PostgreSQL: The world's most advanced open source database

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <title>PostgreSQL: The world's most advanced open source database</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/xhtml; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="description" content="The official site for PostgreSQL, the world's most advanced open source database" /> <meta name="theme-color" content="#336791"/> <meta name="copyright" content="The PostgreSQL Global Development Group" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.postgresql.org/" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="article:author" content="PostgreSQL Global Development Group" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-11-23T19:44:11.581451" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.postgresql.org/media/img/about/press/elephant.png" /> <meta property="og:title" content="PostgreSQL" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The world's most advanced open source database." /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="PostgreSQL" /> <link href="/media/css/fontawesome.css?18db9df6" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/media/css/bootstrap-4.4.1.min.css"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/dyncss/base.css?18db9df6"> <script src="/media/js/theme.js?18db9df6"></script> </head> <body> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row justify-content-md-center"> <div class="col">  <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light bg-light"> <a class="navbar-brand p-0" href="/"> <img class="logo" src="/media/img/about/press/elephant.png" alt="PostgreSQL Elephant Logo"> </a> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#pgNavbar" aria-controls="pgNavbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="pgNavbar"> <ul class="navbar-nav mr-auto"> <li class="nav-item p-2"><a href="/" title="Home">Home</a></li> <li class="nav-item p-2"><a href="/about/" title="About">About</a></li> <li class="nav-item p-2"><a href="/download/" title="Download">Download</a></li> <li class="nav-item p-2"><a href="/docs/" title="Documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li class="nav-item p-2"><a href="/community/" title="Community">Community</a></li> <li class="nav-item p-2"><a href="/developer/" title="Developers">Developers</a></li> <li class="nav-item p-2"><a href="/support/" title="Support">Support</a></li> <li class="nav-item p-2"><a href="/about/donate/" title="Donate">Donate</a></li> <li class="nav-item p-2"><a href="/account/" title="Your account">Your account</a></li> </ul> <form role="search" method="get" action="/search/"> <div class="input-group"> <input id="q" name="q" type="text" size="20" maxlength="255" accesskey="s" class="form-control" placeholder="Search for..."> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button class="btn btn-default" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </span> </div> </form> <form id="form-theme" class="form-inline d-none"> <button id="btn-theme" class="btn btn-default ml-1" type="button"></button> </form> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="row justify-content-center pg-shout-box"> <div class="col text-white text-center">November 21, 2024: <a href="/about/news/postgresql-172-166-1510-1415-1318-and-1222-released-2965/"> PostgreSQL 17.2, 16.6, 15.10, 14.15, 13.18, and 12.22 Released! </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="jumbotron jumbotron-fluid pg-jumbotron"> <div class="container"> <h1 class="text-white pg-jumbotron-header">PostgreSQL: The World's Most Advanced Open Source Relational Database</h1> <div class="row"> <div class="col text-center"> <a class="btn btn-light btn-rounded" role="button" href="/download/">Download <i class="fa fa-arrow-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> <a class="btn btn-light btn-rounded" role="button" href="/about/">New to PostgreSQL?</a> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="container margin">  <div class="row">  <div class="col-lg-6 feature"> <img src="/media/img/about/press/elephant.png" alt="PostgreSQL Elephant Logo"> <h2>New to PostgreSQL?</h2> <div class="text"> <p> PostgreSQL is a powerful, open source object-relational database system with over 35 years of active development that has earned it a strong reputation for reliability, feature robustness, and performance. </p> <p> There is a wealth of information to be found describing how to <a href="/download/">install</a> and <a href="/docs/">use</a> PostgreSQL through the <a href="/docs/">official documentation</a>. The <a href="/community/">open source community</a> provides many helpful places to become familiar with PostgreSQL, discover how it works, and find career opportunities. Learn more on how to <a href="/community/">engage with the community</a>. </p> </div> <a href="/about/" title="Learn More"><button type="button" class="btn btn-center btn-primary btn-inline-block">Learn More</button></a> <a href="/about/featurematrix/" title="Feature Matrix"><button type="button" class="btn btn-center btn-primary btn-inline-block">Feature Matrix</button></a> <a href="/about/governance/" title="Governance"><button type="button" class="btn btn-center btn-primary btn-inline-block">Governance</button></a> </div>   <div class="col-lg-6 feature"> <i class="fas fa-download"></i> <h2>Latest Releases</h2> <div class="text"> <p> <strong> 2024-11-21 - <a href="/about/news/postgresql-172-166-1510-1415-1318-and-1222-released-2965/"> PostgreSQL 17.2, 16.6, 15.10, 14.15, 13.18, and 12.22 Released! </a> </strong> </p> <p> The PostgreSQL Global Development Group has <a href="/download/">released an update</a> to all supported versions of PostgreSQL, including 17.2, 16.6, 15.10, 14.15, and 13.18. Additionally, due to the nature of one of the issues in the <a href="/about/news/out-of-cycle-release-scheduled-for-november-21-2024-2958/">previous update release</a>, the PostgreSQL Global Development Group is also releasing a 12.22 release for PostgreSQL 12. PostgreSQL 12 is now EOL and will not receive more fixes. </p> <p> <strong>This is the final release of PostgreSQL 12</strong>. PostgreSQL 12 is now end-of-life and will no longer receive security and bug fixes. If you are running PostgreSQL 12 in a production environment, we suggest that you make plans to upgrade to a newer, supported version of PostgreSQL. Please see our <a href="/support/versioning/">versioning policy</a> for more information. </p> <p> For the more information about this release, please review the <a href="/docs/release/">release notes</a>. You can download PostgreSQL from the <a href="/download/">download</a> page. </p> <ul> <li class=""><strong>17.2</strong> · 2024-11-21 · <a href="/docs/17/release-17-2.html">Notes</a></li> <li class="pg-bg-gray"><strong>16.6</strong> · 2024-11-21 · <a href="/docs/16/release-16-6.html">Notes</a></li> <li class=""><strong>15.10</strong> · 2024-11-21 · <a href="/docs/15/release-15-10.html">Notes</a></li> <li class="pg-bg-gray"><strong>14.15</strong> · 2024-11-21 · <a href="/docs/14/release-14-15.html">Notes</a></li> <li class=""><strong>13.18</strong> · 2024-11-21 · <a href="/docs/13/release-13-18.html">Notes</a></li> </ul> </div> <a href="/download/" title="Download"><button type="button" class="btn btn-center btn-primary">Download</button></a> <a href="/support/versioning/" title="Why Upgrade?"><button type="button" class="btn btn-center btn-outline-secondary btn-inline-block">Why Upgrade?</button></a> <a href="/support/security/" title="Security"><button type="button" class="btn btn-center btn-outline-secondary btn-inline-block">Security</button></a> </div>  </div>   <div class="row">  <div class="col-lg-6 feature"> <i class="fas fa-calendar-alt"></i> <h2>Upcoming Events</h2> <div class="text"> <ul> <li class=" non-badged"> 2024-11-25 – 2024-11-26 · <a href="/about/event/pgday-on-open-tech-summit-indonesia-2024-2513/">PGDay on Open Tech Summit Indonesia 2024</a> </li> <li class="pg-bg-gray "> <img src="/media/img/PostgreSQL_Badge1.svg" class="community" alt="PostgreSQL Community Event"> 2024-12-05 · <a href="/about/event/pgdaymed-2522/">PGDay/MED</a> </li> <li class=" "> <img src="/media/img/PostgreSQL_Badge1.svg" class="community" alt="PostgreSQL Community Event"> 2025-01-17 · <a href="/about/event/cern-pgday-2025-2520/">CERN PGDay 2025</a> </li> <li class="pg-bg-gray "> <img src="/media/img/PostgreSQL_Badge1.svg" class="community" alt="PostgreSQL Community Event"> 2025-01-28 · <a href="/about/event/prague-postgresql-developer-day-2025-2518/">Prague PostgreSQL Developer Day 2025</a> </li> <li class=" "> <img src="/media/img/PostgreSQL_Badge1.svg" class="community" alt="PostgreSQL Community Event"> 2025-01-31 – 2025-02-02 · <a href="/about/event/fosdem-pgday-2025-2519/">FOSDEM PGDay 2025</a> </li> <li class="pg-bg-gray "> <img src="/media/img/PostgreSQL_Badge1.svg" class="community" alt="PostgreSQL Community Event"> 2025-03-05 – 2025-03-07 · <a href="/about/event/pgconf-india-2025-2512/">PGConf India 2025</a> </li> <li class=" "> <img src="/media/img/PostgreSQL_Badge1.svg" class="community" alt="PostgreSQL Community Event"> 2025-03-06 – 2025-03-07 · <a href="/about/event/postgresqlscale22x-2517/">PostgreSQL@SCaLE22x</a> </li> </ul> <p> <img src="/media/img/PostgreSQL_Badge1.svg" class="community" alt="PostgreSQL Community Event"> indicates that an event is recognised under the <a href="/about/policies/conferences/">community event guidelines</a> and is directly helping the PostgreSQL community. </p> </div> <a href="/about/events/" title="Check Schedule"><button type="button" class="btn btn-center btn-primary btn-inline-block">Check Schedule</button></a> <a href="/account/events/new/" title="Add Your Event"><button type="button" class="btn btn-center btn-primary btn-inline-block">Add Your Event</button></a> </div>   <div class="col-lg-6 feature"> <i class="fas fa-envelope"></i> <h2>Mailing Lists</h2> <div class="text"> <p> The PostgreSQL <a href="https://lists.postgresql.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener">mailing lists</a> enable you to interact with active community participants on subjects related to the development of PostgreSQL, discovering how to use PostgreSQL, or learning about upcoming events and product releases. </p> <p> In order to manage your mailing list subscription, you need a <a href="/account/">PostgreSQL community account</a>. <a href="/account/">Signing up</a> is easy and gives you direct access to the <a href="/community/">global PostgreSQL community</a>. </p> </div> <a href="https://lists.postgresql.org" title="Subscribe"><button type="button" class="btn btn-center btn-primary btn-inline-block">Subscribe</button></a> <a href="https://www.postgresql.org/list/" title="View Archives"><button type="button" class="btn btn-center btn-outline-secondary btn-inline-block">View Archives</button></a> </div>  </div>  </div>  <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-6 cta cta-3"></div> <div class="col-lg-6 cta-text"> <h2>Learning Opportunities Ahead</h2> <p class="text-left"> Want to learn more about PostgreSQL and help build the community? Come to one of the many events, local user groups, & training sessions where you can meet experienced PostgreSQL users and enhance your database skills. </p> <a href="/about/events/" title="Browse Events"><button type="button" class="btn btn-light btn-rounded">Browse Events</button></a> <a href="/community/user-groups/" title="Browse User Groups"><button type="button" class="btn btn-light btn-rounded">Browse User Groups</button></a> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-7"> <h2 class="centered-lines">Latest News</h2>  <header> <h3> <a href="/about/news/postgresql-172-166-1510-1415-1318-and-1222-released-2965/"> PostgreSQL 17.2, 16.6, 15.10, 14.15, 13.18, and 12.22 Released! </a> </h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2024-11-21</li>  </ul> </header> <p> The PostgreSQL Global Development Group has <a href="/download/">released an update</a> to all supported versions of PostgreSQL, including 17.2, 16.6, 15.10, 14.15, and 13.18. Additionally, due to the nature of one of the issues in the <a href="/about/news/out-of-cycle-release-scheduled-for-november-21-2024-2958/">previous update release</a>, the PostgreSQL Global Development Group is also releasing a 12.22 release for PostgreSQL 12. PostgreSQL 12 is now EOL and will not receive more fixes. </p> <p> <strong>This is the final release of PostgreSQL 12</strong>. PostgreSQL 12 is now end-of-life and will no longer receive security and bug fixes. If you are running PostgreSQL 12 in a production environment, we suggest that you make plans to upgrade to a newer, supported version of PostgreSQL. Please see our <a href="/support/versioning/">versioning policy</a> for more information. </p> <p> For the more information about this release, please review the <a href="/docs/release/">release notes</a>. You can download PostgreSQL from the <a href="/download/">download</a> page. </p> <ul class="bold"> <li><a href="/about/news/postgresql-171-165-159-1414-1317-and-1221-released-2955/">Release Announcement</a></li> <li><a href="/docs/release/">Release Notes</a></li> <li><a href="/about/press/">PostgreSQL 17 Press Kit & Translations</a></li> <li><a href="/support/versioning/">Versioning Policy</a> <li><a href="/download/">Download</a></li> </ul> <a href="/about/newsarchive/" title="Archives"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-center btn-inline-block">Browse Archives</button></a> <a href="/account/news/new/" title="Submit News"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-center btn-inline-block">Submit News</button></a> </div> <div class="col-lg-5"> <div class="sidebar">  <ul class="divided"> <li> <h3><a href="/about/news/postgresql-172-166-1510-1415-1318-and-1222-released-2965/">PostgreSQL 17.2, 16.6, 15.10, 14.15, 13.18, and 12.22 Released!</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2024-11-21 by PostgreSQL Global Development Group</li> </ul> </li> <li> <h3><a href="/about/news/pgconfdev-2025-call-for-speakers-and-sponsors-2964/">PGConf.dev 2025 - Call for Speakers and Sponsors</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2024-11-20 by Slonik Events Canada</li> </ul> </li> <li> <h3><a href="/about/news/call-for-proposals-is-open-for-posette-an-event-for-postgres-2025-2954/">Call for Proposals is open for POSETTE: An Event for Postgres 2025!</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2024-11-20 by Microsoft Azure</li> </ul> </li> <li> <h3><a href="/about/news/pgscv-094-released-2953/">pgSCV 0.9.4 released.</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2024-11-19 by pgSCV</li> </ul> </li> <li> <h3><a href="/about/news/pgdaymed-schedule-and-registration-2959/">PGDay/MED Schedule and Registration</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2024-11-19 by PGDay/MED</li> </ul> </li> </ul>  </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="container margin"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <h2 class="centered-lines"><span>PLANET POSTGRESQL</span></h2> <div class="feature"><i class="fas fa-globe"></i></div> </div> </div>  <div class="row">  <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="text-center"> <h3><a href="https://postgr.es/p/6Io"> DELETEs are difficult</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-comments"></i> Radim Marek</li> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2024-11-23</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="text-center"> <h3><a href="https://postgr.es/p/6In"> Postgres User Group Tallinn next event on 27th of November</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-comments"></i> Kaarel Moppel</li> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2024-11-22</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="text-center"> <h3><a href="https://postgr.es/p/6Im"> Changes on pgdoc.link</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-comments"></i> Hubert 'depesz' Lubaczewski</li> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2024-11-22</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="text-center"> <h3><a href="https://postgr.es/p/6Il"> Locale Cooking: Common Scenarios and Suggestions</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-comments"></i> Christophe Pettus</li> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2024-11-22</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="text-center"> <h3><a href="https://postgr.es/p/6Ij"> Transitioning from Oracle to PostgreSQL: Roles & Privileges</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-comments"></i> Umair Shahid</li> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2024-11-21</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="text-center"> <h3><a href="https://postgr.es/p/6Ii"> Talk Fast: The Speed of Various Collations</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-comments"></i> Christophe Pettus</li> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2024-11-21</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="text-center"> <h3><a href="https://postgr.es/p/6Ik"> PL/Perl now ties %ENV</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-comments"></i> Luca Ferrari</li> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2024-11-21</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="text-center"> <h3><a href="https://postgr.es/p/6Ih"> PostgreSQL 18: part 1 or CommitFest 2024-07</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-comments"></i> Pavel Luzanov</li> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2024-11-20</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="text-center"> <h3><a href="https://postgr.es/p/6If"> Loading the World! OpenStreetMap Import In Under 4 Hours</a></h3> <ul class="meta"> <li><i class="far fa-comments"></i> Greg Smith</li> <li><i class="far fa-clock"></i> 2024-11-19</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <a href="https://planet.postgresql.org" title="Browse Archives" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><button type="button" class="btn btn-center btn-primary">Browse Archives</button></a> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-6 cta-text"> <h2>Seeing unexpected behavior?</h2> <p> The PostgreSQL community takes pride in releasing software that reliably stores your data. If you believe you've discovered a bug, please click the button below and follow the instructions on how to submit a bug. </p> <a href="/account/submitbug/" title="Submit a Bug"><button type="button" class="btn btn-light btn-rounded">Submit a Bug</button></a> </div> <div class="col-lg-6 cta cta-2"></div> </div> </div>   <footer id="footer"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <ul> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/postgresql"><img src="/media/img/atpostgresql.png" alt="@postgresql"></a></li> <li><a href="https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git"><img src="/media/img/git.png" alt="Git"></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="container"> <a href="/about/policies/">Policies</a> | <a href="/about/policies/coc/">Code of Conduct</a> | <a href="/about/">About PostgreSQL</a> | <a href="/about/contact/">Contact</a><br/> <p>Copyright © 1996-2024 The PostgreSQL Global Development Group</p> </div> </footer> <script src="/media/js/jquery-3.4.1.slim.min.js"></script> <script src="/media/js/popper-1.16.0.min.js"></script> <script src="/media/js/bootstrap-4.4.1.min.js"></script> <script src="/media/js/main.js?18db9df6"></script> </body> </html>

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PostgreSQL: The world's most advanced open source database