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class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prif ddewislen" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prif ddewislen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Prif ddewislen</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Panel llywio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hafan" title="Ymweld â'r Hafan [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Hafan</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Porth_y_Gymuned" title="Pethau i'w gwneud, adnoddau a thudalennau'r gymuned"><span>Porth y Gymuned</span></a></li><li id="n-cafe" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Y_Caffi"><span>Y Caffi</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categori:Materion_cyfoes" title="Gwybodaeth yn gysylltiedig â materion cyfoes"><span>Materion cyfoes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChanges" title="Rhestr y newidiadau diweddar ar y wici. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Newidiadau diweddar</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Random" title="Llwytho tudalen ar hap [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Erthygl ar hap</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Cymorth" title="Tudalennau cymorth"><span>Cymorth</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hafan" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wicipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-cy.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-cy.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Chwilio</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Chwilio Wicipedia" aria-label="Chwilio Wicipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Arbennig:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Chwilio</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Offer personol"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Newidiwch ymddangosiad maint ffont, lled a lliw y dudalen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gwedd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gwedd</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy" class=""><span>Rhoi</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Rhywogaeth" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol" class=""><span>Creu cyfrif</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Rhywogaeth" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Mewngofnodi</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Offer personol" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Offer personol</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Dewislen defnyddiwr" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy"><span>Rhoi</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Rhywogaeth" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Creu cyfrif</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Rhywogaeth" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Mewngofnodi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tudalennau ar gyfer golygyddion allgofnodedig <a href="/wiki/Cymorth:Cyflwyniad" aria-label="Dysgu mwy am olygu"><span>dysgu mwy</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyContributions" title="Rhestr golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Cyfraniadau</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyTalk" title="Sgwrs ynglŷn â golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Sgwrs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Cynnwys" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cynnwys</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Y dechrau</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Diffiniad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diffiniad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Diffiniad</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diffiniad-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Diffiniad</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diffiniad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rhywogaethau_teipolegol_neu_forffolegol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhywogaethau_teipolegol_neu_forffolegol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Rhywogaethau teipolegol neu forffolegol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhywogaethau_teipolegol_neu_forffolegol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhywogaethau_adnabyddiaeth_a_chydlyniad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhywogaethau_adnabyddiaeth_a_chydlyniad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Rhywogaethau adnabyddiaeth a chydlyniad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhywogaethau_adnabyddiaeth_a_chydlyniad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tebygrwydd_genetig_a_rhywogaethau_cod_bar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tebygrwydd_genetig_a_rhywogaethau_cod_bar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Tebygrwydd genetig a rhywogaethau cod bar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tebygrwydd_genetig_a_rhywogaethau_cod_bar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhywogaethau_ffylogenetig_neu_gytrasaidd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhywogaethau_ffylogenetig_neu_gytrasaidd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Rhywogaethau ffylogenetig neu gytrasaidd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhywogaethau_ffylogenetig_neu_gytrasaidd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhywogaethau_esblygiadol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhywogaethau_esblygiadol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Rhywogaethau esblygiadol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhywogaethau_esblygiadol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhywogaethau_ecolegol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhywogaethau_ecolegol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Rhywogaethau ecolegol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhywogaethau_ecolegol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhywogaethau_genetig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhywogaethau_genetig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Rhywogaethau genetig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhywogaethau_genetig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cronosrywogaeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cronosrywogaeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Cronosrywogaeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cronosrywogaeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Y_broblem_rhywogaethau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Y_broblem_rhywogaethau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Y broblem rhywogaethau</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Y_broblem_rhywogaethau-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Y broblem rhywogaethau</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Y_broblem_rhywogaethau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Croesrywedd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croesrywedd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Croesrywedd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croesrywedd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhywogaethau_cylch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhywogaethau_cylch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rhywogaethau cylch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhywogaethau_cylch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tacsonomeg_ac_enwi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tacsonomeg_ac_enwi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tacsonomeg ac enwi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tacsonomeg_ac_enwi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Tacsonomeg ac enwi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tacsonomeg_ac_enwi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enwau_cyffredin_a_gwyddonol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enwau_cyffredin_a_gwyddonol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Enwau cyffredin a gwyddonol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enwau_cyffredin_a_gwyddonol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disgrifiad_rhywogaeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disgrifiad_rhywogaeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Disgrifiad rhywogaeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disgrifiad_rhywogaeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byrfoddau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byrfoddau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Byrfoddau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byrfoddau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Newid</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Newid-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Newid</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Newid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ffurfiant_rhywogaethau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ffurfiant_rhywogaethau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ffurfiant rhywogaethau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ffurfiant_rhywogaethau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyfnewid_genynnau_rhwng_rhywogaethau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyfnewid_genynnau_rhwng_rhywogaethau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cyfnewid genynnau rhwng rhywogaethau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyfnewid_genynnau_rhwng_rhywogaethau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Difodiant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difodiant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Difodiant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difodiant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyfeiriadau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyfeiriadau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cyfeiriadau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyfeiriadau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ffynonellau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ffynonellau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ffynonellau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ffynonellau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dolenni_allanol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dolenni_allanol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dolenni allanol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dolenni_allanol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cynnwys" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toglo'r tabl cynnwys" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toglo'r tabl cynnwys</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhywogaeth</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ewch i erthygl mewn iaith arall. Ar gael mewn 146 iaith" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-146" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">146 iaith</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesie" title="Spesie - Affricaneg" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spesie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Affricaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_(Biologie)" title="Art (Biologie) - Almaeneg y Swistir" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Art (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg y Swistir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especie" title="Especie - Aragoneg" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Especie" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81)" title="نوع (تصنيف) - Arabeg" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نوع (تصنيف)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9_(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="نوع (بيولوجيا) - Arabeg Moroco" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نوع (بيولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arabeg Moroco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9" title="نوع - Arabeg yr Aifft" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نوع" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arabeg yr Aifft" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_(%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE)" title="প্ৰজাতি (জীৱবিদ্যা) - Asameg" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰজাতি (জীৱবিদ্যা)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asameg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especie" title="Especie - Astwrianeg" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Especie" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Astwrianeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioloji_n%C3%B6v" title="Bioloji növ - Aserbaijaneg" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bioloji növ" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Aserbaijaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A4%D9%88%D8%B9_(%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C)" title="نؤوع (بیولوژی) - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نؤوع (بیولوژی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Төр (биология) - Bashcorteg" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төр (биология)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashcorteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A9si%C3%A9s" title="Spésiés - Balïeg" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Spésiés" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balïeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oart_(Biologie)" title="Oart (Biologie) - Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Oart (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%AB%C5%A1%C4%97s" title="Rūšės - Samogiteg" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rūšės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogiteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espesye" title="Espesye - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Espesye" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Біялагічны від - Belarwseg" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Біялагічны від" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Від (біялёгія) - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Від (біялёгія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Вид (биология) - Bwlgareg" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вид (биология)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bwlgareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="प्रजाति - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्रजाति" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="প্রজাতি - Bengaleg" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রজাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesad" title="Spesad - Llydaweg" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Spesad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Llydaweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrsta_(biologija)" title="Vrsta (biologija) - Bosnieg" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vrsta (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies - Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Spesies" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A8cie" title="Espècie - Catalaneg" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espècie" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Биологин тайпа - Tsietsieneg" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Биологин тайпа" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsietsieneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A7%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B4%E1%8E%BF_%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%81%E1%8E%AF" title="ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿ ᎠᏁᎯ - Tsierocî" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿ ᎠᏁᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Tsierocî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D8%B1_(%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="جۆر (ژینناسی) - Cwrdeg Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆر (ژینناسی)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh" title="Druh - Tsieceg" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsieceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D1%81_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)" title="Тĕс (биологи) - Tshwfasheg" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тĕс (биологи)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tshwfasheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" title="Art - Daneg" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Art" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Daneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_(Biologie)" title="Art (Biologie) - Almaeneg" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Art (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%BEyna_(biologija)" title="Družyna (biologija) - Sorbeg Isaf" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Družyna (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbeg Isaf" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Είδος (βιολογία) - Groeg" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Είδος (βιολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Groeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" title="Species - Saesneg" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Species" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specio" title="Specio - Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Specio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especie" title="Especie - Sbaeneg" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Especie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sbaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liik_(bioloogia)" title="Liik (bioloogia) - Estoneg" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liik (bioloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espezie" title="Espezie - Basgeg" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espezie" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especii" title="Especii - Extremadureg" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Especii" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremadureg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87_(%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="گونه (زیست‌شناسی) - Perseg" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گونه (زیست‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laji" title="Laji - Ffinneg" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laji" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Ffinneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A8ce" title="Espèce - Ffrangeg" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Espèce" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Ffrangeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slach" title="Slach - Ffriseg Gogleddol" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Slach" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg Gogleddol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soarte" title="Soarte - Ffriseg y Gorllewin" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Soarte" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg y Gorllewin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speiceas" title="Speiceas - Gwyddeleg" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Speiceas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Gwyddeleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8sp%C3%A8s" title="Lèspès - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lèspès" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especie" title="Especie - Galisieg" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Especie" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juehegua" title="Juehegua - Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Juehegua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F_(%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94)" title="מין (טקסונומיה) - Hebraeg" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מין (טקסונומיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebraeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="जाति (जीवविज्ञान) - Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जाति (जीवविज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" title="Species - Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Species" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrsta" title="Vrsta - Croateg" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vrsta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%BEina_(biologija)" title="Družina (biologija) - Sorbeg Uchaf" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Družina (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbeg Uchaf" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A8s" title="Espès - Creol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Espès" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Creol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faj" title="Faj - Hwngareg" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Faj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hwngareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Կենսաբանական տեսակ - Armeneg" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենսաբանական տեսակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specie" title="Specie - Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Specie" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies - Indoneseg" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Spesies" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indoneseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebbangan" title="Sebbangan - Ilocaneg" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sebbangan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Ilocaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BF" title="Биологе кеп - Ingwsieg" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Биологе кеп" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingwsieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegund_(l%C3%ADffr%C3%A6%C3%B0i)" title="Tegund (líffræði) - Islandeg" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tegund (líffræði)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specie" title="Specie - Eidaleg" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Specie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Eidaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%AE_(%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="種 (分類学) - Japaneeg" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="種 (分類学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japaneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiishi" title="Spiishi - Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Spiishi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sep%C3%A9siyes" title="Sepésiyes - Jafanaeg" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sepésiyes" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jafanaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="სახეობა - Georgeg" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სახეობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmest" title="Talmest - Cabileg" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Talmest" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Cabileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Түр (биология) - Casacheg" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түр (биология)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Casacheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF_(%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0)" title="ಜಾತಿ (ಜೀವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ) - Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾತಿ (ಜೀವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%85_(%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="종 (생물학) - Coreeg" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종 (생물학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Coreeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8E" title="Биология тюрлю - Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Биология тюрлю" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%B2%DA%98" title="زٲژ - Cashmireg" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="زٲژ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Cashmireg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cure" title="Cure - Cwrdeg" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cure" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eghen" title="Eghen - Cernyweg" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Eghen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cernyweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80" title="Түр - Cirgiseg" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Cirgiseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_(taxinomia)" title="Species (taxinomia) - Lladin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Species (taxinomia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Lladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aart" title="Aart - Lwcsembwrgeg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Aart" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Lwcsembwrgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A9ce" title="Spéce - Lombardeg" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Spéce" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5" title="ສະປີຊີ - Laoeg" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະປີຊີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laoeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%AB%C5%A1is" title="Rūšis - Lithwaneg" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rūšis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithwaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suga" title="Suga - Latfieg" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Suga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latfieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Вид (биологија) - Macedoneg" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вид (биологија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="സ്പീഷീസ് - Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്പീഷീസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Зүйл - Mongoleg" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зүйл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongoleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies - Maleieg" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Spesies" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bi" title="Speċi - Malteg" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Speċi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="မျိုးစိတ် - Byrmaneg" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မျိုးစိတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Byrmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C_(%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA)" title="تی (زیست) - Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تی (زیست)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specia" title="Specia - Naplieg" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Specia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Naplieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oort_(Biologie)" title="Oort (Biologie) - Almaeneg Isel" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Oort (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Isel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="प्रजाति - Nepaleg" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रजाति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="प्रजाति - Newaeg" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्रजाति" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soort" title="Soort - Iseldireg" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Soort" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Iseldireg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" title="Art - Norwyeg Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Art" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" title="Art - Norwyeg Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Art" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A8cia_(biologia)" title="Espècia (biologia) - Ocsitaneg" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Espècia (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ocsitaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%B7_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)" title="Хуыз (биологи) - Oseteg" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хуыз (биологи)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Oseteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80" title="ਪ੍ਰਜਾਤੀ - Pwnjabeg" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਜਾਤੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pwnjabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" title="Species - Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Species" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espesie" title="Espesie - Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Espesie" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatunek_(biologia)" title="Gatunek (biologia) - Pwyleg" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gatunek (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pwyleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spece" title="Spece - Piedmonteg" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Spece" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmonteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="سپیشیز - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سپیشیز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%90_(%D8%AF_%DA%98%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%89%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87)" title="نوعې (د ژویو ډولونه) - Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نوعې (د ژویو ډولونه)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A9cie" title="Espécie - Portiwgaleg" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Espécie" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portiwgaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikch%27aq" title="Rikch'aq - Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rikch'aq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specie_(biologie)" title="Specie (biologie) - Rwmaneg" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Specie (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rwmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specie" title="Specie - Aromaneg" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Specie" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Биологический вид - Rwseg" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биологический вид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Вид (біолоґія) - Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вид (біолоґія)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D2%A5_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Көрүҥ (биология) - Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Көрүҥ (биология)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speci_(biolugg%C3%ACa)" title="Speci (bioluggìa) - Sisileg" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Speci (bioluggìa)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" title="Species - Sgoteg" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Species" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Sgoteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9_(%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="نوع (حياتيات) - Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نوع (حياتيات)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0l%C3%A1dja" title="Šládja - Sami Gogleddol" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Šládja" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Gogleddol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrsta" title="Vrsta - Serbo-Croateg" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vrsta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" title="Species - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Species" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh_(taxon%C3%B3mia)" title="Druh (taxonómia) - Slofaceg" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Druh (taxonómia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slofaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrsta_(biologija)" title="Vrsta (biologija) - Slofeneg" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vrsta (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slofeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloji_(biologji)" title="Lloji (biologji) - Albaneg" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lloji (biologji)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Врста (биологија) - Serbeg" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Врста (биологија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A9si%C3%A9s" title="Spésiés - Swndaneg" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Spésiés" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Swndaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" title="Art - Swedeg" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Art" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spishi" title="Spishi - Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Spishi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="இனம் (உயிரியல்) - Tamileg" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இனம் (உயிரியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="జాతి - Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జాతి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="สปีชีส์ - Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สปีชีส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologik_g%C3%B6rn%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Biologik görnüş - Tyrcmeneg" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Biologik görnüş" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Tyrcmeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espesye" title="Espesye - Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Espesye" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCr" title="Tür - Tyrceg" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Төр (биология) - Tatareg" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төр (биология)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Вид - Wcreineg" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вид" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Wcreineg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9" title="نوع - Wrdw" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نوع" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Wrdw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur_(biologiya)" title="Tur (biologiya) - Wsbeceg" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tur (biologiya)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Wsbeceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spece" title="Spece - Feniseg" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Spece" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Feniseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologine_erik" title="Biologine erik - Feps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Biologine erik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Feps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%A0i" title="Loài - Fietnameg" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Loài" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Fietnameg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4orte" title="Sôorte - Fflemeg Gorllewinol" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Sôorte" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="Fflemeg Gorllewinol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indje_(biyolodjeye)" title="Indje (biyolodjeye) - Walwneg" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Indje (biyolodjeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walwneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espesyis" title="Espesyis - Winarayeg" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Espesyis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Winarayeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D" title="物种 - Wu Tsieineaidd" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="物种" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tsieineaidd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="გვარობა - Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გვარობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9C" title="זגאל - Iddew-Almaeneg" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זגאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Iddew-Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D" title="物种 - Tsieinëeg" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="物种" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tsieinëeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9ng_(hun-l%C5%ABi-ha%CC%8Dk)" title="Chéng (hun-lūi-ha̍k) - Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chéng (hun-lūi-ha̍k)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="物種 - Cantoneeg" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="物種" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantoneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7432#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Golygu dolenni rhyngwici" class="wbc-editpage">Golygu dolenni</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Parthau"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rhywogaeth" title="Gweld y dudalen bwnc [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Erthygl</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sgwrs:Rhywogaeth&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Sgwrsio am y dudalen (dim tudalen ar gael) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Sgwrs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Newid amrywiad iaith" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Cymraeg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Golygon"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rhywogaeth"><span>Darllen</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Golygu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Golygu cod</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=history" title="Fersiynau cynt o'r dudalen hon. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Gweld hanes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Blwch offer" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Blwch offer</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Blwch offer</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Gweithredoedd </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rhywogaeth"><span>Darllen</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Golygu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Golygu cod</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=history"><span>Gweld hanes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cyffredinol </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:WhatLinksHere/Rhywogaeth" title="Rhestr o bob tudalen sy'n cysylltu â hon [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Beth sy'n cysylltu yma</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChangesLinked/Rhywogaeth" rel="nofollow" title="Newidiadau diweddar i dudalennau sydd yn cysylltu â hon [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Newidiadau perthnasol</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:SpecialPages" title="Rhestr o'r holl dudalennau arbennig [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Tudalennau arbennig</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&oldid=13291466" title="Dolen barhaol i'r fersiwn hwn y dudalen hon"><span>Dolen barhaol</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=info" title="Mwy o wybodaeth am y dudalen hon"><span>Gwybodaeth am y dudalen</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CiteThisPage&page=Rhywogaeth&id=13291466&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Gwybodaeth ar sut i gyfeirio at y dudalen hon"><span>Cyfeirio at y dudalen hon</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRhywogaeth"><span>Cael URL byr</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRhywogaeth"><span>Lawrlwytho cod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Argraffu / allforio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Rhywogaeth"><span>Llunio llyfr</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:DownloadAsPdf&page=Rhywogaeth&action=show-download-screen"><span>Lawrlwytho fel PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&printable=yes" title="Cynhyrchwch fersiwn o'r dudalen yn barod at ei hargraffu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Fersiwn argraffu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mewn prosiectau eraill </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Species" hreflang="en"><span>Comin Wikimedia</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7432" title="Cysylltu i eitem ystorfa gysylltiedig [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Eitem Wicidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gwedd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Oddi ar Wicipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cy" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><caption>Rhywogaeth</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Systematics-of-treefrogs-of-the-Hypsiboas-calcaratus-and-Hypsiboas-fasciatus-species-complex-(Anura-ZooKeys-370-001-g009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Systematics-of-treefrogs-of-the-Hypsiboas-calcaratus-and-Hypsiboas-fasciatus-species-complex-%28Anura-ZooKeys-370-001-g009.jpg/220px-Systematics-of-treefrogs-of-the-Hypsiboas-calcaratus-and-Hypsiboas-fasciatus-species-complex-%28Anura-ZooKeys-370-001-g009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Systematics-of-treefrogs-of-the-Hypsiboas-calcaratus-and-Hypsiboas-fasciatus-species-complex-%28Anura-ZooKeys-370-001-g009.jpg/330px-Systematics-of-treefrogs-of-the-Hypsiboas-calcaratus-and-Hypsiboas-fasciatus-species-complex-%28Anura-ZooKeys-370-001-g009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Systematics-of-treefrogs-of-the-Hypsiboas-calcaratus-and-Hypsiboas-fasciatus-species-complex-%28Anura-ZooKeys-370-001-g009.jpg/440px-Systematics-of-treefrogs-of-the-Hypsiboas-calcaratus-and-Hypsiboas-fasciatus-species-complex-%28Anura-ZooKeys-370-001-g009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="758" /></a></span><div>O fewn y grwp <i>Hypsiboas calcaratus–fasciatus</i> ceir o leiaf 6 rhywogaeth o froga.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Enghraifft o'r canlynol</th><td>rheng tacson, rheng mewn swoleg, rheng mewn botaneg <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7432?uselang=cy#P31" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Math</th><td><a href="/wiki/Tacson" title="Tacson">tacson</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7432?uselang=cy#P279" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Rhan o</th><td>isgyfres, isgenws <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7432?uselang=cy#P361" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Yn cynnwys</th><td>poblogaeth <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7432?uselang=cy#P527" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tudalen Comin"><img alt="Tudalen Comin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Species" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Species">Ffeiliau perthnasol ar Gomin Wicimedia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="tright" style="border-color: #F8FCFF;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:168px;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Dosbarthiad_biolegol.svg" title="Lefelau dosbarthiad biolegol"><img alt="Lefelau dosbarthiad biolegol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/cy/thumb/4/45/Dosbarthiad_biolegol.svg/150px-Dosbarthiad_biolegol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/cy/thumb/4/45/Dosbarthiad_biolegol.svg/225px-Dosbarthiad_biolegol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/cy/thumb/4/45/Dosbarthiad_biolegol.svg/300px-Dosbarthiad_biolegol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="590" usemap="#ImageMap_299be8264ae1467f" /></a><map name="ImageMap_299be8264ae1467f"><area href="/wiki/Rhywogaeth" shape="rect" coords="65,18,147,44" alt="Rhywogaeth" title="Rhywogaeth" /><area href="/wiki/Genws" shape="rect" coords="65,59,147,86" alt="Genws" title="Genws" /><area href="/wiki/Teulu_(bioleg)" shape="rect" coords="65,100,147,128" alt="Teulu" title="Teulu" /><area href="/wiki/Urdd_(bioleg)" shape="rect" coords="65,142,147,169" alt="Urdd" title="Urdd" /><area href="/wiki/Dosbarth_(bioleg)" shape="rect" coords="65,183,147,210" alt="Dosbarth" title="Dosbarth" /><area href="/wiki/Ffylwm" shape="rect" coords="65,224,147,252" alt="Ffylwm" title="Ffylwm" /><area href="/wiki/Teyrnas_(bioleg)" shape="rect" coords="65,266,147,293" alt="Teyrnas" title="Teyrnas" /><area href="/wiki/Parth_(bioleg)" shape="rect" coords="65,307,147,335" alt="Parth" title="Parth" /><area href="/wiki/Bywyd" shape="rect" coords="65,348,147,376" alt="Bywyd" title="Bywyd" /></map><figcaption>Lefelau dosbarthiad biolegol</figcaption></figure> <hr /> <div class="thumbcaption"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Dosbarthiad_biolegol.svg" title="Helaethu"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Magnify-clip.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="11" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Y prif rengoedd mewn <a href="/wiki/Dosbarthiad_gwyddonol" title="Dosbarthiad gwyddonol">dosbarthiad biolegol</a>.</div></div></div> <p>Rheng <a href="/wiki/Tacson" title="Tacson">tacson</a> yw <b>rhywogaeth</b> (lluosog: <i>rhywogaethau</i>) a ddefnyddir i <a href="/wiki/Dosbarthiad_gwyddonol" title="Dosbarthiad gwyddonol">ddosbarthu'n wyddonol</a> <a href="/wiki/Organebau_byw" class="mw-redirect" title="Organebau byw">organebau byw</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anifail" title="Anifail">anifeiliaid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planhigyn" title="Planhigyn">planhigion</a> ayb). Mae hefyd yn cael ei ddefnyddio o fewn <a href="/wiki/Bywydeg" title="Bywydeg">bywydeg</a> ar gyfer ffosiliau ac organebau <a href="/wiki/Difodiant" title="Difodiant">a ddifodwyd</a>. Ceir hefyd 'is-rywogaeth'. Mewn <a href="/wiki/Bywydeg" title="Bywydeg">bioleg</a>, diffinnir rhywogaeth yn aml fel y grŵp mwyaf o <a href="/wiki/Organeb_byw" title="Organeb byw">organebau</a> lle gall unrhyw ddau unigolyn <a href="/wiki/Atgenhedlu" title="Atgenhedlu">atgenhedlu</a> epil ffrwythlon, fel arferl trwy atgenhedlu rhywiol. Dyma'r uned ddosbarthu sylfaenol a rheng tacsonomig <a href="/wiki/Organeb_byw" title="Organeb byw">organeb</a>, yn ogystal ag uned o <a href="/wiki/Bioamrywiaeth" title="Bioamrywiaeth">fioamrywiaeth</a>. Mae ffyrdd eraill o ddiffinio rhywogaethau yn cynnwys eu caryoteip, dilyniant <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, morffoleg, ymddygiad, neu gilfach ecolegol. Yn ogystal, mae <a href="/wiki/Paleontoleg" title="Paleontoleg">paleontolegwyr</a> yn defnyddio'r cysyniad o gronorywogaeth gan na ellir archwilio atgenhedlu mewn <a href="/wiki/Ffosil" title="Ffosil">ffosiliau</a>. </p><p>Yn 2018, amcangyfrir fod cyfanswm nifer y rhywogaethau o <a href="/wiki/Ewcaryot" title="Ewcaryot">ewcaryotau</a> yw rhwng 8 ac 8.7 miliwn.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PLOS_2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fodd bynnag, dim ond tua 14% o'r rhain oedd wedi'u disgrifio erbyn 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOS_2011_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mae pob <a class="mw-selflink selflink">rhywogaeth</a> (ac eithrio <a href="/wiki/Firws" title="Firws">firysau</a>) yn derbyn <a href="/wiki/Enw_deuenwol" title="Enw deuenwol">enw</a> deuenwol: y rhan gyntaf yw'r <a href="/wiki/Genws" title="Genws">genws</a> y mae'r rhywogaeth yn perthyn iddo. Gelwir yr ail ran yn enw penodol neu'r epithet penodol (mewn systemau enwi botanegol ac hefyd weithiau mewn enwau sŵolegol). Er enghraifft, mae <i>Boa constrictor</i> (neidr wasgu boa) yn un o rywogaethau'r genws <i>Boa</i>, a <i>constrictor</i> yw epithet y rhywogaeth. </p><p>Er y gall y diffiniadau a roddir uchod ymddangos yn ddigonol ar yr olwg gyntaf, o edrych yn fanylach arnynt maent yn cynrychioli broblematig. Er enghraifft, daw'r ffiniau rhwng rhywogaethau sy'n perthyn yn agos yn aneglur gyda chroesi, mewn cymhlyg rhywogaethau (<i>species complex</i>) o gannoedd o ficrorywogaethau tebyg, ac mewn rhywogaethau cylchog. Er nad yw'r un o'r rhain yn ddiffiniadau cwbl foddhaol, ac er efallai nad yw'r cysyniad o rywogaethau yn fodel perffaith o fywyd, mae'n dal i fod yn offeryn hynod ddefnyddiol i wyddonwyr a chadwraethwyr ar gyfer astudio bywyd ar y Ddaear. Pe bai rhywogaethau'n sefydlog ac yn amlwg yn wahanol i'w gilydd, ni fyddai unrhyw broblem, ond mae prosesau <a href="/wiki/Esblygiad" title="Esblygiad">esblygiadol</a> yn achosi i rywogaethau newid. Mae hyn yn gorfodi tacsonomegwyr i benderfynu, er enghraifft, pryd mae digon o newid wedi digwydd i ddatgan y dylid rhannu llinach yn gronorywogaethau lluosog, neu pan fo poblogaethau wedi ymwahanu'n ddigonol i'w disgrifio fel rhywogaeth gytrasaidd. </p><p>Gwelwyd rhywogaethau o gyfnod <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> hyd at y <a href="/wiki/18g" class="mw-redirect" title="18g">18g</a> fel categorïau sefydlog y gellid eu trefnu mewn hierarchaeth, y <a href="/wiki/Cadwyn_Bod" title="Cadwyn Bod">gadwyn bod</a>. Yn y <a href="/wiki/19g" class="mw-redirect" title="19g">19g</a>, roedd biolegwyr yn deall y gallai rhywogaethau esblygu o gael digon o amser. Esboniodd llyfr <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> 1859 <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i> sut y gallai rhywogaethau newid trwy <a href="/wiki/Detholiad_naturiol" title="Detholiad naturiol">ddetholiad naturiol</a>. Ehangwyd y ddealltwriaeth honno'n fawr yn yr 20g trwy <a href="/wiki/Geneteg" title="Geneteg">eneteg</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Ecoleg" title="Ecoleg">ecoleg</a> poblogaeth. Mae amrywioldeb genetig yn deillio o <a href="/wiki/Treiglad" title="Treiglad">mwtadu</a> ac ailgyfuno, tra bod organebau eu hunain yn symudol, gan arwain at ynysu daearyddol a drifft genetig. Weithiau gellir cyfnewid genynnau rhwng rhywogaethau trwy drosglwyddo genynnau llorweddol; gall rhywogaethau newydd godi'n gyflym trwy groesi a pholyploidy; a gall rhywogaethau <a href="/wiki/Difodiant" title="Difodiant">ddiflannu</a> am amryw o resymau. Mae <a href="/wiki/Firws" title="Firws">firysau</a>'n achos arbennig, a yrrir gan gydbwysedd o fwtadu a dethol, a gellir eu trin fel lled-rywogaethau. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diffiniad">Diffiniad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Golygu'r adran: Diffiniad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Diffiniad"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae <a href="/wiki/Bywydeg" title="Bywydeg">biolegwyr</a> a <a href="/wiki/Tacson" title="Tacson">thacsonomegwyr</a> wedi gwneud llawer o ymdrechion i ddiffinio rhywogaethau, gan ddechrau o forffoleg a symud tuag at <a href="/wiki/Geneteg" title="Geneteg">eneteg</a>. Nid oedd gan dacsonomegwyr cynnar fel <a href="/wiki/Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> unrhyw ddewis ond disgrifio'r hyn a welsant: ffurfiolwyd hyn yn ddiweddarach fel y cysyniad typolegol neu forffolegol o rywogaethau. Pwysleisiodd Ernst Mayr atgenhedlu ar wahân, ond mae hyn yn anodd neu hyd yn oed yn amhosibl i'w brofi.<sup id="cite_ref-Zelnio_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zelnio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yn ddiweddarach mae biolegwyr wedi ceisio mireinio diffiniad Mayr gyda chysyniadau newydd megis cydnabod a chydlyniant, ymhlith eraill.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae llawer o'r cysyniadau hyn yn eithaf tebyg neu'n gorgyffwrdd, felly nid ydynt yn hawdd eu cyfrif: cofnododd y biolegydd R.L. Mayden tua 24 o gysyniadau,<sup id="cite_ref-Claridge1997_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claridge1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a chyfrifodd yr athronydd gwyddonol <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkins" title="John Wilkins">John Wilkins</a> 26.<sup id="cite_ref-Zelnio_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zelnio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grwpiodd Wilkins y cysyniadau rhywogaethau ymhellach yn saith math sylfaenol o gysyniadau: </p><p>(1) agamosrywogaeth ar gyfer organebau anrhywiol </p><p>(2) biorywogaeth ar gyfer organebau rhywiol wedi'u hynysu'n atgenhedlol </p><p>(3) ecorywogaeth yn seiliedig ar gilfachau ecolegol </p><p>(4) rhywogaethau esblygiadol yn seiliedig ar linach </p><p>(5) rhywogaethau genetig yn seiliedig ar gronfa genynnau </p><p>(6) morfforywogaeth yn seiliedig ar ffurf neu ffenoteip a </p><p>(7) rhywogaethau tacsonomig, sef rhywogaeth a bennir gan dacsonomydd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhywogaethau_teipolegol_neu_forffolegol">Rhywogaethau teipolegol neu forffolegol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Golygu'r adran: Rhywogaethau teipolegol neu forffolegol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Rhywogaethau teipolegol neu forffolegol"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Eurasian_blue_tit_Lancashire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Eurasian_blue_tit_Lancashire.jpg/220px-Eurasian_blue_tit_Lancashire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Eurasian_blue_tit_Lancashire.jpg/330px-Eurasian_blue_tit_Lancashire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Eurasian_blue_tit_Lancashire.jpg/440px-Eurasian_blue_tit_Lancashire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3472" data-file-height="2604" /></a><figcaption> Mae pob <a href="/wiki/Titw_tomos_las" title="Titw tomos las">titw tomos las</a> llawndwf yn rhannu'r un lliw, lle mae'r <i>morfforywogaeth</i> yn amlwg. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Mae rhywogaeth deipolegol yn grŵp o organebau lle mae unigolion yn cydymffurfio â rhai priodweddau sefydlog (math), fel bod hyd yn oed pobl anllythrennog yn nedru adnabod yr un tacson â thacsonomegwyr modern.<sup id="cite_ref-Gould_1980_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould_1980-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maynard_Smith_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maynard_Smith-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byddai'r clystyrau o amrywiadau neu ffenoteipiau o fewn sbesimenau (fel cynffonau hirach neu fyrrach) yn gwahaniaethu'r rhywogaeth. Defnyddiwyd y dull hwn fel dull "clasurol" o bennu rhywogaethau, megis gyda <a href="/wiki/Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, yn gynnar yn y ddamcaniaeth esblygiadol. Fodd bynnag, nid yw ffenoteipiau gwahanol o reidrwydd yn rywogaethau gwahanol (e.e. nid yw <i>Drosophila</i> pedair asgell a anwyd i fam dwy asgell yn rhywogaeth wahanol). Gelwir rhywogaethau a enwir yn y modd hwn yn <i>forfforywogaeth</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhywogaethau_adnabyddiaeth_a_chydlyniad">Rhywogaethau adnabyddiaeth a chydlyniad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Golygu'r adran: Rhywogaethau adnabyddiaeth a chydlyniad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Rhywogaethau adnabyddiaeth a chydlyniad"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae rhywogaeth sy'n adnabod cymar yn grŵp o organebau sy'n atgenhedlu'n rhywiol ac sy'n adnabod ei gilydd fel darpar gymar.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhywogaeth cydlyniant yw'r boblogaeth fwyaf cynhwysol o unigolion; ni waeth a all poblogaethau groesi'n llwyddiannus, maent yn dal i fod yn rhywogaethau cydlyniant gwahanol os nad yw maint y croesrywio yn ddigon i gymysgu eu cronfeydd genynnau'n llwyr. Darperir datblygiad pellach o'r cysyniad cydnabyddiaeth gan y cysyniad biosemiotig o rywogaethau.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tebygrwydd_genetig_a_rhywogaethau_cod_bar">Tebygrwydd genetig a rhywogaethau cod bar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Golygu'r adran: Tebygrwydd genetig a rhywogaethau cod bar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Tebygrwydd genetig a rhywogaethau cod bar"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Cytochrome_C_Oxidase_1OCC_in_Membrane_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cytochrome_C_Oxidase_1OCC_in_Membrane_2.png/220px-Cytochrome_C_Oxidase_1OCC_in_Membrane_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cytochrome_C_Oxidase_1OCC_in_Membrane_2.png/330px-Cytochrome_C_Oxidase_1OCC_in_Membrane_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cytochrome_C_Oxidase_1OCC_in_Membrane_2.png/440px-Cytochrome_C_Oxidase_1OCC_in_Membrane_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1122" /></a><figcaption> Defnyddir rhan o'r <a href="/wiki/Genyn" title="Genyn">genyn</a> ar gyfer yr <a href="/wiki/Ensym" title="Ensym">ensym</a> cytochrome c oxidase i wahaniaethu rhwng rhywogaethau yng nghronfa ddata Systemau Data Cod Bar Bywyd.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mewn <a href="/wiki/Microfioleg" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfioleg">microbioleg</a>, gall genynnau symud yn rhydd hyd yn oed rhwng <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> sy'n perthyn o bell, gan ymestyn o bosibl i'r parth bacterol cyfan. Fel rheol gyffredinol, mae microbiolegwyr wedi rhagdybio bod angen i aelodau o <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> neu <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> sydd â dilyniannau genynnau RNA ribosomaidd 16S sy'n debycach na 97% i'w gilydd gael eu gwirio gan hybrideiddio DNA-DNA i benderfynu a ydynt yn perthyn i'r un rhywogaeth neu beidio.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cafodd y cysyniad hwn ei gulhau yn 2006 i debygrwydd o 98.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mae'r dull adnabod niwcleotid cyfartalog yn meintioli pellter genetig rhwng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genom (dim tudalen ar gael)">genomau</a> cyfan, gan ddefnyddio rhanbarthau o tua 10,000 o barau bas. Gyda digon o ddata o genomau un genws, gellir defnyddio algorithmau i gategoreiddio rhywogaethau, fel ar gyfer <i>Pseudomonas avellanae</i> yn 2013, ac ar gyfer yr holl facteria ac archaea mewn dilyniant ers 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhywogaethau_ffylogenetig_neu_gytrasaidd">Rhywogaethau ffylogenetig neu gytrasaidd</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Golygu'r adran: Rhywogaethau ffylogenetig neu gytrasaidd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Rhywogaethau ffylogenetig neu gytrasaidd"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rhywogaeth ffylogenetig neu gytrasaidd yw'r ‘cydgasgliad lleiaf o boblogaethau (rhywiol) neu linachau (anrhywiol) y gellir ei ddiagnosio trwy gyfuniad unigryw o gyflyrau cymeriad mewn unigolion tebyg (semafforonau)’.<sup id="cite_ref-Nixon1990_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nixon1990-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae’r sail empirig yn darparu’r dystiolaeth i gefnogi damcaniaethau am linachau dargyfeiriol esblygiadol sydd wedi cynnal eu cyfanrwydd etifeddol dros amser a gofod.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gellir defnyddio marcwyr moleciwlaidd i bennu gwahaniaethau genetig yn DNA niwclear neu mitocondriaidd rhywogaethau amrywiol.<sup id="cite_ref-Giraud2008_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giraud2008-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nixon1990_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nixon1990-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor2000_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor2000-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhywogaethau_esblygiadol">Rhywogaethau esblygiadol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Golygu'r adran: Rhywogaethau esblygiadol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Rhywogaethau esblygiadol"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rhywogaeth esblygiadol, a awgrymwyd gan George Gaylord Simpson ym 1951, yw ‘endid sy'n cynnwys organebau sy'n cynnal ei hunaniaeth o endidau eraill o'r fath dros amser a thros ofod, ac sydd â'i dynged esblygiadol annibynnol a thueddiadau hanesyddol ei hun’.<sup id="cite_ref-Claridge1997_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claridge1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fersiwn o'r cysyniad yw "General Lineage Concept of Species" Kevin de Queiroz.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhywogaethau_ecolegol">Rhywogaethau ecolegol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Golygu'r adran: Rhywogaethau ecolegol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Rhywogaethau ecolegol"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae rhywogaeth ecolegol yn set o organebau sydd wedi'u haddasu i set benodol o adnoddau, a elwir yn <i>gilfach</i>, yn yr amgylchedd. Yn ôl y cysyniad hwn, mae poblogaethau'n ffurfio'r clystyrau ffenetig arwahanol yr ydym yn eu hadnabod fel rhywogaethau oherwydd bod y prosesau ecolegol ac esblygiadol sy'n rheoli sut mae adnoddau'n cael eu rhannu yn tueddu i gynhyrchu'r clystyrau hynny.<sup id="cite_ref-ridley_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ridley-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhywogaethau_genetig">Rhywogaethau genetig</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Golygu'r adran: Rhywogaethau genetig" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Rhywogaethau genetig"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rhywogaeth enetig fel y'i diffinnir gan Robert Baker a Robert Bradley yw set o boblogaethau rhyngfridiol ac sydd wedi'u hynysu'n enetig. Mae hyn yn debyg i Gysyniad Rhywogaethau Biolegol Mayr, ond mae'n pwysleisio arwahanrwydd genetig yn hytrach nag atgenhedlu.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yn yr <a href="/wiki/21g" class="mw-redirect" title="21g">21g</a>, gellir sefydlu rhywogaeth enetig trwy gymharu dilyniannau DNA, ond roedd dulliau eraill ar gael yn gynharach, megis cymharu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caryoteip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caryoteip (dim tudalen ar gael)">caryoteipiau</a> (setiau o <a href="/wiki/Cromosom" title="Cromosom">gromosomau</a> ) ac alosymau (amrywiadau o <a href="/wiki/Ensym" title="Ensym">ensymau</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-BakerBradley2006_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BakerBradley2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cronosrywogaeth">Cronosrywogaeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Golygu'r adran: Cronosrywogaeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Cronosrywogaeth"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Systematics-of-treefrogs-of-the-Hypsiboas-calcaratus-and-Hypsiboas-fasciatus-species-complex-(Anura-ZooKeys-370-001-g009.jpg Mewn <a href="/wiki/Paleontoleg" title="Paleontoleg">paleontoleg</a>, gyda dim ond <a href="/wiki/Anatomeg_gymharol" title="Anatomeg gymharol">anatomeg gymharol</a> (morffoleg) o <a href="/wiki/Ffosil" title="Ffosil">ffosilau</a> yn dystiolaeth, gellir cymhwyso'r cysyniad o gronorywogaeth. Yn ystod anagenesis (esblygiad, nid o reidrwydd yn cynnwys canghennu), mae paleontolegwyr yn ceisio nodi dilyniant o rywogaethau, pob un yn deillio o'r un sydd wedi diflannu'n llwyr o'r blaen trwy newid parhaus, araf a mwy neu lai unffurf. Mewn dilyniant amser o'r fath, mae paleontolegwyr yn asesu faint o newid sydd ei angen er mwyn i ffurf morffolegol wahanol gael ei hystyried yn rhywogaeth wahanol i'w hynafiaid.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Y_broblem_rhywogaethau">Y broblem rhywogaethau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Golygu'r adran: Y broblem rhywogaethau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Y broblem rhywogaethau"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fel y dywedwyd uchod, mae'n anodd diffinio rhywogaeth mewn ffordd sy'n berthnasol i bob organeb.<sup id="cite_ref-hanage2013_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanage2013-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gelwir y ddadl am gysyniadau rhywogaethau yn broblem rhywogaethau.<sup id="cite_ref-Queiroz_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queiroz-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cydnabuwyd y broblem mor gynnar a 1859, pan ysgrifennodd Darwin yn <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>: </p> <table style="margin:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; color:inherit;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:10px 10px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="padding:4px 10px;">No one definition has satisfied all naturalists; yet every naturalist knows vaguely what he means when he speaks of a species. Generally the term includes the unknown element of a distinct act of creation.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:10px 10px;">” </td></tr> </tbody></table><p>  </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Croesrywedd">Croesrywedd</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Golygu'r adran: Croesrywedd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Croesrywedd"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Mae croesi (neu groesiad) naturiol yn her i’r cysyniad o rywogaeth sydd wedi’i hynysu’n atgenhedlol, gan fod croesrywiau ffrwythlon yn caniatáu llif o enynnau rhwng dwy boblogaeth. Er enghraifft, mae <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2n_dyddyn" title="Brân dyddyn">brân dyddyn</a> (<i>Corvus corone</i>) a'r <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2n_Lwyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Brân Lwyd">brân lwyd</a> (<i>Corvus cornix</i>) yn ymddangos yn wahanol, ac yn cael eu dosbarthu fel rhywogaethau ar wahân, ond eto gallant groesi pan fo'u hamrediad daearyddol yn gorgyffwrdd.<sup id="cite_ref-BerkeleyDefHybrid_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerkeleyDefHybrid-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Mae croesi <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2n_dyddyn" title="Brân dyddyn">brân dyddyn</a> â <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2n_Lwyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Brân Lwyd">brân lwyd</a> yn caniatáu llif genynnau rhwng y ‘rhywogaethau’</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Kr%C3%A4he_65(loz)_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Brân dyddyn"><img alt="Brân dyddyn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kr%C3%A4he_65%28loz%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/180px-Kr%C3%A4he_65%28loz%29_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kr%C3%A4he_65%28loz%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/270px-Kr%C3%A4he_65%28loz%29_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kr%C3%A4he_65%28loz%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/360px-Kr%C3%A4he_65%28loz%29_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1865" data-file-height="1329" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carrion_crow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carrion crow (dim tudalen ar gael)"></a><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2n_dyddyn" title="Brân dyddyn">Brân dyddyn</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Corvus_cornix_(Scops).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Croesryw, gyda bol tywyll"><img alt="Hybrid with dark belly" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Corvus_cornix_%28Scops%29.jpg/154px-Corvus_cornix_%28Scops%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Corvus_cornix_%28Scops%29.jpg/232px-Corvus_cornix_%28Scops%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Corvus_cornix_%28Scops%29.jpg/309px-Corvus_cornix_%28Scops%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Croesryw, gyda bol tywyll</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Wrona_Siwa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brân lwyd"><img alt="Brân Lwyd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wrona_Siwa.jpg/180px-Wrona_Siwa.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wrona_Siwa.jpg/270px-Wrona_Siwa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wrona_Siwa.jpg/360px-Wrona_Siwa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hooded_crow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hooded crow (dim tudalen ar gael)"></a><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2n_Lwyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Brân Lwyd">Brân lwyd</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhywogaethau_cylch">Rhywogaethau cylch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Golygu'r adran: Rhywogaethau cylch" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Rhywogaethau cylch"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae rhywogaeth gylch yn gyfres o boblogaethau cyfagos, y gall pob un ohonynt ryngfridio'n rhywiol â phoblogaethau cysylltiedig cyfagos, ond y mae o leiaf ddwy boblogaeth "pen a chynffon" yn y gyfres, sy'n perthyn yn rhy bell i ryngfridiau, er bod yna un llif genynnau posibl rhwng pob poblogaeth "gysylltiedig". Gall poblogaethau'r "gynffon" o'r fath nad ydynt yn bridio, gydfodoli yn yr un rhanbarth gan gau'r cylch. Mae rhywogaethau cylch felly'n peri anhawster i unrhyw gysyniad rhywogaethol sy'n dibynnu ar ynysu atgenhedlol.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fodd bynnag, mae rhywogaethau cylch yn brin. Mae enghreifftiau'n cynnwys gwylan y penwaig - <a href="/wiki/Gwylan_Gefnddu_Leiaf" title="Gwylan Gefnddu Leiaf">gwylanod cefnddu lleiaf</a> o amgylch pegwn y Gogledd, grŵp <i>Ensatina eschscholtzii</i> o 19 poblogaeth o salamanderiaid yn America,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Telor_gwyrddlas" title="Telor gwyrddlas">thelor gwyrddlas</a> Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ond mae llawer o rywogaethau cylch bellach yn cael eu hystyried yn ganlyniad i gamddosbarthu, sy'n arwain at gwestiynau ynghylch a oes unrhyw rywogaethau cylch mewn gwirionedd.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liebers_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liebers-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tacsonomeg_ac_enwi">Tacsonomeg ac enwi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Golygu'r adran: Tacsonomeg ac enwi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Tacsonomeg ac enwi"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Mountain-lion-01623.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mountain-lion-01623.jpg/220px-Mountain-lion-01623.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mountain-lion-01623.jpg/330px-Mountain-lion-01623.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mountain-lion-01623.jpg/440px-Mountain-lion-01623.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="1336" /></a><figcaption>Cwgar, llew mynydd neu pwma - rhai o'r enwau cyffredin a roddir i'r <i><a href="/wiki/Pwma" title="Pwma">Puma concolor</a></i> (enw gwyddonol).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enwau_cyffredin_a_gwyddonol">Enwau cyffredin a gwyddonol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Golygu'r adran: Enwau cyffredin a gwyddonol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Enwau cyffredin a gwyddonol"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae'r enwau a ddefnyddir yn gyffredin ar gyfer mathau o organebau yn aml yn amwys: gallai "cath" olygu'r gath ddof, <i><a href="/wiki/Cath" title="Cath">Felis catus</a></i>, neu deulu'r cathod (<i>Felidae</i>). Problem arall gydag enwau cyffredin yw eu bod yn aml yn amrywio o le i le, fel bod pwma, <a href="/wiki/Cwgar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cwgar">cwgar</a> a llew mynydd i gyd yn golygu <i><a href="/wiki/Pwma" title="Pwma">Puma concolor</a></i> mewn gwahanol rannau o America, tra gall panther hefyd olygu'r <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagwar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jagwar (dim tudalen ar gael)">jagwar</a> (<i>Panthera onca</i>) o America Ladin neu'r <a href="/wiki/Llewpard" title="Llewpard">llewpard</a> melanig (<i>Panthera pardus</i>) o Affrica ac Asia. Mewn cyferbyniad, dewisir enwau gwyddonol rhywogaethau i fod yn unigryw. Yn gyffredinol maent <a href="/wiki/Enw_deuenwol" title="Enw deuenwol">mewn dwy ran a ddefnyddir gyda'i gilydd</a> (enw deuenwol): y <a href="/wiki/Genws" title="Genws">genws</a> fel yn <i>Puma</i>, a'r ansoddair rhywogaethol fel yn <i>concolor</i> ‘unlliw’.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disgrifiad_rhywogaeth">Disgrifiad rhywogaeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Golygu'r adran: Disgrifiad rhywogaeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Disgrifiad rhywogaeth"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rhoddir enw <a href="/wiki/Tacson" title="Tacson">tacsonomaidd</a> i <a class="mw-selflink selflink">rywogaeth</a> pan fo disgrifir y sbesimen yn ffurfiol, a hynny mewn cyhoeddiad sy’n rhoi enw gwyddonol i'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r disgrifiad fel arfer yn darparu modd o adnabod y rhywogaeth newydd, nad yw efallai'n seiliedig ar forffoleg yn unig<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gan ei gwahaniaethu oddi wrth rywogaethau eraill a ddisgrifiwyd yn flaenorol neu sy'n gysylltiedig neu'n ddryslyd. Mae'r deunydd fel arfer yn cael ei gadw mewn ystorfa barhaol, yn aml yng nghasgliad ymchwil prif amgueddfa neu brifysgol, sy'n caniatáu gwirio annibynnol a'r modd o gymharu sbesimenau.<sup id="cite_ref-ICZNexampleabstract_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICZNexampleabstract-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hitchcock_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitchcock-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gofynnir i ddisgrifwyr rhywogaethau newydd ddewis enwau sydd, yng ngeiriau'r Cod Rhyngwladol Enwau Sŵolegol, yn "briodol, cryno, persain, cofiadwy, ac nad ydynt yn tramgwyddo".<sup id="cite_ref-ICZNRec25C_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICZNRec25C-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byrfoddau">Byrfoddau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Golygu'r adran: Byrfoddau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Byrfoddau"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Weithiau nid yw llyfrau ac erthyglau yn fwriadol yn adnabod rhywogaethau yn llawn, gan ddefnyddio'r talfyriad "sp." yn yr unigol neu "spp." (yn sefyll am <i>species pluralis</i>, y Lladin am "rywogaethau lluosog") yn y lluosog yn lle'r enw neu'r ansoddiar penodol (e.e. <i>Canis</i> sp.). Mae hyn yn digwydd yn aml pan fydd awduron yn hyderus bod rhai unigolion yn perthyn i genws penodol ond nad ydynt yn siŵr i ba union rywogaeth y maent yn perthyn, fel sy'n gyffredin mewn <a href="/wiki/Paleontoleg" title="Paleontoleg">paleontoleg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-winston_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winston-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gall awduron hefyd ddefnyddio "spp." fel ffordd fer o ddweud bod rhywbeth yn berthnasol i lawer o rywogaethau o fewn <a href="/wiki/Genws" title="Genws">genws</a>, ond nid i bob un. Os yw gwyddonwyr yn golygu bod rhywbeth yn berthnasol i bob rhywogaeth o fewn genws, maen nhw'n defnyddio enw'r genws heb yr enw neu'r ansoddair penodol. Mae enwau <a href="/wiki/Genws" title="Genws">genera</a> a rhywogaethau fel arfer yn cael eu hargraffu mewn <i>llythrennau italig</i>. Fodd bynnag, mae byrfoddau fel "sp." ni ddylid ei italeiddio. <sup id="cite_ref-winston_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winston-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pan nad yw hunaniaeth rhywogaeth yn glir, gall arbenigwr ddefnyddio "cf." cyn yr ansoddair i nodi bod angen cadarnhad. Mae'r talfyriadau "nr." (ger) neu "aff." (affin) pan fo’r hunaniaeth yn aneglur ond pan fo’n ymddangos bod y rhywogaeth yn debyg i’r rhywogaeth a grybwyllir wedyn.<sup id="cite_ref-winston_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winston-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Newid">Newid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Golygu'r adran: Newid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Newid"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gall rhywogaethau newid, boed hynny drwy esblygu i rywogaethau newydd,<sup id="cite_ref-Barton_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barton-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cyfnewid genynnau â rhywogaethau eraill,<sup id="cite_ref-Vaux_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaux-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uno â rhywogaethau eraill neu drwy <a href="/wiki/Difodiant" title="Difodiant">ddiflodiant</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ffurfiant_rhywogaethau">Ffurfiant rhywogaethau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Golygu'r adran: Ffurfiant rhywogaethau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Ffurfiant rhywogaethau"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gelwir y broses <a href="/wiki/Esblygiad" title="Esblygiad">esblygiadol</a> lle mae poblogaethau biolegol yn datblygu i ddod yn wahanol neu'n atgenhedlol-ynysig fel rhywogaeth yn 'ffurfiant rhywogaethau' (Saesneg: <i>speciation</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> oedd y cyntaf i ddisgrifio rôl <a href="/wiki/Detholiad_naturiol" title="Detholiad naturiol">detholiad naturiol</a> rhywogaethau mewn llyfr yn1859: <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae rhywogaethu'n dibynnu ar fesur o atgenhedlu-ynysig, sy'n golygu llif llai o enynnau. Mae hyn yn digwydd hawsaf mewn rhywogaethau lle mae poblogaethau wedi'u gwahanu'n ddaearyddol a gallant ymwahanu'n raddol wrth i fwtaniadau gronni.<sup id="cite_ref-Barton_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barton-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae mecanwaith gwahanol, rhywogaeth ffyletig, yn golygu bod un llinach yn newid yn raddol dros amser i ffurf newydd a gwahanol, heb gynyddu nifer y rhywogaethau canlyniadol.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayr1982_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayr1982-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyfnewid_genynnau_rhwng_rhywogaethau">Cyfnewid genynnau rhwng rhywogaethau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Golygu'r adran: Cyfnewid genynnau rhwng rhywogaethau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Cyfnewid genynnau rhwng rhywogaethau"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae trosglwyddiad genynnau llorweddol rhwng organebau o wahanol rywogaethau, naill ai trwy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_(bioleg)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hybrid (bioleg) (dim tudalen ar gael)">groesiad</a>, symudiad antigenig neu ailddosraniad, weithiau'n ffynhonnell bwysig o amrywiad genetig. Gall firysau drosglwyddo genynnau rhwng rhywogaethau. Gall bacteria gyfnewid plasmidau â bacteria o rywogaethau eraill, gan gynnwys rhai sy'n ymddangos yn perthyn o bell mewn gwahanol barthau ffylogenetig, gan wneud dadansoddiad o'u perthynas yn anodd, a gwanhau'r cysyniad o rywogaeth facterol.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Melcher_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melcher-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vaux_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaux-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Awgrymodd Louis-Marie Bobay a Howard Ochman, yn seiliedig ar ddadansoddiad o genomau llawer o fathau o facteria, y gellir eu grwpio'n aml "i mewn i gymunedau sy'n cyfnewid genynnau'n rheolaidd", yn yr un ffordd fwy neu lai ag y gellir grwpio planhigion ac anifeiliaid yn atgenhedlol-ynysig i grwpiau o boblogaethau. Gall bacteria felly ffurfio rhywogaethau, sy'n cyfateb i gysyniad rhywogaethau biolegol Mayr, sy'n cynnwys poblogaethau sy'n atgynhyrchu'n anrhywiol sy'n cyfnewid genynnau trwy ailsortio homologaidd.<sup id="cite_ref-Venton2017_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venton2017-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BobayOchman2017_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BobayOchman2017-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Difodiant">Difodiant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Golygu'r adran: Difodiant" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Difodiant"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae rhywogaeth wedi difodi pan fydd unigolyn olaf y rhywogaeth honno'n marw, ond gall fod wedi diflannu'n weithredol ymhell cyn yr eiliad honno. Amcangyfrifir bod dros 99% o'r holl rywogaethau a fu erioed ar wyneb y Ddaear, hy tua phum biliwn o rywogaethau, bellach wedi dod i ben. Roedd rhai o'r rhain mewn <a href="/wiki/Difodiant_mawr_bywyd" title="Difodiant mawr bywyd">difodiant torfol</a> fel y rhai ar ddiwedd y cyfnodau <a href="/wiki/Ordofigaidd" title="Ordofigaidd">Ordofigaidd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defonaidd" title="Defonaidd">Defonaidd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Permaidd" title="Permaidd">Permaidd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triasig" title="Triasig">Triasig</a> a <a href="/wiki/Cretasaidd" title="Cretasaidd">Chretasaidd</a>. </p><p>Ceir sawl rheswm pam y cafwyd sawl <a href="/wiki/Difodiant" title="Difodiant">difodiant torfol</a> gan gynnwys <a href="/wiki/Llosgfynydd" title="Llosgfynydd">gweithgaredd folcanig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amrywioldeb_yr_hinsawdd" title="Amrywioldeb yr hinsawdd">newid hinsawdd</a>a newidiadau mewn cemeg cefnforol ac atmosfferig. </p><p>Cafodd y rhain effaith ar yr atmosffer, wyneb y tir a dyfroedd y Ddaear.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StearnsStearns2000_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StearnsStearns2000-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ffurf arall ar ddifodiant yw trwy gyfuno un rhywogaeth mewn un arall trwy groesi. Mae'r rhywogaeth sengl a ddeillia o hyn yn cael ei alw'n "<i>compilospecies</i>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cyfeiriadau">Cyfeiriadau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Golygu'r adran: Cyfeiriadau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Cyfeiriadau"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2018" class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">Wilson, Edward O.</a> (2018-03-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/03/opinion/sunday/species-conservation-extinction.html">"Opinion: The 8 Million Species We Don't Know"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">2020-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+The+8+Million+Species+We+Don%27t+Know&rft.date=2018-03-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Edward+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F03%2F03%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fspecies-conservation-extinction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8312344">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBorenstein2019" class="citation web">Borenstein, S. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/aaf1091c5aae40b0a110daaf04950672/">"UN report: Humans accelerating extinction of other species"</a>. <i>Associated Press</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=UN+report%3A+Humans+accelerating+extinction+of+other+species&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Borenstein&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Faaf1091c5aae40b0a110daaf04950672%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PLOS_2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PLOS_2011_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PLOS_2011_3-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Mora, Camilo; Tittensor, Derek P.; Adl, Sina; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Worm, Boris (2011-08-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3160336">"How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?"</a>. <i>PLOS Biology</i> <b>9</b> (8): e1001127. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001127">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (dim tudalen ar gael)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160336/?tool=pmcentrez">3160336</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21886479">21886479</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3160336">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3160336</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zelnio-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zelnio_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zelnio_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170314154734/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/evo-eco-lab/species-concepts/">"Species Concepts"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_American&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientific American (dim tudalen ar gael)">Scientific American</a>. 20 Ebrill 2012. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/evo-eco-lab/species-concepts/">gwreiddiol</a> ar 14 Mawrth 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">14 Mawrth</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Concepts&rft.pub=Scientific+American&rft.date=2012-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.scientificamerican.com%2Fevo-eco-lab%2Fspecies-concepts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Mallet, James (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-ecology-evolution_1995_10_7/page/294">"A species definition for the modern synthesis"</a>. <i>Trends in Ecology & Evolution</i> <b>10</b> (7): 294–299. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0169-5347%2895%2990031-4">10.1016/0169-5347(95)90031-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21237047">21237047</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-ecology-evolution_1995_10_7/page/294">https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-ecology-evolution_1995_10_7/page/294</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Masters, J. C.; Spencer, H. G. (1989). "Why We Need a New Genetic Species Concept". <i>Systematic Zoology</i> <b>38</b> (3): 270–279. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2992287">10.2307/2992287</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2992287">2992287</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Claridge1997-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Claridge1997_7-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Claridge1997_7-1">7.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMayden1997" class="citation book">Mayden, R. L. (1997). Claridge, M. F.; Dawah, H. A.; Wilson, M. R. (gol.). <i>A hierarchy of species concepts: the denouement of the species problem</i>. Systematics Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+hierarchy+of+species+concepts%3A+the+denouement+of+the+species+problem&rft.pub=Systematics+Association&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Mayden&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGooders1986" class="citation book">Gooders, John (1986). <i>Kingfisher Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Ireland</i>. Kingfisher Books. t. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-86272-139-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-86272-139-8"><bdi>978-0-86272-139-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingfisher+Field+Guide+to+the+Birds+of+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Kingfisher+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-86272-139-8&rft.aulast=Gooders&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gould_1980-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gould_1980_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGould1980" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Jay_Gould&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Jay Gould (dim tudalen ar gael)">Gould, Stephen Jay</a> (1980). "A Quahog is a Quahog". <i>In: The Panda's Thumb: More Reflections in Natural History</i>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. tt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pandasthumb000step/page/204">204–213</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-393-30023-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-393-30023-9"><bdi>978-0-393-30023-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Quahog+is+a+Quahog&rft.btitle=In%3A+The+Panda%27s+Thumb%3A+More+Reflections+in+Natural+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=204-213&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30023-9&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maynard_Smith-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Maynard_Smith_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMaynard_Smith1989" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Maynard_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Maynard Smith (dim tudalen ar gael)">Maynard Smith, John</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionarygene0000mayn"><i>Evolutionary Genetics</i></a>. Oxford University Press. tt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionarygene0000mayn/page/273">273</a>–274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-854215-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-854215-5"><bdi>978-0-19-854215-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+Genetics&rft.pages=273-274&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-854215-5&rft.aulast=Maynard+Smith&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionarygene0000mayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Ruse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Ruse (dim tudalen ar gael)">Ruse, Michael</a> (1969). "Definitions of Species in Biology". <i>The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science</i> <b>20</b> (2): 97–119. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fbjps%2F20.2.97">10.1093/bjps/20.2.97</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/686173">686173</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_A._Lewin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph A. Lewin (dim tudalen ar gael)">Lewin, Ralph A.</a> (1981). "Three Species Concepts". <i>Taxon</i> <b>30</b> (3): 609–613. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1219942">10.2307/1219942</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1219942">1219942</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Claridge et al.:408–409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson1985" class="citation book">Paterson, H. E. H. (1985). Vrba, E. S. (gol.). <i>Monograph No. 4: The recognition concept of species</i>. Pretoria: Transvaal Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monograph+No.+4%3A+The+recognition+concept+of+species&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pub=Transvaal+Museum&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=H.+E.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevi_Kull&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalevi Kull (dim tudalen ar gael)">Kull, Kalevi</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/23574109">"The biosemiotic concept of the species"</a>. <i>Biosemiotics</i> <b>9</b>: 61–71. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12304-016-9259-2">10.1007/s12304-016-9259-2</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/23574109">https://www.academia.edu/23574109</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Stackebrandt, E.; Goebel, B. M. (1994). "Taxonomic note: a place for DNA-DNA reassociation and 16S rRNA sequence analysis in the present species definition in bacteriology". <i>International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology</i> <b>44</b> (4): 846–849. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-44-4-846">10.1099/00207713-44-4-846</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Stackebrandt, E.; Ebers, J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://microbiologysociety.org/uploads/assets/uploaded/a8800d1f-de21-432d-a5399c13c9ad1643.pdf">"Taxonomic parameters revisited: tarnished gold standards"</a>. <i>Microbiology Today</i> <b>33</b> (4): 152–155<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://microbiologysociety.org/uploads/assets/uploaded/a8800d1f-de21-432d-a5399c13c9ad1643.pdf">https://microbiologysociety.org/uploads/assets/uploaded/a8800d1f-de21-432d-a5399c13c9ad1643.pdf</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Parks, D. H.; Chuvochina, M.; Chaumeil, P. A.; Rinke, C.; Mussig, A. J.; Hugenholtz, P. (September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340954053">"A complete domain-to-species taxonomy for Bacteria and Archaea"</a>. <i>Nature Biotechnology</i> <b>38</b> (9): 1079–1086. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41587-020-0501-8">10.1038/s41587-020-0501-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32341564">32341564</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340954053">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340954053</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nixon1990-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nixon1990_19-0">19.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nixon1990_19-1">19.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Nixon, K. C.; Wheeler, Q. D. (1990). "An amplification of the phylogenetic species concept". <i>Cladistics</i> <b>6</b> (3): 211–223. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-0031.1990.tb00541.x">10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00541.x</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wheeler, Quentin D.; Platnick, Norman I. 2000. The phylogenetic species concept (sensu Wheeler & Platnick). In: <a href="#CITEREFWheelerMeier2000">Wheeler Meier2000</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Giraud, T.; Refrégier, G.; Le Gac, M.; de Vienne, D. M.; Hood, M. E. (2008). "Speciation in Fungi". <i>Fungal Genetics and Biology</i> <b>45</b> (6): 791–802. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fgb.2008.02.001">10.1016/j.fgb.2008.02.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18346919">18346919</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBernardo2011" class="citation book">Bernardo, J. (2011). "A critical appraisal of the meaning and diagnosability of cryptic evolutionary diversity, and its implications for conservation in the face of climate change". In Hodkinson, T.; Jones, M.; Waldren, S.; Parnell, J. (gol.). <i>Climate Change, Ecology and Systematics. Systematics Association Special Series</i>. Cambridge University Press. tt. 380–438. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-76609-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-76609-8"><bdi>978-0-521-76609-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+critical+appraisal+of+the+meaning+and+diagnosability+of+cryptic+evolutionary+diversity%2C+and+its+implications+for+conservation+in+the+face+of+climate+change&rft.btitle=Climate+Change%2C+Ecology+and+Systematics.+Systematics+Association+Special+Series&rft.pages=380-438&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76609-8&rft.aulast=Bernardo&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344">.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brower, Andrew V. Z. and Randall T. Schuh. (2021). Biological Systematics: Principles and Applications. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giraud2008-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Giraud2008_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Giraud, T.; Refrégier, G.; Le Gac, M.; de Vienne, D. M.; Hood, M. E. (2008). "Speciation in Fungi". <i>Fungal Genetics and Biology</i> <b>45</b> (6): 791–802. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fgb.2008.02.001">10.1016/j.fgb.2008.02.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18346919">18346919</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor2000-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor2000_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Taylor, J. W.; Jacobson, D. J.; Kroken, S.; Kasuga, T.; Geiser, D. M.; Hibbett, D. S.; Fisher, M. C. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a348655a221e2e67d7e922b8e431d0f3883212ac">"Phylogenetic species recognition and species concepts in fungi"</a>. <i>Fungal Genetics and Biology</i> <b>31</b> (1): 21–32. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Ffgbi.2000.1228">10.1006/fgbi.2000.1228</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11118132">11118132</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a348655a221e2e67d7e922b8e431d0f3883212ac">https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a348655a221e2e67d7e922b8e431d0f3883212ac</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Taylor, J. W.; Turner, E.; Townsend, J. P.; Dettman, J. R.; Jacobson, D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1764934">"Eukaryotic microbes, species recognition and the geographic limits of species: Examples from the kingdom Fungi"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i> <b>361</b> (1475): 1947–1963. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2006.1923">10.1098/rstb.2006.1923</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (dim tudalen ar gael)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1764934/?tool=pmcentrez">1764934</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17062413">17062413</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1764934">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1764934</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Laporte, L. O. F. (1994). "Simpson on species". <i>Journal of the History of Biology</i> <b>27</b> (1): 141–159. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01058629">10.1007/BF01058629</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11639257">11639257</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWheelerMeier2000">Wheeler & Meier 2000</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFde_Queiroz1998" class="citation book">de Queiroz, Kevin (1998). "The general lineage concept of species, species criteria, and the process of speciation". In D. J. Howard; S. H. Berlocher (gol.). <i>Endless forms: species and speciation</i>. Oxford University Press. tt. 57–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+general+lineage+concept+of+species%2C+species+criteria%2C+and+the+process+of+speciation&rft.btitle=Endless+forms%3A+species+and+speciation&rft.pages=57-75&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=de+Queiroz&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ridley-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ridley_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRidley1996" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Ridley_(zoologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Ridley (zoologist) (dim tudalen ar gael)">Ridley, Mark</a> (1996). "The Idea of Species". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolution0000ridl"><i>Evolution</i></a> (arg. 2nd). Blackwell Science. t. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolution0000ridl/page/719">719</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-86542-495-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-86542-495-1"><bdi>978-0-86542-495-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Idea+of+Species&rft.btitle=Evolution&rft.pages=719&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Science&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-86542-495-1&rft.aulast=Ridley&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolution0000ridl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Baker, Robert J.; Bradley, Robert D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2771874">"Speciation in Mammals and the Genetic Species Concept"</a>. <i>Journal of Mammalogy</i> <b>87</b> (4): 643–662. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1644%2F06-MAMM-F-038R2.1">10.1644/06-MAMM-F-038R2.1</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (dim tudalen ar gael)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2771874/?tool=pmcentrez">2771874</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19890476">19890476</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2771874">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2771874</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BakerBradley2006-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BakerBradley2006_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Baker, Robert J.; Bradley, Robert D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2771874">"Speciation in Mammals and the Genetic Species Concept"</a>. <i>Journal of Mammalogy</i> <b>87</b> (4): 643–662. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1644%2F06-MAMM-F-038R2.1">10.1644/06-MAMM-F-038R2.1</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (dim tudalen ar gael)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2771874/?tool=pmcentrez">2771874</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19890476">19890476</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2771874">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2771874</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141001151656/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095611471">"Chronospecies"</a>. Oxford Reference. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095611471">gwreiddiol</a> ar 1 Hydref 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">12 Ionawr</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronospecies&rft.pub=Oxford+Reference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803095611471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2005" class="citation web">Carr, Steven M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310075417/http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Evolutionary_vs_Chronospecies.html">"Evolutionary species and chronospecies"</a>. Memorial University Newfoundland and Labrador. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Evolutionary_vs_Chronospecies.html">gwreiddiol</a> ar 10 Mawrth 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">12 Ionawr</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+species+and+chronospecies&rft.pub=Memorial+University+Newfoundland+and+Labrador&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mun.ca%2Fbiology%2Fscarr%2FEvolutionary_vs_Chronospecies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Dzik, J. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app30/app30-071.pdf">"Typologic versus population concepts of chronospecies: implications for ammonite biostratigraphy"</a>. <i>Acta Palaeontologica Polonica</i> <b>30</b> (1–2): 71–92<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app30/app30-071.pdf">https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app30/app30-071.pdf</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFO'BrienLyman2007" class="citation book">O'Brien, Michael J.; Lyman, R. Lee (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IkAOBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA146"><i>Applying Evolutionary Archaeology: A Systematic Approach</i></a>. Springer. tt. 146–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-306-47468-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-306-47468-2"><bdi>978-0-306-47468-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applying+Evolutionary+Archaeology%3A+A+Systematic+Approach&rft.pages=146-149&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-306-47468-2&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Lyman%2C+R.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIkAOBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hanage2013-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hanage2013_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFHanage2013">Hanage, William P. (2013), "Fuzzy species revisited", <i>BMC Biology</i> <b>11</b> (41): 41, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1741-7007-11-41">10.1186/1741-7007-11-41</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (dim tudalen ar gael)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3626887/?tool=pmcentrez">3626887</a>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23587266">23587266</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Queiroz-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Queiroz_38-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">de Queiroz, K. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1131873">"Ernst Mayr and the modern concept of species"</a>. <i>PNAS</i> <b>102</b> (Supplement 1): 6600–6607. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PNAS..102.6600D">2005PNAS..102.6600D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0502030102">10.1073/pnas.0502030102</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (dim tudalen ar gael)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1131873/?tool=pmcentrez">1131873</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15851674">15851674</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1131873">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1131873</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Koch, H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uthfa.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Koch_AFRICAN_INVERTEBRATES_2010_51_413-421.pdf">"Combining morphology and DNA barcoding resolves the taxonomy of Western Malagasy <i>Liotrigona</i> Moure, 1961"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Invertebrates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Invertebrates (dim tudalen ar gael)">African Invertebrates</a></i> <b>51</b> (2): 413–421. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5733%2Fafin.051.0210">10.5733/afin.051.0210</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.uthfa.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Koch_AFRICAN_INVERTEBRATES_2010_51_413-421.pdf">https://www.uthfa.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Koch_AFRICAN_INVERTEBRATES_2010_51_413-421.pdf</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">De Queiroz, K. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_systematic-biology_2007-12_56_6/page/879">"Species concepts and species delimitation"</a>. <i>Systematic Biology</i> <b>56</b> (6): 879–886. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150701701083">10.1080/10635150701701083</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18027281">18027281</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_systematic-biology_2007-12_56_6/page/879">https://archive.org/details/sim_systematic-biology_2007-12_56_6/page/879</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=F373&pageseq=59">"Darwin 1859 Chapter II, p. 59"</a>. Darwin-online.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021034500/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=F373&pageseq=59">Archifwyd</a> o'r gwreiddiol ar 21 Hydref 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">25 Tachwedd</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Darwin+1859+Chapter+II%2C+p.+59&rft.pub=Darwin-online.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dside%26itemID%3DF373%26pageseq%3D59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BerkeleyDefHybrid-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BerkeleyDefHybrid_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313042614/http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_41">"Defining a species"</a>. University of California Berkeley. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_41">gwreiddiol</a> ar 13 Mawrth 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">12 Mawrth</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Defining+a+species&rft.pub=University+of+California+Berkeley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevolution.berkeley.edu%2Fevolibrary%2Farticle%2F0_0_0%2Fevo_41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStamos2003" class="citation book">Stamos, David N. 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E.; Bensch, Staffan; Irwin, Jessica H.; Price, Trevor D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/56eab9aaf6f24dc431f6ea7bcea65a318fe75b4c">"Speciation by Distance in a Ring Species"</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>307</b> (5708): 414–6. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...307..414I">2005Sci...307..414I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1105201">10.1126/science.1105201</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15662011">15662011</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/56eab9aaf6f24dc431f6ea7bcea65a318fe75b4c">https://semanticscholar.org/paper/56eab9aaf6f24dc431f6ea7bcea65a318fe75b4c</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Martens, Jochen; Päckert, Martin (2007). "Ring species – Do they exist in birds?". <i>Zoologischer Anzeiger</i> <b>246</b> (4): 315–324. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcz.2007.07.004">10.1016/j.jcz.2007.07.004</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Alcaide, M.; Scordato, E. S. C.; Price, T. D.; Irwin, D. E. (2014). "Genomic divergence in a ring species complex". <i>Nature</i> <b>511</b> (7507): 83–85. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.511...83A">2014Natur.511...83A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature13285">10.1038/nature13285</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24870239">24870239</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liebers-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Liebers_48-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Liebers, Dorit; Knijff, Peter de; Helbig, Andreas J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1691675">"The herring gull complex is not a ring species"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences</i> <b>271</b> (1542): 893–901. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2004.2679">10.1098/rspb.2004.2679</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (dim tudalen ar gael)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691675/?tool=pmcentrez">1691675</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15255043">15255043</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1691675">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1691675</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Highton, R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_herpetologica_1998-06_54_2/page/254">"Is <i>Ensatina eschscholtzii</i> a ring species?"</a>. <i>Herpetologica</i> <b>54</b> (2): 254–278. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3893431">3893431</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_herpetologica_1998-06_54_2/page/254">https://archive.org/details/sim_herpetologica_1998-06_54_2/page/254</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324161039/http://www.sms.si.edu/IRLSpec/NamSpecies.htm">"A Word About Species Names ..."</a> Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/NamSpecies.htm">gwreiddiol</a> ar 24 Mawrth 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">11 Mawrth</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Word+About+Species+Names+...&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Marine+Station+at+Fort+Pierce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sms.si.edu%2Firlspec%2FNamSpecies.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHone2013" class="citation news">Hone, Dave (19 Mehefin 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215220511/https://www.theguardian.com/science/lost-worlds/2013/jun/19/dinosaurs-fossils">"What's in a name? Why scientific names are important"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/lost-worlds/2013/jun/19/dinosaurs-fossils">gwreiddiol</a> ar 15 Chwefror 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">11 Mawrth</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+name%3F+Why+scientific+names+are+important&rft.date=2013-06-19&rft.aulast=Hone&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2Flost-worlds%2F2013%2Fjun%2F19%2Fdinosaurs-fossils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Lawley, Jonathan W.; Gamero-Mora, Edgar; Maronna, Maximiliano M.; Chiaverano, Luciano M.; Stampar, Sérgio N.; Hopcroft, Russell R.; Collins, Allen G.; Morandini, André C. (2022-09-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sajs.co.za/article/view/14495">"Morphology is not always useful for diagnosis, and that's ok: Species hypotheses should not be bound to a class of data. Reply to Brown and Gibbons (S Afr J Sci. 2022;118(9/10), Art. #12590)"</a>. <i>South African Journal of Science</i> <b>118</b> (9/10). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.17159%2Fsajs.2022%2F14495">10.17159/sajs.2022/14495</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sajs.co.za/article/view/14495">https://sajs.co.za/article/view/14495</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICZNexampleabstract-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ICZNexampleabstract_53-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">One example of an abstract of an article naming a new species can be found at <span class="citation Journal">Wellner, S.; Lodders, N.; Kämpfer, P. (2012). "<i>Methylobacterium cerastii</i> sp. nov., a novel species isolated from the leaf surface of <i>Cerastium holosteoides</i>". <i>International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology</i> <b>62</b> (Pt 4): 917–924. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1099%2Fijs.0.030767-0">10.1099/ijs.0.030767-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21669927">21669927</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitchcock-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hitchcock_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFHitchcock1921">Hitchcock, A. S. (1921), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/314424">"The Type Concept in Systematic Botany"</a>, <i>American Journal of Botany</i> <b>8</b> (5): 251–255, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2434993">10.2307/2434993</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2434993">2434993</a><span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/314424">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/314424</a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smithsonian-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_55-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson" class="citation web">Nicholson, Dan H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150916184608/http://botany.si.edu/references/botlinks/dhntyp.htm">"Botanical nomenclature, types, & standard reference works"</a>. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://botany.si.edu/references/botlinks/dhntyp.htm">gwreiddiol</a> ar 16 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Botanical+nomenclature%2C+types%2C+%26+standard+reference+works&rft.pub=Smithsonian+National+Museum+of+Natural+History%2C+Department+of+Botany&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Dan+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbotany.si.edu%2Freferences%2Fbotlinks%2Fdhntyp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICZNRec25C-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ICZNRec25C_56-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608184753/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/iczn/code/">"International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Recommendation 25C"</a>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/iczn/code/">gwreiddiol</a> ar 8 Mehefin 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">18 Mehefin</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Code+of+Zoological+Nomenclature%2C+Recommendation+25C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ac.uk%2Fhosted-sites%2Ficzn%2Fcode%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-winston-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-winston_57-0">57.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-winston_57-1">57.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-winston_57-2">57.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWinston1999" class="citation book">Winston, Judith E. (1999). <i>Describing species. Practical taxonomic procedure for biologists</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. tt. 141–144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Describing+species.+Practical+taxonomic+procedure+for+biologists&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=141-144&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Winston&rft.aufirst=Judith+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barton-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Barton_58-0">58.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Barton_58-1">58.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Barton, N. H. (Mehefin 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2871892">"What role does natural selection play in speciation?"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B</i> <b>365</b> (1547): 1825–1840. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2010.0001">10.1098/rstb.2010.0001</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (dim tudalen ar gael)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2871892/?tool=pmcentrez">2871892</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20439284">20439284</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2871892">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2871892</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaux-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Vaux_59-0">59.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Vaux_59-1">59.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Vaux, Felix; Trewick, Steven A.; Morgan-Richards, Mary (2017). "Speciation through the looking-glass". <i>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</i> <b>120</b> (2): 480–488. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fbij.12872">10.1111/bij.12872</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cook_60-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orator_F._Cook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orator F. Cook (dim tudalen ar gael)">Cook, Orator F.</a> (30 Mawrth 1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1447954">"Factors of species-formation"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science (journal) (dim tudalen ar gael)">Science</a></i> <b>23</b> (587): 506–507. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1906Sci....23..506C">1906Sci....23..506C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.23.587.506">10.1126/science.23.587.506</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17789700">17789700</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1447954">https://zenodo.org/record/1447954</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orator_F._Cook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orator F. Cook (dim tudalen ar gael)">Cook, Orator F.</a> (November 1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_1908-11_42_503/page/727">"Evolution Without Isolation"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_American_Naturalist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The American Naturalist (dim tudalen ar gael)">The American Naturalist</a></i> <b>42</b> (503): 727–731. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F279001">10.1086/279001</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_1908-11_42_503/page/727">https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_1908-11_42_503/page/727</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Via, Sara (16 Mehefin 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2702801">"Natural selection in action during speciation"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (dim tudalen ar gael)">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</a></i> <b>106</b> (Suppl 1): 9939–9946. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..106.9939V">2009PNAS..106.9939V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0901397106">10.1073/pnas.0901397106</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (dim tudalen ar gael)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2702801/?tool=pmcentrez">2702801</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19528641">19528641</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2702801">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2702801</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayr1982-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mayr1982_63-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Mayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Mayr (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mayr, Ernst</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_evolution_1982-11_36_6/page/1119">"Speciation and Macroevolution"</a>. <i>Evolution</i> <b>36</b> (6): 1119–1132. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1558-5646.1982.tb05483.x">10.1111/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05483.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28563569">28563569</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_evolution_1982-11_36_6/page/1119">https://archive.org/details/sim_evolution_1982-11_36_6/page/1119</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Pennisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Pennisi (dim tudalen ar gael)">Pennisi, Elizabeth</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.nau.edu/~bah/BIO471/Reader/Pennisi_2003.pdf">"Researchers Trade Insights about Gene Swapping"</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>334–335</b>: 335<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www2.nau.edu/~bah/BIO471/Reader/Pennisi_2003.pdf">http://www2.nau.edu/~bah/BIO471/Reader/Pennisi_2003.pdf</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melcher-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Melcher_65-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMelcher2001" class="citation web">Melcher, Ulrich (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071146/http://bioinfosu.okstate.edu/MG/MGW3/MG334.html">"Molecular genetics: Horizontal gene transfer"</a>. Oklahoma State University. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioinfosu.okstate.edu/MG/MGW3/MG334.html">gwreiddiol</a> ar 4 Mawrth 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Molecular+genetics%3A+Horizontal+gene+transfer&rft.pub=Oklahoma+State+University&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Melcher&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioinfosu.okstate.edu%2FMG%2FMGW3%2FMG334.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Zhaxybayeva, Olga; Peter Gogarten, J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.uconn.edu/gogarten/articles/TIG2004_cladogenesis_paper.pdf">"Cladogenesis, coalescence and the evolution of the three domains of life"</a>. <i>Trends in Genetics</i> <b>20</b> (4): 182–187. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tig.2004.02.004">10.1016/j.tig.2004.02.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15041172">15041172</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://web.uconn.edu/gogarten/articles/TIG2004_cladogenesis_paper.pdf">http://web.uconn.edu/gogarten/articles/TIG2004_cladogenesis_paper.pdf</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venton2017-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Venton2017_67-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Venton, Danielle (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5381533">"Highlight: Applying the Biological Species Concept across All of Life"</a>. <i>Genome Biology and Evolution</i> <b>9</b> (3): 502–503. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevx045">10.1093/gbe/evx045</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (dim tudalen ar gael)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5381533/?tool=pmcentrez">5381533</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28391326">28391326</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5381533">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5381533</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BobayOchman2017-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BobayOchman2017_68-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Bobay, Louis-Marie; Ochman, Howard (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5381558">"Biological Species Are Universal across Life's Domains"</a>. <i>Genome Biology and Evolution</i> <b>9</b> (3): 491–501. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevx026">10.1093/gbe/evx026</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (dim tudalen ar gael)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5381558/?tool=pmcentrez">5381558</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28186559">28186559</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5381558">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5381558</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKuninGaston1996" class="citation book">Kunin, W. E.; Gaston, Kevin, gol. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4LHnCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110"><i>The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare–common differences</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-412-63380-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-412-63380-5"><bdi>978-0-412-63380-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Rarity%3A+Causes+and+consequences+of+rare%E2%80%93common+differences&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-412-63380-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4LHnCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StearnsStearns2000-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-StearnsStearns2000_70-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStearnsStearns2000" class="citation book">Stearns, Beverly Peterson; Stearns, Stephen C. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0BHeC-tXIB4C&q=99%20percent"><i>Watching, from the Edge of Extinction</i></a>. New Haven, London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. t. preface x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-300-08469-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-300-08469-6"><bdi>978-0-300-08469-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watching%2C+from+the+Edge+of+Extinction&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+London&rft.pages=preface+x&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08469-6&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Beverly+Peterson&rft.au=Stearns%2C+Stephen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0BHeC-tXIB4C%26q%3D99%2520percent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> </ol></div></div><p>  </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ffynonellau">Ffynonellau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Golygu'r adran: Ffynonellau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Ffynonellau"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFClaridgeDawahWilson1997" class="citation book">Claridge, M. F.; Dawah, H. A.; Wilson, M. R., gol. (1997). <i>Species: The Units of Biodiversity</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapman_%26_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapman & Hall (dim tudalen ar gael)">Chapman & Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-412-63120-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-412-63120-7"><bdi>978-0-412-63120-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Species%3A+The+Units+of+Biodiversity&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-412-63120-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWheelerMeier2000" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quentin_D._Wheeler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quentin D. Wheeler (dim tudalen ar gael)">Wheeler, Quentin</a>; Meier, Rudolf, gol. (2000). <i>Species Concepts and Phylogenetic Theory: A Debate</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Columbia University Press (dim tudalen ar gael)">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-231-10143-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-231-10143-1"><bdi>978-0-231-10143-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Species+Concepts+and+Phylogenetic+Theory%3A+A+Debate&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-231-10143-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFZachos2016" class="citation book">Zachos, Frank E. (2016). <i>Species Concepts in Biology: Historical Development, Theoretical Foundations and Practical Relevance</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer Publishing (dim tudalen ar gael)">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-3-319-44964-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-3-319-44964-7"><bdi>978-3-319-44964-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Species+Concepts+in+Biology%3A+Historical+Development%2C+Theoretical+Foundations+and+Practical+Relevance&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-319-44964-7&rft.aulast=Zachos&rft.aufirst=Frank+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ARhywogaeth" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dolenni_allanol">Dolenni allanol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Golygu'r adran: Dolenni allanol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhywogaeth&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Dolenni allanol"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="species:Main Page">Wikispecies</a> - Y <a href="/wiki/Wicirywogaeth" title="Wicirywogaeth">cyfeiriadur rhywogaethau</a> rhad ac am ddim y gall unrhyw un ei olygu gan <a href="/wiki/Sefydliad_Wicimedia" title="Sefydliad Wicimedia">Sefydliad Wikimedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barcodinglife.org/">Codio rhywogaethau</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org/">Catalog Bywyd</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061211145046/http://www.finitesite.com/dandelion/Linnaeus.HTML">Enwau Rhywogaethau Ewropeaidd yn Linnaean, Tsieceg, Saesneg, Almaeneg a Ffrangeg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407073920/http://plato.stanford.edu-online-documents-archive.info/entries/species/">Cofnod "Rhywogaethau"</a> yn y <i>Stanford Encyclopedia</i> of Philosophy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visualtaxa.redgolpe.com/">Treth Gweledol</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100614005037/http://visualtaxa.redgolpe.com/">Archifwyd</a> 2010-06-14 yn y <a href="/wiki/Peiriant_Wayback" title="Peiriant Wayback">Peiriant Wayback</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awdurdod" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Awdurdod" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Awdurdod" class="mw-redirect" title="Awdurdod">Awdurdod</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4143113-3">4143113-3</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118901&CON_LNG=ENG">ph118901</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="infobox" style="float:right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Wiktionary-logo-cy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wiktionary-logo-cy.png/50px-Wiktionary-logo-cy.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wiktionary-logo-cy.png/75px-Wiktionary-logo-cy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wiktionary-logo-cy.png/100px-Wiktionary-logo-cy.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">Chwiliwch am <i><b><a href="https://cy.wiktionary.org/wiki/rhywogaeth" class="extiw" title="wikt:rhywogaeth">rhywogaeth</a></b></i><br />yn <a href="/wiki/Wiciadur" title="Wiciadur">Wiciadur</a>.</div> </div>    </div><noscript><img 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