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Gray|Paul Gray]] |office1 = Director of the [[Office of Science and Technology Policy|Office of Science and Technology]] |president1 = [[John F. Kennedy]]<br>[[Lyndon B. Johnson]] |term_start1 = January 20, 1961 |term_end1 = January 24, 1964 |predecessor1 = [[George Kistiakowsky]] |successor1 = [[Donald Hornig]] |birth_name = Jerome Bert Wiesner |birth_date = {{birth date|1915|5|30}} |birth_place = [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], U.S. |death_date = {{death date and age|1994|10|21|1915|5|30}} |death_place = [[Watertown, Massachusetts]], U.S. |spouse = Laya Wainger |education = [[University of Michigan]] <small>([[Bachelor of Science|BS]], [[Master of Science|MS]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])</small> |awards = [[IEEE Founders Medal]] {{small|(1977)}}<br>[[Vannevar Bush Award]] {{small|(1992)}} |module = {{Infobox scientist |embed = yes |field = [[Electrical engineering]] |workplaces = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]<br>[[Los Alamos Laboratory]] |thesis_title = Pre-ignition phenomena in gas switching tubes and related rectifier burnout problems |thesis_url = https://search.proquest.com/docview/301859525/ |thesis_year = 1950}} }} '''Jerome Bert Wiesner''' (May 30, 1915 – October 21, 1994) was a professor of [[electrical engineering]], chosen by President [[John F. Kennedy]] as chairman of his [[President's Science Advisory Committee|Science Advisory Committee]] (PSAC). Educated at the [[University of Michigan]], Wiesner was associate director of the university's radio broadcasting service and provided electronic and acoustical assistance to the [[National Music Camp]] at [[Interlochen, Michigan]]. During [[World War II]], he worked on [[microwave radar]] development at the [[Radiation Laboratory|MIT Radiation Laboratory]]. He worked briefly after the war at the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], then returned to MIT's Research Laboratory of Electronics from 1946 to 1961. After serving as Kennedy's science advisor, he returned to MIT, becoming its [[List of presidents of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology|president]] from 1971 to 1980. He was an outspoken critic of crewed exploration of [[outer space]], believing instead in automated space probes. He challenged [[NASA]]'s choice of developing the [[Apollo Lunar Module]] as a means to achieving Kennedy's goal of landing men on the Moon. At Kennedy's direction, he investigated [[Rachel Carson]]'s criticism of the use of the pesticide [[DDT]], and issued a report in support of her claims. He was an advocate for [[arms control]], and a critic of [[anti-ballistic missile]] defense systems. While MIT president, he was put on President [[Richard M. Nixon]]'s [[master list of Nixon's political opponents|extended "enemies list"]]. == Early life and education == Wiesner was born in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Jewish immigrants from [[Silesia]]<ref>{{Cite news|first=Tam|last= Dalyell |authorlink= |title= Obituary: Jerome Wiesner |newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=October 23, 2011 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-jerome-wiesner-1445177.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-jerome-wiesner-1445177.html |archive-date=2022-06-08 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |quote=Born in Detroit of first-generation Jewish parents from Silesia}}</ref> and raised in Dearborn. He attended Fordson High School. He received a [[Bachelor of Science]] (BS) degree in [[electrical engineering]] and mathematics in 1937, and a [[Master of Science]] (MS) degree in 1938, at the [[University of Michigan]]. He received a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] (PhD) in electrical engineering from UM in 1950.<ref name="thesis-wiesner-1950">{{cite thesis |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/301859525/ |title=Pre-ignition phenomena in gas switching tubes and related rectifier burnout problems |date=1950 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |type=Ph.D. |last=Wiesner |first=Jerome Bert |via=[[ProQuest]] |url-access=subscription|oclc=68272074}}</ref> Interested in radio broadcasting and acoustics, he was associate director of UM's radio broadcasting service. He also participated in studies of acoustics, and assisted in developing electronic techniques, at the [[National Music Camp]] at [[Interlochen, Michigan]].<ref name="MITobit" /> In 1940, Wiesner married Laya Wainger, a fellow mathematics major he met at UM. The same year, he was appointed chief engineer for the Acoustical and Record Laboratory of the [[Library of Congress]], in which capacity he traveled the American South and Southwest under a [[Carnegie Corporation]] grant with folklorist [[Alan Lomax]], recording the folk music of these regions.<ref name="MITobit">http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1994/weisner-obit-1026.html President emeritus Jerome Wiesner is dead at 79 October 26, 1994</ref> In this role, he became friends with folk singer [[Pete Seeger]], who performed at the concert for Wiesner's inauguration as President of MIT in 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19711007&id=i5srAAAAIBAJ&pg=6299,827980&hl=en|title=The Telegraph, Oct. 7, 1971}}</ref> == Career == Wiesner began his professional career at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], joining the [[Radiation Laboratory|MIT Radiation Laboratory]] in 1942 and working on [[microwave radar]] development. He became an associate member of the laboratory's steering committee, and led "Project Cadillac", which developed the forerunner of the [[Airborne early warning and control|AWAC]] system.<ref name="MITobit" /> At the end of [[World War II]], he worked briefly at the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], then returned to MIT as a professor of electrical engineering, and worked from 1946 to 1961 at the Research Laboratory of Electronics at MIT (RLE), ultimately becoming the director.<ref name="MITobit" /> Between this time, he is known to have attended the [[Macy conferences|Macy Conferences]] in 1952, and to have provided feedback alongside [[Walter Pitts]] during a presentation on [[Homeostasis|homeostatic]] systems by [[W. Ross Ashby|Ross Ashby]].<ref>{{cite conference |title = Homeostasis |last1 = Ashby |first1 = R |editor-last1 = [[heinz von Foerster|von Foerster]] |editor-first1 = H |editor-last2 = [[margaret Mead|Mead]] |editor-first2 = M |editor-last3 = [[Hans-Lukas Teuber|Teuber]] |editor-first3 = H.L. |editor-last4 = [[Claus Pias|Pias]] |editor-first4 = C |conference = Cybernetics. Transactions of the Ninth Conference |date = March 1952 |publisher = The MIT Press |book-title = Cybernetics: The Macy Conferences 1946-1953 |pages = 593–619 |location = Cambridge, MA |via = [[Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation|Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation]] |author1-link = ross Ashby }}</ref> ===Kennedy administration=== President [[John F. Kennedy]] named Wiesner to chair the [[President's Science Advisory Committee]] (PSAC) in February, 1961. ====Space program==== Before Kennedy took office, Wiesner chaired a task force which issued a report to the President-elect on January 10, 1961, warning of "inadequate planning and direction" and "the lack of outstanding scientists and engineers" in its space efforts, and expressing his opposition to crewed space flight,<ref>House Science and Astronautics Committee, Defense Space interests, 87th Cong., 1st sess. (1961), p. 19.</ref> saying that [[Project Mercury]] "exaggerated the value of that aspect of space activity where we are less likely to achieve success. We should stop advertising Mercury as our major objective in space activities."<ref>Levine, ''Future of the US Space Program'', p. 71. Emphasis in original.</ref><ref>Levine, Anold S. (1982). [https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4102/ch2.htm ''Managing NASA in the Apollo Era'', chapter 27, "The Lunar Landing Decision and Its Aftermath". NASA SP-4102.]</ref> The Wiesner Report, as it was called, outlined to Kennedy Wiesner's advice to not continue with the crewed space program, Project Mercury. The President's Science Advisory Committee highlighted the skepticism of the scientific elite about sending humans into space. Wiesner was not concerned with the political aspects that others in Kennedy's administration were. Wiesner believed that the space program would continue making scientific advancements even without man. Also, he highlighted the disaster that would come out of a failure to place a man into orbit or causing the death of an astronaut, saying it "would create a situation of serious national embarrassment". These two points were among the many reasons Wiesner did not want to send man into space.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Logsdon|editor1-first=John|title=Report to the President-Elect of the Ad Hoc Committee on Space|date=January 10, 1961|location=NASA Historical Reference Collection|pages=416–423}}</ref> When [[NASA]] decided in June 1962 on [[Lunar Orbit Rendezvous]] as the strategy for its [[Apollo program]] to meet Kennedy's goal of landing men on the Moon by the end of the 1960s, Wiesner had created a Space Vehicle Panel, chaired by Nicolas Golovin, to monitor and second-guess NASA.<ref>Golovin had been NASA Associate Administrator [[Robert Seamans]]' special technical assistant, who left NASA after chairing an ad-hoc committee for Seamans in July 1961 to recommend an Apollo launch vehicle. Contrary to Wiesner's expectation, this NASA committee had helped open the door to serious consideration of LOR. [https://history.nasa.gov/monograph4.pdf Hansen, James R. (1999). ''Enchanted Rendezvous: John C. Houbolt and the Genesis of the Lunar-Orbit Rendezvous Concept''. ]</ref> The SVP forced NASA to defend its decision to develop the [[Saturn V]] launch vehicle and a [[Apollo Lunar Module|Lunar Excursion Module]], delaying its announcement news conference to July 11, and causing NASA Administrator [[James E. Webb]] to hedge by calling the decision tentative, keeping the Earth-orbit rendezvous and direct-ascent methods as possible backups, but still maintaining, "We find that by adding one vehicle to those already under development, namely, the lunar excursion vehicle, we have an excellent opportunity to accomplish this mission with a shorter time span, with a saving of money, and with equal safety to any other modes."<ref>Brooks, Grimwood, and Swenson (1979). [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4205/ch3-7.html ''Chariots For Apollo'', chapter 3.7, "Casting the Die". NASA SP-4205.]</ref> But Golovin and Wiesner kept up the pressure, Wiesner at one point making the disagreement public during a two-day September visit by the President to [[Marshall Space Flight Center]]. Wiesner blurted out "No, that's no good," in front of the press, during a presentation by Marshall Director [[Wernher von Braun]]. Webb jumped in and defended von Braun, until Kennedy ended the squabble by stating that the matter was "still subject to final review." Webb held firm, as NASA issued a [[request for proposal]] to candidate LEM contractors. Wiesner finally relented, unwilling to settle the dispute once and for all in Kennedy's office, because of the President's involvement with the October [[Cuban Missile Crisis]], and fear of Kennedy's support for Webb. NASA announced the selection of [[Grumman]] as the LEM contractor in November 1962.<ref>Brooks, Grimwood, and Swenson (1979). [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4205/ch4-4.html ''Chariots For Apollo'', chapter 4.4, "Pressures by PSAC". NASA SP-4205.]</ref> ====Pesticide usage==== In the wake of controversy surrounding the 1962 publication of [[Rachel Carson]]'s ''[[Silent Spring]]'', which questioned the indiscriminate use of the pesticide [[DDT]], Kennedy directed the PSAC to conduct an investigation into Carson's claims. Wiesner held hearings, and on May 15, 1963, published a report titled "The Use of Pesticides",<ref name="pmid17810673">{{cite journal|author=Greenberg DS |title=Pesticides: White House Advisory Body Issues Report Recommending Steps to Reduce Hazard to Public |journal=Science |volume=140 |issue=3569 |pages=878–9 |date=May 1963 |pmid=17810673 |doi=10.1126/science.140.3569.878 |bibcode=1963Sci...140..878G }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| publisher = For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govt. Print. Off| title = Use of pesticides: a report| location = Washington, The White House| date = 1963|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPOF-087-003.aspx|oclc=748974}}</ref> which recommended a phaseout of "persistent toxic pesticides."<ref name="Michaels2008">{{cite book |last=Michaels |first=David |title=Doubt is Their Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=New York|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-530067-3|title-link=Doubt is Their Product }}</ref> ====Nuclear arms limitation==== Wiesner's obituary described him as "a key figure in the Kennedy administration in the establishment of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, in achieving the October 1963 [[Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty]], and in the successful effort to restrict the deployment of antiballistic missile systems.”<ref>{{cite journal|last=RUBINSON|first=PAUL|title=Crucified on a Cross of Atoms: Scientists, Politics, and the Test Ban Treaty|journal=Diplomatic History|volume=35|number=2|year=2011|pages=297–307|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7709.2010.00950.x |jstor=24916480 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24916480|access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> ===Return to MIT=== Shortly before his assassination in November 1963, Kennedy decided to replace Wiesner as PSAC chair with [[Donald Hornig]] of [[Princeton University]]. As Kennedy's successor, [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] honored the appointment in 1964.<ref name=nyt>[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/27/science/donald-hornig-a-bomb-scientist-and-brown-president-dies-at-92.html?ref=obituaries&_r=0 Donald Hornig, Last to See First A-Bomb, Dies at 92, The New York Times, January 26, 2013]</ref> After leaving the White House, Wiesner returned to MIT as Dean of the School of Science, became Provost in 1966, and served as President from 1971 to 1980.{{Ref|obit}} He was also elected a life member of the MIT Corporation. During the [[Watergate scandal]], it was disclosed in June 1973 that [[Charles W. Colson]], counsel to [[Richard Nixon|President Nixon]], had prepared a short list of 20 people deemed "hostile to the administration" on September 9, 1971.{{Ref|nixonenemies}} What became popularly known as "[[Master list of Nixon's political opponents|Nixon's enemies list]]" was discovered to have been expanded to include Wiesner, among twenty other academics. According to an issue of ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' reprinted in the ''[[Boston Globe]]'' and ''[[Washington Post]]'', a White House memo discussed a Nixon order to "cut back on MIT's subsidy in view of Wiesner's anti-defense bias".{{Ref|nixonenemies2}} ==Portrayal== Wiesner was portrayed by [[Al Franken]] in the 1998 [[HBO]] miniseries ''[[From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)|From the Earth to the Moon]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/03/movies/television-review-boyish-eyes-on-the-moon.html|title=Television Review; Boyish Eyes on the Moon|work=The New York Times|date=April 3, 1998|access-date=August 5, 2018|last1=James|first1=Caryn}}</ref> ==Awards and honors== Wiesner was elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1953 and the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1969.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jerome Bert Wiesner |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/jerome-bert-wiesner |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Jerome+Wiesner&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> He was awarded the [[The Franklin Institute Awards|Delmer S. Fahrney Award]] in 1980. In 1993 Wiesner was awarded the [[Public Welfare Medal]] from the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]], of which he was a member.<ref name=PublicWelfare>{{cite web|title=Public Welfare Award |url=http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_pwm |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |access-date=18 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229180311/http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_pwm |archive-date=29 December 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jerome B. Wiesner |url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/49135.html |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref> ==Personal life== Wiesner died at his home in [[Watertown, Massachusetts]] of heart failure at age 79.<ref name="MITobit" /> His son, [[Stephen Wiesner]], made fundamental discoveries in [[quantum information]] theory. ==Bibliography (selection)== ===Articles=== * {{cite journal |author1=[[Philip Morrison|Morrison, Philip]]|author2=Kosta Tsipis|author3=Jerome Wiesner |date=February 1994 |title= The Future of American Defense|journal=[[Scientific American]] |volume= 270|issue=2 |pages=20–27 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0194-20|bibcode=1994SciAm.270a..20P}} ==Notes== #{{note|obit}} [http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1994/weisner-obit-1026.html Obituary], MIT News Office #{{note|nixonenemies}} "Lists of White House 'Enemies' and Memorandums Relating to Those Named", ''The New York Times'', June 28, 1973, p.&nbsp;38. #{{note|nixonenemies2}} "[http://tech.mit.edu/archives/VOL_093/TECH_V093_S0269_P004.pdf Enemies list]", ''The Tech'' (MIT's student newspaper), September 7, 1973, p.&nbsp;4. #[http://ic.media.mit.edu/projects/JBW/ A Random Walk through the Twentieth Century], online hyper-biography of Wiesner from 1995 ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==External links== {{Archival records | title = Jerome B. Wiesner papers | location = Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Distinctive Collections, Cambridge, Massachusetts. | inventory_number = MC-0420 | description_URL = https://archivesspace.mit.edu/repositories/2/resources/913 | dates =  | access_conditions = This collection is open. }} {{s-start}} {{s-gov}} {{s-bef|before=[[George Kistiakowsky]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Director of the [[Office of Science and Technology Policy|Office of Science and Technology]]|years=1961–1964}} {{s-aft|after=[[Donald Hornig]]}} {{s-end}} {{MIT presidents}} {{MIT provosts}} {{IEEE Founders Medal}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wiesner, Jerome}} [[Category:1915 births]] [[Category:1994 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century American engineers]] [[Category:American electrical engineers]] [[Category:Fordson High School alumni]] [[Category:Human spaceflight opponents]] [[Category:Jewish American scientists]] [[Category:MIT School of Engineering faculty]] [[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology provosts]] [[Category:MIT Media Lab people]] [[Category:Office of Science and Technology Policy officials]] [[Category:Presidents of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] [[Category:University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni]] [[Category:20th-century American Jews]] [[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]] [[Category:20th-century American academics]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Archival_records" title="Template:Archival records">Template:Archival records</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Archival_records&action=edit" title="Template:Archival records">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Authority_control" 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