward slash, stroke or solidus (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"> / </span>), because it suggests that the words are related without specifying how. Replace with clearer wording. </p><p>An example: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">The parent/instructor must be present at all times.</span> Must both be present? (Then write <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the parent and the instructor</span>.) Must at least one be present? (Then write <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the parent or the instructor</span>.) Are they the same person? (Use a hyphen: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the parent-instructor</span>.) </p><p>In circumstances involving a distinction or disjunction, the en dash <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see above)</span> is usually preferable to the slash: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the digital–analog distinction</span>. </p><p>An unspaced slash may be used: </p> <ul><li>to indicate <a href="/wiki/Phonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic">phonemic</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">pronunciations</a> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>rivet</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈrɪvət/</span></span>);</li> <li>in a fraction (<code>7/8</code>, but see other techniques at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Fractions_and_ratios" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Fractions and ratios</a>);</li> <li>to indicate regular defined yearly periods that do not coincide with calendar years (e.g., <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the 2009/2010 fiscal year</span>), if that is the convention used in reliable sources (see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Long_periods_of_time" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Long periods of time</a> for further explanation);</li> <li>to express a ratio, in a form in which a slash is conventionally used (e.g., <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the price-to-earnings ratio, or P/E ratio for short</span>);</li> <li>in an expression or abbreviation widely used outside Wikipedia (e.g., <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">n/a</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">N/A</span> for <i>not applicable</i>).</li></ul> <p>A spaced slash may be used: </p> <ul><li>to separate run-on lines in quoted poetry or song (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">To be or not to be: that is the question: / Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer / The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune</span>), or rarely in quoted prose, where careful marking of a paragraph break is textually important;</li> <li>to separate items that include at least one internal space (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the NY 31 east / NY 370 exit</span>), where for some reason use of a slash is unavoidable.</li></ul> <p>To avoid awkward linebreaks, code spaced slashes (and fraction slashes) with a non-breaking space on the left and a normal space on the right, as in: <code>My mama told me&nbsp;/ You better shop around</code>. For short constructions, both spaces should be non-breaking: <span class="nowrap"><code>x&nbsp;/&nbsp;y</code></span>. On the other hand, if two long words are connected by an unspaced slash, an <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Wbr" title="Template:Wbr">wbr</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> added after the slash will allow a linebreak at that point. </p><p>Do not use the <a href="/wiki/Backslash" title="Backslash">backslash</a> character (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"> \ </span>) in place of a slash. </p><p>Prefer the division operator (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"> ÷ </span>) to slash or fraction slash when representing elementary arithmetic in general text: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap">10 ÷ 2 = 5</span></span>. In more advanced mathematical formulas, a <a href="/wiki/Vinculum_(symbol)" title="Vinculum (symbol)">vinculum</a> or slash is preferred: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\frac {x^{n}}{n!}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>!</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle {\frac {x^{n}}{n!}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ee718eb4c7398dd2f8bd809decb7b8576a03529a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:2.741ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\frac {x^{n}}{n!}}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.741ex;height: 3.843ex;vertical-align: -1.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ee718eb4c7398dd2f8bd809decb7b8576a03529a" data-alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\frac {x^{n}}{n!}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><var style="padding-right: 1px;">x</var><sup><var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var></sup>/<var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>!</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Common_mathematical_symbols" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Common mathematical symbols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula" title="Help:Displaying a formula">Help:Displaying a formula</a>)</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="And/or" data-mw-thread-id="h-And/or-Slashes_(strokes)"><span id="And.2For"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-And/or-Slashes_(strokes)"></span>And/or<span data-mw-comment-end="h-And/or-Slashes_(strokes)"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:ANDOR"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ANDOR&redirect=no">MOS:ANDOR</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Avoid writing <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">and/or</span> unless other constructions would be lengthy or awkward. Instead of <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Most had trauma and/or smoke inhalation</span>, write simply <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">trauma or smoke inhalation</span> (which would normally be interpreted as an <a href="/wiki/Inclusive-or" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive-or">inclusive-or</a> to imply <i>or both</i>); or, for emphasis or precision or both, write <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">trauma or smoke inhalation or both</span>. Where more than two possibilities are present, instead of <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">x, y, and/or<span class="nowrap"> </span>z</span> write <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">one or more of x, y, and<span class="nowrap"> </span>z</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">some or all of x, y, and<span class="nowrap"> </span>z</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols" data-mw-thread-id="h-Symbols-Punctuation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Symbols-Punctuation"></span>Symbols<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Symbols-Punctuation"></span></h3></div> <p>Unicode symbols are preferred over composed <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> symbols for improved readability and accessibility. Be mindful of presentations that may require ASCII, like <a href="/wiki/Sourcecode" class="mw-redirect" title="Sourcecode">sourcecode</a>. Keys for these symbols can be found at the bottom of the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Source_Editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Source Editor">Source Editor</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Symbol </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Composed <br> ASCII symbol</th> <th>Preferred <br> replacement </th></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">--></code></td> <td>→ </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><--</code></td> <td>← </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><--></code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><-></code></td> <td>↔ </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">^</code></td> <td>↑ </td></tr> <tr> <td><code> >= </code></td> <td>≥ </td></tr> <tr> <td><code><=</code></td> <td>≤ </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>~=</code></td> <td>≈ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_(pound,_hash)_sign_and_numero" data-mw-thread-id="h-Number_(pound,_hash)_sign_and_numero-Punctuation"><span id="Number_.28pound.2C_hash.29_sign_and_numero"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Number_(pound,_hash)_sign_and_numero-Punctuation"></span>Number (pound, hash) sign and numero<span class="anchor" id="Number_signs"></span><span class="anchor" id="Number_sign"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Number_(pound,_hash)_sign_and_numero-Punctuation"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NUMBERSIGN"></span><span id="MOS:NUMERO"></span><span id="MOS:HASH"></span><span id="MOS:POUND"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NUMBERSIGN&redirect=no">MOS:NUMBERSIGN</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NUMERO&redirect=no">MOS:NUMERO</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:HASH&redirect=no">MOS:HASH</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:POUND&redirect=no">MOS:POUND</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For pound sterling and other currency symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Currencies_and_monetary_values" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Currencies and monetary values</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers</a></div> <p>Avoid using the <a href="/wiki/Number_sign" title="Number sign"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">#</span></a> symbol (known as the <a href="/wiki/Number_sign" title="Number sign">number sign</a>, hash sign, pound sign, or octothorpe) when referring to numbers or rankings. Instead write <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">number</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">No.</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Nos.</span>; do not use the symbol <a href="/wiki/Numero_sign" title="Numero sign"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">№</span></a>. For example: </p> <table role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:1em"><em>Incorrect:</em> </td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Her album reached #1 in the UK albums chart.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1em"><em>Correct:</em> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Her album reached number one in the UK albums chart.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1em"><em>Correct:</em> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Her album reached <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 1 in the UK albums chart.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1em"><em>Correct:</em> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Her albums <i>Foo</i> and <i>Bar</i> reached <abbr title="Numbers">Nos.</abbr> 1 and 3.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-right:1em"><em>Correct:</em> </td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Her albums <i>Foo</i> and <i>Bar</i> reached numbers one and three in the UK albums chart.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An exception is issue numbers of comic books, which unlike for other periodicals are conventionally given in general text in the form <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">#1</span>, unless a volume is also given, in which case write <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">volume two, number seven</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><abbr title="Volume">Vol.</abbr> 2, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 7</span>. Another exception are periodical publications carrying both, issue <i>and</i> number designations (typically one being a year-relative and the other an absolute value); they should be given in the form <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">2 #143</span> in citations, or be spelt out as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><abbr title="Issue">Iss.</abbr> 2, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 143</span> in text. When using the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">abbreviations</a>, write <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><code>{{abbr|Vol.|Volume}}</code></span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><code>{{abbr|Iss.|Issue}}</code></span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><code>{{abbr|No.|Number}}</code></span>, or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><code>{{abbr|Nos.|Numbers}}</code></span>, at first occurrence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminal_punctuation" data-mw-thread-id="h-Terminal_punctuation-Punctuation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Terminal_punctuation-Punctuation"></span>Terminal punctuation<span id="Punctuation_at_the_end_of_a_sentence"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Terminal_punctuation-Punctuation"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MOS:PERIOD" redirects here. For periods of time, see <a href="/wiki/MOS:DATERANGE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:DATERANGE">MOS:DATERANGE</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:FULLSTOP"></span><span id="MOS:EXCLAMATION"></span><span id="MOS:PERIOD"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:FULLSTOP&redirect=no">MOS:FULLSTOP</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:EXCLAMATION&redirect=no">MOS:EXCLAMATION</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PERIOD&redirect=no">MOS:PERIOD</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li>Exclamation and question marks have almost no application in encyclopedic writing.</li> <li>For the use of three periods in succession, see <a href="#Ellipses">§ Ellipses</a>.</li> <li>In some contexts, no terminal punctuation is necessary. In such cases, the sentence often does not start with a capital letter. See <a href="#Quotations">§ Quotations</a> and <a href="#Quotation_marks">§ Quotation marks</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_fragment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentence fragment">Sentence fragments</a> in captions or lists should in most cases not end with a period. See <a href="#Formatting_of_captions">§ Formatting of captions</a> and <a href="#Bulleted_and_numbered_lists">§ Bulleted and numbered lists</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spacing" data-mw-thread-id="h-Spacing-Punctuation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Spacing-Punctuation"></span>Spacing<span id="Spaces_following_terminal_punctuation"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Spacing-Punctuation"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:DOUBLESPACE"></span><span id="MOS:PUNCTSPACE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DOUBLESPACE&redirect=no">MOS:DOUBLESPACE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PUNCTSPACE&redirect=no">MOS:PUNCTSPACE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>In normal text, never put a space before a comma, semicolon, colon, period/full stop, question mark, or exclamation mark (even in quoted material; see <a href="#Typographic_conformity">§ Typographic conformity</a>). </p><p>Some editors place two spaces after a period/full stop (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">see <a href="/wiki/Sentence_spacing" title="Sentence spacing">Sentence spacing</a></span>); these are condensed to one space when the page is rendered, so it does not affect what readers see. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consecutive_punctuation_marks" data-mw-thread-id="h-Consecutive_punctuation_marks-Punctuation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Consecutive_punctuation_marks-Punctuation"></span>Consecutive punctuation marks<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Consecutive_punctuation_marks-Punctuation"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:CONSECUTIVE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CONSECUTIVE&redirect=no">MOS:CONSECUTIVE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Where a word or phrase that includes terminal punctuation ends a sentence, do not add a second terminal punctuation mark. If a quoted phrase or title ends in a question mark or exclamation mark, it may confuse readers as to the nature of the article sentence containing it, and so is usually better reworded to be mid-sentence. Where such a word or phrase occurs mid-sentence, new terminal punctuation (usually a period) must be added at the end. </p> <table role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );"> <tbody><tr> <td><em>Incorrect:</em></td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Slovak returned to the Red Hot Chili Peppers in 1985 after growing tired of What Is This?.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Acceptable</em>:</td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Slovak returned to the Red Hot Chili Peppers in 1985 after growing tired of What Is This?</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Better</em>:</td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Slovak, having grown tired of What Is This?, returned to the Red Hot Chili Peppers in 1985.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Incorrect:</em></td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">He made several films with Sammy Davis Jr..</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Correct:</em></td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">He made several films with Sammy Davis Jr.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punctuation_and_footnotes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Punctuation_and_footnotes-Punctuation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Punctuation_and_footnotes-Punctuation"></span>Punctuation and footnotes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Punctuation_and_footnotes-Punctuation"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:CITEPUNCT"></span><span id="MOS:PUNCTFOOT"></span><span id="MOS:REFPUNCT"></span><span id="MOS:PUNCTREF"></span><span id="MOS:REFSPACE"></span><span id="MOS:PF"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CITEPUNCT&redirect=no">MOS:CITEPUNCT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PUNCTFOOT&redirect=no">MOS:PUNCTFOOT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:REFPUNCT&redirect=no">MOS:REFPUNCT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PUNCTREF&redirect=no">MOS:PUNCTREF</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:REFSPACE&redirect=no">MOS:REFSPACE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PF&redirect=no">MOS:PF</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources</a></div> <p><b>Reference tags</b> (<code class="nowrap" style=""><ref>...</ref></code>) are used to create <i><a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnotes</a></i> (also called <i>endnotes</i> or simply <i>notes</i>), as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation footnotes</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Help:Explanatory_notes" title="Help:Explanatory notes">explanatory notes</a>. All reference tags should <em>immediately</em> follow the text to which the footnote applies, with no intervening space.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>u<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from the exceptions listed below, references are placed <em>after</em> adjacent punctuation, not before. Adjacent reference tags should have no space between them, nor should there be any between tags and <a href="/wiki/Category:Inline_templates" title="Category:Inline templates">inline dispute and cleanup templates</a>. </p><p>When reference tags are used, a <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes#Creating_the_footnote_list" title="Help:Footnotes">footnote list</a> must be added, and this is usually placed in the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Notes_and_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">References</a> section, near the end of the article in the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Standard_appendices_and_footers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">standard appendices and footers</a>. </p> <ul><li><em>Example</em>: <a href="/wiki/Flightless_bird" title="Flightless bird">Flightless birds</a> have a reduced <a href="/wiki/Keel_(bird_anatomy)" title="Keel (bird anatomy)">keel</a>,<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1255586131">.mw-parser-output .fakelinks{color:var(--color-progressive,#0645ad);cursor:default}.mw-parser-output .fakelinks:hover{color:var(--color-progressive--hover,#0645ad)}</style><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[10]</sup> and they also have smaller wing bones than flying birds of similar size.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[11]</sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[12]</sup></li></ul> <p><b>Exceptions</b>: Reference tags are placed <em>before</em> dashes, not after. If a footnote applies only to material within parentheses, the tags belong just before the closing parenthesis. </p> <ul><li><em>Example</em>: Paris is not the capital city of England – the capital of which is London<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[10]</sup> – but that of France.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[11]</sup></li> <li><em>Example</em>: Kim Jong-un (Korean: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">김정은</span></span>; Hanja: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">金正恩</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[10]</sup>) is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_(North_Korean_title)" title="Supreme Leader (North Korean title)">Supreme Leader of North Korea</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1255586131"><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[11]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punctuation_after_formulae" data-mw-thread-id="h-Punctuation_after_formulae-Punctuation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Punctuation_after_formulae-Punctuation"></span>Punctuation after formulae<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Punctuation_after_formulae-Punctuation"></span></h3></div> <p>Sentences should place punctuation after mathematical formulae as if they were normal body text. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics#Punctuation_after_formulae" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics § Punctuation after formulae</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Dates_and_time" data-mw-thread-id="h-Dates_and_time"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Dates_and_time"></span>Dates and time<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Dates_and_time"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Chronological items</a></div> <p>Dates should be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Linking" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Linking">linked</a> only when they are germane and topical to the subject, as discussed at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking § Chronological items</a>. For ranges of dates and times, see <a href="#Other_uses_for_en_dashes">§ Other uses for en dashes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_of_day" data-mw-thread-id="h-Time_of_day-Dates_and_time"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Time_of_day-Dates_and_time"></span>Time of day<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Time_of_day-Dates_and_time"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/MOS:TIME" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:TIME">MOS:TIME</a></div> <p>Times of day are normally expressed in figures rather than words. Context determines whether the <a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-</a> or the <a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour</a> format is more appropriate. </p> <ul><li>Twelve-hour clock times are written in one of two forms: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">11:15 a.m.</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">2:30 p.m.</span>, or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">11:15 am</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">2:30 pm</span> (wherein the spaces should be <a href="#Non-breaking_spaces">non-breaking</a>). Use <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">noon</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">midnight</span> rather than <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">12 pm</span> and <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">12 am</span>; it may need to be specified whether <i>midnight</i> refers to the start or end of a date.</li> <li>Twenty-four-hour clock times are written in the form <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">08:15</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">22:55</span>, with no suffix. Midnight written as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">00:00</span> begins the day; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">24:00</span> ends it.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dates" data-mw-thread-id="h-Dates-Dates_and_time"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Dates-Dates_and_time"></span>Dates<span id="Choice_of_format"></span><span id="Days"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Dates-Dates_and_time"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/MOS:DATEFORMAT" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:DATEFORMAT">MOS:DATEFORMAT</a></div> <p>Full dates are formatted <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap">10 June 1921</span></span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap">June 10, 1921</span></span>; or where the year is omitted, use <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap">10 June</span></span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap">June 10</span></span>. </p> <ul><li>The dates in the <i>text</i> of any one article should all have the same format (day-first or month-first). <ul><li>For date formats in citations, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_style" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources § Citation style</a>.</li> <li>Dates in quotations and titles are always left as-is.</li> <li>If a numerical format is required (e.g., for conciseness in lists and tables), use the YYYY-MM-DD format: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap">2005-04-03</span></span>.</li></ul></li> <li>Articles on topics with strong ties to a particular English-speaking country should generally use the more common date format for that country (month-first for the US, except in military usage; day-first for most others; articles related to Canada may use either consistently). Otherwise, do not change an article from one date format to the other without good reason.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Months" data-mw-thread-id="h-Months-Dates_and_time"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Months-Dates_and_time"></span>Months<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Months-Dates_and_time"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/MOS:MONTH" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:MONTH">MOS:MONTH</a></div> <ul><li>For month and year, write <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">June 1921</span>, with no comma.</li> <li>Abbreviations for months, such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Feb</span>, are used only where space is extremely limited. Such abbreviations should use three letters only, and should not be followed by a period (full point) except at the end of a sentence.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seasons" data-mw-thread-id="h-Seasons-Dates_and_time"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Seasons-Dates_and_time"></span>Seasons<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Seasons-Dates_and_time"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/MOS:SEASON" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:SEASON">MOS:SEASON</a></div> <ul><li>Avoid ambiguous references to <a href="/wiki/Seasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasons">seasons</a>, which are different in the southern and northern hemispheres.</li> <li>Names of seasons may be used when there is a logical connection to the event being described (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the autumn harvest</span>) or when referring to a phase of a natural yearly cycle (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">migration typically starts in mid-spring</span>). Otherwise, neutral wording is usually preferable (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">He was elected in November 1992</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">He was elected in the fall of 1992</span>).</li> <li>Journals and other publications that are issued seasonally (e.g., "Summer 2005") should be dated as such in citations <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(for more information, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Seasonal_publication_dates_and_differing_calendar_systems" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources § Seasonal publication dates and differing calendar systems</a>)</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Years_and_longer_periods" data-mw-thread-id="h-Years_and_longer_periods-Dates_and_time"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Years_and_longer_periods-Dates_and_time"></span>Years and longer periods<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Years_and_longer_periods-Dates_and_time"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/MOS:DECADE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:DECADE">MOS:DECADE</a>, <a href="/wiki/MOS:CENTURY" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:CENTURY">MOS:CENTURY</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MOS:ERA" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:ERA">MOS:ERA</a></div> <ul><li>Do not use <i>the year</i> before the digits (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1995</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">the year 1995</span>), unless the meaning would otherwise be unclear.</li> <li>Decades are written in the format <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the 1980s</span>, with no apostrophe. Use the two-digit form ('80s) only with an established social or cultural meaning. Avoid forms such as <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">the 1700s</span> that could refer to ten or a hundred years.</li> <li>Years are denoted by <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD and BC</a> or, equivalently, <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE and BCE</a>. Use only one system within an article, and do not change from one system to the other without good reason. The abbreviations are written without periods, and with a <a href="#Non-breaking_spaces">non-breaking space</a>, as in <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">5 BC</span>. Omit AD or CE unless omitting it would cause ambiguity.</li></ul> <p>More information on all the above topics can be found at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Chronological items</a>, including the handling of dates expressed in different calendars, and times corresponding to different time zones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current" data-mw-thread-id="h-Current-Dates_and_time"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Current-Dates_and_time"></span>Current<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Current-Dates_and_time"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/MOS:CURRENT" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:CURRENT">MOS:CURRENT</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:As_of" title="Wikipedia:As of">Wikipedia:As of</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch § Relative time references</a></div> <p>Terms such as "current", "now", and "recent"<sup id="cite_ref-recent_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recent-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> should be avoided. What is current today may not be tomorrow; situations change over time. Instead, use date- and time-specific text. To help keep information updated use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:As_of" title="Template:As of">As of</a>}}</code>, which will allow editors to catalog and update dated statements. </p> <table role="presentation" style="margin:0.2em 0 0.5em 1.6em; background:transparent;color: var( --color-base );"> <tbody><tr> <td><em>Incorrect:</em></td> <td><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">He is the current ambassador to ...</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><em>Correct:</em></td> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">As of March 2011, he is the ambassador to ...</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Numbers" data-mw-thread-id="h-Numbers"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Numbers"></span>Numbers<span id="Spelling_out_numbers"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Numbers"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Numbers</a></div> <ul><li>Integers from zero to nine are spelled out in words. Integers greater than nine <em>expressible in one or two words</em> may be expressed either in numerals or in words. Other numbers are given in numerals or in forms such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">21<span class="nowrap"> </span>million</span>. See <a href="/wiki/MOS:NUM#Numbers_as_figures_or_words" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:NUM">MOS:NUM § Numbers as figures or words</a>.</li> <li>In general, in numbers with five or more digits to the left of the decimal point, use commas to group those digits. Numbers with four digits are at the editor's discretion: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">12,345</span>, but either <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1,000</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">1000</span>. See <a href="/wiki/MOS:NUM#Grouping_of_digits" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:NUM">MOS:NUM § Grouping of digits</a>.</li> <li>In general, use decimals rather than fractions for measurements, but fractions are sometimes used with <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._customary_units" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. customary units">U.S. customary</a> units. Keep articles internally consistent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_notation" title="Scientific notation">Scientific notation</a> (e.g., <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007580000000000000♠"></span>5.8<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>7</sup> kg</span></span>) is preferred in scientific contexts. Markup: <code>{{val|5.8|e=7|u=kg}}</code>.</li> <li>Write out "million" and "billion" on the first use. After that, unspaced "M" can be used for millions and "bn" for billions: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">70M</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">25bn</span>. See <a href="/wiki/MOS:NUM#Numbers_as_figures_or_words" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:NUM">MOS:NUM § Numbers as figures or words</a> for similar words.</li> <li>Write <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">3%</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">three percent</span>, or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">three per cent</span>, but not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">3<span class="nowrap"> </span>%</span> (with a space) or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">three<span class="nowrap"> </span>%</span>. "Percent" is American usage, and "per cent" is British usage <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="#National_varieties_of_English">§ National varieties of English</a>)</span>. In ranges of percentages written with an en dash, write only a single percent sign: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">3–14%</span>.</li> <li>Indicate uncertainties as e.g., <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7023153400000000000♠"></span>(1.534<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.35)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>23</sup> m</span></span>. Markup: <code>{{val|1.534|0.35|e=23|u=m}}</code>. See <a href="/wiki/MOS:NUM#Uncertainty_and_rounding" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:NUM">MOS:NUM § Uncertainty and rounding</a> for other formats.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Currencies" data-mw-thread-id="h-Currencies"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Currencies"></span>Currencies<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Currencies"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Currencies_and_monetary_values" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Currencies and monetary values</a></div> <ul><li>Use the full abbreviation on first use (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">US$</span> for the US dollar and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">A$</span> for the Australian dollar), <em>unless the currency is already clear from context</em>. For example, the government of the United States always spends money in American dollars, and never in Canadian or Australian dollars.</li> <li>Use only one symbol with ranges, as in <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">$250–300</span>.</li> <li>In articles that are not specific to a country, express amounts of money in <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollars" class="mw-redirect" title="United States dollars">United States dollars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euros" class="mw-redirect" title="Euros">euros</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pounds_sterling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds sterling">pounds sterling</a>. Do not link the names or symbols of currencies that are commonly known to English-speakers (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">$</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">€</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">£</span>), unless there is a particular reason to do so; do not use potentially ambiguous currency symbols, unless the meaning is clear in the context.</li> <li>In country-specific articles, use the currency of the country. On first occurrence, consider including conversion to US dollars, euros, or pounds sterling, at a rate appropriate to the context. For example, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Since 2001 the grant has been 10,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish kronor</a> (€1.0M as of August 2009)</span>. Wording such as "approx." is not appropriate for simple rounding-off of the converted amount.</li> <li>Generally, use the full name of a currency, and link it on its first appearance if English-speakers are likely to be unfamiliar with it (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">52 <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rupee" title="Nepalese rupee">Nepalese rupees</a></span>); subsequent occurrences can use the currency sign (just <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">88 Rs</span>).</li> <li>Most currency symbols are placed <em>before</em> the number, and unspaced <span class="nowrap">(<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">$123</span> not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">$ 123</span>).</span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Units_of_measurement" data-mw-thread-id="h-Units_of_measurement"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Units_of_measurement"></span>Units of measurement<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Units_of_measurement"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Units_of_measurement" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Units of measurement</a></div> <ul><li>The main unit in which a quantity is expressed should generally be an <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> unit or <a href="/wiki/Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI" title="Non-SI units mentioned in the SI">non-SI unit officially accepted for use with the SI</a>. However, <ul><li>Scientific articles may also use specialist units appropriate for the branch of science in question.</li> <li>In non-scientific articles with strong ties to the United States, the main unit is generally a U.S. customary unit (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">22 pounds (10 kg)</span>).</li> <li>In non-scientific articles with strong ties to the United Kingdom, although the main unit is generally a metric unit (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">10 kilograms (22 lb)</span>), imperial units are still used as the main units in some contexts (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">7 miles (11 km) by road</span>).</li></ul></li> <li>Where English-speaking countries use different units for the same measurement, provide a conversion in parentheses. Examples: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Mississippi River is 2,320 miles (3,734 km) long</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Murray River is 2,375 kilometres (1,476 mi) long</span>. See <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Convert" title="Template:Convert">convert</a>}}</code>.</li> <li>In a direct quotation, always retain the source's units. Any conversion should follow in square brackets (or, an obscure use of units can be explained in the article text or a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Footnotes">footnote</a>).</li> <li>Where space is limited (such as tables, infoboxes, parenthetical notes, and mathematical formulas) unit symbols are preferred. In prose, unit names should be given in full if used only a few times but symbols may be used when a unit (especially one with a long name) is used repeatedly after spelling out the first use (e.g., <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Up to 15 kilograms of filler is used for a batch of 250<span class="nowrap"> </span>kg</span>), except for unit names that are hardly ever spelled out (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">°C</span> rather than <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">degrees Celsius</span>).</li> <li>Most unit names are not capitalized (see <a href="#National_varieties_of_English">§ National varieties of English</a> for spelling differences).</li> <li>Use "per" when writing out a unit, rather than a slash: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">metre per second</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">metre/second</span>.</li> <li>Units unfamiliar to general readers should be presented as a name–symbol pair on first use, linking the unit name (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Energies were originally 2.3 <a href="/wiki/Megaelectronvolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaelectronvolt">megaelectronvolts</a> (MeV), but were eventually 6<span class="nowrap"> </span>MeV</span>).</li> <li>For ranges, see <a href="#En_dashes:_other_uses">§ En dashes: other uses</a>, and MOS:NUM, at §§ <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Date_ranges" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Date ranges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Percentages" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Percentages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Unit_names_and_symbols" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Unit names and symbols</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Formatting_of_monetary_values" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Formatting of monetary values</a>.</li> <li>Unit symbols are preceded by figures, not by spelled-out numbers. Values and unit symbols are separated by a <a href="/wiki/Non-breaking_space" title="Non-breaking space">non-breaking space</a>. For example, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">5 min</span>. The percent sign and units of degrees, minutes, and seconds <em>for angles and coordinates</em> are unspaced.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Common_mathematical_symbols" data-mw-thread-id="h-Common_mathematical_symbols"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Common_mathematical_symbols"></span>Common mathematical symbols<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Common_mathematical_symbols"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:COMMONMATH"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:COMMONMATH&redirect=no">MOS:COMMONMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Common_mathematical_symbols" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Common mathematical symbols</a></div> <ul><li>For a negative sign or subtraction operator, use a minus sign (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">−</span>, Unicode character U+2212 <small>MINUS SIGN</small>). Input by clicking on it in the insert box beneath the edit window or by typing <code>&minus;</code>.</li> <li>For multiplication, use a multiplication sign (<span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+00D7</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">×</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MULTIPLICATION SIGN</span>) or a dot (<span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+22C5</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⋅</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">DOT OPERATOR</span>), which are input by clicking on them in the edit toolbox under the edit window or by entering <code>&times;</code> or <code>&sdot;</code>. Care should be taken not to confuse the dot operator (in the "Math and logic" section of the edit toolbox) with an interpunct (in the "Insert" section of the edit toolbox) or a bullet. The letter <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">x</span> should not be used to indicate multiplication, but it is used (unspaced) as the substitute for "by" in terms such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/4x4" class="mw-redirect" title="4x4">4x4</a></span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exponentiation" title="Exponentiation">Exponentiation</a> is indicated by a superscript, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>a</i><sup><i>n</i></sup></span> (typed as <code>''a''<sup>''n''</sup></code>.</li> <li>Do not use programming language notation outside computer program text. In most programming languages, subtraction, multiplication, and exponentiation are represented by the <a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">hyphen-minus</a> <code>-</code>, the <a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a> <code>*</code>, and either the <a href="/wiki/Caret" title="Caret">caret</a> <code>^</code> or the double asterisk <code>**</code> respectively; <a href="/wiki/Scientific_notation" title="Scientific notation">scientific notation</a> is replaced by <a href="/wiki/E_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="E notation">E notation</a>.</li> <li>Symbols for <a href="/wiki/Binary_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary operator">binary operators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Binary_relation" title="Binary relation">relations</a> are usually spaced on both sides: <ul><li>plus, minus, and plus-or-minus (as binary operators): <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">+</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">−</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">±</span> (as in <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">5 − 3</span>);</li> <li>multiplication and division: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">×</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">÷</span>;</li> <li>equals, does not equal, equals approximately: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">=</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">≠</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">≈</span>;</li> <li>is less than, is less than or equal to, is greater than, is greater than or equal to: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">≤</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">></span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">≥</span>.</li></ul></li> <li>Symbols for <a href="/wiki/Unary_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Unary operator">unary operators</a> are closed-up to their operand: <ul><li>positive, negative, and positive-or-negative signs: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">+</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">−</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">±</span> (as in <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">−3</span>);</li> <li>other unary operators, such as the exclamation mark as a <a href="/wiki/Factorial" title="Factorial">factorial</a> sign (as in <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">5!</span>).</li></ul></li> <li>Variables are italicized, but digits and punctuation are not; only <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> are italicized in <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">2(5<i>x</i> + <i>y</i>)<sup>2</sup></span>.</li> <li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Math" title="Template:Math">math</a>}}</code> can be used to style formulas to distinguish them from surrounding text. For single variables, <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Mvar" title="Template:Mvar">mvar</a>}}</code> is handy.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Grammar_and_usage" data-mw-thread-id="h-Grammar_and_usage"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Grammar_and_usage"></span>Grammar and usage<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Grammar_and_usage"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:GRAMMAR"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:GRAMMAR&redirect=no">MOS:GRAMMAR</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possessives" data-mw-thread-id="h-Possessives-Grammar_and_usage"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Possessives-Grammar_and_usage"></span>Possessives<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Possessives-Grammar_and_usage"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:POSS"></span><span id="MOS:&#039;S"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:POSS&redirect=no">MOS:POSS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:%27S&redirect=no">MOS:'S</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the apostrophe character, see <a href="#Apostrophes">§ Apostrophes</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For thorough treatment of the English possessive, see <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">Apostrophe</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singular_nouns" data-mw-thread-id="h-Singular_nouns-Possessives"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Singular_nouns-Possessives"></span>Singular nouns<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Singular_nouns-Possessives"></span></h4></div> <p>For the possessive of singular nouns, including proper names and words ending in <i>s</i>, add <i>'s</i> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">my daughter's achievement</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">my niece's wedding</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Cortez's men</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the boss's office</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Illinois's largest employer</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the US's partners</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Descartes's philosophy</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Verreaux's eagle</span>). Exception: abstract nouns ending with an /s/ sound when followed by <i>sake</i> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">for goodness' sake</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">for his conscience' sake</span>). If a name ending in <i>s</i> or <i>z</i> would be difficult to pronounce with <i>'s</i> added (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Jesus's teachings</span>), consider rewording (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the teachings of Jesus</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plural_nouns" data-mw-thread-id="h-Plural_nouns-Possessives"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Plural_nouns-Possessives"></span>Plural nouns<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Plural_nouns-Possessives"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:PLURALNOUN"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PLURALNOUN&redirect=no">MOS:PLURALNOUN</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li>For a normal plural noun ending with a pronounced <i>s</i>, form the possessive by adding just an apostrophe (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">my sons' wives</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">my nieces' weddings</span>).</li> <li>For a plural noun <em>not</em> ending with a pronounced <i>s</i>, add <i>'s</i> (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">women's careers</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">people's habits</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">mice's whiskers</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The two Dumas's careers were controversial</span>, but where rewording is an option, this may be better: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The career of each Dumas was controversial</span>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Official_names" data-mw-thread-id="h-Official_names-Possessives"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Official_names-Possessives"></span>Official names<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Official_names-Possessives"></span></h4></div> <p>Official names (of companies, organizations, or places) should not be altered. (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/St_Thomas%27_Hospital" title="St Thomas' Hospital">St Thomas' Hospital</a></span> should therefore <em>not</em> be rendered as <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">St Thomas's Hospital</span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">St. Thomas Hospital</span>, even for consistency.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns" data-mw-thread-id="h-Pronouns-Grammar_and_usage"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Pronouns-Grammar_and_usage"></span>Pronouns<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Pronouns-Grammar_and_usage"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:PRONOUN"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PRONOUN&redirect=no">MOS:PRONOUN</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Use_of_pronouns" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">Wikipedia:Writing better articles § Use of pronouns</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="box-Being_merged plainlinks ombox ombox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mergefrom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/50px-Mergefrom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/50px-Mergefrom.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/75px-Mergefrom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/100px-Mergefrom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This section is currently being <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a>.</b><br> After <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Military_history#Pronouns" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history">a discussion</a>, consensus to merge this section with content from <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(ships)#Pronouns" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (ships)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (ships)#Pronouns</a> was found. You can help implement the merge by following the instructions at <a href="/wiki/Help:Merging#How_to_merge" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Merging">Help:Merging</a> and the resolution on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Military_history#Pronouns" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history">the discussion</a>.<small><i> Process started in <span class="nowrap">October 2024</span>.</i></small></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First-person_pronouns" data-mw-thread-id="h-First-person_pronouns-Pronouns"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-First-person_pronouns-Pronouns"></span>First-person pronouns<span class="anchor" id="First-person_pronouns"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-First-person_pronouns-Pronouns"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:I"></span><span id="MOS:OUR"></span><span id="MOS:PERSON"></span><span id="MOS:WE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:I&redirect=no">MOS:I</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:OUR&redirect=no">MOS:OUR</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PERSON&redirect=no">MOS:PERSON</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:WE&redirect=no">MOS:WE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>To maintain an objective and impersonal encyclopedic voice, an article should never refer to its editors or readers using <i>I</i>, <i>my</i>, <i>we</i>, <i>us</i>, <i>our</i>, or similar words: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">We note that some believe that bats are bugs</span>. But some of these words are acceptable in certain figurative uses. For example: </p> <ul><li>In historical articles to mean the modern world as a whole: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Only portions of <i>De re publica</i> have come down to us.</span></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Author%27s_we" class="mw-redirect" title="Author's we">author's <i>we</i></a> found in scientific writing (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">We construct <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">S</span> as follows</span>), though <a href="/wiki/English_passive_voice" title="English passive voice">passive voice</a> may be preferable (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">S</span> is constructed as follows</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-passive_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-passive-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second-person_pronouns" data-mw-thread-id="h-Second-person_pronouns-Pronouns"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Second-person_pronouns-Pronouns"></span>Second-person pronouns<span class="anchor" id="Second-person_pronouns"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Second-person_pronouns-Pronouns"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:YOU"></span><span id="MOS:BAIT"></span><span id="MOS:PEDAGOGY"></span><span id="MOS:SOCRATIC"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:YOU&redirect=no">MOS:YOU</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BAIT&redirect=no">MOS:BAIT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PEDAGOGY&redirect=no">MOS:PEDAGOGY</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SOCRATIC&redirect=no">MOS:SOCRATIC</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:YOU" redirects here. For "Wikipedia is not about <em>you</em>", see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTYOU" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTYOU">WP:NOTYOU</a>. For "A picture of you", see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:APoY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:APoY">WP:APoY</a>.</div> <p>Avoid addressing the reader using <i>you</i> or <i>your</i>, which sets an inappropriate tone <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see also <a href="#Instructional_and_presumptuous_language">§ Instructional and presumptuous language</a>)</span>. </p> <ul><li>Use a noun or a third-person pronoun: instead of <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">When you move past "Go", you collect $200</span>, use <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">A player passing "Go" collects $200</span>, or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">When a player passes "Go", they collect $200</span>.</li> <li>If a person cannot be specified, or when implying "anyone" as a subject, the impersonal pronoun <i><a href="/wiki/One_(pronoun)" title="One (pronoun)">one</a></i> may be used: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a sense that one is being watched</span>. Other constructions may be preferable if the pronoun <i>one</i> seems stilted: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a person's sense of being watched</span>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/English_passive_voice" title="English passive voice">passive voice</a> may sometimes be used instead:<sup id="cite_ref-passive_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-passive-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Impurities are removed before bottling</span>.</li> <li>Do not bait links, e.g., "<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Click here for more information</span>"; let the browser's normal highlighting invite a click. ("<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Click here</span>" also makes no sense to someone reading on paper.)</li> <li>Likewise, "See: (reference)" or "Consider ..." are milder second-person baits, common in academic writing (<a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogy</a>). This interactive personality is inconsistent with an encyclopedia's passive presentation of objective matter. <ul><li>"See" and the like can be used to internally cross-reference other Wikipedia material. Do not italicize words like "see". Such a cross reference should be parenthetical, so the article text stands alone if the parenthetical is removed. <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cross_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cross reference">Cross reference</a>}}</code> can be used for this: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cross_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cross reference">Cross reference</a>|(see [[Chicken]])}}</code>, <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cross_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cross reference">Cross reference</a>|(See [[Dacian language]] for details.)}}</code> It is usually better to rewrite the material to integrate these links contextually rather than use <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Self-references_to_avoid" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid">explicit Wikipedia self-references</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Do not address the reader with the <a href="/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a> by asking and answering questions. <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Did <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a> write <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>? Then who wrote Bacon?</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plurals" data-mw-thread-id="h-Plurals-Grammar_and_usage"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Plurals-Grammar_and_usage"></span>Plurals<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Plurals-Grammar_and_usage"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:PLURALS"></span><span id="MOS:SINGULAR"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PLURALS&redirect=no">MOS:PLURALS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SINGULAR&redirect=no">MOS:SINGULAR</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/English_plurals" title="English plurals">English plurals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective noun</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the article title guideline, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(plurals)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (plurals)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (plurals)</a>.</div> <p>Use the appropriate plural; allow for cases (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Excursus" title="Excursus">excursus</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Hanif" title="Hanif">hanif</a></i>) in which a word is now listed in major English dictionaries, and normally takes an <i>s</i> or <i>es</i> plural, not its original plural: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">two excursuses</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">two <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">excursūs</i></span></i></span> as in Latin; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">three hanifs</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">three <i>hunafa</i></span> as in Arabic. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">collective nouns</a> – such as <i>team</i> (and proper names of them), <i>army</i>, <i>company</i>, <i>crowd</i>, <i>fleet</i>, <i>government</i>, <i>majority</i>, <i>mess</i>, <i>number</i>, <i>pack</i>, and <i>party</i> – may refer either to a single entity or to the members that compose it. In British English, such words are sometimes treated as singular, but more often treated as plural, according to context (but singular is not actually <em>incorrect</em>). In North American English, these words are almost invariably treated as singular; the major exception is that when a sports team is referred to by its short name, plural verbs are commonly used, e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the <a href="/wiki/Miami_Heat" title="Miami Heat">Heat</a> are playing the Lakers tonight</span>. </p><p>Names of towns and countries usually take singular verbs (even when grammatically plural: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the United States is in North America</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Netherlands is also known as Holland</span>), but exceptionally in British English, typically when used to refer to a sports team named after a town or country or when discussing actions of a government, plural is used. For example, in <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England</a> are playing <a href="/wiki/Germany_national_football_team" title="Germany national football team">Germany</a> tomorrow</span>, <i>England</i> refers to a <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> team; but in <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">England is in the Northern hemisphere</span>, it refers to the country. See also <a href="#National_varieties_of_English">§ National varieties of English</a> including <a href="#Opportunities_for_commonality">§ Opportunities for commonality</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verb_tense" data-mw-thread-id="h-Verb_tense-Grammar_and_usage"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Verb_tense-Grammar_and_usage"></span>Verb tense<span class="anchor" id="Tense"></span><span class="anchor" id="TENSE"></span><span class="anchor" id="VERBTENSE"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Verb_tense-Grammar_and_usage"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:TENSE"></span><span id="MOS:VERB"></span><span id="MOS:ISWAS"></span><span id="MOS:WAS"></span><span id="MOS:COMPNOW"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:TENSE&redirect=no">MOS:TENSE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:VERB&redirect=no">MOS:VERB</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ISWAS&redirect=no">MOS:ISWAS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:WAS&redirect=no">MOS:WAS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:COMPNOW&redirect=no">MOS:COMPNOW</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MOS:PRESENT" redirects here. For the guideline on words such as "currently", "soon", and "recently", see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Statements_likely_to_become_outdated" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Statements likely to become outdated</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography#Tense" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography § Tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch § Relative time references</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tense_in_fiction" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">Wikipedia:Writing better articles § Tense in fiction</a></div> <p>By default, write articles in the <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present tense</a>, including those covering works of fiction <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tense_in_fiction" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">Wikipedia:Writing better articles § Tense in fiction</a>)</span> and products or works that have been discontinued. Generally, use past tense only for past events, and for subjects that are dead or no longer meaningfully exist. Use <a href="/wiki/Past_tense#English" title="Past tense">past tense</a> for articles about periodicals no longer produced, with common-sense exceptions. </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The PDP-10 is a mainframe computer family manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation from 1966 into the 1980s.</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Earth: Final Conflict</i> is a Canadian science fiction television series that ran for five seasons between October 6, 1997, and May 20, 2002.</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The Gordon Riots of 1780 were<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The Beatles were an English rock band that formed in Liverpool in 1960.</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Barack Obama is a former president of the United States</span> (not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Barack Obama was a president of the United States</span>).</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Jumbo Comics was an adventure anthology comic book published by Fiction House from 1938 to 1953.</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>A Prairie Home Companion</i> is a radio show that aired live from 1974 to 2016</span> (not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><i>A Prairie Home Companion</i> was a radio show</span>).</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>Flappy Bird</i> is a mobile game developed by Vietnamese video game artist and programmer Dong Nguyen</span> (not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><i>Flappy Bird</i> was a mobile game</span>).</li></ul> <p>Tense can be used to distinguish between current and former status of a subject: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Dún Aonghasa <strong>is</strong> the ruin of a prehistoric Irish cliff fort. Its original shape <strong>was</strong> presumably oval or D-shaped, but parts of the cliff and fort have since collapsed into the sea.</span> (Emphasis added to distinguish the different tense usages; Dún Aonghasa is a structure that was later damaged by an event.) </p><p>Always use present tense for verbs that describe genres, types, and classes, even if the subject of the description (e.g. program, library, device) no longer exists, is discontinued, is unsupported or is unmaintained. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Vocabulary" data-mw-thread-id="h-Vocabulary"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Vocabulary"></span>Vocabulary<span class="anchor" id="VOCAB"></span><span class="anchor" id="VOCABULARY"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Vocabulary"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contractions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Contractions-Vocabulary"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Contractions-Vocabulary"></span>Contractions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Contractions-Vocabulary"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:CONTRACTIONS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CONTRACTIONS&redirect=no">MOS:CONTRACTIONS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations#Contractions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations § Contractions</a></div> <p>Avoid <a href="/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" title="Contraction (grammar)">contractions</a>, which have little place in formal writing. For example, write <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><i>do not</i></span> instead of <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><i>don't</i></span>. Use of <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">o'clock</span> is an exception. Contracted titles such as <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Dr.</span> and <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">St</span> generally should not be used but may apply in some contexts (e.g., quoted material, place names, titles of works). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender-neutral_language" data-mw-thread-id="h-Gender-neutral_language-Vocabulary"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Gender-neutral_language-Vocabulary"></span>Gender-neutral language<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Gender-neutral_language-Vocabulary"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MOS:GENDER" redirects here. For the style guideline regarding pronoun usage for individuals whose gender might be questioned, see <a href="/wiki/MOS:GENDERID" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:GENDERID">MOS:GENDERID</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For an essay with suggestions and sample usage, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gender-neutral_language" title="Wikipedia:Gender-neutral language">Wikipedia:Gender-neutral language</a>. For an essay about not assuming the pronouns of other editors, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editors%27_pronouns" title="Wikipedia:Editors' pronouns">Wikipedia:Editors' pronouns</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_about_women" title="Wikipedia:Writing about women">Wikipedia:Writing about women</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:GNL"></span><span id="MOS:S/HE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:GNL&redirect=no">MOS:GNL</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:S/HE&redirect=no">MOS:S/HE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Use <a href="/wiki/Gender-neutral_language" title="Gender-neutral language">gender-neutral language</a> – avoiding the <a href="/wiki/Generic_he" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic he">generic <i>he</i></a>, for example – if this can be done with clarity and precision. This does not apply to direct quotations or the titles of works (<i><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The Ascent of Man</span></i>), which should not be altered, or to wording about one-gender contexts, such as an all-female school (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">When any student breaks that rule, she loses privileges</span>). </p><p>References to space programs, past, present and future, should use gender-neutral phrasing: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">human spaceflight</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">robotic probe</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">uncrewed mission</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">crewed spacecraft</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">piloted</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">unpiloted</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">astronaut</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">cosmonaut</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">manned</span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">unmanned</span>. Direct quotations and proper nouns that use gendered words should not be changed, like <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Manned Maneuvering Unit</span>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SHIP"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SHIP&redirect=no">MOS:SHIP</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Ships may be referred to using either neuter forms ("it", "its") or feminine forms ("she", "her", "hers"). Either usage is acceptable, but each article should be internally consistent and employ one or the other exclusively. As with all optional styles, articles should not be changed from one style to another unless there is a substantial reason to do so. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Military_history#Pronouns" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history § Pronouns</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contested_vocabulary" data-mw-thread-id="h-Contested_vocabulary-Vocabulary"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Contested_vocabulary-Vocabulary"></span>Contested vocabulary<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Contested_vocabulary-Vocabulary"></span></h3></div> <p>Avoid words and phrases that give the impression of straining for formality, that are unnecessarily regional, or that are not widely accepted. See <a href="/wiki/List_of_commonly_misused_English_words" title="List of commonly misused English words">List of commonly misused English words</a>; see also <a href="#Identity">§ Identity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instructional_and_presumptuous_language" data-mw-thread-id="h-Instructional_and_presumptuous_language-Vocabulary"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Instructional_and_presumptuous_language-Vocabulary"></span>Instructional and presumptuous language<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Instructional_and_presumptuous_language-Vocabulary"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:INSTRUCT"></span><span id="MOS:NOTE"></span><span id="MOS:NOTETHAT"></span><span id="MOS:NOTED"></span><span id="MOS:PRESUME"></span><span id="MOS:QUESTION"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:INSTRUCT&redirect=no">MOS:INSTRUCT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NOTE&redirect=no">MOS:NOTE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NOTETHAT&redirect=no">MOS:NOTETHAT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NOTED&redirect=no">MOS:NOTED</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PRESUME&redirect=no">MOS:PRESUME</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:QUESTION&redirect=no">MOS:QUESTION</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MOS:NOTE" redirects here. For footnotes, see <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Help:Footnotes</a>. For hatnotes, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Wikipedia:Hatnote</a>. For musical notes, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music#Images_and_notation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music § Images and notation</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Editorializing" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch § Editorializing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">Wikipedia:Writing better articles § Information style and tone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Self-references_to_avoid#Note_that_..." title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid § Note that ...</a></div> <p>Avoid phrases such as <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">remember that</span> and <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">note that</span>, which <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">address readers directly</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">unencyclopedic tone</a> and lean toward <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_manual,_guidebook,_textbook,_or_scientific_journal" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">instructional</a>. They are a subtle form of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Self-references_to_avoid" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid">Wikipedia self-reference</a>, "breaking the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_wall" title="Fourth wall">fourth wall</a>". Similarly, phrases such as <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">of course</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">naturally</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">obviously</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">clearly</span>, and <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">actually</span> make presumptions about readers' knowledge, may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">express a viewpoint</a>, and may call into question the reason for including the information in the first place. Do not <em>tell</em> readers that something is interesting, ironic, surprising, unexpected, amusing, coincidental, etc. Simply present sourced facts neutrally and let readers draw their own conclusions. Such constructions can usually just be deleted, leaving behind proper sentences with a more academic and less pushy tone: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Note that this was naturally subject to controversy in more conservative newspapers.</span> becomes <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">This was subject to controversy in more conservative newspapers.</span> Similar variants which indirectly instruct readers, such as <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">It should be noted that</span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">It is important to note that</span>, may be rewritten by leaving out those words: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">It is important to note that the colloquial dialect of Portuñol is similar to but different from Mirandese</span> becomes just <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The colloquial dialect of Portuñol is similar to but different from Mirandese</span>. </p><p>Avoid rhetorical questions, especially <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Section_headings">in headings</a>. Use a heading of <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Active listening</span> and text such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The term <i>active listening</i>, coined in ...</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">What is <i>active listening</i>?</span> </p><p>For issues in the use of <a href="/wiki/Template:Crossreference" title="Template:Crossreference">cross-references</a> – e.g., <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see also <a href="/wiki/Bulverism" title="Bulverism">Bulverism</a></span>)</span> – see <a href="#Second-person_pronouns">§ Second-person pronouns</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subset_terms" data-mw-thread-id="h-Subset_terms-Vocabulary"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Subset_terms-Vocabulary"></span>Subset terms<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Subset_terms-Vocabulary"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">Wikipedia:Please clarify</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">Wikipedia:Vagueness</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SUBSET"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SUBSET&redirect=no">MOS:SUBSET</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>A <i>subset term</i> identifies a set of members of a larger class. Common subset terms are <i>including</i>, <i>among</i>, and <i>etc.</i> Avoid redundant subset terms (e.g., mis-constructions like <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><strong>Among</strong> the most well-known members of the fraternity are <strong>included</strong> two members of the Onassis family</span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">The elements in stars <strong>include</strong> hydrogen, helium, <strong>etc.</strong></span>). The word <i>including</i> does not introduce a complete list; instead, use <i>consisting of</i>, or <i>composed of</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identity" data-mw-thread-id="h-Identity-Vocabulary"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Identity-Vocabulary"></span>Identity<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Identity-Vocabulary"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:IDENTITY"></span><span id="MOS:ID"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:IDENTITY&redirect=no">MOS:IDENTITY</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ID&redirect=no">MOS:ID</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biographies#Child_named_for_parent_or_predecessor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies § Child named for parent or predecessor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_or_questionable_sources_as_sources_on_themselves" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability § Self-published or questionable sources as sources on themselves</a></div> <p>When there is a discrepancy between the term most commonly used by reliable sources for a person or group and the term that person or group uses for themselves, use the term that is most commonly used by recent<sup id="cite_ref-recent_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recent-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reliable sources. If it is unclear which is most used, use the term that the person or group uses. </p><p>Disputes over how to refer to a person or group are addressed by Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content policies">content policies</a>, such as those on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiability</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">article titles</a> when the term appears in the title of an article). </p><p>Use specific terminology. For example, it is often more appropriate for people or things from Ethiopia (a country in Africa) to be described as <i>Ethiopian</i>, not carelessly (with the risk of <a href="/wiki/Stereotyping" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotyping">stereotyping</a>) as <i>African</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender_identity" data-mw-thread-id="h-Gender_identity-Identity"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Gender_identity-Identity"></span>Gender identity<span class="anchor" id="GENDERID"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Gender_identity-Identity"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography#Gender_identity" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography § Gender identity</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography#Gender_identity" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography">Specific guidelines apply</a> to any person whose gender might be questioned, and any living transgender or non-binary person. In summary: </p> <ul><li>Use gendered words only if they reflect the person's latest self-identification as reported in recent sources.</li> <li>If the person is living and was not notable yet when a former name was in use, that name should not be included in any Wikipedia page, even in quotations, as a privacy matter. Exception: Do not expunge or replace names in source citations (whether as authors or mentioned in work titles).</li> <li>Former names under which a living person was notable should be introduced with "born" or "formerly" in the lead sentence of their main biographical article. Name and gender matters should be explained at first appearance in that article, without overemphasis. In articles on works or other activities of such a person, use their current name by default, and give another name associated with that context in a parenthetical or footnote, only if they were notable under that name. In other articles, do not go into detail about such a person's name or gender except when directly relevant to the context.</li> <li>Avoid confusing constructions by rewriting. Paraphrase, elide, or use square brackets to replace portions of quotations as needed to avoid confusion, former names, and mismatching gendered words.</li></ul> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">For examples and finer points, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography#Gender_identity" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography § Gender identity</a>.</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-English_terms" data-mw-thread-id="h-Non-English_terms-Vocabulary"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Non-English_terms-Vocabulary"></span>Non-English terms <span class="anchor" id="Foreign_terms"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Non-English_terms-Vocabulary"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NON-ENG"></span><span id="WP:!EN"></span><span id="MOS:FOREIGN"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NON-ENG&redirect=no">MOS:NON-ENG</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:!EN&redirect=no">WP:!EN</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:FOREIGN&redirect=no">MOS:FOREIGN</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#Other_languages" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">WP:Manual of Style/Accessibility § Other languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Foreign_language" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">WP:Manual of Style/Lead section § Foreign language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(regional)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)">Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">Help:Interlanguage links</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terms_without_common_usage_in_English" data-mw-thread-id="h-Terms_without_common_usage_in_English-Non-English_terms"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Terms_without_common_usage_in_English-Non-English_terms"></span>Terms without common usage in English <span class="anchor" id="No_common_usage_in_English"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Terms_without_common_usage_in_English-Non-English_terms"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting#Non-English-language_terms" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting § Non-English-language terms</a></div> <p>Non-English terms should be used sparingly. In general, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting#Foreign_terms" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">use italics</a> for phrases and words that are not current in English. This is best done with the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>}}</code> template using the appropriate <a href="/wiki/ISO_language_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO language code">ISO language code</a>, e.g., <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>|es|casa}}</code>. There are alternatives to the <code>{{lang}}</code> template which also provide additional information about a non-English word or phrase, such as a link to the language name; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates</a></span>. As Wikipedia does not apply italics to names of people, places, or organizations, the alternative template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Langr" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Langr">langr</a>}}</code> can be used to apply the language markup without italicizing.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>w<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Templates like <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>}}</code> automatically italicize text written using the Latin alphabet, so specifying italics is unnecessary. </p><p>Text written in non-Latin scripts such as Greek, Cyrillic, and Chinese should not be italicized or put in bold, as the difference in script is already sufficient to visually distinguish the text. Generally, any non-Latin text should include an appropriate romanization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terms_with_common_usage_in_English" data-mw-thread-id="h-Terms_with_common_usage_in_English-Non-English_terms"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Terms_with_common_usage_in_English-Non-English_terms"></span>Terms with common usage in English<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Terms_with_common_usage_in_English-Non-English_terms"></span></h4></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Common_usage_in_English"></span> <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">Loanwords</a> and borrowed phrases that have common usage in English – <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Gestapo</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">samurai</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">vice versa</span> – do not require italics. A rule of thumb is to not italicize words that appear in major general-purpose English dictionaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spelling_and_romanization" data-mw-thread-id="h-Spelling_and_romanization-Non-English_terms"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Spelling_and_romanization-Non-English_terms"></span>Spelling and romanization<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Spelling_and_romanization-Non-English_terms"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:Ñ"></span><span id="MOS:NOTLATIN"></span><span id="MOS:ROMANIZATION"></span><span id="MOS:ROMANISATION"></span><span id="MOS:DIACRITICS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:%C3%91&redirect=no">MOS:Ñ</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NOTLATIN&redirect=no">MOS:NOTLATIN</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ROMANIZATION&redirect=no">MOS:ROMANIZATION</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ROMANISATION&redirect=no">MOS:ROMANISATION</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DIACRITICS&redirect=no">MOS:DIACRITICS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(use_English)#Modified_letters" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (use English)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (use English) § Modified letters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Romanization" title="Wikipedia:Romanization">Wikipedia:Romanization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Romanization" title="Category:Romanization">Category:Romanization</a></div> <p>Names and terms originally written using a non-<a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>—such as the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>—must be <a href="/wiki/Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanized">romanized</a> for English-language use. If a particular romanization of the subject's name is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles#Use_commonly_recognizable_names" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">most common</a> in English (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Tchaikovsky</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Chiang Kai-shek</span>), that form should be used. Otherwise, the romanization of names should adhere to a particular widely used system for the language in question (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Aleksandr Tymoczko</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Wang Yanhong</span>). </p><p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> in non-English words is neither encouraged nor discouraged. Use generally depends on whether they appear in reliable English-language sources, though with some additional constraints imposed by site guidelines. Provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect#Alternative_names_and_languages" title="Wikipedia:Redirect">redirects</a> from alternative forms that include or exclude diacritics. </p><p>Proper names in languages written using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> can include letters with diacritics, <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a>, and other characters that are not commonly used in contemporary English. Wikipedia normally retains these special characters, except where there is a well-established English spelling that replaces them with English standard letters. Examples: </p> <ul><li>The name of the article on Hungarian mathematician <a href="/wiki/Paul_Erd%C5%91s" title="Paul Erdős">Paul Erdős</a> is spelt with the <a href="/wiki/Double_acute_accent" title="Double acute accent">double acute accent</a>, and the alternative spellings <i>Paul Erdos</i> and <i>Paul Erdös</i> redirect to that article.</li> <li>Similarly, the name of the article on the Nordic god <a href="/wiki/%C3%86gir" title="Ægir">Ægir</a> is so spelt, with redirects from the ligature-free form <a href="/wiki/Aegir" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegir">Aegir</a> and the Swedish spelling <a href="/wiki/%C3%84gir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ägir">Ägir</a>.</li> <li>However, the region of Spain named <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Aragón</i></span> in Spanish and <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">Aragó</i></span> in Catalan is given as <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>, without the accent, as this is the established English name. Non-English forms with diacritics appear in the article's lead section.</li></ul> <p>Use of diacritics is determined on a topic-by-topic basis; a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus#Levels_of_consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">small group of editors</a> cannot prohibit or require the use of diacritics within a given class of articles.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>x<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spell a name consistently in the title and the text of an article. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(Relevant policy: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Wikipedia:Article titles</a>; see also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(use_English)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (use English)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (use English)</a>.)</span> For a non-English name, phrase, or word, adopt the spelling most commonly used in English-language <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">reliable sources</a>, including but not limited to those already cited in the article.<sup id="cite_ref-GScholar_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GScholar-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>y<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For punctuation of compounded forms, see relevant guidelines in <a href="#Punctuation">§ Punctuation</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Proper_and_common_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper and common nouns">Proper names</a> in non-English languages should generally not be italicized, unless another reason applies; such as with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles_of_works#FOREIGNTITLE" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works">titles of major published works</a>, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Les_Liaisons_dangereuses" title="Les Liaisons dangereuses"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Liaisons dangereuses</i></span></span></a>; or when being compared to other names for the same subject in a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting#Words_as_words" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">words-as-words</a> manner, e.g., <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Nuremberg</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Nürnberg</i>)</span>. When non-English text should not be italicized, it can still be properly tagged by using the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>}}</code> template with the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|italic=unset</code> parameter: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>|de|italic=unset|Nürnberg}}</code>. </p><p>Sometimes usage will be influenced by other guidelines, such as <a href="#National_varieties_of_English">§ National varieties of English</a>, which may lead to different choices in different articles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_non-English_concerns" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other_non-English_concerns-Non-English_terms"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Other_non-English_concerns-Non-English_terms"></span>Other non-English concerns<span class="anchor" id="Other_concerns"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Other_non-English_concerns-Non-English_terms"></span></h4></div> <ul><li>For non-English vernacular names of species, see <a href="#Animals,_plants,_and_other_organisms">§ Animals, plants, and other organisms</a>.</li> <li>For handling of quotations in languages other than English, see <a href="#Non-English_quotations">§ Non-English quotations</a>.</li> <li>For non-English characters that resemble single quotation marks and apostrophes, see <a href="#Apostrophes">§ Apostrophes</a>.</li> <li>For actual non-English quotation characters, see <a href="#Quotation_characters">§ Quotation characters</a>.</li> <li>For the capitalization in the titles of non-English language works, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles#Capitalization_in_foreign-language_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles § Capitalization in foreign-language titles</a>.</li> <li>For linear and <a href="/wiki/Interlinear_gloss" title="Interlinear gloss">interlinear glosses</a> and their particular uses of small-caps (and italics and single quotes), see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#All_caps_and_small_caps" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters § All caps and small caps</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_language" data-mw-thread-id="h-Technical_language-Vocabulary"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Technical_language-Vocabulary"></span>Technical language<span id="JARGON"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Technical_language-Vocabulary"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:JARGON"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:JARGON&redirect=no">MOS:JARGON</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Wikipedia:Jargon" redirects here. For an explanation of jargon used on Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Glossary" title="Wikipedia:Glossary">Wikipedia:Glossary</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_manual,_guidebook,_textbook,_or_scientific_journal" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not § Wikipedia is not a manual, guidebook, textbook, or scientific journal</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable</a></div> <p>Some topics are necessarily technical: however, editors should seek to write articles accessible to the greatest possible number of readers. Minimize the use of <a href="/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">jargon</a>, and adequately explain its meaning when it is used. Overly technical material can be tagged with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Technical" title="Template:Technical">Technical</a>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Technical-statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Technical-statement">Technical-statement</a>}}</code>, so that it can be addressed by other editors. For topics that require a more technical approach, the creation of a separate introductory article (like <a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_general_relativity" title="Introduction to general relativity">Introduction to general relativity</a>) may be a solution. </p><p>Excessive <i>wikilinking</i> (linking within Wikipedia) can result from trying too hard to avoid putting explanations in parenthetical statements, like the one that appeared earlier in this sentence. Do not introduce specialized words simply to teach them to the reader when more widely understood alternatives will do. </p><p>When the concepts underlying the jargon used in an article are too complex to explain concisely in a parenthetical, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable#Write_one_level_down" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">write one level down</a>. For example, consider adding a brief background section with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Main" title="Template:Main">main</a>}}</code> tags pointing to articles with a fuller treatment of the prerequisite material. This approach is practical only when the prerequisite concepts are central to the exposition of the article's main topic and when such prerequisites are not too numerous. Short articles, such as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stubs</a>, generally do not have such sections. </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">For italicization and other markup of introduced terms, see: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting#Words_as_words" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting § Words as words</a>.</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_items" data-mw-thread-id="h-Geographical_items-Vocabulary"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Geographical_items-Vocabulary"></span>Geographical items<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Geographical_items-Vocabulary"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:GEO"></span><span id="MOS:PLACE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:GEO&redirect=no">MOS:GEO</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PLACE&redirect=no">MOS:PLACE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations#Special_considerations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations § Special considerations</a></div> <p><b>Geographical</b> or <b>place names</b> are the nouns used to refer to specific places and geographic features. These names often give rise to conflict, because the same places are called different things by different peoples speaking different languages. Many place names have a historical context that should be preserved, but common sense should prevail. There can be few places that have not been parts of more than one culture or have had only one name. As proper nouns, all such place names (but not terms for types of places) <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#Place_names" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">have major words capitalized</a>. </p><p>A place should generally be referred to consistently by the same name as in the title of its article <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)</a>)</span>. An exception may be made when there is a widely accepted historical English name appropriate to the given context. In cases where such a historical name is used, it should be followed by the modern<sup id="cite_ref-recent_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recent-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> name in round brackets (parentheses) on the first occurrence of the name in applicable sections of the article. This resembles linking; it should not be done to the detriment of style. On the other hand, it is probably better to provide such a variant too often than too rarely. If more than one historical name is applicable for a given context, the other names should be added after the modern English name, that is: "historical name (modern name, other historical names)". </p><p>This is an English-language encyclopedia, so established English names are preferred if they exist, and spellings in non-English alphabets should always be transcribed into the Roman alphabet. In general, other articles should refer to places by the names which are used in the articles on those places, according to the rules described at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)</a>. If a different name is appropriate in a given historical or other context, then that may be used instead, although it is normal to follow the first occurrence of such a name with the standard modern name in parentheses. </p><p>At the start of an article, provide notable equivalent names from other languages, including transcriptions where necessary: </p> <dl><dd><b>Cologne</b> (German: <i lang="de">Köln</i>, IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kœln]</span>) is the ...</dd> <dd><b>Mount Fuji</b> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">富士山</span></span> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Fuji-san</i></span>, IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɸuʥisaɴ]</span>) is the ...</dd></dl> <p>Names in languages with no particular present-day or historical ties to the place in question (English excepted, of course) should <em>not</em> be listed as alternatives. </p><p>Avoid anachronism. An article about <a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a> should say he lived in <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta Mexico</a>, not in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, because the latter entity did not yet exist in Serra's time. The Romans invaded <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, not <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> was the president of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of South Africa">Republic of South Africa</a>, not of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>. To be clear, you may sometimes need to mention the current name of the area (for example "in what is now France"), especially if no English name exists for that area in the relevant historical period. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Media_files" data-mw-thread-id="h-Media_files"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Media_files"></span>Media files<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Media_files"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Creation_and_usage_of_media_files" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Creation and usage of media files">Wikipedia:Creation and usage of media files</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Images" data-mw-thread-id="h-Images-Media_files"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Images-Media_files"></span>Images<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Images-Media_files"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:IM"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:IM&redirect=no">MOS:IM</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility § Images</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Wikipedia:Image use policy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Picture_tutorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Picture tutorial">Wikipedia:Picture tutorial</a></div> <ul><li>Each image should be inside the level<span class="nowrap"> </span>2 section to which it relates, within the section defined by the most recent <code>==Heading==</code> delimited by two equal signs, or at the top of the lead section. Do not place images immediately above section headings.</li> <li>Avoid <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sandwich" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sandwich">sandwiching text</a> horizontally between two images that face each other, and between an image and an infobox or similar.</li> <li>It is often preferable to place images of people so they "look" toward the text. Do not achieve this by reversing the image.</li> <li>Any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Picture_tutorial#Galleries" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Picture tutorial">galleries</a> should comply with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Image_galleries" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Wikipedia:Image use policy § Image galleries</a>. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects#Where_to_place_links" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">linking to additional images on Commons</a> instead.</li> <li>Avoid referring to images as being to the left, the right, above or below, because image placement varies with platform, and is meaningless to people using screen readers; instead, use captions to identify images.</li> <li>An image's <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|alt=</code> text takes the image's place for those who are unable to see the image. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility/Alternative_text_for_images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility/Alternative text for images">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility/Alternative text for images</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_media" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other_media-Media_files"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Other_media-Media_files"></span>Other media<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Other_media-Media_files"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Videos" title="Wikipedia:Videos">Wikipedia:Videos</a></div> <p>Style guidelines for still images are generally also applicable to equivalent questions regarding the use of audio and video media. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avoid_using_images_to_display_text" data-mw-thread-id="h-Avoid_using_images_to_display_text-Media_files"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Avoid_using_images_to_display_text-Media_files"></span>Avoid using images to display text<span id="Avoid_entering_textual_information_as_images"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Avoid_using_images_to_display_text-Media_files"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#Text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility § Text</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:TEXTASIMAGES"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:TEXTASIMAGES&redirect=no">MOS:TEXTASIMAGES</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Textual information should always be transmitted <em>as text</em>, rather than in an image. True text can be easily searched, selected, copied, and manipulated by readers; its presentation can also be adjusted using <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</a>. These tasks are generally difficult or impossible with text presented in an image: images are slower to download, and generally cannot be searched or processed by <a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen readers</a> used by the visually impaired. Any important textual information in an image should be provided somewhere as text, generally either in the image's caption or alt text. </p><p>For entering textual information as audio, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spoken_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia">Wikipedia:WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Captions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Captions-Media_files"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Captions-Media_files"></span>Captions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Captions-Media_files"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:CAPTION"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CAPTION&redirect=no">MOS:CAPTION</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Captions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions</a></div> <p>Photographs and other graphics should have captions, unless they are unambiguous depictions of the subject of the article or when they are "self-captioning" images (such as reproductions of album or book covers). In a biography article no caption is necessary for a portrait of the subject pictured alone, but one might be used to give the year, the subject's age, or other circumstances of the portrait along with the name of the subject. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formatting_of_captions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Formatting_of_captions-Captions"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Formatting_of_captions-Captions"></span>Formatting of captions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Formatting_of_captions-Captions"></span></h4></div> <ul><li>Captions normally start with a capital letter.<sup id="cite_ref-Sentence_case_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentence_case-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Most captions are not complete sentences but merely <a href="/wiki/Sentence_fragment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentence fragment">sentence fragments</a> which should not end with a period. However, if any complete sentence occurs in a caption, then every sentence and every sentence fragment in that caption should end with a period.</li> <li>The text of captions should not be specially formatted, except in ways that would apply if it occurred in the main text (e.g., italics for the Latin name of a species).</li> <li>Captions should be succinct; more information can be included on its description page, or in the main text.</li> <li>Captions for technical charts and diagrams may need to be substantially longer than usual; they should fully describe all elements of the image and indicate its significance.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Bulleted_and_numbered_lists" data-mw-thread-id="h-Bulleted_and_numbered_lists"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Bulleted_and_numbered_lists"></span>Bulleted and numbered lists<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Bulleted_and_numbered_lists"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:LISTBULLET"></span><span id="MOS:LISTNUMBERED"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LISTBULLET&redirect=no">MOS:LISTBULLET</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LISTNUMBERED&redirect=no">MOS:LISTNUMBERED</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Embedded_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Embedded lists">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Embedded lists</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Help:List" title="Help:List">Help:List</a></div> <ul><li>Do not use lists if a passage is read easily as plain paragraphs.</li> <li>Use proper wiki markup- or template-based list code <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:List" title="Help:List">Help:List</a>)</span>.</li> <li>Do not leave blank lines between items in a bulleted or numbered list unless there is a reason to do so, since this causes the Wiki software to interpret each item as beginning a new list. <ul><li>Indents (such as this) are permitted if the elements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Embedded_lists#%22Children%22_(i.e.,_indentation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Embedded lists">"child" items</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Use numbers rather than bullets only if: <ul><li>a need to refer to the elements by number may arise;</li> <li>the sequence of the items is critical; or</li> <li>the numbering has some independent meaning, for example in a listing of musical tracks.</li></ul></li> <li>Use the same grammatical form for all elements in a list, and do not mix sentences and sentence fragments as elements, for example when the elements are: <ul><li><b>complete sentences</b> – each one is formatted with sentence case (its first letter is capitalized) and a final period (full point);</li> <li><b>sentence fragments</b> – the list is typically introduced by an introductory fragment ending with a colon;</li> <li><b>titles of works</b> – they retain the original capitalization of the titles;</li> <li><b>other elements</b> – they are formatted consistently in either sentence case or lower case.</li></ul></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(19)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Links" data-mw-thread-id="h-Links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Links"></span>Links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Links"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-19 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-19"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wikilinks" data-mw-thread-id="h-Wikilinks-Links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Wikilinks-Links"></span>Wikilinks<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Wikilinks-Links"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">Help:Link</a></div> <p><b>Make <a href="/wiki/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">links</a> only where they are relevant and helpful in the context</b>: Excessive use of hyperlinks can be distracting and may slow the reader down. Redundant links (like the one in <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">the tallest people on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></span>) clutter the page and make future maintenance harder. High-value links that <em>are</em> worth pursuing should stand out clearly. </p><p><b>Linking to sections</b>: A hash sign (<code>#</code>) followed by the appropriate heading will lead to a relevant part of a page. For example, <code>[[Apostrophe#Use in non-English names]]</code> links to a particular section of the article <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">Apostrophe</a>. </p><p><b>Initial capitalization</b>: Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a> software does not require that wikilinks begin with an upper-case character. Capitalize the first letter only where this is naturally called for, or when specifically referring to the linked article by its name (see also related rule for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting#Uses_of_italics_that_are_specific_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">italics in cross-references</a>): <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">Snakes</a> are often <a href="/wiki/Venomous" class="mw-redirect" title="Venomous">venomous</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a> only rarely <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">Poison</a>)</span>.</span> </p><p><b>Check links</b>: Ensure the destination is the intended one; many dictionary words lead to disambiguation pages and not to complete or well-chosen articles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links-Links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-External_links-Links"></span>External links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-External_links-Links"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">Wikipedia:External links</a></div> <p>External links should not normally be used in the body of an article. Instead, articles can include an <i>External links</i> section at the end, pointing to further information outside Wikipedia as distinct from citing sources. The standard format is a primary heading, <code>==External links==</code>, followed by a bulleted list of links. Identify the link and briefly indicate its relevance to the article. For example: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="k">*</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nl">https://history.nih.gov/exhibits/history/index.html</span><span class="w"> </span>History of NIH<span class="p">]</span></code></li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="k">*</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nl">https://nih.gov/</span><span class="w"> </span>National Institutes of Health homepage<span class="p">]</span></code></li></ul> </div> </div> <p>These will appear as: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nih.gov/exhibits/history/index.html">History of NIH</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nih.gov/">National Institutes of Health homepage</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Where appropriate, use <a href="/wiki/Category:External_link_templates" title="Category:External link templates">external link templates</a> such as <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Official_website" title="Template:Official website">Official website</a>}}</code> and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:URL" title="Template:URL">URL</a>}}</code>. </p><p>Add external links with discretion; Wikipedia is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">not a link repository</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(20)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Miscellaneous" data-mw-thread-id="h-Miscellaneous"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Miscellaneous"></span>Miscellaneous<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Miscellaneous"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-20 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-20"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keep_markup_simple" data-mw-thread-id="h-Keep_markup_simple-Miscellaneous"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Keep_markup_simple-Miscellaneous"></span>Keep markup simple<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Keep_markup_simple-Miscellaneous"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:MARKUP"></span><span id="MOS:SIMPLIFY"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:MARKUP&redirect=no">MOS:MARKUP</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SIMPLIFY&redirect=no">MOS:SIMPLIFY</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Keep_it_Simple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Keep_it_Simple.jpg/90px-Keep_it_Simple.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="73" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2750" data-file-height="2240"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 73px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Keep_it_Simple.jpg/90px-Keep_it_Simple.jpg" data-width="90" data-height="73" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Keep_it_Simple.jpg/135px-Keep_it_Simple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Keep_it_Simple.jpg/180px-Keep_it_Simple.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Other things being equal, keep <a href="/wiki/Help:Wiki_markup" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Wiki markup">markup</a> simple. This makes wikitext easier to understand and edit, and the results seen by the reader more predictable. Use HTML and CSS markup sparingly. See: <a href="/wiki/KISS_principle" title="KISS principle">KISS principle</a>. </p><p>In general, wikitext formatting is considered easier to use than HTML and wikitext is preferred if there are equivalents; see <a href="/wiki/Help:HTML_in_wikitext" title="Help:HTML in wikitext">Help:HTML in wikitext</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:HTML_5#Obsolete_elements_and_attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:HTML 5">Obsolete elements and attributes</a> should be updated or removed. There are many templates that allow HTML markup to be used without putting it in articles directly, such as <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Em" title="Template:Em">em</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> (see <a href="/wiki/MOS:EMPHASIS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:EMPHASIS">MOS:EMPHASIS</a>) and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Strong" title="Template:Strong">strong</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> (see <a href="/wiki/MOS:BOLD" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BOLD">MOS:BOLD</a>). </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Character_entity_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Character entity reference">HTML character entity</a> is sometimes better than the equivalent Unicode character, which may be difficult to identify in edit mode; for example, <code>&Alpha;</code> is explicit whereas <code>Α</code> (the upper-case form of Greek <code>α</code>) may be misidentified as the Latin <code>A</code>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#Best_practice:_wiki_markup_and_CSS_classes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility § Best practice: wiki markup and CSS classes</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formatting_issues" data-mw-thread-id="h-Formatting_issues-Miscellaneous"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Formatting_issues-Miscellaneous"></span>Formatting issues<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Formatting_issues-Miscellaneous"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting</a></div> <p>Modifications in font size, blank space, and color <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="#Color_coding">§ Color coding</a>)</span> are an issue for the Wikipedia site-wide <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">style sheet</a> and should be reserved for special cases only. </p><p>Typically, the use of custom font styles: </p> <ul><li>reduces consistency, as the text no longer looks uniform;</li> <li>reduces usability, as it may be impossible for people with custom style sheets (e.g. for accessibility reasons) to override it, and may clash with a different <a href="/wiki/Skin_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin (computing)">skin</a> or inconvenience people with color blindness <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see below)</span>; and</li> <li>causes disputes, as other editors may disagree aesthetically with the choice of style.</li></ul> <p>Specify font sizes <em>relatively</em> (for example with <code>font-size: 85%</code>) rather than <em>absolutely</em> (like <code>font-size: 8pt</code>). The resulting font size of any text should not drop below 85% of the page's default font size. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Color_coding" data-mw-thread-id="h-Color_coding-Formatting_issues"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Color_coding-Formatting_issues"></span>Color coding<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Color_coding-Formatting_issues"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#Color" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility § Color</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:COLORCODING"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:COLORCODING&redirect=no">MOS:COLORCODING</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Do not use color <em>alone</em> to mark differences in text: they may be invisible to people with <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">color blindness</a> and useless in black-and-white printouts or displays. </p><p>Choose colors such as <a href="/wiki/Maroon" title="Maroon"><span style="background: white; color: maroon">maroon</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/Teal" title="Teal"><span style="background: white; color: teal">teal</span></a> that are distinguishable by readers with the most common form of colorblindness, and <em>additionally</em> mark the differences with change of font or some other means (<a href="/wiki/Maroon" title="Maroon"><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; color: maroon; font face: Times New Roman">maroon and alternative font face</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Teal" title="Teal"><span style="background: white; color: teal">teal</span></a>). Avoid low contrast between text and background colors. See also <a href="/wiki/Color_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Color coding">color coding</a>. </p><p>Even for readers with unimpaired color vision, excessive background shading of table entries impedes readability and recognition of Wikilinks. Background color should be used only as a <em>supplementary</em> visual cue and should be subtle (consider using lighter, less-dominant <a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">pastel</a> hues) rather than glaring. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indentation" data-mw-thread-id="h-Indentation-Formatting_issues"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Indentation-Formatting_issues"></span>Indentation<span class="anchor" id="INDENT"></span><span class="anchor" id="Indent"></span><span class="anchor" id="indenting"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Indentation-Formatting_issues"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:INDENT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:INDENT&redirect=no">MOS:INDENT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#Indentation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility § Indentation</a></div> <p>Do not use quotation templates to indent non-quotations. Various templates are available for indentation, including <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Block_indent" title="Template:Block indent">block indent</a>}}</code> to indent an entire block and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:In5" title="Template:In5">in5</a>}}</code> to indent inline. </p><p>Do not use <code>:</code> (<a href="/wiki/Description_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Description list">description list</a> markup) to indent text in articles, even though it is common on talk pages. It causes accessibility problems and outputs invalid HTML. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#Indentation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility § Indentation</a> for alternatives.</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controlling_line_breaks" data-mw-thread-id="h-Controlling_line_breaks-Miscellaneous"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Controlling_line_breaks-Miscellaneous"></span>Controlling line breaks<span id="Non-breaking_spaces"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Controlling_line_breaks-Miscellaneous"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NBSP"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NBSP&redirect=no">MOS:NBSP</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Help:Line-break_handling" title="Help:Line-break handling">Help:Line-break handling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Template:Spaces" title="Template:Spaces">Template:Spaces</a></div> <p>It is sometimes desirable to force a text segment to appear entirely on a single line‍—‌that is, to prevent a line break (line wrap) from occurring anywhere within it. </p> <ul><li>A <b><a href="/wiki/Non-breaking_space" title="Non-breaking space">non-breaking space</a></b> (or <b>hard space</b>) will never be used as a line-break point. Markup: for <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">19<span class="nowrap"> </span>kg</span>, code <code>19&nbsp;kg</code> <em>or</em> <code>19<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>kg</code>.</li> <li>Or use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Nowrap" title="Template:Nowrap">nowrap</a>}}</code>, <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Nobreak" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nobreak">nobreak</a>}}</code>, or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Nobr" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nobr">nobr</a>}}</code> (all equivalent). Markup: for <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap">5° 24′ N</span></span>, code <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Nobr" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nobr">nobr</a>|5° 24′ N}}</code>.</li></ul> <p>It is desirable to prevent line breaks where breaking across lines might be confusing or awkward. For example: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><code>17<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>kg</code></li> <li><code>AD<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>565</code></li> <li><code>2:50<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>pm</code></li> <li><code>£11<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>billion</code></li> <li><code>May<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>2014</code></li> <li><code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Nobr" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nobr">nobr</a>|5° 24′ 21″ N}}</code></li> <li><code>Boeing<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>747</code></li> <li><code>123<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>Elm Street</code></li> <li><code>World War<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>II</code></li> <li><code>Pope Paul<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>VI</code></li> <li><code>''E.<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>coli''</code></li></ul></div> <p>Whether a non-breaking space is appropriate depends on context: whereas it is appropriate to use <code>12<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>MB</code> in prose, it may be counterproductive in a table (where an unattractive break may be acceptable to conserve precious horizontal space) and unnecessary in a short parameter value in an infobox (where a break would never occur anyway). </p><p>A line break may occur at a <b>thin space</b> (<code>&thinsp;</code>, or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Thinsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Thinsp">thinsp</a>}}</code>), which is sometimes used to correct too-close placement of adjacent characters. To prevent this, consider using <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Nobr" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nobr">nobr</a>}}</code>. </p><p>Insert non-breaking and thin spaces as <a href="/wiki/Named_character_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Named character reference">named character reference</a> (<code>&nbsp;</code> or <code>&thinsp;</code>), or as templates that generate these (<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a>}}</code>, <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Thinsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Thinsp">thinsp</a>}}</code>), and never by entering them directly into the edit window from the keyboard – they are visually indistinguishable from regular spaces, and later editors will be unable to see what they are. Inside wikilinks, a construction such as <span class="nowrap"><code>[[World War&nbsp;II]]</code></span> works but <span class="nowrap"><code>[[World War<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>II]]</code></span> doesn't. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scrolling_lists_and_collapsible_content" data-mw-thread-id="h-Scrolling_lists_and_collapsible_content-Miscellaneous"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Scrolling_lists_and_collapsible_content-Miscellaneous"></span>Scrolling lists and collapsible content<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Scrolling_lists_and_collapsible_content-Miscellaneous"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SCROLL"></span><span id="MOS:COLLAPSE"></span><span id="MOS:DONTHIDE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SCROLL&redirect=no">MOS:SCROLL</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:COLLAPSE&redirect=no">MOS:COLLAPSE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DONTHIDE&redirect=no">MOS:DONTHIDE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:COLLAPSE" redirects here. For the guideline on collapsing off-topic talk page discussions, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TALKOFFTOPIC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TALKOFFTOPIC">WP:TALKOFFTOPIC</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#Users_with_limited_CSS_or_JavaScript_support" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility § Users with limited CSS or JavaScript support</a></div> <p>Elements that can selectively display or hide content can interfere with the ability of readers to access said content. These mechanisms include <a href="/wiki/Help:Scrolling_list" title="Help:Scrolling list">scrolling lists</a>, and templates like <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Collapse" title="Template:Collapse">collapse</a>}}</code> that can be toggled between collapsed and uncollapsed states using a [<span style="font-size:90%;">hide / show</span>] button. These mechanisms should not be used to conceal "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoiler" title="Wikipedia:Spoiler">spoiler</a>" information. Templates should generally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace#Guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Template namespace">not be used to store article text</a> at all, as it interferes with editors' ability to find and edit it. Moreover, content in an article should <em>never</em> be collapsed by default. This applies equally to content in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">tables</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Embedded_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Embedded lists">embedded lists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Image_galleries" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">image galleries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Captions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions">image captions</a>. </p><p>If such mechanisms are used, care must be taken to ensure the content remains accessible for all users, including <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#Users_with_limited_CSS_or_JavaScript_support" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">those with limited CSS or JavaScript support</a>. When collapsing is desired, it must be done using the <code>collapsible</code> parameter of relevant templates, or certain manually-added CSS classes (see <a href="/wiki/Help:Collapsing" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Collapsing">Help:Collapsing</a>). Other methods of hiding content should not be used, as they may render content inaccessible to many users, such as those browsing Wikipedia with <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> disabled or using proxy services such as <a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Light" title="Google Web Light">Google Web Light</a>. </p><p>Collapsed or auto-collapsing <i>cells</i> or <i>sections</i> may be used with tables if they simply repeat information covered in the main text (or are purely supplementary, e.g., several past years of statistics in collapsed tables for comparison with a table of uncollapsed current stats). Auto-collapsing is often a feature of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates#Navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">navboxes</a>. A few <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Infobox" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Infobox">infoboxes</a> also use pre-collapsed sections for infrequently accessed details. If information in a list, infobox, or other non-navigational content seems extraneous or trivial enough to inspire pre-collapsing it, consider raising a discussion on the article (or template) talk page about whether it should be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">included at all</a>. If the information is important and the concern is article density or length, consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Body_sections" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">dividing the article into more sections</a>, integrating <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">unnecessarily list-formatted information</a> into the article prose, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">splitting the article</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invisible_comments" data-mw-thread-id="h-Invisible_comments-Miscellaneous"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Invisible_comments-Miscellaneous"></span>Invisible comments<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Invisible_comments-Miscellaneous"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:COMMENT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:COMMENT&redirect=no">MOS:COMMENT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:COMMENT" redirects here. For the expression of personal opinions in articles, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not § Wikipedia is not a publisher of original thought</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For invisible control characters, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting#Private_Use_Area_and_invisible_formatting_characters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting § Private Use Area and invisible formatting characters</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hidden_text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hidden text">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hidden text</a></div> <p>Editors use "invisible" comments – not shown in the rendered page seen by readers of the article, but visible in the source editing mode when an editor opens the article for editing – to communicate with one another. </p><p>Invisible comments are useful for alerting other editors to issues such as common mistakes that regularly occur in the article, a section title's being the target of an incoming link, or pointing to a discussion that established a consensus relating to the article. They should not be used to instruct other editors not to perform certain edits, which could be perceived as expressing a form of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:OWN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:OWN">ownership</a> over an article, although where existing local consensus is against making an edit they may usefully draw the editor's attention to that. Avoid adding too many invisible comments because they can clutter the wiki source for other editors. Check that your invisible comment does not change the formatting, for example by introducing unwanted white space in the rendered page. </p><p>To leave an invisible comment, enclose the text you intend to be read only by editors between <code></code>. For example: </p> <ul><li><code class="wrap" style=""></code> <span style="font-size:85%;">(there are bots which can do this, see <a href="/wiki/MOS:RENAMESECTION" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:RENAMESECTION">MOS:RENAMESECTION</a>)</span></li> <li><code class="wrap" style=""></code></li></ul> <p>This notation can be inserted with a single click in <a href="/wiki/Help:Wiki_markup" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Wiki markup">wiki markup</a>, just under the edit pane in edit mode. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation" data-mw-thread-id="h-Pronunciation-Miscellaneous"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Pronunciation-Miscellaneous"></span>Pronunciation<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Pronunciation-Miscellaneous"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation</a></div> <p><b>Pronunciation</b> in Wikipedia is indicated in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). In most situations, for ease of understanding by the majority of readers and across variants of the language, <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription#Narrow_versus_broad_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">quite broad</a> IPA transcriptions are best for English pronunciations. See <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">Help:IPA/English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a> (general) for keys, and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a>}}</code> for templates that link to these keys. For English pronunciations, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">pronunciation respellings</a> may be used <em>in addition to</em> the IPA. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(21)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-21 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-21"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editing_policy" title="Wikipedia:Editing policy">Editing policy</a> – explains Wikipedia's general philosophy of editing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_manual,_guidebook,_textbook,_or_scientific_journal" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia is not a manual, guidebook, textbook, or scientific journal</a> – we write for a general, not technical, readership as much as we can</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_the_Manual_of_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Introduction to the Manual of Style">Manual of Style tutorial</a> – a quick introduction to the style guide for articles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_the_Manual_of_Style/Manual_of_Style_quiz" title="Help:Introduction to the Manual of Style/Manual of Style quiz">Manual of Style quiz</a> – test your Manual of Style knowledge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Styletips" title="Wikipedia:Styletips">Styletips</a> – a list of advice for editors on writing style and formatting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Manual of Style Contents</a> – guidelines for film, novels, biographies, military history, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_style_guides" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using style guides">Identifying and using style guides</a> – an essay providing a summary of off-site style guides' influences on MoS and their uses as sources in Wikipedia articles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:If_MOS_doesn%27t_need_a_rule_on_something,_then_it_needs_to_not_have_a_rule_on_that_thing" title="Wikipedia:If MOS doesn't need a rule on something, then it needs to not have a rule on that thing">Wikipedia:If MOS doesn't need a rule on something, then it needs to not have a rule on that thing</a> – resisting MOSbloat</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guidance" data-mw-thread-id="h-Guidance-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Guidance-See_also"></span>Guidance<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Guidance-See_also"></span></h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Annotated_article" title="Wikipedia:Annotated article">Annotated article</a> – is a well-constructed sample article, with annotations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_development" title="Wikipedia:Article development">Article development</a> – lists the ways in which you can help an article grow <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">Basic copyediting</a> – gives helpful advice on copy-editing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">Better articles</a> – guidance on how to make articles better</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_perfect_article" title="Wikipedia:The perfect article">Perfect article</a> – point-by-point guidance on what makes a great article</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoiding_common_mistakes" title="Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes">Avoiding common mistakes</a> – gives a list of common mistakes and how to avoid them</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_bold" title="Wikipedia:Be bold">Be bold</a> – suggests a bold attitude toward page updates</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a> – explains process and standards for citing references</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing</a> – is a short primer on editing pages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">Style guide</a> – contains links to the style guides of some magazines and newspapers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Wiki_markup" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Wiki markup">Wiki markup</a> – explains the codes and resources available for editing a page</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:In_versus_of" title="Wikipedia:In versus of">Wikipedia:<i>in</i> versus <i>of</i></a> – proper use of <i>in</i> and <i>of</i> (or some alternatives, as <i>from</i> and <i>on</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tools" data-mw-thread-id="h-Tools-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Tools-See_also"></span>Tools<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Tools-See_also"></span></h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/User_talk:GregU/dashes.js" class="mw-redirect" title="User talk:GregU/dashes.js">User:GregU's dashes script</a> – a script that will fix dashes in articles in accordance with MOS:DASH</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Ohconfucius/script/MOSNUM_dates" title="User:Ohconfucius/script/MOSNUM dates">User:Ohconfucius MOSDATE script</a> – a script that will unify dates in articles in accordance with MOS:DATEFORMAT</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_community_standards" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other_community_standards-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Other_community_standards-See_also"></span>Other community standards<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Other_community_standards-See_also"></span></h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">List of policies</a> – a comprehensive, descriptive directory of policies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">List of guidelines</a> – a comprehensive descriptive directory of guidelines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents/Directory#Community_standards_and_advice" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Contents/Directory">Community standards and advice</a> – a quick directory of community norms and related guidance essays</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide#Advice_pages" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">Advice pages</a> – about advice pages written by WikiProjects</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guidelines_within_the_Manual_of_Style" data-mw-thread-id="h-Guidelines_within_the_Manual_of_Style-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Guidelines_within_the_Manual_of_Style-See_also"></span>Guidelines within the Manual of Style<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Guidelines_within_the_Manual_of_Style-See_also"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the major parts of the Manual of Style, see the sidebar at top right of this page (visible only in desktop view, not in <a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style">mobile view</a>)</div> <p>(Links to policy and guidelines on specific questions) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Names" data-mw-thread-id="h-Names-Guidelines_within_the_Manual_of_Style"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Names-Guidelines_within_the_Manual_of_Style"></span>Names<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Names-Guidelines_within_the_Manual_of_Style"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:ORGNAME"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ORGNAME&redirect=no">MOS:ORGNAME</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li>Proper names: <ul><li>Generally (dedicated MOS page): <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Proper_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Proper names">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Proper names</a></li> <li>Place names: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Proper_names#Place_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Proper names">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Proper names § Place names</a></li> <li>Diacritical marks in names: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Proper_names#Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Proper names">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Proper names § Diacritics</a></li> <li>Peoples and languages that share the same name: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Proper_names#Peoples_and_their_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Proper names">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Proper names § Peoples and their languages</a></li> <li>Names of ships in article titles and in the body of articles: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(ships)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (ships)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (ships)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Naming and identifying individuals and peoples: <ul><li>Generally: <a href="#Identity">§ Identity</a></li> <li>Specifically (for individuals): <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biographies#Names" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies § Names</a></li> <li>Opening paragraph of biographies: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biographies#Opening_paragraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies § Opening paragraph</a></li></ul></li> <li>Names of organizations: <ul><li>Generally (has application beyond the topic guideline in which it is currently located): <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Cue_sports#Respect_for_official_organization_names" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Cue sports">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Cue sports § Respect for official organization names</a></li> <li>Names that are also trademarks (dedicated MOS page): <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks</a></li></ul></li> <li>Names of animal and plant species, etc. (in article titles): <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(fauna)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(flora)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(22)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-22 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-22"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CONLEVEL-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CONLEVEL_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is a matter of policy at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus#Level_of_consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">Wikipedia:Consensus § Level of consensus</a>: "Consensus among a limited group of editors, at one place and time, cannot override community consensus on a wider scale. For instance, unless they can convince the broader community that such action is right, participants in a wikiproject cannot decide that a Wikipedia policy or guideline does not apply to articles within its scope." And: "Wikipedia has a higher standard of participation and consensus for changes to policies and guidelines than to other types of pages." Subordinate pages include <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style">MoS detail pages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide#Advice_pages" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">style essays</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Simplified Manual of Style</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ew-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ew_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ew_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">These matters have been addressed in rulings of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee" title="Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee">ArbCom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Jguk#Optional_styles" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk">2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Sortan#Preferred_styles" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan">2006</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Date_delinking#Optional_styles" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking">2009</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes#Use_of_infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Infoboxes">2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArbCom-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArbCom_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the origin of this phrasing, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee" title="Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee">ArbCom</a> decisions in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Jguk#Principles" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk">June 2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/jguk_2#Principles" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2">November 2005</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Sortan#Principles" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan">2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bot-like-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bot-like_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis_2#High-speed_editing" title="Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Magioladitis 2">2017 ArbCom decision</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser#Rules_of_use" title="Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser">Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser § Rules of use</a>; bot-like editing that continues despite objections or that introduces errors may lead to a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">block</a> and to revocation of semi-automated tools privileges.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sentence_case-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sentence_case_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sentence_case_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sentence_case_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sentence_case_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wikipedia uses <a href="/wiki/Sentence_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentence case">sentence case</a> for sentences, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">article titles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">section titles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">table headers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">image captions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">list entries</a> (in most cases), and entries in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Infobox" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Infobox">infoboxes</a> and similar templates, among other things. Any MoS guidance about the start of a sentence applies to items using sentence case.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phrases such as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">In early life</span> are acceptable (though not required) as section headings. They are also used frequently as part of longer article titles such as <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Piracy in the Caribbean</span></a>, especially when a shorter construction (<span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">Caribbean piracy</span>) may have ambiguity issues.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-curlyq-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-curlyq_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-curlyq_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-curlyq_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Curly quotation marks and apostrophes are deprecated on the English Wikipedia because straight quotation marks and apostrophes are easier to type reliably on most platforms.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A comment outside the <code>== ==</code> but on the same line may cause the section-editing link to fail to appear at all; in other browsers, it may appear, but using it will cause the section heading to not automatically be added to the edit summary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-many_links-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-many_links_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To find out how many inlinks there are to the old section title and what articles have them, you can execute <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=all%3A+linksto%3A%22ARTICLE%22+insource%3A%2F%5B%5B%7C%5DARTICLE%5C%23OLDSECTION%2F+&title=Special:Search&profile=all&fulltext=1">this advanced search</a></span>, changing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">article</span> to the name of the article, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">oldsection</span> to the old section title. That advanced search does not search <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect" title="Wikipedia:Redirect">redirects</a>, so also check the article's <a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere" title="Special:WhatLinksHere">Special:WhatLinksHere</a> page for redirects to the old section title. If there are only a small number of links to the old section title, it may be better to just update them.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-recent-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-recent_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-recent_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-recent_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-recent_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-recent_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-recent_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-recent_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In MoS's own wording, "recent", "current", "modern", and "contemporary" in reference to sources and usage should usually be interpreted as referring to reliable material published within the last forty years or so. In the consideration of name changes of persons and organizations, focus on sources from the last few years. For broader English-language usage matters, about forty years is typical. While style guides with fewer than five years in print have not been in publication long enough to have had as much real-world impact as those from around 2000–2015 (on which MoS is primarily based), the corpora used for <a href="/wiki/Google_ngrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Google ngrams">Google <var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>grams</a> are updated through 2022, and we frequently <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Search_engine_test#Some_search_engine_tests" title="Wikipedia:Search engine test">rely on</a> what they indicate from the late 20th century and onward.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eponyms-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eponyms_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are some rare additional exceptions to capitalization of eponyms, in which a term has been strongly conventionalized in lower-case, i.e., is preferred that way in a majority of major English-language dictionaries. For example, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">parkinsonian</span> describes a patient exhibiting symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Parkinson's disease</span></a>. Linguistics/orthography use of the terms <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_latinisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linguistic latinisation (page does not exist)"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">latinize</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanisation"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">romanize</span></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anglicization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicization"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">anglicize</span></a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#Anglo-_and_similar_prefixes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">are increasingly lower-case</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">italic[s]</span></a> in typography always is.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Standardized_breeds-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Standardized_breeds_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breeds guideline added per a <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=&diff=prev&oldid=881140543#RfC_on_capitalization_of_the_names_of_standardized_breeds">December 2018 RfC</a></span>. "Standardized breed" lacks a perfectly clear meaning, but does encompass any breed subject to the <a href="/wiki/Breed_standard" title="Breed standard">breed standard</a> or <a href="/wiki/Studbook" class="mw-redirect" title="Studbook">studbook</a> of a notable breeder/fancier organization. Various other groupings of domesticated animals are not standardized breeds: ancient historical varieties, breed groups, feral populations, landraces, and <a href="/wiki/Crossbreed" title="Crossbreed">crossbreeds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a> that no major organizations recognize as breeds. Many often are not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">notable</a> anyway.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Quoted text" for typographic conformity and many other purposes includes titles of works, names of organizations, and other strings that are, in essence, quoted. Example: things like "Mexican-American War" are routinely corrected to "Mexican–American War" on Wikipedia, including in titles of cited sources. This has no effect on searching for the works we have cited, since all major search engines disregard punctuation marks.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Double quotation marks are preferred to single because they are immediately distinguishable from apostrophes: <ul><li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">She wrote that 'Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's'</span> (slows the reader down).</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">She wrote that "Cleanthes' differs from the others', but neither opinion may represent Hume's"</span> (clearer).</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Series title italicized" is using <i>series</i> to mean the entire show as a whole. A season (also called a <i>series</i> in British English) with its own title uses quotation marks for that title, as a sub-work.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the principal way in which logical quotation differs from typical British news punctuation practice, in which many publishers permit such a change to the quoted material, which is antithetical to the accuracy purpose of logical punctuation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Specifically, compound <a href="/wiki/Attributive_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Attributive adjective">attributives</a>, which are modifiers of a noun that occur within the <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrase</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See <a href="/wiki/English_compound#Hyphenated_compound_modifiers" title="English compound">English compound § Hyphenated compound modifiers</a>.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-date_range-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-date_range_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A change from a general preference for two digits, to a general preference for four digits, on the right side of <i>year–year</i> ranges was implemented in July 2016 per <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(policy)/Archive_129#WP:DATERANGE_ambiguity_and_stylistic_concerns" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)/Archive 129">this RFC</a>. For more information see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Ranges" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Ranges</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is not logically possible to have a "<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">12–35 victory</span>", except in a game where a lower score is better. Otherwise, use a construction like <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Clovis beat Portales, 35–12</span>, or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Jameson lost the election, 2345 votes to 6789, to Garcia</span>, with parties, result, and number order in logical agreement.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hairspace-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hairspace_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Hair_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair space">hair space</a> should be done as <span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Hair_space" title="Template:Hair space">hair space</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></span> because the actual Unicode character ( ) is almost invisible, the meaning of the numerical HTML entity (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">&#8202;</span>) is relatively obscure, and the named HTML entity "<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">&hairsp;</span>" is not standard and unsupported in some browsers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In unusual cases where a lack of spacing could create confusion, such as when a citation is immediately preceded by other superscripted text, a <a href="/wiki/Hair_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair space">hair space</a> can be inserted between a <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref>...</ref></code> tag and the content preceding it.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-passive-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-passive_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-passive_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="anchor" id="passive"></span><span class="anchor" id="Passive"></span><span class="anchor" id="PASSIVE"></span>The <a href="/wiki/English_passive_voice" title="English passive voice">passive voice</a> is inappropriate for some forms of writing, but it is widely used in encyclopedia articles, because the passive voice avoids inappropriate first- and second-person constructions as well as tone problems. The most common uses of encyclopedic passive are to keep the focus on the subject instead of performing a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_newspaper" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">news-style</a> shift to dwelling on a non-notable party. Contrast <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The break-in was reported to police the next morning</span>, versus <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Assistant manager Peggy Plimpton-Chan reported the break-in to police the next morning</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This has the benefit of helping screen readers pronounce the name correctly. Such a proper name may be italicized when contrasting it with a conventional English form: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Munich (German: <i lang="de">München</i>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the near-unanimous <a href="/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/496631631#RfC:_Can_a_wikiproject_require_no-diacritics_names,_based_on_an_organisation's_rule_or_commonness_in_English_press?" title="Special:PermanentLink/496631631">RfC</a>, repeated <a href="/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/664830645" title="Special:PermanentLink/664830645">deletion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Miscellany_for_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion">Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion</a> of an anti-diacritics "wikiproject", the policy <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus#Levels_of_consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">Wikipedia:Consensus § Levels of consensus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee" title="Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee">Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee</a>'s standardized <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Index/Principles_2#Levels_of_consensus" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Arbitration/Index/Principles 2"><i>statements of principles</i> on such matters</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GScholar-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GScholar_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reputable English-language encyclopedias and dictionaries in the aggregate are often helpful in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)#Widely_accepted_name" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">determining the most widely accepted spelling</a> of a place name, loanwords, etc. It may also help (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Google_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Google test">within limits</a>) to compare search results from the <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a> journal index, for topics likely to be covered in peer-reviewed academic papers.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(23)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References" data-mw-thread-id="h-References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-23 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-23"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423">"T134423 Deprecate nonstandard behavior of self-closed HTML tags in wikitext"</a>. <i>phabricator.wikimedia.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phabricator.wikimedia.org&rft.atitle=T134423+Deprecate+nonstandard+behavior+of+self-closed+HTML+tags+in+wikitext.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphabricator.wikimedia.org%2FT134423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshida2015" class="citation web cs1">Ishida, Richard (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-b-and-i-tags">"Using b and i elements"</a>. <i>W3C Internationalization</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2016</span>. <q>the content of a <code>b</code> element may not always be bold, and that of an <code>i</code> element may not always be italic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=W3C+Internationalization&rft.atitle=Using+b+and+i+elements&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Ishida&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FInternational%2Fquestions%2Fqa-b-and-i-tags&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/qanda/data/faq/topics/HyphensEnDashesEmDashes/faq0013.html">"Hyphens, En Dashes, Em Dashes"</a>. <i>www.chicagomanualofstyle.org</i>. Chicago Manual of Style<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chicagomanualofstyle.org&rft.atitle=Hyphens%2C+En+Dashes%2C+Em+Dashes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagomanualofstyle.org%2Fqanda%2Fdata%2Ffaq%2Ftopics%2FHyphensEnDashesEmDashes%2Ffaq0013.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(24)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading" data-mw-thread-id="h-Further_reading"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Further_reading"></span>Further reading<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Further_reading"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-24 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-24"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_style_guides" title="List of style guides">List of style guides</a></div> <p>Wikipedians are encouraged to familiarize themselves with modern editions of other guides to style and usage, which may cover details not included here. Those that have most influenced the Wikipedia Manual of Style are: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a></i> (University of Chicago Press). The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecraftycanvas.com/static-resources/library/docs/cmscrib.pdf"><i>CMS Crib Sheet</i></a> is free online, and summarizes the main provisions.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hart%27s_Rules" title="Hart's Rules">Oxford Guide to Style</a></i> (Oxford University Press). A compressed edition is available as <i>New Hart's Rules</i>. Available with its companion, the <i>Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors</i>, in one volume as <i>New Oxford Style Manual</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Style_and_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific Style and Format">Scientific Style and Format</a></i> (Council of Science Editors)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garner%27s_Modern_English_Usage" title="Garner's Modern English Usage">Garner's Modern English Usage</a></i> (Oxford University Press)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fowler%27s_Dictionary_of_Modern_English_Usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage">Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage</a></i> (Oxford University Press; primarily British English)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_MLA_Style_Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="The MLA Style Manual">The MLA Style Manual</a></i> (Modern Language Association)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Elements_of_Style" title="The Elements of Style">The Elements of Style</a></i> by Strunk & White</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manual_of_Style" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manual_of_Style" title="Template:Manual of Style"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manual_of_Style" title="Template talk:Manual of Style"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manual_of_Style" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manual of Style"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manual_of_Style" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manual of Style</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Overview</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Contents</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Styletips" title="Wikipedia:Styletips">Tips</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(content)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (content)">Content</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Disambiguation_pages" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages">Disambiguation pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Organizing_disambiguation_pages_by_subject_area" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area">Organizing by subject area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Gender_identity" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hidden_text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hidden text">Hidden text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Self-references_to_avoid" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid">Self-references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Words to watch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(formatting)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (formatting)">Formatting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling">Spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Text formatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works">Titles of works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(images)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (images)">Images</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Captions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions">Captions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Adding_images_to_articles" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Icons" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(layout)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (layout)">Layout</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">Trivia sections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(lists)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (lists)">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works">Lists of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Road_junction_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Road junction lists">Road junctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stand-alone_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stand-alone lists">Stand-alone lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">By topic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(legal)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (legal)">Legal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Legal" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Legal">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Trademarks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(arts)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (arts)">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Anime_and_manga" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Comics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Film" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lyrics_and_poetry" title="Wikipedia:Lyrics and poetry">Lyrics and poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Novels" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Television" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Video_games" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Visual_arts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Writing_about_fiction" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction">Writing about fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(music)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (music)">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music_samples" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music samples">Music samples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Record_charts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Record charts">Record charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stringed_instrument_tunings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stringed instrument tunings">Stringed instruments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(history)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (history)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Blazon" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Blazon">Blazons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Military_history" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(regional)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)">Regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)#Specific_topics" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Specific naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Canada-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Canada-related articles">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/China-_and_Chinese-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China- and Chinese-related articles">China (and Chinese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/France-_and_French-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/France- and French-related articles">France (and French)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Egypt-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Egypt-related articles">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hawaii-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/India-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Indonesia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Indonesia-related articles">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Ireland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Japan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Korea-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Korea-related articles">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Malaysia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Malaysia-related articles">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Macedonia)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Macedonia)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pakistan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pakistan-related articles">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Philippines-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philippines-related articles">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Poland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Singapore-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Singapore-related articles">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Trinidad_and_Tobago/Style_guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Trinidad and Tobago/Style guide">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(religion)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (religion)">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Islam-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Islam-related articles">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Latter_Day_Saints" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(science)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (science)">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry">Chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Compound_classes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Compound classes">Compound classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Chemicals" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Chemicals">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/References_and_external_links" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/References and external links">References and external links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Safety" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Structure_drawing" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Structure drawing">Structure drawing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxobox/doc" title="Template:Taxobox/doc">Taxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(sports)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (sports)">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Cue_sports" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Cue sports">Cue sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Snooker" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Snooker">Snooker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating">Figure skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating_terminology" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(related_guidelines)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (related guidelines)">Related guidelines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Search</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form-inline" action="/wiki/Special:Search" id="style-wide-searchbox"><div class="cdx-text-input"><input class="mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" placeholder="e.g. image placement" size="25" dir="ltr"></div><input type="hidden" value="Wikipedia:Manual of Style" name="prefix"> <input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search the MoS" class="cdx-button"><input type="hidden" value="Search" name="fulltext"></form></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_key_policies_and_guidelines_(?)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template talk:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_key_policies_and_guidelines_(?)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wikipedia key <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">policies and guidelines</a> <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wikipedia's policies and guidelines are developed by the community to describe best practices, clarify principles, resolve conflicts, and otherwise further our goal.">(?)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Five pillars</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Content <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="defines the scope of the encyclopedia and the material that is suitable for it">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Copyright</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_violations" title="Wikipedia:Copyright violations">Copyright violations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">Notability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autobiography" title="Wikipedia:Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">Reliable sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_include_the_full_text_of_lengthy_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources">Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">Plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_create_hoaxes" title="Wikipedia:Do not create hoaxes">Don't create hoaxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories">Fringe theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Patent_nonsense" title="Wikipedia:Patent nonsense">Patent nonsense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">External links</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Conduct <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="describes how editors can successfully collaborate and what behavior is acceptable">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Civility" title="Wikipedia:Civility">Civility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Harassment" title="Wikipedia:Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_personal_attacks" title="Wikipedia:No personal attacks">No personal attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ownership_of_content" title="Wikipedia:Ownership of content">Ownership of content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring" title="Wikipedia:Edit warring">Edit warring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry" title="Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry">Sockpuppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_legal_threats" title="Wikipedia:No legal threats">No legal threats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Child_protection" title="Wikipedia:Child protection">Child protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Paid-contribution_disclosure" title="Wikipedia:Paid-contribution disclosure">Paid-contribution disclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_good_faith" title="Wikipedia:Assume good faith">Assume good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing" title="Wikipedia:Disruptive editing">Disruptive editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_disrupt_Wikipedia_to_illustrate_a_point" title="Wikipedia:Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point">Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gaming_the_system" title="Wikipedia:Gaming the system">Gaming the system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_do_not_bite_the_newcomers" title="Wikipedia:Please do not bite the newcomers">Please do not bite the newcomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Courtesy_vanishing" title="Wikipedia:Courtesy vanishing">Courtesy vanishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Responding_to_threats_of_harm" title="Wikipedia:Responding to threats of harm">Responding to threats of harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines">Talk page guidelines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">Signatures</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Deletion <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="explains the processes by which pages, revisions, and logs may be deleted">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy" title="Wikipedia:Deletion policy">Deletion policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion">Proposed deletion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion_of_biographies_of_living_people" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion of biographies of living people">Biographies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion">Criteria for speedy deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attack_page" title="Wikipedia:Attack page">Attack page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Oversight" title="Wikipedia:Oversight">Oversight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Revision_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Revision deletion">Revision deletion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Enforcement <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="explains the various means by which standards may be enforced">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators" title="Wikipedia:Administrators">Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Banning_policy" title="Wikipedia:Banning policy">Banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy" title="Wikipedia:Protection policy">Page protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Editing <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="documents the various protocols about style and grouping">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editing_policy" title="Wikipedia:Editing policy">Editing policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">Summary style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_bold" title="Wikipedia:Be bold">Be bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Broad-concept_article" title="Wikipedia:Broad-concept article">Broad-concept article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;">Style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manual of Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Contents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Template namespace">Template namespace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Project content <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="protocols related to administration">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="G" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">Project namespace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">WikiProjects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Userboxes" title="Wikipedia:Userboxes">User boxes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;;background: #dddddd;color:inherit;"><abbr title="Wikimedia Foundation">WMF</abbr> <abbr title="official policies and statements of the Wikimedia Foundation">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal; background: #e6e6e6;color:inherit;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct" class="extiw" title="wmf:Policy:Universal Code of Conduct">Universal Code of Conduct</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="wmf:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policies" class="extiw" title="wmf:Policies">List of policies</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Friendly_space_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Friendly space policy">Friendly space policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Resolution:Licensing policy">Licensing and copyright</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;;font-weight: normal;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines">List of all policies and guidelines</a></b> <ul><li><b><span style="color:#118811;"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></span></b>: <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">List of policies</a></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></span></b>: <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">List of guidelines</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Principles" title="Wikipedia:Principles">Summaries of values and principles</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Writing_guides" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Writing_guides" title="Template:Writing guides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Writing_guides" title="Template talk:Writing guides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Writing_guides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Writing guides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Writing_guides" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Writing guides</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 33%;"> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Your_first_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Your first article">Starting an article</a></b><br>Getting started</dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></b><br>Visual structure of articles</dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_perfect_article" title="Wikipedia:The perfect article">The perfect article</a></b><br>A checklist of components</dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_development" title="Wikipedia:Article development">Article development</a></b><br>Suggested stages of an article</dd> <dd><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manual of Style</a></b><br>Comprehensive style guide</dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">Writing better articles</a></b><br>A collection of advice</dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style&oldid=1258663389">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style&oldid=1258663389</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Jonesey95" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1732141624"> <span>Last edited on 20 November 2024, at 22:27</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Styl" title="Wikipedia:Styl – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wikipedia:Styl" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8D%E1%8A%AD%E1%8D%94%E1%8B%B2%E1%8B%AB:%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%98%E1%8C%A3%E1%8C%A5%E1%8D%8D_%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%80%E1%88%9B%E1%88%98%E1%8C%A5_%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%B5" title="ውክፔዲያ:የመጣጥፍ አቀማመጥ ልምድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ውክፔዲያ:የመጣጥፍ አቀማመጥ ልምድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C7%A3dia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipǣdia:Manual of Style – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wikipǣdia:Manual of Style" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0:%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8%D2%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Авикипедиа:Астатиақәа реиҿкаара – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Авикипедиа:Астатиақәа реиҿкаара" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8" title="ويكيبيديا:دليل الأسلوب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويكيبيديا:دليل الأسلوب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Normas_d%27estilo" title="Wikipedia:Normas d'estilo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Wikipedia:Normas d'estilo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%98%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%9D%DC%A6%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%90:%DC%95%DC%98%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ:ܕܘܒܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ:ܕܘܒܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF" title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰচনাশৈলীৰ হাতপুথি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰচনাশৈলীৰ হাতপুথি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%89_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6" title="विकीपीडिया:कयिउ मतलब वाले शब्द – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="विकीपीडिया:कयिउ मतलब वाले शब्द" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B0-%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Википедия:Стилалъул малъа-хъваял – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Википедия:Стилалъул малъа-хъваял" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya:Stil_kitab%C3%A7as%C4%B1" title="Vikipediya:Stil kitabçası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vikipediya:Stil kitabçası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%DB%8C%D8%A4%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ویکی‌پدیا:یؤندملیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا:یؤندملیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="উইকিপিডিয়া:রচনাশৈলী নির্দেশনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইকিপিডিয়া:রচনাশৈলী নির্দেশনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipidia:Pedoman_gaya" title="Wikipidia:Pedoman gaya – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Wikipidia:Pedoman gaya" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Si%C3%A1-chok_%C3%AA_kui-ho%C4%81n" title="Wikipedia:Siá-chok ê kui-hoān – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Wikipedia:Siá-chok ê kui-hoān" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D3%99%D2%A1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80%D2%99%D0%B5%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%99%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Википедия:Мәҡәләләрҙең биҙәлеше – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Википедия:Мәҡәләләрҙең биҙәлеше" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Вікіпедыя:Афармленне артыкулаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вікіпедыя:Афармленне артыкулаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Вікіпэдыя:Правілы афармленьня – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вікіпэдыя:Правілы афармленьня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2" title="विकिपीडिया:स्टाइल मैनुअल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="विकिपीडिया:स्टाइल मैनुअल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Уикипедия:Стил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уикипедия:Стил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stilski_priru%C4%8Dnik" title="Wikipedia:Stilski priručnik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Wikipedia:Stilski priručnik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Emglevio%C3%B9_stil" title="Wikipedia:Emglevioù stil – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Wikipedia:Emglevioù stil" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Llibre_d%27estil" title="Viquipèdia:Llibre d'estil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Viquipèdia:Llibre d'estil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B9%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Википеди:Статья хайламалли йĕрке – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Википеди:Статья хайламалли йĕрке" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manwal_sa_Estilo" title="Wikipedia:Manwal sa Estilo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Wikipedia:Manwal sa Estilo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedie:Vzhled_a_styl" title="Wikipedie:Vzhled a styl – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wikipedie:Vzhled a styl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicipedia:Arddull" title="Wicipedia:Arddull – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wicipedia:Arddull" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stilmanual" title="Wikipedia:Stilmanual – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wikipedia:Stilmanual" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%DA%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84" title="ويكيپيديا:ڭيد د الستيل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ويكيپيديا:ڭيد د الستيل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Formatierung" title="Wikipedia:Formatierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wikipedia:Formatierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipeedia:Vormistusreeglid" title="Vikipeedia:Vormistusreeglid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vikipeedia:Vormistusreeglid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1:%CE%95%CE%B3%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%86%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Βικιπαίδεια:Εγχειρίδιο μορφής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βικιπαίδεια:Εγχειρίδιο μορφής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_de_estilo" title="Wikipedia:Manual de estilo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wikipedia:Manual de estilo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedio:Stilogvido" title="Vikipedio:Stilogvido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vikipedio:Stilogvido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Estilo_gida" title="Wikipedia:Estilo gida – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wikipedia:Estilo gida" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87" title="ویکی‌پدیا:شیوه‌نامه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا:شیوه‌نامه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sni%C3%B0hondb%C3%B3k" title="Wikipedia:Sniðhondbók – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Wikipedia:Sniðhondbók" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Conventions_de_style" title="Wikipédia:Conventions de style – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wikipédia:Conventions de style" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedy:Stikken_skriuwe_yn_Wikipedia-styl" title="Wikipedy:Stikken skriuwe yn Wikipedia-styl – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wikipedy:Stikken skriuwe yn Wikipedia-styl" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutori:Manu%C3%A2l_dal_st%C3%AEl" title="Jutori:Manuâl dal stîl – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Jutori:Manuâl dal stîl" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicip%C3%A9id:L%C3%A1mhleabhar_St%C3%ADle" title="Vicipéid:Lámhleabhar Stíle – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Vicipéid:Lámhleabhar Stíle" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Libro_de_estilo" title="Wikipedia:Libro de estilo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Wikipedia:Libro de estilo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91_%EC%A7%80%EC%B9%A8" title="위키백과:편집 지침 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위키백과:편집 지침" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manuale_Kaila" title="Wikipedia:Manuale Kaila – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Wikipedia:Manuale Kaila" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1:%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B1%D6%87%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Վիքիպեդիա:Հոդվածների ձևավորում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիքիպեդիա:Հոդվածների ձևավորում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="विकिपीडिया:शैली मार्गदर्शक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विकिपीडिया:शैली मार्गदर्शक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Stil" title="Wikipedija:Stil – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wikipedija:Stil" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pedoman_gaya" title="Wikipedia:Pedoman gaya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wikipedia:Pedoman gaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_de_stilo" title="Wikipedia:Manual de stilo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Wikipedia:Manual de stilo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Википеди:Стилы разамынд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Википеди:Стилы разамынд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiuto:Manuale_di_stile" title="Aiuto:Manuale di stile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aiuto:Manuale di stile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94:%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ויקיפדיה:מדריך לעיצוב דפים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויקיפדיה:מדריך לעיצוב דפים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Paugeran_tata_panggon" title="Wikipédia:Paugeran tata panggon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wikipédia:Paugeran tata panggon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90:%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="ვიკიპედია:სტილის სახელმძღვანელო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიკიპედია:სტილის სახელმძღვანელო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%90%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%96%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%B7%D9%8E%D8%B1%D9%95%D8%B2_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81%D9%95" title="وِکیٖپیٖڈیا:طَرٕز نامہٕ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="وِکیٖپیٖڈیا:طَرٕز نامہٕ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83" title="Уикипедия:Мақаланы безендіру – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уикипедия:Мақаланы безендіру" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedya:Konvansyon_estil" title="Wikipedya:Konvansyon estil – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Wikipedya:Konvansyon estil" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%AEk%C3%AEpediya:%C5%9E%C3%AAwaz" title="Wîkîpediya:Şêwaz – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Wîkîpediya:Şêwaz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8D:%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%99" title="ວິກິພີເດຍ:ຄູ່ມືການຂຽນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວິກິພີເດຍ:ຄູ່ມືການຂຽນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedeja:Sti%C4%BCa_r%C5%ABkysgruomota" title="Vikipedeja:Stiļa rūkysgruomota – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Vikipedeja:Stiļa rūkysgruomota" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia:De_orthographia" title="Vicipaedia:De orthographia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vicipaedia:De orthographia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C4%ABdz%C4%ABba:Stila_rokasgr%C4%81mata" title="Palīdzība:Stila rokasgrāmata – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Palīdzība:Stila rokasgrāmata" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stil" title="Wikipedia:Stil – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wikipedia:Stil" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/uikipedi%27as:clinoi_pe_loi_finselkai" title="uikipedi'as:clinoi pe loi finselkai – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="uikipedi'as:clinoi pe loi finselkai" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Formai_%C3%BAtmutat%C3%B3" title="Wikipédia:Formai útmutató – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wikipédia:Formai útmutató" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Википедија:Прирачник за стилот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Википедија:Прирачник за стилот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ:ശൈലീപുസ്തകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ:ശൈലീപുസ്തകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Manwal_tal-istil" title="Wikipedija:Manwal tal-istil – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Wikipedija:Manwal tal-istil" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tikanga_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Tikanga Wikipedia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Wikipedia:Tikanga Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="विकिपीडिया:शैली मार्गदर्शक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विकिपीडिया:शैली मार्गदर्शक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87" title="ويكيبيديا:طريقة الكتابه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويكيبيديا:طريقة الكتابه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_gaya_penulisan" title="Wikipedia:Manual gaya penulisan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wikipedia:Manual gaya penulisan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Padoman_gaya" title="Wikipedia:Padoman gaya – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Wikipedia:Padoman gaya" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား:စတိုင်လ်လက်စွဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား:စတိုင်လ်လက်စွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huiquipedia:Manual_de_estilo" title="Huiquipedia:Manual de estilo – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Huiquipedia:Manual de estilo" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Conventies" title="Wikipedia:Conventies – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wikipedia:Conventies" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="विकिपिडिया:लेखन शैली – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विकिपिडिया:लेखन शैली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2" title="विकिपिडिया:स्टाइलया म्यानुअल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="विकिपिडिया:स्टाइलया म्यानुअल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB" title="Wikipedia:スタイルマニュアル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Wikipedia:スタイルマニュアル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stilmanual" title="Wikipedia:Stilmanual – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wikipedia:Stilmanual" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stilmanual" title="Wikipedia:Stilmanual – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wikipedia:Stilmanual" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Convencions_d%27estil" title="Wikipèdia:Convencions d'estil – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Wikipèdia:Convencions d'estil" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86:%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%88%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%80" title="ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ:ଲିଖନ ଶୈଳୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ:ଲିଖନ ଶୈଳୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya:Maqolalarni_bezash" title="Vikipediya:Maqolalarni bezash – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vikipediya:Maqolalarni bezash" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%AF_%D9%BE%DA%9A%D8%AA%D9%88_%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AA%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="ويکيپېډيا:د پښتو ويکيپېډيا تگلاره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ويکيپېډيا:د پښتو ويکيپېډيا تگلاره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B6:%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%83%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%90" title="វិគីភីឌា:ក្បួនរបៀបនៃរចនាបថ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វិគីភីឌា:ក្បួនរបៀបនៃរចនាបថ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomoc:Styl_%E2%80%93_poradnik_dla_autor%C3%B3w" title="Pomoc:Styl – poradnik dla autorów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pomoc:Styl – poradnik dla autorów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_de_stil" title="Wikipedia:Manual de stil – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wikipedia:Manual de stil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Википедия:Оформление статей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Википедия:Оформление статей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Style_Haundbeuk" title="Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wikipedia:Style Haundbeuk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cumpenniu_Stil%C3%ACsticu" title="Wikipedia:Cumpenniu Stilìsticu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Wikipedia:Cumpenniu Stilìsticu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F:%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B3_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81" title="විකිපීඩියා:රචනාකරණ ශෛලිය පිළිබඳ මාර්ගෝපදේශ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විකිපීඩියා:රචනාකරණ ශෛලිය පිළිබඳ මාර්ගෝපදේශ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%AC%D9%88_%DA%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DA%99%D9%88" title="وڪيپيڊيا:نمونو جو ڪتابڙو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وڪيپيڊيا:نمونو جو ڪتابڙو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C5%A0tylistick%C3%A1_pr%C3%ADru%C4%8Dka" title="Wikipédia:Štylistická príručka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Wikipédia:Štylistická príručka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Slogovni_priro%C4%8Dnik" title="Wikipedija:Slogovni priročnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Wikipedija:Slogovni priročnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%B4%DB%8E%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="ویکیپیدیا:شێواز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویکیپیدیا:شێواز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Википедија:Стилски приручник – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Википедија:Стилски приручник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Stil" title="Wikipedija:Stil – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wikipedija:Stil" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohje:Tyyliopas" title="Ohje:Tyyliopas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ohje:Tyyliopas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stilguide" title="Wikipedia:Stilguide – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wikipedia:Stilguide" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Mga_gabay_sa_estilo_sa_paglalathala" title="Wikipedia:Mga gabay sa estilo sa paglalathala – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikipedia:Mga gabay sa estilo sa paglalathala" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE:%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="விக்கிப்பீடியா:நடைக் கையேடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விக்கிப்பீடியா:நடைக் கையேடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwisi:Ta%C9%A3arast_n_tirra" title="Tiwisi:Taɣarast n tirra – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tiwisi:Taɣarast n tirra" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%BD%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%81%A2%E1%82%86%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%82%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဝီႇၶီႇၽီးတီးယႃး:သတၢႆႇၵႅမ်မိုဝ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ဝီႇၶီႇၽီးတီးယႃး:သတၢႆႇၵႅမ်မိုဝ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE:%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF" title="వికీపీడియా:శైలి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వికీపీడియా:శైలి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="วิกิพีเดีย:คู่มือการเขียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิกิพีเดีย:คู่มือการเขียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a 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