CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>2011 South Sudanese independence referendum - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6b015672-2bd0-4eaf-b4c4-98b6cc5e7405","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum","wgTitle":"2011 South Sudanese independence referendum","wgCurRevisionId":1273817511,"wgRevisionId":1273817511,"wgArticleId":13265409,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from June 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 maint: archived copy as title","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with dead external links from May 2018","Articles with dead external links from January 2017","Articles with short description", "Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from September 2020","Articles to be expanded from January 2011","All articles to be expanded","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2011","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2011","Articles to be expanded from July 2011","Commons category link from Wikidata","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from January 2011","2011 in South Sudan","2011 in Sudan","2011 referendums","Independence referendums","Referendums in South Sudan","Referendums in Sudan","Separatism in Sudan","January 2011 in Africa","South Sudan–Sudan relations"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum","wgRelevantArticleId":13265409,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q207950","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/South_Sudan_independence_celebration_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="794"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/South_Sudan_independence_celebration_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="529"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/South_Sudan_independence_celebration_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/640px-South_Sudan_independence_celebration_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="424"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="2011 South Sudanese independence referendum - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum rootpage-2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Campaign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Campaign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egyptian_and_Libyan_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egyptian_and_Libyan_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Egyptian and Libyan involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egyptian_and_Libyan_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abyei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abyei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Abyei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abyei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Kurdufan_and_Blue_Nile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Kurdufan_and_Blue_Nile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>South Kurdufan and Blue Nile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Kurdufan_and_Blue_Nile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Religion and tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Polls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_precedents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_precedents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External precedents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_precedents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Monitors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Registration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Registration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diaspora_voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora_voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Diaspora voting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora_voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Violence_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 South Sudanese independence referendum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_2011" title="استفتاء جنوب السودان 2011 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استفتاء جنوب السودان 2011" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendu_sobre_la_independencia_de_Sud%C3%A1n_del_Sur_de_2011" title="Referendu sobre la independencia de Sudán del Sur de 2011 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Referendu sobre la independencia de Sudán del Sur de 2011" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Референдум за независимост на Южен Судан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Референдум за независимост на Южен Судан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refer%C3%A8ndum_sobre_la_independ%C3%A8ncia_del_Sudan_del_Sud" title="Referèndum sobre la independència del Sudan del Sud – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Referèndum sobre la independència del Sudan del Sud" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_o_samostatnosti_Ji%C5%BEn%C3%ADho_S%C3%BAd%C3%A1nu" title="Referendum o samostatnosti Jižního Súdánu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Referendum o samostatnosti Jižního Súdánu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkeafstemningen_om_uafh%C3%A6ngighed_i_Sydsudan" title="Folkeafstemningen om uafhængighed i Sydsudan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Folkeafstemningen om uafhængighed i Sydsudan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeitsreferendum_im_S%C3%BCdsudan_2011" title="Unabhängigkeitsreferendum im Südsudan 2011 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unabhängigkeitsreferendum im Südsudan 2011" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5una-Sudaani_iseseisvusreferendum" title="Lõuna-Sudaani iseseisvusreferendum – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lõuna-Sudaani iseseisvusreferendum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refer%C3%A9ndum_sobre_la_independencia_de_Sud%C3%A1n_del_Sur_de_2011" title="Referéndum sobre la independencia de Sudán del Sur de 2011 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Referéndum sobre la independencia de Sudán del Sur de 2011" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="همه‌پرسی استقلال سودان جنوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="همه‌پرسی استقلال سودان جنوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendum_sur_l%27ind%C3%A9pendance_du_Soudan_du_Sud" title="Référendum sur l'indépendance du Soudan du Sud – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Référendum sur l'indépendance du Soudan du Sud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendo_de_independencia_do_Sud%C3%A1n_do_Sur_de_2011" title="Referendo de independencia do Sudán do Sur de 2011 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Referendo de independencia do Sudán do Sur de 2011" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%EB%85%84_%EB%82%A8%EC%88%98%EB%8B%A8_%EB%8F%85%EB%A6%BD_%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC%ED%88%AC%ED%91%9C" title="2011년 남수단 독립 국민투표 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="2011년 남수단 독립 국민투표" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BE%D5%A5_(2011)" title="Հարավային Սուդանի անկախության հանրաքվե (2011) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարավային Սուդանի անկախության հանրաքվե (2011)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_kemerdekaan_Sudan_Selatan_2011" title="Referendum kemerdekaan Sudan Selatan 2011 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Referendum kemerdekaan Sudan Selatan 2011" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_sull%27indipendenza_del_Sudan_del_Sud_del_2011" title="Referendum sull'indipendenza del Sudan del Sud del 2011 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Referendum sull'indipendenza del Sudan del Sud del 2011" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9F" title="משאל העם על עצמאות דרום סודאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משאל העם על עצמאות דרום סודאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_(2011)" title="სამხრეთ სუდანის დამოუკიდებლობის რეფერენდუმი (2011) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამხრეთ სუდანის დამოუკიდებლობის რეფერენდუმი (2011)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura_ya_maoni_ya_uhuru_wa_Sudan_Kusini,_2011" title="Kura ya maoni ya uhuru wa Sudan Kusini, 2011 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kura ya maoni ya uhuru wa Sudan Kusini, 2011" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011._gada_Dienvidsud%C4%81nas_neatkar%C4%ABbas_referendums" title="2011. gada Dienvidsudānas neatkarības referendums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="2011. gada Dienvidsudānas neatkarības referendums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_m._Piet%C5%B3_Sudano_nepriklausomyb%C4%97s_referendumas" title="2011 m. Pietų Sudano nepriklausomybės referendumas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="2011 m. Pietų Sudano nepriklausomybės referendumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Референдум за независност на Јужен Судан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Референдум за независност на Јужен Судан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_kemerdekaan_Sudan_Selatan_2011" title="Referendum kemerdekaan Sudan Selatan 2011 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Referendum kemerdekaan Sudan Selatan 2011" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="2011年南部スーダン独立住民投票 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="2011年南部スーダン独立住民投票" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkeavstemningen_om_uavhengighet_i_S%C3%B8r-Sudan" title="Folkeavstemningen om uavhengighet i Sør-Sudan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Folkeavstemningen om uavhengighet i Sør-Sudan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_niepodleg%C5%82o%C5%9Bciowe_w_Sudanie_Po%C5%82udniowym" title="Referendum niepodległościowe w Sudanie Południowym – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Referendum niepodległościowe w Sudanie Południowym" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendo_sobre_a_independ%C3%AAncia_do_Sud%C3%A3o_do_Sul_em_2011" title="Referendo sobre a independência do Sudão do Sul em 2011 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Referendo sobre a independência do Sudão do Sul em 2011" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendumul_pentru_independen%C8%9Ba_Sudanului_de_Sud,_2011" title="Referendumul pentru independența Sudanului de Sud, 2011 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Referendumul pentru independența Sudanului de Sud, 2011" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Референдум о независимости Южного Судана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Референдум о независимости Южного Судана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Референдум о независности Јужног Судана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Референдум о независности Јужног Судана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_o_nezavisnosti_Ju%C5%BEnog_Sudana" title="Referendum o nezavisnosti Južnog Sudana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Referendum o nezavisnosti Južnog Sudana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etel%C3%A4-Sudanin_kansan%C3%A4%C3%A4nestys_itsen%C3%A4isyydest%C3%A4_2011" title="Etelä-Sudanin kansanäänestys itsenäisyydestä 2011 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etelä-Sudanin kansanäänestys itsenäisyydestä 2011" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkomr%C3%B6stningen_om_sj%C3%A4lvst%C3%A4ndighet_i_Sydsudan" title="Folkomröstningen om självständighet i Sydsudan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Folkomröstningen om självständighet i Sydsudan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2554" title="การลงประชามติแยกซูดานใต้เป็นเอกราช พ.ศ. 2554 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การลงประชามติแยกซูดานใต้เป็นเอกราช พ.ศ. 2554" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_G%C3%BCney_Sudan_ba%C4%9F%C4%B1ms%C4%B1zl%C4%B1k_referandumu" title="2011 Güney Sudan bağımsızlık referandumu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="2011 Güney Sudan bağımsızlık referandumu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Референдум щодо незалежності Південного Судану – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Референдум щодо незалежності Південного Судану" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0ng_c%E1%BA%A7u_d%C3%A2n_%C3%BD_%C4%91%E1%BB%99c_l%E1%BA%ADp_mi%E1%BB%81n_Nam_Sudan,_2011" title="Trưng cầu dân ý độc lập miền Nam Sudan, 2011 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trưng cầu dân ý độc lập miền Nam Sudan, 2011" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" title="南苏丹独立公投 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南苏丹独立公投" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207950#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&oldid=1273817511" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&id=1273817511&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Southern_Sudanese_independence_referendum,_2011" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207950" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1159459382">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px);overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:24em"><caption class="infobox-title">2011 South Sudanese independence referendum</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/50px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/75px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/100px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /></span></span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1150407293">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile"><hr /></span><span class="mobile"></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;width:10%;" class="noprint"></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;width:80%;" class=""><b>9 – 15 January 2011</b></td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;width:10%;" class="noprint"></td> </tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1150407293"><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile"><hr /></span><span class="mobile"></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #A2A9B1"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Sudan_independence_celebration_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/South_Sudan_independence_celebration_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/300px-South_Sudan_independence_celebration_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/South_Sudan_independence_celebration_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/450px-South_Sudan_independence_celebration_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/South_Sudan_independence_celebration_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/600px-South_Sudan_independence_celebration_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="450" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">People celebrating the independence of <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> on 9 July 2011</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#efefef;">Results</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:25em; margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr style="background-color: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: var( --color-base, #202122 )"> <th style="width: 50%;"><div style="float:left;">Choice</div> </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 25%">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 25%">% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>Secession</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right;margin-right: 0.5em"><b>3,792,518</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right;margin-right: 0.5em"><b><span data-sort-value="7001988302514771697♠" style="display:none"></span>98.83%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>Unity</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">44,888 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"><span data-sort-value="7000116974852283026♠" style="display:none"></span>1.17% </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: var( --color-base, #202122 )"> <td style="text-align: left">Valid votes </td> <td style="text-align: right;">3,837,406 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"><span data-sort-value="7001996212870528874♠" style="display:none"></span>99.62% </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: var( --color-base, #202122 )"> <td style="text-align: left">Invalid or blank votes </td> <td style="text-align: right;">14,588 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"><span data-sort-value="6999378712947112586♠" style="display:none"></span>0.38% </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: var( --color-base, #202122 )"> <td style="text-align: left"><b>Total votes</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"><b>3,851,994</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"><b>100.00%</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: var( --color-base, #202122 )"> <td style="text-align: left"><span class="nowrap">Registered voters/turnout</span> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">3,947,676 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"><span data-sort-value="7001975762448590005♠" style="display:none"></span>97.58% </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1150407293"><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile"><hr /></span><span class="mobile"></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Sudan_location_green_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/South_Sudan_location_green_map.svg/300px-South_Sudan_location_green_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/South_Sudan_location_green_map.svg/450px-South_Sudan_location_green_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/South_Sudan_location_green_map.svg/600px-South_Sudan_location_green_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1133" /></a></span><div>Results by <a href="/wiki/States_of_South_Sudan" title="States of South Sudan">region</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:19.5em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Sudan" title="Politics of South Sudan">Politics of South Sudan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_South_Sudan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Sudan.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Sudan.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Sudan.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="1640" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Sudan" title="Constitution of South Sudan">Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Executive</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_South_Sudan" title="List of heads of state of South Sudan">President</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit" title="Salva Kiir Mayardit">Salva Kiir Mayardit</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_South_Sudan" title="Vice President of South Sudan">Vice Presidents</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Riek_Machar" title="Riek Machar">Riek Machar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bol_Mel" title="Benjamin Bol Mel">Benjamin Bol Mel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Wani_Igga" title="James Wani Igga">James Wani Igga</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Nyandeng_De_Mabior" title="Rebecca Nyandeng De Mabior">Rebecca Nyandeng De Mabior</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Lagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Josephine Lagu">Josephine Lagu</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of South Sudan">Government</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_South_Sudan" title="Cabinet of South Sudan">Cabinet</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/National_Legislature_(South_Sudan)" title="National Legislature (South Sudan)">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(South_Sudan)" title="Council of States (South Sudan)">Transitional Council of States</a> <dl><dd>Speaker: <a href="/wiki/Deng_Deng_Akon" title="Deng Deng Akon">Deng Deng Akon</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Legislative_Assembly_(South_Sudan)" title="National Legislative Assembly (South Sudan)">Reconstituted Transitional National Legislative Assembly</a> <dl><dd>Speaker: <a href="/wiki/Jemma_Nunu_Kumba" title="Jemma Nunu Kumba">Jemma Nunu Kumba</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_South_Sudan" title="Judiciary of South Sudan">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_Supreme_Court" title="South Sudan Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of South Sudan">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_South_Sudan" title="States of South Sudan">States and administrative areas</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_state_governors_in_South_Sudan" title="List of current state governors in South Sudan">Governors</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_South_Sudan" title="Counties of South Sudan">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payam_(administrative_division)" title="Payam (administrative division)">Payam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of South Sudan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boma_(administrative_division)" title="Boma (administrative division)">Boma</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Sudan" title="Elections in South Sudan">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>General: <a href="/wiki/2010_South_Sudanese_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 South Sudanese general election">2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2026_South_Sudanese_general_election" title="2026 South Sudanese general election"><i>2026</i></a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Referendums: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">2011</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Sudan" title="List of political parties in South Sudan">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Sudan" title="Foreign relations of South Sudan">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_International_Cooperation_(South_Sudan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (South Sudan)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Mayiik_Ayii_Deng" title="Mayiik Ayii Deng">Mayiik Ayii Deng</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_South_Sudan" title="List of diplomatic missions of South Sudan">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_South_Sudan" title="List of diplomatic missions in South Sudan">in South Sudan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_nationality_law" title="South Sudanese nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_passport" title="South Sudanese passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_South_Sudanese_citizens" title="Visa requirements for South Sudanese citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_South_Sudan" title="Visa policy of South Sudan">Visa policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Sudan" title="Human rights in South Sudan">Human rights</a></li> <li>United Nations <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_South_Sudan" title="United Nations Mission in South Sudan">Mission in South <span class="nowrap">Sudan <span style="font-size:85%;">(UNMISS)</span></span></a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Sudan" title="United Nations Mission in Sudan">Mission in Sudan <span style="font-size:85%;">(UNMIS)</span></a></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Security_Force_for_Abyei" title="United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei">Interim Security Force for <span class="nowrap">Abyei <span style="font-size:85%;">(UNISFA)</span></span></a></div></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_South_Sudan" title="Template:Politics of South Sudan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_South_Sudan" title="Template talk:Politics of South Sudan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_South_Sudan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of South Sudan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Sudan_Autonomous_Region_(2005%E2%80%932011)" title="Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–2011)">Southern Sudan</a> from 9 to 15 January 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on whether the region should remain a part of <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> or become independent.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The referendum was one of the consequences of the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Peace Agreement">Naivasha Agreement</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> central government and the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army/Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement">Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement</a> (SPLA/M). </p><p>A simultaneous <a href="/wiki/Abyei_status_referendum" title="Abyei status referendum">referendum</a> was supposed to be held in <a href="/wiki/Abyei" title="Abyei">Abyei</a> on whether to become part of South Sudan but it was postponed due to conflict over <a href="/wiki/Demarcation_line" title="Demarcation line">demarcation</a> and residency rights.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 February 2011, the referendum commission published the final results, with a landslide majority of 98.83% voting in favour of independence.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the ballots were suspended in 10 of the 79 counties for exceeding 100% of the voter turnout, the number of votes was still well over the requirement of 60% turnout, and the majority vote for secession is not in question. </p><p>The predetermined date for the creation of an <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">independent state</a> was 9 July 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prerequisites for the referendum included a census, which was used to define how wealth and political power will be apportioned between regions. The census was the basis of a voter registration process, which was also used for the <a href="/wiki/2010_Sudanese_general_election" title="2010 Sudanese general election">national elections in 2010</a>, which in turn set the stage for the referendum. The census was delayed three times. Problems included disagreements between the north and south over what they are obliged to do by the <a href="/wiki/Naivasha_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivasha Agreement">Naivasha Agreement</a>, funding difficulties and an enormous logistical challenge. In the south, unmapped minefields from the war continue to make movement difficult, while up to 5,000,000 Sudanese are nomadic. Up to 2,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced persons</a> from the south remain in camps around <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, in the centre of the country, whilst <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> remain in <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. A further complication results from <a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">the conflict</a> in <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a> to the west, where civilians who have fled attacks refuse to take part in census out of fear that the government would use the results against them. Darfuri rebel groups are unanimous in their denunciation of the planned census, while the <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Equality_Movement" title="Justice and Equality Movement">Justice and Equality Movement</a> group has threatened to attack any census-taker.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were disagreements between the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_(Sudan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Congress (Sudan)">National Congress Party</a> (NCP) and the SPLA/M about what proportion of voters will have to be in favour of independence (the NCP wanted at least 75% support required), whether Southern Sudanese living in the north should be allowed to vote, and the post-referendum separation process (including the division of the national debt).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modest progress was made in early September 2010, but disagreements on fundamental points remain.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is envisaged that "popular consultations" in <a href="/wiki/South_Kordofan" title="South Kordofan">South Kordofan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Nile (state)">Blue Nile</a>, without a clear reference to referendums and/or independence, would raise concerns about the future of these regions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Peace Agreement">Comprehensive Peace Agreement</a> (or CPA),<sup id="cite_ref-preelection_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preelection-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in October 2009, the central government of Sudan and the South Sudanese government agreed that turnout would have to be at least 60% of 3,800,000 voters would be necessary to validate. In this case, a simple majority vote in favour of independence would result in secession for South Sudan;<sup id="cite_ref-tribune_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribune-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> should the turnout be insufficient in the first referendum, a second one will be held within sixty days.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign">Campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/200px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/300px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/400px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>The flag of the Government of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Sudan_Autonomous_Region_(2005%E2%80%932011)" title="Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–2011)">Southern Sudan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_Regions_of_Sudan_-_July_2006.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Political_Regions_of_Sudan_-_July_2006.svg/220px-Political_Regions_of_Sudan_-_July_2006.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Political_Regions_of_Sudan_-_July_2006.svg/330px-Political_Regions_of_Sudan_-_July_2006.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Political_Regions_of_Sudan_-_July_2006.svg/440px-Political_Regions_of_Sudan_-_July_2006.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f7931d; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> proper</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8cc63f; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800080; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(Sudan)" title="Eastern Front (Sudan)">Eastern Front, area of operations July 2006</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00adef; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> (held referendum in 2011)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Abyei (referendum for 2011 postponed indefinitely)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fb6282; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> States to hold "popular consultations" in 2011: <a href="/wiki/South_Kurdufan" class="mw-redirect" title="South Kurdufan">South Kurdufan</a> (process suspended)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Nile (state)">Blue Nile</a> (postponed indefinitely)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></figcaption></figure><p>Sudanese officials have said throughout campaigning that, regardless of their pro-unity or pro-separatist stance, the ultimate aim was a peaceful transition. Vice President Kiir acknowledged his administration had failed to deliver "the dividends of peace", and noted that a campaign to confiscate arms was a solution to maintaining stability.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sudan's President <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a> said that the southern region had a right to choose to secede and that the referendum was helpful because unity "could not be forced by power." He also said he would respect the outcome of the vote and support the south.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he also said that though secession was a right it may not resolve issues for the south: "The stability of the south is very important to us because any instability in the south will have an impact on the north. If there is a war in your neighbour's house, you will not be at peace. The south suffers from many problems. It's been at war since 1959. The south does not have the ability to provide for its citizens or create a state or authority." </p><p>Negotiations continue between the ruling parties in the north and south on potential post-referendum arrangements—looking at future issues such as citizenship, security, finance and wealth sharing. Minister of Petroleum Mr. Deng said he fears that an immediate budget cut for the north would ignite a war. "In order to avoid conflict, we could look to a phase-out arrangement whereby you provide the north some [oil] until they get an alternative".<sup id="cite_ref-vote_at_risk_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vote_at_risk-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pipeline to export southern oil currently cuts through the north, and the south has not begun construction on a pipeline that would avoid that route. In an article published by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> on 21 September 2010, Deng noted that an interim agreement could help both north and south and result in a "win-win". The northern government said it would assume most of the country's $38,000,000,000 debt if secession was voted upon.<sup id="cite_ref-debt_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debt-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>National campaigns were being held by both parties to address issues of potential clashes ahead of the referendum. President Al-Bashir wanted to reassure and assuage tension surrounding the issue of citizenship rights in the case of South Sudan secession. He said that even if southerners opted for secession, "the sentimental unity and social relations between north and south Sudan will remain standing." Al-Bashir vowed that the rights of southern citizens staying in the north after secession would be safeguarded, saying that his party would not allow anyone to infringe on the rights of southerners in the north, their properties, freedoms and residence regardless of citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northern <a href="/w/index.php?title=Justice_and_Peace_Forum_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justice and Peace Forum Party (page does not exist)">Justice and Peace Forum Party</a> advocated separation of the country citing unity as a "bad forced marriage." Its chairman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Taieb_Mustafa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Taieb Mustafa (page does not exist)">Al Taieb Mustafa</a> said that the prospective support for the referendum would be "the real independence day for Sudan."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 January, the mood in <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a>, the southern capital, and the wider region was said to be jubilant with final pro-secession rallies celebrating independence in advance.<sup id="cite_ref-preelection_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preelection-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egyptian_and_Libyan_involvement">Egyptian and Libyan involvement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Egyptian and Libyan involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early during the referendum process, an Egyptian proposal was made to have a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> between the north and south of the country. However, President Omar al-Bashir said it was not being considered because the issue of the referendum was about "unity or separation. Our brothers in the south are refusing at the moment the proposal of confederation. If the separation was the result of the referendum, the two sides are going to negotiate over the future of relations between them."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a> and Libyan leader <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> later went to Sudan to try to assuage the conflict, though both men had previously called for the country to stay united. Egypt's Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Aboul_Gheit" title="Ahmed Aboul Gheit">Ahmed Aboul Gheit</a> said the meeting sought to ensure the referendum could be held in a "climate of freedom, transparency, and credibility, reflecting the will of the sons of the south" and also that both the South and North could strengthen bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:19.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sudan" title="Politics of Sudan">Politics of Sudan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Sudan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_Sudan.svg/125px-Emblem_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_Sudan.svg/188px-Emblem_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_Sudan.svg/250px-Emblem_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League"><img alt="Arab League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Member State of the Arab League</a></span> </p> <hr /></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sudan" title="Constitution of Sudan">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Transitional_Constitution_of_Sudan" title="1956 Transitional Constitution of Sudan">1956 Transitional Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Constitution_of_Sudan" title="1973 Constitution of Sudan">1973 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_transition_to_democracy#Draft_Constitutional_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Sudanese transition to democracy">4 August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Executive</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Sudan" title="List of heads of state of Sudan">Presidency</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Sovereignty_Council" title="Transitional Sovereignty Council">Transitional Sovereignty Council</a> <dl><dd>Chairman: <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Burhan" title="Abdel Fattah al-Burhan">Abdel Fattah al-Burhan</a></dd> <dd>Deputy Chairman: <a href="/wiki/Malik_Agar" title="Malik Agar">Malik Agar</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Sudan" title="List of heads of government of Sudan">Prime Minister</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Osman_Hussein_(politician)" title="Osman Hussein (politician)">Osman Hussein</a> (acting)</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sudan" title="Cabinet of Sudan">Cabinet</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Transitional_government_of_Sudan_(2025%E2%80%93present)" title="Transitional government of Sudan (2025–present)">2025 transitional cabinet</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/National_Legislature_(Sudan)" title="National Legislature (Sudan)">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Sudan)" title="Council of States (Sudan)">Council of States</a> (dissolved)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Sudan" title="National Assembly of Sudan">National assembly</a> (dissolved)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Legislative_Council_(Sudan)" title="Transitional Legislative Council (Sudan)">Transitional Legislative Council</a> (planned)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Court_(Sudan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional Court (Sudan) (page does not exist)">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_(Sudan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court (Sudan)">Supreme Court</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Sudan" title="Chief Justice of Sudan">Chief Justice</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nemat_Abdullah_Khair" title="Nemat Abdullah Khair">Nemat Abdullah Khair</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_Cassation_(Sudan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Court of Cassation (Sudan) (page does not exist)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li>Public Court</li> <li>District Courts</li> <li>Town and rural courts</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Sudan">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Sudan" title="States of Sudan">States</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_state_governors_in_Sudan" title="List of current state governors in Sudan">Governors</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abyei" title="Abyei">Abyei Area</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Security_Force_for_Abyei" title="United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei">Interim Security Force <span style="font-size:85%;">(UNISFA)</span></a></div></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li>Regions <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Darfur_Regional_Government" title="Darfur Regional Government">Darfur Regional Government</a></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sudan_States_Coordinating_Council" title="Eastern Sudan States Coordinating Council">Eastern Sudan States Coordinating Council</a></div></dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Sudan" title="Districts of Sudan">Districts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sudan" title="Elections in Sudan">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>General: <a href="/wiki/2010_Sudanese_general_election" title="2010 Sudanese general election">2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Sudanese_general_election" title="2015 Sudanese general election">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Next_Sudanese_general_election" title="Next Sudanese general election"><i>next</i></a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Sudan" title="List of political parties in Sudan">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sudan" title="Foreign relations of Sudan">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Sudan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Sudan)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Al-Sadiq_Ali" title="Ali Al-Sadiq Ali">Ali Al-Sadiq Ali</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Sudan" title="List of diplomatic missions of Sudan">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Sudan" title="List of diplomatic missions in Sudan">in Sudan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_passport" title="Sudanese passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Sudanese_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Sudanese citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Sudan" title="Visa policy of Sudan">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Sudan" title="Foreign aid to Sudan">Foreign aid</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">United Nations (UN) in Sudan</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Sudan" title="United Nations Mission in Sudan">Mission in Sudan <span style="font-size:85%;">(UNMIS)</span></a></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Security_Force_for_Abyei" title="United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei">Interim Security Force for <span class="nowrap">Abyei <span style="font-size:85%;">(UNISFA)</span></span></a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><span class="nowrap">African Union and UN in Sudan</span> <dl><dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_Union_%E2%80%93_United_Nations_Hybrid_Operation_in_Darfur" class="mw-redirect" title="African Union – United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur">Darfur operation <span style="font-size:85%;">(UNAMID)</span></a></span></dd></dl></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sudan" title="Human rights in Sudan">Human rights</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Darfur" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur">ICC investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum_massacre_investigation" title="Khartoum massacre investigation">Khartoum massacre investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Human_Rights_Commission_(Sudan)" title="National Human Rights Commission (Sudan)">National Human Rights Commission</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Sudan" title="Template:Politics of Sudan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Sudan" title="Template talk:Politics of Sudan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Sudan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Sudan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Observers and key players feared violence ahead of the South Sudan referendum for a variety of reasons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abyei">Abyei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Abyei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Abyei_status_referendum,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyei status referendum, 2011">Abyei status referendum, 2011</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudan_Envoy_-_Lining_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sudan_Envoy_-_Lining_up.jpg/220px-Sudan_Envoy_-_Lining_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sudan_Envoy_-_Lining_up.jpg/330px-Sudan_Envoy_-_Lining_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sudan_Envoy_-_Lining_up.jpg/440px-Sudan_Envoy_-_Lining_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Line for <a href="/wiki/Voter_registration" title="Voter registration">voter registration</a> in Abyei, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Talks on resolving the status and of the eligibility criteria for voters in the disputed Abyei region broke down in October 2010, although both the central ruling NCP and southern SPLM said their respective teams "will meet again in Ethiopia toward the end of October to continue their discussions. The parties continue to commit themselves to their mutual goal of avoiding a return to conflict."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Didiri Mohammad Ahmad, an NCP official, said it was "not possible" to hold the referendum on the future of Abyei on time, and it could be delayed for months or be settled without a vote. He added that "We agreed that in the next talks we will try to look for other alternatives."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sudan's Defense Minister, <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Rahim_Mohammed_Hussein" title="Abdel Rahim Mohammed Hussein">Abdel Rahim Mohammed Hussein</a>, suggested the vote may have to be postponed. "According to the reality on the ground...border issues and Abyei must be resolved within the framework of one nation because doing so in the framework of two countries open[s] the door for foreign interference. The referendum is not a goal but a tool to consolidate and promote security and stability. This [UDI] is illegal and will not be recognized by the African Union or the other [organizations] because it would contradict the peace agreement and its procedures."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sudan's UN ambassador <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daffa-Alla_Elhag_Ali_Osman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daffa-Alla Elhag Ali Osman (page does not exist)">Daffa-Alla Elhag Ali Osman</a> told the <a href="/wiki/Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Council">Security Council</a> that "It is evident that any attempt to conduct the plebiscite before achieving an acceptable settlement between the two parties [in Abyei] will mean only a return to war."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States said it was working to avoid the "danger" that would follow the failure to hold the referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government Sudan asked the UN for the printing of ballots for the referendum as diplomats and the electoral commission warned of any further delay would miss the deadline to hold the election.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abyei was not finalized for the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bishtina Mohammed El Salam of the <a href="/wiki/Misseriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Misseriya">Misseriya</a>, who dominate the region along with the <a href="/wiki/Dinka_people" title="Dinka people">Dinka</a> tribe, said he would not accept Abyei's seceding and joining the south even though the latter favored secession. "If the Dinka take this decision – to annex Abyei to the south – there will be an immediate war without any excuse. We think they should be reasonable and think about it. They should know that those who are pushing them to take that decision will not give them any back-up."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Kurdufan_and_Blue_Nile">South Kurdufan and Blue Nile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: South Kurdufan and Blue Nile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27South_is_for_southerners%27_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%27South_is_for_southerners%27_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/220px-%27South_is_for_southerners%27_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%27South_is_for_southerners%27_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/330px-%27South_is_for_southerners%27_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%27South_is_for_southerners%27_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/440px-%27South_is_for_southerners%27_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>"South is for southerners" – tensions from the civil war were a factor in the vote.</figcaption></figure> <p>The status of the <a href="/wiki/Nuba_Mountains" title="Nuba Mountains">Nuba Mountains</a> region of <a href="/wiki/South_Kurdufan" class="mw-redirect" title="South Kurdufan">South Kurdufan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Nile (state)">Blue Nile</a> is more complex as ethnic data is less clear. </p><p>In the Blue Nile, African ethnic groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Berta_people" title="Berta people">Berta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anuak_people" title="Anuak people">Anuak</a> and Koma are dominant in the South. The Northern part, however, has an Arab majority, although the enclave of <a href="/wiki/Ingessana_people" title="Ingessana people">Ingessana</a> in Tabi Hills<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is mostly <a href="/wiki/Animist" class="mw-redirect" title="Animist">Animist</a> and was targeted by the northern forces during the civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total population stands at 832,112 according to the Election Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 2010 provincial elections, the NCP won 29 out of the 48 seats, while the SPLM won 17 seats. In the National Assembly elections, the NCP won 6 out of the 10 seats, while the SPLM got 4.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the SPLM accused the NCP of fraud. The separate gubernatorial election was won by the SPLM candidate, who polled almost 5% votes more than his NCP rival.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nuba Mountain was home to some 1,000,000 ethnic <a href="/wiki/Nuba_peoples" title="Nuba peoples">Nuba</a> during 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-lnsart1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lnsart1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 99 different tribes used to live in this region.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the civil war broke out during the late 1980s, the Nuba aligned with the SPLA. The vast majority of Nuba were taken as <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> and forcibly relocated to camps in <a href="/wiki/North_Kordofan" title="North Kordofan">North Kordofan</a> and Khartoum. When the fighting ended, only about half the population survived. The rest either surrendered and moved north or were killed during the fighting. After the signing of the peace accord, some of the Nuba returned to the mountains, but the tribal elders refused to re-admit them into the tribes as they feared the abductees (mostly young men) were too Islamised. They were finally allowed back into the tribal fold after a 6-month re-education camp.<sup id="cite_ref-lnsart1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lnsart1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SPLA controls four counties in Southern Kordofan: Lagawa, Kadugli, Rashad and Dilling.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, the Arab dominated <a href="/wiki/West_Kordofan" title="West Kordofan">West Kordofan</a> was merged in to <a href="/wiki/South_Kordofan" title="South Kordofan">South Kordofan</a>, resulting in Arabs gaining a majority in the new province. </p><p>The 2008 census reported the total population of South Kordofan at 1,406,404 (though the SPLA claims many ethnic Nuba living in remote regions were not counted). This figure includes the Abyei region and it is not known how many are Nuba, Ngok and Baggara. During the 2010 National Assembly election, the NCP won 13 out of the 17 seats, while the SPLM won 4 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gubernatorial elections were postponed to 2011. </p><p>During the 2010 Presidential elections, the NCP received 69.3% of the votes in South Kordofan and 56.6% in the Blue Nile, while the SPLM received 18.5% of the votes in South Kordofan and 32.7% in the Blue Nile.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ahmed Harun of NCP defeated Abdelaziz al-Hilu of the SPLM in the 2011 South Kordofan Gubernatorial elections. Harun received 201,455 votes compared to Hilu's 194,955 votes. NCP won 33 seats in the legislature to SPLM's 22 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SPLM refused to acknowledge the results, accusing the NCP of voter intimidation and electoral fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_tribes">Religion and tribes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religion and tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Religion was also expected to significantly influence the referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-Religioninfluences_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religioninfluences-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian commentators have noted that there is a "climate of chronic discrimination against <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan" title="Christianity in Sudan">Sudanese Christians</a> and other minorities."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some, religion was not the issue,<sup id="cite_ref-racism_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-racism-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other southerners objected to alleged "<a href="/wiki/Islamisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamisation">Islamisation</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-concerns_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concerns-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-formerslavemarch_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formerslavemarch-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-objections_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-objections-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-latvote_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latvote-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Southern Sudanese had also claimed that <a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">tribalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> affected their choice.<sup id="cite_ref-racism_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-racism-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Sudan" title="Islam in South Sudan">South Sudanese Muslims</a> supported secession.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Omar al-Bashir said <a href="/wiki/Dual_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual citizenship">dual citizenship</a> would not be allowed. According to the CPA, 20 percent of civil service jobs were reserved for southerners, which would then be lost if the country splits.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Questions were also asked about the status of tribes such as the Nuba and Misseriya of South Kordofan that inhabit the border regions with South Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polls">Polls</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Polls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When questioned in a poll prior to the official referendum, 97% of South Sudanese people said that they would be voting for independence.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early poll of 1,400 individuals was carried out by a coalition of civil society organisations in Southern Sudan prior to the January referendum, indicating that 97% of voters would likely vote for secession. According to John Andruga, chairman of the coalition, 100% of respondents in the states of <a href="/wiki/Unity_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unity (state)">Unity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Equatoria" title="Eastern Equatoria">Eastern Equatoria</a> would vote for secession. A similar survey carried out one year prior by the US-based <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Institute_for_International_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="National Democratic Institute for International Affairs">National Democratic Institute</a> had indicated that 90% of voters would vote for secession.<sup id="cite_ref-aje-jan0311_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aje-jan0311-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Authorities in both the north and south of Sudan have been accused of harassment and intimidation against the media in order to avoid dissenting coverage. Rights groups warned the media could be slapped with further restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Youth and Sports Minister, Haj Majid Suwar, of the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_(Sudan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Congress (Sudan)">National Congress Party</a> (NCP) suggested the government "may not recognise the results" and would "talk to ... the USA and the UN and the AU and say that the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Movement" title="Sudan People's Liberation Movement">Sudan People's Liberation Movement</a> didn't fulfill the CPA <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Peace Agreement">Comprehensive Peace Agreement</a>" by allowing open campaigning and the withdrawal of their soldiers from southern areas.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also said that the potential borders between them would have to be drawn up pending redeployment of the SPLM's forces to the 1956 border. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir" class="mw-redirect" title="Salva Kiir">Salva Kiir</a>, the president of the southern region and the first vice president of Sudan, said that the referendum's timing was important as there was "a risk of a return to war in case of delay or denial of this exercise, and it would be on a very massive scale."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kuol Deim Kuol, the spokesman for the SPLM's military, accused the NCP of "just looking for a pretext of starting a war" and called Suwar a "war monger." </p><p>Sudan's president, Omar Hassan al-Bashir, accused the SPLM of breaching the terms of the peace deal and warned of a return to conflict if the disputes were not settled before the referendum. Despite that, he said he was committed to holding the referendum, but insisted on settling differences over the shared border and how to share the oil, debt and Nile river water.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NCP accused the SPLM of discouraging southerners who were living in the north of the country from registering, as the SPLM threatened not to recognize the referendum if its demands were not met.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southerners in the North were reluctant to vote because of fears of being uprooted from their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslims in the border provinces of the South also expressed fear of a campaign of violence that could be unleashed as a consequence of the referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many feared a return to <a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">civil war</a>, should the referendum fail because of the increasingly heated rhetoric.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with Chad, Sudan sought to secure the border area ahead of the referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to warnings of civil war, it was also read that a possible civil war could involve the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army" title="Lord's Resistance Army">Lord's Resistance Army</a> and bring <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> into the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite rifts amongst Southern parties, more than 20 parties ironed over their differences to put a show of unity before the referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saudi Arabian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Saud_al-Faisal" class="mw-redirect" title="Saud al-Faisal">Saud al-Faisal</a> also said the referendum could "reignite violence...rather than bring peace," while he said the vote must be "fair and free."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States extended sanctions against Sudan on 1 November 2010 in order to pressure the government to stick to the referendum deadline.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US then offered to drop Sudan from a US list of state-sponsors of terrorism if the two referendums were held on time and the results were respected.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They again partook in a statement before the referendum in lauding al-Bashir's statement to respect the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following concerns from the UN about delays, representatives of both regions affirmed a commitment to hold the referendum on time;<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a media campaign was also launched to raise awareness and increase the turnout.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minni Minnawi, the only Sudan Liberation Army faction signatory to the <a href="/wiki/Darfur_Peace_Agreement" title="Darfur Peace Agreement">Darfur Peace Agreement</a>, quit the agreement and resigned his post as Special Advisor to the President, saying the deal had failed. He consequently moved to <a href="/wiki/Juba_(Southern_Sudan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juba (Southern Sudan)">Juba</a> in the south saying the referendum would be successful as southerners "reject the policy of this [Khartoum] government" and the north would then be a "failed state." In return, the government declared Minnawi an "enemy" and closed his Khartoum office.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2010, the Constitutional Court agreed to carry out an investigation into a petition filed by local lawyers seeking the dissolution of the electoral body that was organizing the referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite calls from the government in southern Sudan that northerners living in the south should be protected, some northerners who were uncertain of their future in an independent state started heading north.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence">Violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two days prior to the vote, <a href="/wiki/David_Yau_Yau" title="David Yau Yau">David Yau Yau</a>'s militia and the SPLA clashed outside <a href="/wiki/Pibor" title="Pibor">Pibor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_precedents">External precedents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External precedents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Questions were asked if a positive vote on the referendum would set a precedent for other secessionist movements on the African continent. An <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a></i> analysis said a few reasons for seeking secession were: a lack of expertise by post-colonial political elites in governing their respective countries and managing natural resources; the impact of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> where many African countries took sides, rendering sovereignty ineffective; tribal prejudices and preferential service that dominate African politics; failure of governments to provide basic freedoms such as guaranteeing full citizenship for all. </p><p>Citing these examples, it asked where such a precedent for <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> could lead: East Sudan and Darfur, Nigeria or South Africa. As two important members of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> the latter two could be reluctant to support a new independent southern Sudan as a recognition thereof could "send a very clear message to these groups in their struggle for autonomy."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monitors">Monitors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Monitors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Former U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, former United Nations Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> and former Tanzanian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warioba" title="Joseph Warioba">Joseph Warioba</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center">Carter Center</a> international observation delegation.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> US Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>, Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Foreign_Relations_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Foreign Relations Committee">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a>, visited Southern Sudan three times during the referendum period, including during polling.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actor <a href="/wiki/George_Clooney" title="George Clooney">George Clooney</a>, who is supporting the Satellite Sentinel Project<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (using satellites as a conflict <a href="/wiki/Early_warning_system" title="Early warning system">early warning system</a> for Sudan), also made visits to Sudan during the referendum period. Several major regional organisations deployed international observers, including the African Union,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Arab_States" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Arab States">League of Arab States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Authority_on_Development" title="Intergovernmental Authority on Development">Intergovernmental Authority on Development</a> (IGAD).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These organisations issued a joint press statement on the first day of polling.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domestic observation organisations also deployed Sudanese men and women to observe the process, these included the Sudanese Network for Democratic Elections (SuNDE),<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Sudan Domestic Elections Monitoring Programme (SuDEMOP)<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Sudanese Group for Democracy and Elections (SuGDE). Other<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2011)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> national civil society organisations were also accredited as observers. </p><p>Normally, the UN does not deploy electoral observers, however, in response to a request from the parties of the CPA, the United Nations Secretary-General's Panel on the Referenda in Sudan was established.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The panel is composed of three senior officials, former Tanzania President <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mkapa" title="Benjamin Mkapa">Benjamin Mkapa</a>, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Portugal António Monteiro, and Bhojraj Pokharel, a former Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Election Commission of Nepal">Election Commission of Nepal</a>, who are appointed by and report to the UN Secretary-General. The panel made periodic visits to Sudan during the referendum period and is supported by field reporting officers and stakeholder-observer liaison officers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Registration">Registration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Registration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Registration for the vote started on 15 November with <a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir" class="mw-redirect" title="Salva Kiir">Salva Kiir</a>'s appeal for registering en masse. Many of those who fled <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> during the civil war returned in the months and weeks leading up to the referendum, with some southern politicians trying to have them play a role in swinging the vote towards independence.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost four million citizens registered before the deadline on 5 December; as the stream of returnees continued unabated, however, many arrived too late to register for the referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Sudanese_independence_referendum_voting_form_2011.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Southern_Sudanese_independence_referendum_voting_form_2011.svg/220px-Southern_Sudanese_independence_referendum_voting_form_2011.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Southern_Sudanese_independence_referendum_voting_form_2011.svg/330px-Southern_Sudanese_independence_referendum_voting_form_2011.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Southern_Sudanese_independence_referendum_voting_form_2011.svg/440px-Southern_Sudanese_independence_referendum_voting_form_2011.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Voting form used in the referendum.</figcaption></figure> <p>Voting on the referendum began on 9 January 2011. On 12 January, after three days of voting, representatives of the <a href="/wiki/SPLA/M" class="mw-redirect" title="SPLA/M">SPLA/M</a> announced that, according to their estimates, the 60 percent turnout threshold required for the referendum's validity (corresponding to around 2.3 million voters) had been reached. Official confirmation came later the same day when the referendum commission released a statement announcing that turnout would "exceed" the required 60 percent threshold.<sup id="cite_ref-voa-jan12_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voa-jan12-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jimmy Carter expressed his belief on 13 January that the referendum would likely meet international standards for both the conduct of the vote and freedom of voters.<sup id="cite_ref-voa-jan13_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voa-jan13-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Nations reported that preliminary results would be expected by 2 February 2011, with final results expected within the following two weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-voa-jan12_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voa-jan12-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yahoo-jan1211_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yahoo-jan1211-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to preliminary counts reviewed by the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, consisting of 30,000 ballots in 10 polling stations, the sample had a 95% turnout with 96% in favour of secession, 3% in favour of unity<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the rest invalid. Mohamed Ibrahim Khalil, chairman of the referendum commission, said 83 percent of eligible voters in the south and 53 percent in the north had voted.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South Sudan Referendum Commission affirmed the validity of the vote, however the vote was still ongoing at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As voting ended, Sudan again vowed to recognise the result.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"><caption></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Choice</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Separation</td><td style="text-align:right">3,792,518</td><td style="text-align:right">98.83</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Unity</td><td style="text-align:right">44,888</td><td style="text-align:right">1.17</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold"><td colspan="2">Total</td><td style="text-align:right">3,837,406</td><td style="text-align:right">100.00</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom"><td colspan="4" style="color:var( --color-base, #202122 );background:var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 )"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Valid votes</th><td>3,837,406</td><td>99.62</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Invalid votes</th><td>8,366</td><td>0.22</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Blank votes</th><td>6,222</td><td>0.16</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;background:inherit;color:inherit">Total votes</th><td>3,851,994</td><td>100.00</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Registered voters/turnout</th><td>3,947,676</td><td>97.58</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><td colspan="4" style="text-align:left">Source: Southern Sudan Referendum Commission<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora_voting">Diaspora voting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Diaspora voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southerners living in <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a> were given the opportunity to vote in the referendum from special polling stations as some tribes advocated unity and others supported separation with possible ominous precedence for Darfur itself.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polling stations were also set up in eight countries with large South Sudanese populations, namely <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mtlgaz-jan9_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtlgaz-jan9-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, where an estimated 25,000 to 50,000 South Sudanese nationals reside, polling booths were opened in eight states: Virginia, Massachusetts, Illinois, Texas, Tennessee, Nebraska, Arizona and Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar polling booths were set up in the Canadian cities of Calgary and Toronto, to cater to the South Sudanese community there; an estimated 40,000 to 50,000 Sudanese<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> live in Canada, about 2,200 of whom had registered to vote in either of the two cities.<sup id="cite_ref-mtlgaz-jan9_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtlgaz-jan9-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the <a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_diaspora" title="South Sudanese diaspora">South Sudanese diaspora</a> have been split as to their support for or against separation; members of some tribes advocate unity, while members of other tribes supported separation. Some Canadian Sudanese have called for a boycott of the referendum, accusing the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a>, which was tasked with operating the vote in that country, of "being influenced by the government in Khartoum."<sup id="cite_ref-mtlgaz-jan9_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtlgaz-jan9-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calgary-based journalist Mading Ngor of <i>The New Sudan Vision</i> dismissed these claims as "a conspiracy theory," adding "It's a very fragmented community here along tribal lines."<sup id="cite_ref-mtlgaz-jan9_103-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtlgaz-jan9-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although over 99% of those in the South voted for independence, 42% of those who lived in the north at the time voted for unity.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several days before voting began, the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Liberation Army">SPLA/M</a> and a rebel faction led by Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/George_Athor" title="George Athor">George Athor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jonglei_State" title="Jonglei State">Jonglei State</a> agreed to a ceasefire agreement after nearly a year of fighting, meaning a halt to military operations, troop movement and recruitment by either side. The agreement was seen as important for a "peaceful voting environment".<sup id="cite_ref-splapactjan6_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-splapactjan6-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The day before voting began, at least six people were killed in clashes between South Sudan security forces and a pro-Khartoum Sudan militia in Unity state. One person was also killed in clashes between the <a href="/wiki/Misseriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Misseriya">Misseriya</a> tribe and police in Abyei. The SPLA/M said the fighting started a day earlier because of the Misseriya.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One day into the vote, on 10 January, a further 6 people were killed in clashes near Abyei,<sup id="cite_ref-debt_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debt-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bringing the total to 30 dead in that region.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions">Reactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Kerry,_US_senator_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/John_Kerry%2C_US_senator_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/220px-John_Kerry%2C_US_senator_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/John_Kerry%2C_US_senator_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/330px-John_Kerry%2C_US_senator_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/John_Kerry%2C_US_senator_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/440px-John_Kerry%2C_US_senator_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> said that the referendum represented a "new chapter" for Sudan.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Domestic</dt></dl> <p>As of 15 January, <a href="/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale" title="Radio France Internationale">Radio France Internationale</a> reported that the Sudanese central government in Khartoum had begun to recall ambassadors named by the SPLA as part of the CPA and had stopped shipping material for passports to Juba.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sudan also became the first state to recognize South Sudan. </p> <dl><dt>International</dt></dl> <p>President of the United States <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> said the result of the vote was "inspiring" as voters decided "their own future [and marked] another step forward in Africa's long journey toward justice and democracy". He also said that the United States would recognize South Sudan's independence when it is formalized in July. </p><p>Salva Kiir met the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abdelaziz_(Sahrawi_politician)" title="Mohamed Abdelaziz (Sahrawi politician)">Mohamed Abdelaziz</a> at an African Union summit. Abdel-Aziz congratulated Kiir for on a successful referendum process. He lauded "the wisdom and courage" of people of South Sudan people for a peaceful resolution of the conflict and expressed his hope that post-referendum arrangements and agreements could be finishing in the interim period before statehood. He also briefed Kiir of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>'s process to a similar referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The precedence of the vote was seen as important because most African states' borders were decided during <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Africa" title="Colonial Africa">colonial</a> times which resulted in a heterogeneous mix of religions, ethnicities, and cultures. The <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a>, however, refrained from redrawing boundaries for the fear that wars of secession could be sparked.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>New names for an independent country were being suggested, with South Sudan being controversial as it does not offer a break from Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 12 names had been suggested, including: Nile Republic, Jubian Republic, Kush Republic and <a href="/wiki/Azania" title="Azania">Azania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SPLM proposed naming the country South Sudan, with Nile Republic, Jubian Republic, Kush Republic as other possibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country was then officially named the Republic of <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>. </p><p>Amongst the issues to be handled by a new government are job creation.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence_2">Violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Minister of Cooperatives and Rural Development Jimmy Lemi Milla was shot dead in his office along with his bodyguard in an apparent personal feud.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_East_Timorese_independence_referendum" title="1999 East Timorese independence referendum">1999 East Timorese independence referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">2006 Montenegrin independence referendum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRichmond2011" class="citation web cs1">Richmond, Matt (8 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/sudan-referendum-has-peaceful-first-day-113166279/133314.html">"Sudan Referendum Has Peaceful First Day"</a>. <i>VOA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VOA&rft.atitle=Sudan+Referendum+Has+Peaceful+First+Day&rft.date=2011-01-08&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fsudan-referendum-has-peaceful-first-day-113166279%2F133314.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichmond2010" class="citation web cs1">Richmond, Matt (16 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/southern-sudan-focuses-on-january-referendum-112084759/132405.html">"Southern Sudan Focuses on January Referendum"</a>. <i>VOA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VOA&rft.atitle=Southern+Sudan+Focuses+on+January+Referendum&rft.date=2010-12-16&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fsouthern-sudan-focuses-on-january-referendum-112084759%2F132405.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim2007" class="citation web cs1">Ibrahim, Mohamed (26 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sudantribune.com/article22813/">"Eastern Sudan Front: Quiescence at war & discordance in peace (2)"</a>. <i>Sudan Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Eastern+Sudan+Front%3A+Quiescence+at+war+%26+discordance+in+peace+%282%29&rft.date=2007-06-26&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsudantribune.com%2Farticle22813%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVuni2007" class="citation web cs1">Vuni, Isaac (12 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sudantribune.com/article23049/">"Road to 2011 referendum is full of obstacles – South Sudan's Kiir"</a>. <i>Sudan Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715000929/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article22813">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Road+to+2011+referendum+is+full+of+obstacles+%E2%80%93+South+Sudan%27s+Kiir&rft.date=2007-07-12&rft.aulast=Vuni&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsudantribune.com%2Farticle23049%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBixler2011" class="citation news cs1">Bixler, Mark (5 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/01/05/sudan.historic.day/">"Historic day ahead after decades of war"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110109131544/http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/01/05/sudan.historic.day/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Historic+day+ahead+after+decades+of+war&rft.date=2011-01-05&rft.aulast=Bixler&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2011%2FWORLD%2Fafrica%2F01%2F05%2Fsudan.historic.day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12379431">"South Sudan backs independence – results"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 7 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125061032/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12379431">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=South+Sudan+backs+independence+%E2%80%93+results&rft.date=2011-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-12379431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPflanz2011" class="citation web cs1">Pflanz, Mike (8 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/sudan/8246615/Sudan-referendum-whats-being-voted-on-and-what-will-happen.html">"Sudan referendum: what's being voted on and what will happen?"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404015810/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/sudan/8246615/Sudan-referendum-whats-being-voted-on-and-what-will-happen.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Sudan+referendum%3A+what%27s+being+voted+on+and+what+will+happen%3F&rft.date=2011-01-08&rft.aulast=Pflanz&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fafricaandindianocean%2Fsudan%2F8246615%2FSudan-referendum-whats-being-voted-on-and-what-will-happen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenshaw2008" class="citation news cs1">Henshaw, Amber (21 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7359303.stm">"Sudanese stand up to be counted"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080422002902/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7359303.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sudanese+stand+up+to+be+counted&rft.date=2008-04-21&rft.aulast=Henshaw&rft.aufirst=Amber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F7359303.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDak2009" class="citation web cs1">Dak, James Gatdet (20 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article32187">"Sudan's NCP & SPLM fail to agree on census, referendum law"</a>. <i>Sudan Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100211191828/http://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article32187">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Sudan%27s+NCP+%26+SPLM+fail+to+agree+on+census%2C+referendum+law&rft.date=2009-08-20&rft.aulast=Dak&rft.aufirst=James+Gatdet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudantribune.com%2Fspip.php%3Farticle32187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article32327">"Sudan partners make modest progress on referendum talks"</a>. <i>Sudan Tribune</i>. 3 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100211162617/http://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article32327">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Sudan+partners+make+modest+progress+on+referendum+talks&rft.date=2009-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudantribune.com%2Fspip.php%3Farticle32327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartell2009" class="citation news cs1">Martell, Peter (24 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8368189.stm">"Will Sudan's Nuba Mountains be left high and dry?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406235341/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8368189.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Will+Sudan%27s+Nuba+Mountains+be+left+high+and+dry%3F&rft.date=2009-11-24&rft.aulast=Martell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F8368189.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-nuba-mountains-straddling-north-south-divide">"The Nuba Mountains - straddling the north-south divide"</a>. <i>reliefweb.int</i>. 12 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reliefweb.int&rft.atitle=The+Nuba+Mountains+-+straddling+the+north-south+divide&rft.date=2009-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fsudan%2Fsudan-nuba-mountains-straddling-north-south-divide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-preelection-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-preelection_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-preelection_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/01/2011171839053529.html">"Bashir warns of unstable South"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120824100135/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/01/2011171839053529.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bashir+warns+of+unstable+South&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fafrica%2F2011%2F01%2F2011171839053529.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tribune-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tribune_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdelrahman2009" class="citation web cs1">Abdelrahman, Abdellatif (31 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sudantribune.com/article33451/">"Darfur NCP Civil Society groups to Where?"</a>. <i>Sudan Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091216085803/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article33451">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Darfur+NCP+Civil+Society+groups+to+Where%3F&rft.date=2009-12-31&rft.aulast=Abdelrahman&rft.aufirst=Abdellatif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsudantribune.com%2Farticle33451%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8310928.stm">"Terms for Sudan referendum agreed"</a>. 16 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091019082930/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8310928.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Terms+for+Sudan+referendum+agreed&rft.date=2009-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F8310928.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAleu2009" class="citation web cs1">Aleu, Philip Thon (21 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article32852">"Talks on South Sudan referendum progress in Khartoum"</a>. <i>Sudan Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100215011901/http://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article32852">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Talks+on+South+Sudan+referendum+progress+in+Khartoum&rft.date=2009-10-21&rft.aulast=Aleu&rft.aufirst=Philip+Thon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudantribune.com%2Fspip.php%3Farticle32852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartell2011" class="citation web cs1">Martell, Peter (20 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13812579">"Is Sudan heading for an acrimonious divorce?"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181217201415/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13812579">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Sudan+heading+for+an+acrimonious+divorce%3F&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-06-20&rft.aulast=Martell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-13812579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleto" class="citation web cs1">Kleto, Peter Oyoyo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Kordofan-and-Blue-Nile,40310">"Popular consultations must go ahead"</a>. <i>Comment and Analysis</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111029093854/http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Kordofan-and-Blue-Nile,40310">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Comment+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=Popular+consultations+must+go+ahead&rft.aulast=Kleto&rft.aufirst=Peter+Oyoyo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudantribune.com%2FSouth-Kordofan-and-Blue-Nile%2C40310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoswell2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Boswell, Alan (5 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1994209,00.html">"South Sudan Moves Toward Independence"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100608134513/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1994209,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=South+Sudan+Moves+Toward+Independence&rft.date=2010-06-05&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft.aulast=Boswell&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1994209%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/1/4/bashir-secession-is-souths-right">"Bashir: Secession is south's right"</a>. Al Jazeera. 4 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110107092906/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/01/20111493228318198.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bashir%3A+Secession+is+south%27s+right&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2011-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F1%2F4%2Fbashir-secession-is-souths-right&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vote_at_risk-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vote_at_risk_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2010" class="citation news cs1">Hamilton, Rebecca (12 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/12/AR2010091204286.html">"South Sudan independence vote at risk"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111201917/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/12/AR2010091204286.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=South+Sudan+independence+vote+at+risk&rft.date=2010-09-12&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F09%2F12%2FAR2010091204286.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-debt-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-debt_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-debt_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhaskar2011" class="citation web cs1">Bhaskar, Ranjit (10 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/1/10/south-sudanese-vote-for-second-day">"South Sudanese vote for second day"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110113065759/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/01/201111034254130514.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Sudanese+vote+for+second+day&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2011-01-10&rft.aulast=Bhaskar&rft.aufirst=Ranjit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F1%2F10%2Fsouth-sudanese-vote-for-second-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://talkofsudan.com/sudan/sudans-al-bashir-warns-against-unilateral-solutions-to-north-south-disputes">"Sudan's Al-Bashir warns against "unilateral solutions" to north-south disputes"</a>. Sudan Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716000000/http://talkofsudan.com/sudan/sudans-al-bashir-warns-against-unilateral-solutions-to-north-south-disputes">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sudan%27s+Al-Bashir+warns+against+%22unilateral+solutions%22+to+north-south+disputes&rft.pub=Sudan+Tribune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftalkofsudan.com%2Fsudan%2Fsudans-al-bashir-warns-against-unilateral-solutions-to-north-south-disputes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sudantribune.com/article36841/">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaib2011" class="citation web cs1">Naib, Fatma (9 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/features/2011/1/9/bye-bye-juba">"Bye bye Juba"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110114231953/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/01/20111919418645607.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bye+bye+Juba&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2011-01-09&rft.aulast=Naib&rft.aufirst=Fatma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Famp%2Ffeatures%2F2011%2F1%2F9%2Fbye-bye-juba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/11/7/al-bashir-troubled-over-sudan-vote">"Al-Bashir troubled over Sudan vote"</a>. Al Jazeera. 7 November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110206191940/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2010/11/201011773355574570.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Bashir+troubled+over+Sudan+vote&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2010-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F11%2F7%2Fal-bashir-troubled-over-sudan-vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/12/24/n-africa-leaders-calm-sudan-tension">"African leaders calm tension"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222182345/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/12/20101221133046677138.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=African+leaders+calm+tension&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F12%2F24%2Fn-africa-leaders-calm-sudan-tension&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/10/2010101214279615176.html">"Talks on Sudan's Abyei break down"</a>. Al Jazeera. 12 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110131064137/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/10/2010101214279615176.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Talks+on+Sudan%27s+Abyei+break+down&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2010-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fafrica%2F2010%2F10%2F2010101214279615176.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/10/2010101572158985130.html">"Sudan row over Abyei escalates"</a>. Al Jazeera. 18 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110131092829/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/10/2010101572158985130.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sudan+row+over+Abyei+escalates&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2010-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fafrica%2F2010%2F10%2F2010101572158985130.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article36658">"Sudan says referendum may need to be postponed"</a>. <i>Sudan Tribune</i>. 19 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124020157/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article36658">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Sudan+says+referendum+may+need+to+be+postponed&rft.date=2010-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudantribune.com%2Fspip.php%3Farticle36658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/10/20101025225853195895.html">"Sudan warns of civil war over Abyei"</a>. Al Jazeera. 26 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110203232302/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/10/20101025225853195895.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sudan+warns+of+civil+war+over+Abyei&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2010-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fafrica%2F2010%2F10%2F20101025225853195895.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaouette" class="citation news cs1">Gaouette, Nicole. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-26/u-s-pushes-sudanese-meetings-to-ensure-southern-referendum-avoid-violence.html">"U.S Pushes Sudanese Meetings to Ensure Southern Referendum, Avoid Violence"</a>. Bloomberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101031005757/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-26/u-s-pushes-sudanese-meetings-to-ensure-southern-referendum-avoid-violence.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S+Pushes+Sudanese+Meetings+to+Ensure+Southern+Referendum%2C+Avoid+Violence&rft.aulast=Gaouette&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2010-10-26%2Fu-s-pushes-sudanese-meetings-to-ensure-southern-referendum-avoid-violence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/12/1/south-sudan-vote-put-in-doubt">"South Sudan vote put in doubt"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202052657/http://english.aljazeera.net//news/africa/2010/12/2010121125811629500.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=South+Sudan+vote+put+in+doubt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F12%2F1%2Fsouth-sudan-vote-put-in-doubt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/12/29/caught-in-sudans-ethnic-faultline">"Caught in Sudan's ethnic faultline"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613204054/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/12/29/caught-in-sudans-ethnic-faultline/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Caught+in+Sudan%27s+ethnic+faultline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F12%2F29%2Fcaught-in-sudans-ethnic-faultline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/1/3/tribe-warns-of-war-over-sudan-vote">"Tribe warns of war over Sudan vote"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105022855/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/01/201113143152881650.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tribe+warns+of+war+over+Sudan+vote&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F1%2F3%2Ftribe-warns-of-war-over-sudan-vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719180403/http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Sudan_Ethnic_Linguistic_sm.jpg">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Sudan_Ethnic_Linguistic_sm.jpg">the original</a> on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgulf2000.columbia.edu%2Fimages%2Fmaps%2FSudan_Ethnic_Linguistic_sm.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudanupdate.org/REPORTS/PEOPLES/ING.HTM">"Ingessana"</a>. Sudanupdate.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524172608/http://www.sudanupdate.org/REPORTS/PEOPLES/ING.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ingessana&rft.pub=Sudanupdate.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudanupdate.org%2FREPORTS%2FPEOPLES%2FING.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarc_Gustafson2010" class="citation book cs1">Marc Gustafson (2010). Emily Walmsley (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426171620/http://www.riftvalley.net/resources/file/Electoral%20Designs%20-%20Report%20on%20elections%20in%20Sudan.pdf"><i>Electoral Designs – Proportionality, representation, and constituency boundaries in Sudan's 2010 elections</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_Institute" title="Rift Valley Institute">Rift Valley Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riftvalley.net/resources/file/Electoral%20Designs%20-%20Report%20on%20elections%20in%20Sudan.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electoral+Designs+%E2%80%93+Proportionality%2C+representation%2C+and+constituency+boundaries+in+Sudan%27s+2010+elections&rft.pub=Rift+Valley+Institute&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Marc+Gustafson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riftvalley.net%2Fresources%2Ffile%2FElectoral%2520Designs%2520-%2520Report%2520on%2520elections%2520in%2520Sudan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110215003431/http://blogs.ssrc.org/sudan/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/NEC-results-updated-20-May-2010.pdf">"NATIONAL ASSEMBLY – SEAT ALLOCATIONS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.ssrc.org/sudan/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/NEC-results-updated-20-May-2010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NATIONAL+ASSEMBLY+%E2%80%93+SEAT+ALLOCATIONS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.ssrc.org%2Fsudan%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F05%2FNEC-results-updated-20-May-2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarang2010" class="citation web cs1">Garang, Ngor Arol (26 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sudantribune.com/article34677/">"SPLM lauds election of Malik Aggar as Blue Nile State Governor"</a>. <i>Sudan Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729103829/http://www.sudantribune.com/SPLM-lauds-election-of-Malik-Aggar,34893">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=SPLM+lauds+election+of+Malik+Aggar+as+Blue+Nile+State+Governor&rft.date=2010-04-26&rft.aulast=Garang&rft.aufirst=Ngor+Arol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsudantribune.com%2Farticle34677%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lnsart1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lnsart1_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lnsart1_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lnsart.com/nuba_mountains.htm">"Nuba Mountains Sudan"</a>. Lnsart.com. 10 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101220115138/http://lnsart.com/nuba_mountains.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuba+Mountains+Sudan&rft.pub=Lnsart.com&rft.date=2008-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lnsart.com%2Fnuba_mountains.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526211843/http://www.nubasurvival.com/NAFIR/Vol%205%20No%201/6.%20Nuba%20-%20pure%20people.htm">"Nuba: A Pure People"</a>. Nubasurvival.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nubasurvival.com/NAFIR/Vol%205%20No%201/6.%20Nuba%20-%20pure%20people.htm">the original</a> on 26 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuba%3A+A+Pure+People&rft.pub=Nubasurvival.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nubasurvival.com%2FNAFIR%2FVol%25205%2520No%25201%2F6.%2520Nuba%2520-%2520pure%2520people.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314021322/http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/(httpDocuments)/35E2E9BC8ED34C8EC1257591007E9E3F/$file/145_sudans_southern_kordofan_problem___the_next_darfur.pdf"><i>SUDAN'S SOUTHERN KORDOFAN PROBLEM: THE NEXT DARFUR?</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>. 21 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/(httpDocuments)/35E2E9BC8ED34C8EC1257591007E9E3F/$file/145_sudans_southern_kordofan_problem___the_next_darfur.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SUDAN%27S+SOUTHERN+KORDOFAN+PROBLEM%3A+THE+NEXT+DARFUR%3F&rft.pub=International+Crisis+Group&rft.date=2008-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internal-displacement.org%2F8025708F004CE90B%2F%28httpDocuments%29%2F35E2E9BC8ED34C8EC1257591007E9E3F%2F%24file%2F145_sudans_southern_kordofan_problem___the_next_darfur.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717164834/http://nec.org.sd/new/new/lre/raeis.htm">"English"</a>. Nec.org.sd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nec.org.sd/new/new/lre/raeis.htm">the original</a> on 17 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English&rft.pub=Nec.org.sd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnec.org.sd%2Fnew%2Fnew%2Flre%2Fraeis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130125053636/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iGzNZDJafXchewPgQQY38R-yqSsg?docId=CNG.1355312a9bc2751e551a356026815195.9b1">"Sudan state poll results 'credible': Carter Centre"</a>. Agence France-Presse. 19 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iGzNZDJafXchewPgQQY38R-yqSsg?docId=CNG.1355312a9bc2751e551a356026815195.9b1">the original</a> on 25 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sudan+state+poll+results+%27credible%27%3A+Carter+Centre&rft.date=2011-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5iGzNZDJafXchewPgQQY38R-yqSsg%3FdocId%3DCNG.1355312a9bc2751e551a356026815195.9b1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sudantribune.com/article38523/">"SPLM's Al-Hilu vows to buck result of South Kordofan's polls as killing incident stokes tension"</a>. <i>Sudan Tribune</i>. 18 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629033636/https://www.sudantribune.com/SPLM-s-Al-Hilu-vows-to-buck-result,38936">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=SPLM%27s+Al-Hilu+vows+to+buck+result+of+South+Kordofan%27s+polls+as+killing+incident+stokes+tension&rft.date=2011-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsudantribune.com%2Farticle38523%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Religioninfluences-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Religioninfluences_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2011/01/20111461538831470.html">"Religion influences Sudan vote"</a>. Al Jazeera. 4 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110107093036/http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2011/01/20111461538831470.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+influences+Sudan+vote&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2011-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fvideo%2Fafrica%2F2011%2F01%2F20111461538831470.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnes2011" class="citation news cs1">Carnes, Tony (5 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2011/january/11.15.html">"The Rush to Reconcile"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110108025850/http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2011/january/11.15.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=The+Rush+to+Reconcile&rft.date=2011-01-05&rft.aulast=Carnes&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2011%2Fjanuary%2F11.15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-racism-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-racism_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-racism_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/12/22/racism-undermines-sudanese-unity">"Racism undermines Sudanese unity"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101223043110/http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2010/12/2010122218520433724.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Racism+undermines+Sudanese+unity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F12%2F22%2Fracism-undermines-sudanese-unity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-concerns-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-concerns_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110219061128/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=11124906">"6 Months Until South Sudan Votes to Secede"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. Australia. Associated Press. 9 July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=11124906">the original</a> on 19 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=6+Months+Until+South+Sudan+Votes+to+Secede&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%3Fid%3D11124906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-formerslavemarch-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-formerslavemarch_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiggs,_Marcia2010" class="citation news cs1">Biggs, Marcia (15 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/09/15/new.york.sudan.freedom.walk/">"Former Sudan slave, others marching to D.C. in support of homeland"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121109051007/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/09/15/new.york.sudan.freedom.walk/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Former+Sudan+slave%2C+others+marching+to+D.C.+in+support+of+homeland&rft.date=2010-09-15&rft.au=Biggs%2C+Marcia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2010%2FWORLD%2Fafrica%2F09%2F15%2Fnew.york.sudan.freedom.walk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-objections-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-objections_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavallee,_Guillaume2011" class="citation news cs1">Lavallee, Guillaume (9 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110118060827/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5idGmp4BqlWHNFmghw-ut9Z3ddUWw?docId=CNG.d9c15ccdbcf1859c4040f88926083f32.3a1">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Slaves' aim to separate from Arabs in Sudan vote"</a>. Agence France-Presse. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5idGmp4BqlWHNFmghw-ut9Z3ddUWw?docId=CNG.d9c15ccdbcf1859c4040f88926083f32.3a1">the original</a> on 18 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Slaves%27+aim+to+separate+from+Arabs+in+Sudan+vote&rft.date=2011-01-09&rft.au=Lavallee%2C+Guillaume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5idGmp4BqlWHNFmghw-ut9Z3ddUWw%3FdocId%3DCNG.d9c15ccdbcf1859c4040f88926083f32.3a1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latvote-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-latvote_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleishman,_Jeffrey2011" class="citation news cs1">Fleishman, Jeffrey (10 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-sudan-election-20110110,0,890027.story">"Southern Sudan votes on secession"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110119143701/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-sudan-election-20110110,0,890027.story">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Southern+Sudan+votes+on+secession&rft.date=2011-01-10&rft.au=Fleishman%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fworld%2Fla-fg-sudan-election-20110110%2C0%2C890027.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YYdu2qdpElw">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YYdu2qdpElw</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151211014748/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YYdu2qdpElw">Archived</a> 11 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> South Sudan's Muslims welcome secession, <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaib2011" class="citation web cs1">Naib, Fatma (16 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/features/2011/1/16/mixed-feelings-about-sudans-future">"Mixed feelings about Sudan's future"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110118021536/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/africa/2011/01/15/mixed-feelings-about-sudans-future">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mixed+feelings+about+Sudan%27s+future&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2011-01-16&rft.aulast=Naib&rft.aufirst=Fatma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Famp%2Ffeatures%2F2011%2F1%2F16%2Fmixed-feelings-about-sudans-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/program/crossroads-sudan/2011/1/17/a-question-of-identity">"A question of identity"</a>. Al Jazeera. 17 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110129025856/http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/crossroadssudan/2011/01/20111178117700490.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+question+of+identity&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2011-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fprogram%2Fcrossroads-sudan%2F2011%2F1%2F17%2Fa-question-of-identity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110112180732/http://de.euronews.net/2011/01/06/unabhaengigkeits-referendum-im-sued-sudan-am-sonntag">"Unabhängigkeits-Referendum im Süd-Sudan am Sonntag"</a>. <i>Euronews</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://de.euronews.net/2011/01/06/unabhaengigkeits-referendum-im-sued-sudan-am-sonntag">the original</a> on 12 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euronews&rft.atitle=Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeits-Referendum+im+S%C3%BCd-Sudan+am+Sonntag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fde.euronews.net%2F2011%2F01%2F06%2Funabhaengigkeits-referendum-im-sued-sudan-am-sonntag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aje-jan0311-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aje-jan0311_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhaskar2011" class="citation web cs1">Bhaskar, Ranjit (3 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/1/3/nearly-4m-set-for-south-sudan-vote">"Nearly 4m set for south Sudan vote"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712000435/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/01/20111318958753610.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nearly+4m+set+for+south+Sudan+vote&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2011-01-03&rft.aulast=Bhaskar&rft.aufirst=Ranjit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F1%2F3%2Fnearly-4m-set-for-south-sudan-vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWander2010" class="citation web cs1">Wander, Andrew (24 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/9/24/how-sudan-muzzles-its-media">"How Sudan muzzles its media"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101230101435/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/2010/09/2010922174525372943.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Sudan+muzzles+its+media&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2010-09-24&rft.aulast=Wander&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F9%2F24%2Fhow-sudan-muzzles-its-media&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/9/28/sudan-ruling-party-warns-south">"Sudan ruling party warns south"</a>. Al Jazeera. 28 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110130233949/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/09/20109284827369586.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sudan+ruling+party+warns+south&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2010-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F9%2F28%2Fsudan-ruling-party-warns-south&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarner2010" class="citation news cs1">Varner, Bill (22 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-22/southern-sudan-independence-referendum-delay-might-reignite-war-kiir-says.html">"South Sudan Independence Referendum Delay May Reignite War, President Says"</a>. Bloomberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100926180017/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-22/southern-sudan-independence-referendum-delay-might-reignite-war-kiir-says.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=South+Sudan+Independence+Referendum+Delay+May+Reignite+War%2C+President+Says&rft.date=2010-09-22&rft.aulast=Varner&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2010-09-22%2Fsouthern-sudan-independence-referendum-delay-might-reignite-war-kiir-says.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/10/10/bashir-warns-of-new-sudan-civil-war">"Bashir warns of new Sudan civil war"</a>. Al Jazeera. 10 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110131071058/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/10/2010101091233114892.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bashir+warns+of+new+Sudan+civil+war&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2010-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F10%2F10%2Fbashir-warns-of-new-sudan-civil-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2010/11/22/sudan-party-issues-vote-ultimatum">"Sudan party issues vote ultimatum"</a>. Al Jazeera. 22 November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110203230430/http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2010/11/2010112215452028282.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sudan+party+issues+vote+ultimatum&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2010-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Famp%2Fnews%2F2010%2F11%2F22%2Fsudan-party-issues-vote-ultimatum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/11/30/reluctance-in-sudan-referendum">"Hesitancy in Sudan referendum"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101201045154/http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2010/11/201011305019795300.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Hesitancy+in+Sudan+referendum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F11%2F30%2Freluctance-in-sudan-referendum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2010/11/30/south-sudan-braces-for-trouble">"South Sudan braces for trouble"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101201043750/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2010/11/20101130135113374957.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=South+Sudan+braces+for+trouble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Ffeatures%2F2010%2F11%2F30%2Fsouth-sudan-braces-for-trouble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/10/16/south-sudan-plagued-by-war-fears">"South Sudan plagued by war fears"</a>. Al Jazeera. 16 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110131064214/http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2010/10/20101015185026585696.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Sudan+plagued+by+war+fears&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2010-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F10%2F16%2Fsouth-sudan-plagued-by-war-fears&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/12/12/sudan-chad-in-joint-army-operation">"Sudan, Chad in joint army operation"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101214052622/http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2010/12/20101212115019143922.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Sudan%2C+Chad+in+joint+army+operation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F12%2F12%2Fsudan-chad-in-joint-army-operation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"People and Power." Al Jazeera English. 9 January 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/10/18/s-sudan-leaders-in-show-of-unity">"S Sudan leaders in show of unity"</a>. Al Jazeera. 18 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110131070850/http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2010/10/20101018112026378865.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S+Sudan+leaders+in+show+of+unity&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2010-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F10%2F18%2Fs-sudan-leaders-in-show-of-unity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.almanar.com.lb/english/article.php?id=245">"Saudi FM Warns Sudan Referendum Could Lead to More Violence"</a>. Al-ManarTV. 15 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101113051447/http://www.almanar.com.lb/newssite/NewsDetails.aspx?id=161250&language=en">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+FM+Warns+Sudan+Referendum+Could+Lead+to+More+Violence&rft.pub=Al-ManarTV&rft.date=2010-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.almanar.com.lb%2Fenglish%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/11/1/obama-renews-sudan-sanctions">"Obama renews Sudan sanctions"</a>. Al Jazeera. 1 November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110205010347/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/11/2010111191135816881.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obama+renews+Sudan+sanctions&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F11%2F1%2Fobama-renews-sudan-sanctions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/11/8/us-offers-sudan-terror-list-deal">"US offers Sudan 'terror list' deal"</a>. Al Jazeera. 8 November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110203232323/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/11/2010117235958260318.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+offers+Sudan+%27terror+list%27+deal&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2010-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F11%2F8%2Fus-offers-sudan-terror-list-deal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaib2011" class="citation web cs1">Naib, Fatma (5 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/1/5/us-hails-bashirs-sudan-comments">"US hails Bashir's Sudan comments"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110109022504/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/01/20111515304362320.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+hails+Bashir%27s+Sudan+comments&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2011-01-05&rft.aulast=Naib&rft.aufirst=Fatma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F1%2F5%2Fus-hails-bashirs-sudan-comments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/11/17/sudan-rivals-vow-to-hold-poll">"Sudan rivals vow to hold poll"</a>. Al Jazeera. 17 November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110130233844/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/11/201011176740479144.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sudan+rivals+vow+to+hold+poll&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2010-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F11%2F17%2Fsudan-rivals-vow-to-hold-poll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2010/11/3/media-campaign-under-way-in-sudan">"Media campaign under way in Sudan"</a>. Al Jazeera. 3 November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110206071122/http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2010/11/201011384022893153.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Media+campaign+under+way+in+Sudan&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2010-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Famp%2Fnews%2F2010%2F11%2F3%2Fmedia-campaign-under-way-in-sudan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/12/13/darfur-leader-ready-to-do-battle">"Darfur leader threatens fight"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101215202035/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/12/2010121364520272117.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Darfur+leader+threatens+fight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F12%2F13%2Fdarfur-leader-ready-to-do-battle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDoom2010" class="citation news cs1">McDoom, Opheera (14 December 2010). Pearce, Tim (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/oukwd-uk-sudan-referendum-court-idAFTRE6BD55120101214">"Sudan's highest court to probe vote complaints"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Sudan%27s+highest+court+to+probe+vote+complaints&rft.date=2010-12-14&rft.aulast=McDoom&rft.aufirst=Opheera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Foukwd-uk-sudan-referendum-court-idAFTRE6BD55120101214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/1/10/some-north-sudanese-flee-south">"Some north Sudanese flee South"</a>. Al Jazeera. 10 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110113072745/http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2011/01/201111061519422957.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+north+Sudanese+flee+South&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2011-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F1%2F10%2Fsome-north-sudanese-flee-south&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201212260784.html">"South Sudan: Army in Talks With Jonglei Rebels"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sudan_Tribune" title="Sudan Tribune">Sudan Tribune</a></i>. 24 December 2012 – via AllAfrica.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=South+Sudan%3A+Army+in+Talks+With+Jonglei+Rebels&rft.date=2012-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201212260784.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFakude2010" class="citation web cs1">Fakude, Thembisa (7 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/11/7/a-lesson-for-africa">"A lesson for Africa?"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101231050112/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/2010/11/20101161492456436.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+lesson+for+Africa%3F&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2010-11-07&rft.aulast=Fakude&rft.aufirst=Thembisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F11%2F7%2Fa-lesson-for-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cartercenter.org/news/pr/sudan-010311.html">"Carter and Kofi Annan – Referendum on Self-Determination of Southern Sudan"</a>. Cartercenter.org. 3 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110209112750/http://www.cartercenter.org/news/pr/sudan-010311.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carter+and+Kofi+Annan+%E2%80%93+Referendum+on+Self-Determination+of+Southern+Sudan&rft.pub=Cartercenter.org&rft.date=2011-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cartercenter.org%2Fnews%2Fpr%2Fsudan-010311.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockman2011" class="citation news cs1">Stockman, Farah (10 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120910024058/http://www.boston.com/news/world/africa/articles/2011/01/10/kerry_hails_peaceful_independence_vote_in_southern_sudan/">"Kerry hails peaceful independence vote in southern Sudan"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/world/africa/articles/2011/01/10/kerry_hails_peaceful_independence_vote_in_southern_sudan">the original</a> on 10 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Kerry+hails+peaceful+independence+vote+in+southern+Sudan&rft.date=2011-01-10&rft.aulast=Stockman&rft.aufirst=Farah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Farticles%2F2011%2F01%2F10%2Fkerry_hails_peaceful_independence_vote_in_southern_sudan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110131223158/http://www.satsentinel.org/">"Front page | Satellite Sentinel Project"</a>. Satsentinel.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.satsentinel.org/">the original</a> on 31 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Front+page+%26%23124%3B+Satellite+Sentinel+Project&rft.pub=Satsentinel.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.satsentinel.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722091847/http://www.au.int/en/content/arrival-statement-african-union-observer-mission-southern-sudan-referendum">"Arrival Statement of the African Union Observer Mission to the Southern Sudan Referendum. | African Union"</a>. Au.int. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.au.int/en/content/arrival-statement-african-union-observer-mission-southern-sudan-referendum">the original</a> on 22 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arrival+Statement+of+the+African+Union+Observer+Mission+to+the+Southern+Sudan+Referendum.+%26%23124%3B+African+Union&rft.pub=Au.int&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.au.int%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Farrival-statement-african-union-observer-mission-southern-sudan-referendum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eueom.eu/sudan2011/home">"EU Election Observation Mission to Sudan 2011 – EU EOM Sudan 2011 – Election Observation – European Commission"</a>. Eueom.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718103849/http://www.eueom.eu/sudan2011/home">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+Election+Observation+Mission+to+Sudan+2011+%E2%80%93+EU+EOM+Sudan+2011+%E2%80%93+Election+Observation+%E2%80%93+European+Commission&rft.pub=Eueom.eu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eueom.eu%2Fsudan2011%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://igad.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=280:referendum-of-southern-sudan-observation-mission&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=150">"Southern Sudan Observation Mission"</a>. Igad.int. 5 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110308013450/http://igad.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=280:referendum-of-southern-sudan-observation-mission&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=150">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southern+Sudan+Observation+Mission&rft.pub=Igad.int&rft.date=2011-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Figad.int%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D280%3Areferendum-of-southern-sudan-observation-mission%26catid%3D1%3Alatest-news%26Itemid%3D150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110919170807/http://www.africa-union.org/root/ar/index/Joint%20Press%20Release%20Jan%209%20FINAL.pdf">"Joint Press Release"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center">Carter Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/League_of_Arab_States" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Arab States">League of Arab States</a>. 9 January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africa-union.org/root/ar/index/Joint%20Press%20Release%20Jan%209%20FINAL.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+Press+Release&rft.pub=African+Union%2C+Carter+Center%2C+European+Union%2C+League+of+Arab+States&rft.date=2011-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africa-union.org%2Froot%2Far%2Findex%2FJoint%2520Press%2520Release%2520Jan%25209%2520FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204123415/http://www.democracysudan.org/">"Sudanese Network for Democratic Elections"</a>. Democracysudan.org. 20 January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracysudan.org/">the original</a> on 4 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sudanese+Network+for+Democratic+Elections&rft.pub=Democracysudan.org&rft.date=2011-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracysudan.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.undp-sssr.org/images/sudemopbrochure.pdf">"undp-sssr.org"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. undp-sssr.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=undp-sssr.org&rft.pub=undp-sssr.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.undp-sssr.org%2Fimages%2Fsudemopbrochure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/sgsm13123.doc.htm">"Secretary-General Appoints Panel to Monitor Self-Determination Referenda in Sudan"</a>. United Nations. 21 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503034945/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/sgsm13123.doc.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secretary-General+Appoints+Panel+to+Monitor+Self-Determination+Referenda+in+Sudan&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2010-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FNews%2FPress%2Fdocs%2F2010%2Fsgsm13123.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/10/25/braving-odds-for-south-sudan-vote">"Braving odds for South Sudan vote"</a>. Al Jazeera. 25 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110206191954/http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2010/10/20101019171525461780.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Braving+odds+for+South+Sudan+vote&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2010-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F10%2F25%2Fbraving-odds-for-south-sudan-vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/1/3/southern-sudanese-return-home">"Southern Sudanese return home"</a>. Al Jazeera. 4 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110109052418/http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2011/01/201113113026611191.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southern+Sudanese+return+home&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2011-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F1%2F3%2Fsouthern-sudanese-return-home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/11/15/registration-starts-for-sudan-vote">"Registration starts for Sudan vote"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103213057/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/11/2010111513340303230.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Registration+starts+for+Sudan+vote&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F11%2F15%2Fregistration-starts-for-sudan-vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/1/6/south-sudans-lost-voters">"South Sudan's lost voters"</a>. Al Jazeera. 6 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110110183708/http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2011/01/201116101519232730.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Sudan%27s+lost+voters&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2011-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F1%2F6%2Fsouth-sudans-lost-voters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-voa-jan12-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-voa-jan12_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-voa-jan12_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/south-sudan-vote-passes-60-percent-participation--113343384/133420.html">"Official: South Sudan Voter Turnout to Reach 60 Percent Threshold"</a>. <i>VOA News</i>. 12 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110115003738/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/South-Sudan-Vote-Passes-60-Percent-Participation--113343384.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VOA+News&rft.atitle=Official%3A+South+Sudan+Voter+Turnout+to+Reach+60+Percent+Threshold&rft.date=2011-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fsouth-sudan-vote-passes-60-percent-participation--113343384%2F133420.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-voa-jan13-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-voa-jan13_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/amp/carter-south-sudan-vote-will-meet-intl-standards-113456214/157214.html">"Carter: South Sudan Vote Will Meet International Standards"</a>. <i>VOA News</i>. 13 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110115012400/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/east/Carter-South-Sudan-Vote-Will-Meet-Intl-Standards-113456214.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VOA+News&rft.atitle=Carter%3A+South+Sudan+Vote+Will+Meet+International+Standards&rft.date=2011-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Famp%2Fcarter-south-sudan-vote-will-meet-intl-standards-113456214%2F157214.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yahoo-jan1211-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yahoo-jan1211_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraziuso2011" class="citation web cs1">Straziuso, Jason (12 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110116032710/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110112/ap_on_re_af/af_southern_sudan_referendum">"Turnout in Southern Sudan vote passes 60 percent"</a>. Yahoo! News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110112/ap_on_re_af/af_southern_sudan_referendum">the original</a> on 16 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turnout+in+Southern+Sudan+vote+passes+60+percent&rft.pub=Yahoo%21+News&rft.date=2011-01-12&rft.aulast=Straziuso&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fs%2Fap%2F20110112%2Fap_on_re_af%2Faf_southern_sudan_referendum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFick2011" class="citation web cs1">Fick, Maggie (16 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-ssudan-early-returns-show-big-vote-for-secession-2011jan15-story.html">"S.Sudan early returns show big vote for secession"</a>. <i>San Diego Union-Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+Union-Tribune&rft.atitle=S.Sudan+early+returns+show+big+vote+for+secession&rft.date=2011-01-16&rft.aulast=Fick&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2Fsdut-ssudan-early-returns-show-big-vote-for-secession-2011jan15-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/1/16/sudan-vote-trend-points-at-split">"Sudan vote trend points at split"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110309175625/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/01/2011116101436101586.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sudan+vote+trend+points+at+split&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F1%2F16%2Fsudan-vote-trend-points-at-split&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130218220956/http://www.almanar.com.lb/newssite/NewsDetails.aspx?id=169520&language=en">"US Vice President Lands in Afghanistan in Surprise Visit"</a>. Almanar.com.lb. 26 January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.almanar.com.lb/newssite/NewsDetails.aspx?id=169520&language=en">the original</a> on 18 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Vice+President+Lands+in+Afghanistan+in+Surprise+Visit&rft.pub=Almanar.com.lb&rft.date=2011-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.almanar.com.lb%2Fnewssite%2FNewsDetails.aspx%3Fid%3D169520%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.almanar.com.lb/newssite/NewsDetails.aspx?id=170242&language=en">"Al-ManarTV:: South Sudan Referendum Wraps up, Khartoum Vows to Recognize Results 15/01/2011"</a>. Almanar.com.lb. 15 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-ManarTV%3A%3A+South+Sudan+Referendum+Wraps+up%2C+Khartoum+Vows+to+Recognize+Results+15%2F01%2F2011&rft.pub=Almanar.com.lb&rft.date=2011-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.almanar.com.lb%2Fnewssite%2FNewsDetails.aspx%3Fid%3D170242%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2017">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317033415/http://southernsudan2011.com/sites/default/files/Final_Results_Report_20110206_1512.pdf">"Southern Sudan Referendum Final Results Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Southern Sudan Referendum Commission and Southern Sudan Referendum Bureau</i>. 30 January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southernsudan2011.com/sites/default/files/Final_Results_Report_20110206_1512.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southern+Sudan+Referendum+Commission+and+Southern+Sudan+Referendum+Bureau&rft.atitle=Southern+Sudan+Referendum+Final+Results+Report&rft.date=2011-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthernsudan2011.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FFinal_Results_Report_20110206_1512.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Saleh2011" class="citation web cs1">al-Saleh, Omar (9 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110115191237/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/africa/2011/01/09/mixed-feelings-darfur">"Mixed feelings in Darfur"</a>. Al Jazeera. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.aljazeera.net/africa/2011/01/09/mixed-feelings-darfur">the original</a> on 15 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mixed+feelings+in+Darfur&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2011-01-09&rft.aulast=al-Saleh&rft.aufirst=Omar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.aljazeera.net%2Fafrica%2F2011%2F01%2F09%2Fmixed-feelings-darfur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mtlgaz-jan9-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mtlgaz-jan9_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mtlgaz-jan9_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mtlgaz-jan9_103-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mtlgaz-jan9_103-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabin2011" class="citation news cs1">Babin, Tom (9 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110113101523/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/world/Some+Sudanese+Canadians+boycott+referendum+over+fears+bias/4082370/story.html">"Some Sudanese-Canadians boycott referendum over fears of bias"</a>. <i>Calgary Herald</i>. Postmedia News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://montrealgazette.com/news/world/Some+Sudanese+Canadians+boycott+referendum+over+fears+bias/4082370/story.html">the original</a> on 13 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Calgary+Herald&rft.atitle=Some+Sudanese-Canadians+boycott+referendum+over+fears+of+bias&rft.date=2011-01-09&rft.aulast=Babin&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmontrealgazette.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2FSome%2BSudanese%2BCanadians%2Bboycott%2Breferendum%2Bover%2Bfears%2Bbias%2F4082370%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerrett2011" class="citation web cs1">Terrett, John (10 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2011/1/10/sudan-vote-in-usa">"Sudan vote in USA"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110112141344/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/americas/2011/01/10/sudan-vote-usa">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sudan+vote+in+USA&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2011-01-10&rft.aulast=Terrett&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Ffeatures%2F2011%2F1%2F10%2Fsudan-vote-in-usa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarimi2011" class="citation news cs1">Karimi, Faith (22 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/01/22/sudan.referendum.results/index.html?_s=PM:WORLD">"Report: Vote for South Sudan independence nearly unanimous"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006193459/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-01-22/world/sudan.referendum.results_1_preliminary-results-official-results-election-officials?_s=PM:WORLD">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Vote+for+South+Sudan+independence+nearly+unanimous&rft.date=2011-01-22&rft.aulast=Karimi&rft.aufirst=Faith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2011%2FWORLD%2Fafrica%2F01%2F22%2Fsudan.referendum.results%2Findex.html%3F_s%3DPM%3AWORLD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-splapactjan6-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-splapactjan6_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMutasa2011" class="citation web cs1">Mutasa, Haru (6 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110110161540/http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2011/01/2011168020395407.html">"Sudan's SPLA signs pact with rebels"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2011/01/2011168020395407.html">the original</a> on 10 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Sudan%27s+SPLA+signs+pact+with+rebels&rft.date=2011-01-06&rft.aulast=Mutasa&rft.aufirst=Haru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fvideo%2Fafrica%2F2011%2F01%2F2011168020395407.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/1/8/deadly-clashes-ahead-of-sudan-vote">"Deadly clashes ahead of Sudan vote"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110110010153/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/01/20111813935854947.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deadly+clashes+ahead+of+Sudan+vote&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F1%2F8%2Fdeadly-clashes-ahead-of-sudan-vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopnall2011" class="citation news cs1">Copnall, James (10 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-africa-12158129">"Clashes during south Sudan referendum"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Clashes+during+south+Sudan+referendum&rft.date=2011-01-10&rft.aulast=Copnall&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fav%2Fworld-africa-12158129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Kadameri2011" class="citation web cs1">O'Kadameri, Billie (13 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20110113-southern-government-reacts-khartoum-provocation">"Southern government reacts to Khartoum "provocation"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>RFI</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110123064621/http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20110113-southern-government-reacts-khartoum-provocation">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RFI&rft.atitle=Southern+government+reacts+to+Khartoum+%22provocation%22&rft.date=2011-01-13&rft.aulast=O%27Kadameri&rft.aufirst=Billie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fen%2Fafrica%2F20110113-southern-government-reacts-khartoum-provocation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sudantribune-com.webpkgcache.com/doc/-/s/sudantribune.com/article37495/">"Southern Sudan leader meets with Polisario Front chief: report"</a>. <i>Sudan Tribune</i>. February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629061434/http://www.sudantribune.com/Southern-Sudan-leader-meets-with,37838">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Southern+Sudan+leader+meets+with+Polisario+Front+chief%3A+report&rft.date=2011-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsudantribune-com.webpkgcache.com%2Fdoc%2F-%2Fs%2Fsudantribune.com%2Farticle37495%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/the-monitors-view/2011/0209/Sudan-after-the-referendum-a-test-case-for-Africa">"Sudan after the referendum: a test case for Africa"</a>. <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i>. 9 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024119/http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/the-monitors-view/2011/0209/Sudan-after-the-referendum-a-test-case-for-Africa">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Sudan+after+the+referendum%3A+a+test+case+for+Africa&rft.date=2011-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FCommentary%2Fthe-monitors-view%2F2011%2F0209%2FSudan-after-the-referendum-a-test-case-for-Africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMutasa2011" class="citation web cs1">Mutasa, Haru (23 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/1/23/southern-sudanese-debate-new-name">"Southern Sudanese debate new name"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110131080752/http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2011/01/2011123125023126139.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southern+Sudanese+debate+new+name&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2011-01-23&rft.aulast=Mutasa&rft.aufirst=Haru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F1%2F23%2Fsouthern-sudanese-debate-new-name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKron2011" class="citation news cs1">Kron, Josh (24 January 2011). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/world/africa/24sudan.html">"Southern Sudan Nears a Decision on One Matter: Its New Name"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906191623/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/world/africa/24sudan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Southern+Sudan+Nears+a+Decision+on+One+Matter%3A+Its+New+Name&rft.date=2011-01-24&rft.aulast=Kron&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F01%2F24%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F24sudan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12478957">"South Sudan chosen as name for new country"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 16 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171231055504/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12478957">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=South+Sudan+chosen+as+name+for+new+country&rft.date=2011-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-12478957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/2/26/south-sudans-big-challenge">"South Sudan's big challenge"</a>. Al Jazeera. 26 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629083624/http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2011/02/201122695029186725.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Sudan%27s+big+challenge&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2011-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F2%2F26%2Fsouth-sudans-big-challenge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/2/9/south-sudan-minister-shot-dead">"South Sudan minister shot dead"</a>. Al Jazeera. 9 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629023222/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/201129133511388343.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Sudan+minister+shot+dead&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2011-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F2%2F9%2Fsouth-sudan-minister-shot-dead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+South+Sudanese+independence+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Southern_Sudanese_independence_referendum,_2011" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Southern Sudanese independence referendum, 2011">Southern Sudanese independence referendum, 2011</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ugpulse.com/articles/daily/People.asp?about=Republic+of+South+Sudan%3A+Challenges+and+Opportunities+-+Part+1&ID=1213">Republic of South Sudan: Challenges and Opportunities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110111070051/http://www.ssrc.sd/SSRC2/">Southern Sudan Referendum Commission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southernsudan2011.com/">Southern Sudan Referendum Results website (SSRC and SSRB)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202090652/http://www.undp-sssr.org/">UNDP Support to the Southern Sudan Referendum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110110212656/http://www.usaid.gov/locations/sub-saharan_africa/countries/sudan/referenda2011.html">USAID Support to the Southern Sudan Referendum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudanvotes.com">Media in Cooperation and Transition</a> a – group of Sudanese journalists covering the referendum.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110108094558/http://www.sudanvotemonitor.com/">Sudan Vote Monitor</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2011)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum#Dubious" title="Talk:2011 South Sudanese independence referendum">discuss</a></i>]</sup> – Sudan Vote Monitor is a collaboration of several Sudanese civil society organisations for independent monitoring of elections</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gurtong.net/SudanReferendum/tabid/440/Default.aspx">Sudan Referendum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190809051458/http://www.gurtong.net/SudanReferendum/tabid/440/Default.aspx">Archived</a> 9 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <i>Gurtong</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110216102710/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/stateofsudan/">Sudan: One Country or Two?</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="/wiki/Aljazeera_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Aljazeera English">Aljazeera English</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12070034">South Sudan Referendum</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110126125446/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91363">Sudan's Referendum</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Humanitarian" title="The New Humanitarian">IRIN News</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2011/1/4/sudan_referendum_a_real_turning_point">Sudan Referendum: "A Real Turning Point for the People of Africa"</a> – video report by <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110128022532/http://www.usaid.gov/locations/sub-saharan_africa/features/vote_photo_essay.html">Photo Gallery by USAID</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110312115527/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/54171/sudan-ready-to-vote#index/0">Sudan: Ready to Vote </a> – slideshow by <i><a href="/wiki/Life_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Life magazine">Life magazine</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=South_Sudan&#124;link=South_Sudan_Elections_and_referendums_in_South_Sudan349" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Sudanese_elections" title="Template:South Sudanese elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Sudanese_elections" title="Template talk:South Sudanese elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Sudanese_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Sudanese elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=South_Sudan&#124;link=South_Sudan_Elections_and_referendums_in_South_Sudan349" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan"><img alt="South Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Sudan" title="Politics of South Sudan">Elections and referendums in South Sudan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_South_Sudan" title="List of heads of state of South Sudan">Presidential elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Southern_Sudanese_general_election" title="2010 Southern Sudanese general election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_South_Sudanese_general_election" title="2026 South Sudanese general election"><i>2026</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Legislative_Assembly_(South_Sudan)" title="National Legislative Assembly (South Sudan)">Parliamentary elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1973_Southern_Sudanese_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1973 Southern Sudanese parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980_Southern_Sudanese_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980 Southern Sudanese parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Southern_Sudanese_general_election" title="2010 Southern Sudanese general election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_South_Sudanese_general_election" title="2026 South Sudanese general election"><i>2026</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Sudanese_gubernatorial_elections" title="2010 Sudanese gubernatorial elections">2010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2011</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&oldid=1273817511">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&oldid=1273817511</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2011_in_South_Sudan" title="Category:2011 in South Sudan">2011 in South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2011_in_Sudan" title="Category:2011 in Sudan">2011 in Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2011_referendums" title="Category:2011 referendums">2011 referendums</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Independence_referendums" title="Category:Independence referendums">Independence referendums</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Referendums_in_South_Sudan" title="Category:Referendums in South Sudan">Referendums in South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Referendums_in_Sudan" title="Category:Referendums in Sudan">Referendums in Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Separatism_in_Sudan" title="Category:Separatism in Sudan">Separatism in Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:January_2011_in_Africa" title="Category:January 2011 in Africa">January 2011 in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Sudan%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Category:South Sudan–Sudan relations">South Sudan–Sudan relations</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2023">Articles with dead external links from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2018">Articles with dead external links from May 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2017">Articles with dead external links from January 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2020">Use dmy dates from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_January_2011" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from January 2011">Articles to be expanded from January 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_January_2011" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2011">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_January_2011" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2011">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_July_2011" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from July 2011">Articles to be expanded from July 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_January_2011" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from January 2011">Articles with disputed statements from January 2011</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 February 2025, at 04:46<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 South Sudanese independence referendum</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>38 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7c99945f4b-f2xn5","wgBackendResponseTime":183,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.561","walltime":"1.787","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9370,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":323770,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11997,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":462734,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1591.228 1 -total"," 55.37% 881.030 1 Template:Reflist"," 36.64% 582.995 86 Template:Cite_web"," 9.25% 147.245 24 Template:Cite_news"," 8.86% 140.926 1 Template:Infobox_referendum"," 7.79% 123.933 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.32% 116.468 1 Template:Infobox"," 7.20% 114.580 1 Template:Politics_of_Southern_Sudan"," 5.19% 82.651 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.22% 67.191 2 Template:Expand_section"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.012","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9157351,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","24.1"],["?","220","20.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","9.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","7.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","7.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","60","5.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","3.7"],["sub","40","3.7"],["tostring","20","1.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","20","1.9"],["[others]","160","14.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-57fb4d9bb9-cbjvr","timestamp":"20250212171100","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"2011 South Sudanese independence referendum","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q207950","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q207950","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-09-14T18:06:34Z","dateModified":"2025-02-04T04:46:07Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/37\/South_Sudan_independence_celebration_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg","headline":"independence referendum"}</script> </body> </html>