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<li id="toc-Pre-European_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-European_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre-European history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-European_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_exploration_and_colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_exploration_and_colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>European exploration and colonization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_exploration_and_colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_French_nuclear_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_French_nuclear_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Effects of French nuclear testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_French_nuclear_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics and government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Historical population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gambier Islands</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambiereilande" title="Gambiereilande – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gambiereilande" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="جزر غامبير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزر غامبير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambier_K%C3%BBn-t%C3%B3" title="Gambier Kûn-tó – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gambier Kûn-tó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%E2%80%99%D0%B5" title="Гамб’е – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гамб’е" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Гамбие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гамбие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illes_Gambier" title="Illes Gambier – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illes Gambier" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eles_Gambier" title="Îles Gambier – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Îles Gambier" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambierovy_ostrovy" title="Gambierovy ostrovy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gambierovy ostrovy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambierinseln" title="Gambierinseln – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gambierinseln" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%9D%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Γκάμπιερ Νήσοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκάμπιερ Νήσοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islas_Gambier" title="Islas Gambier – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Islas Gambier" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insuloj_Gambier" title="Insuloj Gambier – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Insuloj Gambier" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambier_uharteak" title="Gambier uharteak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gambier uharteak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="جزایر گامبیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جزایر گامبیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eles_Gambier" title="Îles Gambier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Îles Gambier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illas_Gambier" title="Illas Gambier – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Illas Gambier" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%95%EB%B9%84%EC%97%90_%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84" title="강비에 제도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="강비에 제도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Gambier" title="Kepulauan Gambier – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kepulauan Gambier" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamb%C3%ADer-eyjar" title="Gambíer-eyjar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gambíer-eyjar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isole_Gambier" title="Isole Gambier – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isole Gambier" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="איי גמבייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איי גמבייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="გამბიეს კუნძულები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გამბიეს კუნძულები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8C%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Гамбье ошмаотывлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Гамбье ошмаотывлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambj%C4%97_salos" title="Gambjė salos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gambjė salos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambier-szigetek" title="Gambier-szigetek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gambier-szigetek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Гамбје – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гамбје" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Gambier" title="Kepulauan Gambier – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kepulauan Gambier" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambiereilanden" title="Gambiereilanden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gambiereilanden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%82%A8%E8%AB%B8%E5%B3%B6" title="ガンビエ諸島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガンビエ諸島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambier-Eilunen" title="Gambier-Eilunen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Gambier-Eilunen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambier%C3%B8yene" title="Gambierøyene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gambierøyene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyspy_Gambiera" title="Wyspy Gambiera – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyspy Gambiera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquip%C3%A9lago_de_Gambier" title="Arquipélago de Gambier – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arquipélago de Gambier" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%E2%80%99areva_m%C4%81_(Te_ta%E2%80%99amotu_n%C5%8D)" title="Ma’areva mā (Te ta’amotu nō) – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Ma’areva mā (Te ta’amotu nō)" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8C%D0%B5_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Гамбье (острова) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гамбье (острова)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Острва Гамбје – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Острва Гамбје" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambiersaaret" title="Gambiersaaret – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gambiersaaret" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambier%C3%B6arna" title="Gambieröarna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gambieröarna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="หมู่เกาะแกมเบียร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมู่เกาะแกมเบียร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambier_Adalar%C4%B1" title="Gambier Adaları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gambier Adaları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%27%D1%94" title="Гамб'є – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гамб'є" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="جزائر گیمبیئر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جزائر گیمبیئر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A3o_Gambier" title="Quần đảo Gambier – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quần đảo Gambier" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuropod-an_Gambier" title="Kapuropod-an Gambier – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kapuropod-an Gambier" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%98%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%94%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="甘比尔群岛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="甘比尔群岛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%98%E6%AF%94%E7%88%BE%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="甘比爾群島 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="甘比爾群島" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gambier_Islands&params=23_07_S_134_58_W_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">23°07′S</span> <span class="longitude">134°58′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">23.117°S 134.967°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-23.117; -134.967</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Gambier Islands located in Polynesia. For the commune itself, see <a href="/wiki/Gambier_(commune)" title="Gambier (commune)"> Gambier</a>. For the island in Canada, see <a href="/wiki/Gambier_Island" title="Gambier Island">Gambier Island</a>. For the islands in South Australia, see <a href="/wiki/Gambier_Islands_(South_Australia)" title="Gambier Islands (South Australia)">Gambier Islands (South Australia)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archipelago in French Polynesia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Gambier Islands</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="ib-islands-native"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">Native name</a>: <div class="nickname" lang="fr">Îles Gambier</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Gambier_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_the_Gambier_Islands.svg/260px-Flag_of_the_Gambier_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_the_Gambier_Islands.svg/390px-Flag_of_the_Gambier_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_the_Gambier_Islands.svg/520px-Flag_of_the_Gambier_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Gambier_Islands" title="Flag of the Gambier Islands">Flag of the Gambier Islands</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Karta_FP_Gambier_isl.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Karta_FP_Gambier_isl.PNG/260px-Karta_FP_Gambier_isl.PNG" decoding="async" width="260" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Karta_FP_Gambier_isl.PNG/390px-Karta_FP_Gambier_isl.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Karta_FP_Gambier_isl.PNG 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of the <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">commune</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gambier_(commune)" title="Gambier (commune)">Gambier</a>, showing to the north-west the islands that are part of the commune but belong to the <a href="/wiki/Tuamotus" title="Tuamotus">Tuamotu Archipelago</a>, and to the south-east the Gambier Islands proper (Mangareva, Akamaru, Taravai, Temoe).</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Pacific Ocean</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gambier_Islands&params=23_07_S_134_58_W_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">23°07′S</span> <span class="longitude">134°58′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">23.117°S 134.967°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-23.117; -134.967</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archipelago</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total islands</th><td class="infobox-data">14</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major islands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akamaru_(Island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akamaru (Island)">Akamaru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aukena" title="Aukena">Aukena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taravai" title="Taravai">Taravai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">27.8<sup id="cite_ref-Mangareva_land_area_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mangareva_land_area-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Temoe_land_area_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Temoe_land_area-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> km<sup>2</sup> (10.7 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b>France</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">Collectivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest settlement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rikitea" title="Rikitea">Rikitea</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">1,431 (Aug. 2017<sup id="cite_ref-census_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pop. density</th><td class="infobox-data">51/km<sup>2</sup> (132/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Additional information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTC-9" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-9">UTC-9</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gambier Islands is located in Pacific Ocean"><img alt="Gambier Islands is located in Pacific Ocean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pacific_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg/300px-Pacific_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pacific_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg/450px-Pacific_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pacific_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg/600px-Pacific_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="645" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.908%;left:66.777%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Gambier Islands"><img alt="Gambier Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cercle_rouge_100%25.svg/20px-Cercle_rouge_100%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cercle_rouge_100%25.svg/30px-Cercle_rouge_100%25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cercle_rouge_100%25.svg/40px-Cercle_rouge_100%25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:11px"><div>Gambier Islands</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg" title="File:Pacific Ocean laea location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location of the Gambier Islands in the Pacific Ocean</div></div></div> <p>The <b>Gambier Islands</b> (French: <i lang="fr">Îles Gambier</i> or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Archipel des Gambier</i></span>) are an <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>, located at the southeast terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Tuamotu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuamotu">Tuamotu</a> archipelago. They cover an area of 27.8 km<sup>2</sup> or 10.7 sq mi,<sup id="cite_ref-Mangareva_land_area_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mangareva_land_area-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Temoe_land_area_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Temoe_land_area-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are made up of the Mangareva Islands, a group of high islands remnants of a <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a> along with islets on the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Fringing_reef" title="Fringing reef">fringing reef</a>, and the uninhabited <a href="/wiki/Temoe" title="Temoe">Temoe</a> <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atoll</a>, which is located 45 km (28 mi) south-east of the Mangareva Islands. The Gambiers are generally considered a separate island group from Tuamotu both because their culture and language (<a href="/wiki/Mangarevan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangarevan language">Mangarevan</a>) are much more closely related to those of the <a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a>, and because, while the Tuamotus comprise several chains of <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a> atolls, the Mangareva Islands are of volcanic origin with central high islands. </p><p>Administratively, the Gambier Islands are inside the <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">commune</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gambier_(commune)" title="Gambier (commune)">Gambier</a>, which also includes several atolls in the Tuamotu Archipelago. The town hall (<i>mairie</i>) of the commune of Gambier is located on <a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a>, which is the largest island in the Gambier Islands group. </p><p>The population of the Gambier Islands was 1,431 people at the 2017 census, all living in the Mangareva Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-census_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambier_Islands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-European_history">Pre-European history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambier_Islands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-European history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ethnologist Kenneth P. Emory of the Bishop Museum in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> assumed that the Gambier Islands, like the other islands of East Polynesia, were colonized from the Marquesas.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is now more likely that settlement originated in the <a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a> around 1000 A.D.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is archaeological evidence that the islands of <a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a>, Taravai, Agakauitai, Akamaru, Aukena and Kamaka were colonized by Polynesians in protohistoric times.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The social form was a strictly stratified tribal society, with constant inter-clan warfare and intermittent food shortages; cannibalism was not unknown. There is evidence that, shortly before European influence, unrest was taking place that led to turmoil and civil war between the social classes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This social upheaval may have greatly facilitated the conquest of the archipelago by King <a href="/wiki/Pomar%C3%A9_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomaré II">Pomaré II</a> of Tahiti in the early 19th century. Until the second half of the 19th century, the archipelago remained in the sphere of influence of the Pomaré royal dynasty of Tahiti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_exploration_and_colonization">European exploration and colonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambier_Islands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: European exploration and colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gambier Islands were discovered for Europe in 1797 by James Wilson, captain of the ship <i>Duff</i> of the <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a>, which had left Great Britain to carry out missionary work in Tahiti, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas</a>. He named the islands after his role model, the Huguenot <a href="/wiki/James_Gambier,_1st_Baron_Gambier" title="James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier">James Gambier</a>, who had financially supported the expedition. </p><p>In 1825, the British Frederick William Beechey reached the Gambier Islands with his ship HMS <i>Blossom</i> during a long voyage of exploration to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> of North America. </p><p>In 1834 the missionaries of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Sacred_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary">Congregation of the Sacred Hearts</a> <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Laval" title="Honoré Laval">Honoré Laval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Caret" title="François Caret">François Caret</a> arrived in the islands to found the first Catholic mission in Polynesia, after the failed attempt of the Spaniards in Tahiti in 1775. The two priests ended up being protagonists of the French union of Tahiti. At first, King <a href="/wiki/Maputeoa" title="Maputeoa">Maputeoa</a>, the last king of Mangareva, resisted, but after attributing the recovery from a serious illness to the new god, he increasingly submitted to the influence of the Christian missionaries and was baptized in 1836. </p><p>First with the acquiescence and then with the active support of the ruler, the Picpusians deployed an extensive development program for the <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">islands</a>. Encouraged by their success, after baptizing the entire population of the Gambier Islands, they moved to Tahiti in 1836. On this island, since Wilson's expedition, there was a Protestant mission led by Pritchard, who was also British consul and advisor to Queen Pomare Vahine. Pritchard succeeded in expelling the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Catholic missionaries</a>, provoking a diplomatic conflict. France sent Admiral Dupetit-Thouars to try to remedy the matter. The <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">admiral</a> ended up establishing a protectorate, and later the annexation of Tahiti. </p><p>Meanwhile, the Gambier Islands suffered a strong earthquake and tsunami in 1837. Laval and Caret returned to the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> and established a <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocratic</a> regime. But, most notably, they taught the inhabitants of the islands to read and write, and protected them from European traders and whalers. According to a phrase of Father Laval, "civilization leads to contentment". </p><p>On the other hand, religious zeal led them to systematically replace all the <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idols</a> and temples, and in their place they ordered the construction of more than a hundred stone buildings: churches, <a href="/wiki/Chapel" title="Chapel">chapels</a>, convents, <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminaries</a>, cemeteries, vicarages, triumphal arches. The cathedral of St. Michael in Mangareva alone could accommodate more than 2,000 people. The <a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">population</a>, which was over 2,000 when Laval and Caret left, dropped to 500 at the end of the 19th century due to disease and emigration. Many laborers were sent from Mangareva to Tahiti to build the cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Papeete" title="Papeete">Papeete</a> in 1856. </p><p>The recruitment of labor for the large-scale projects depopulated the smaller Gambier Islands and led according to some sources to <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>, as daily food procurement was neglected. This and the spread of previously unknown infectious diseases led to destitution and a drastic decline in population. On the other hand, the missionaries suppressed constant <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribal</a> warfare, as well as human sacrifice and combated cannibalism. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tombeau.du.Roi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tombeau.du.Roi.JPG/220px-Tombeau.du.Roi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tombeau.du.Roi.JPG/330px-Tombeau.du.Roi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tombeau.du.Roi.JPG/440px-Tombeau.du.Roi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>St. Peter's Catholic Chapel, Rikitea, where King Joseph Gregory and his father Maputeoa are buried.</figcaption></figure> <p>The French governor of <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a> stood by and watched the actions on the islands for many years. Only when complaints from businessmen and merchant ships became more frequent did he intervene. Father Laval had to leave Mangareva in 1871 at the urging of the Bishop of Tahiti, Florentin Etienne "Tepano" Jaussen. He died on 1 November 1880, and was buried in Tahiti. </p><p>The Gambier Islands were finally annexed on 21 February 1881 under Prince Regent <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Putairi" title="Bernardo Putairi">Bernardo Putairi</a> and approved by the <a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">President of France</a> on 30 January 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_French_nuclear_testing">Effects of French nuclear testing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambier_Islands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Effects of French nuclear testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gambiers served as a logistical staging base for French <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear testing">nuclear testing</a> activity in <a href="/wiki/Mururoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mururoa">Mururoa</a>, approximately 400 kilometers away. During this time, the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of France">French military</a> dragged a chain through some of the <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reef</a> beds to cut a wider and deeper channel for deep draft vessels. Higher rate of infections by <a href="/wiki/Ciguatera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciguatera">ciguatera</a> were subsequently recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambier_Islands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gambier Islands include the <a href="/wiki/Mangareva_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangareva Islands">Mangareva Islands</a> (the Gambier Islands proper), which have an enclosing <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reef</a> which is broken by only three passages to the <a href="/wiki/Open_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Open sea">open sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Temoe" title="Temoe">Temoe</a> atoll, which is located 45 km (28 mi) south-east of the Mangareva Islands. In the Mangareva Islands, besides <a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a> proper (the main island), the other notable <a href="/wiki/High_island" class="mw-redirect" title="High island">high islands</a> of the group are <a href="/wiki/Akamaru_(Island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akamaru (Island)">Akamaru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angakauitai" title="Angakauitai">Angakauitai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aukena" title="Aukena">Aukena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamaka_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamaka Island">Kamaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kouaku" title="Kouaku">Kouaku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makapu" title="Makapu">Makapu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makaroa" title="Makaroa">Makaroa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manui" title="Manui">Manui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mekiro" title="Mekiro">Mekiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taravai" title="Taravai">Taravai</a>. These are primarily of <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic origin</a>. A number of others are actually <a href="/wiki/Coral_island" title="Coral island">coral islands</a>, hence of secondary volcanic origin, including <a href="/wiki/Papuri_Island" title="Papuri Island">Papuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puaumu" title="Puaumu">Puaumu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Totengengie" class="mw-redirect" title="Totengengie">Totengengie</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tokorua" title="Tokorua">Tokorua</a> group. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gambier9.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gambier9.png/220px-Gambier9.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gambier9.png/330px-Gambier9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gambier9.png/440px-Gambier9.png 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="1688" /></a><figcaption>Mangareva Islands</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mangareva_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangareva Islands">Mangareva Islands</a> have a land area of 25.71 km<sup>2</sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mangareva_land_area_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mangareva_land_area-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a population of 1,431 people at the 2017 census.<sup id="cite_ref-census_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary town is <a href="/wiki/Rikitea" title="Rikitea">Rikitea</a>, located on <a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a>, as is the highest point in the Gambiers, <a href="/wiki/Mt._Duff" class="mw-redirect" title="Mt. Duff">Mt. Duff</a>, rising to 441 metres (1,447 ft) along that island's south coast. </p><p>The islands of Gambier comprise: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temoe" title="Temoe">Temoe</a> atoll (2.1 km²;<sup id="cite_ref-Temoe_land_area_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Temoe_land_area-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uninhabited): one main island and a dozen <a href="/wiki/Motu_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motu (geography)">motus</a> separated by passes over the coral reef, 45 km (28 mi) south-east of the Mangareva Islands.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangareva Islands">Mangareva Islands</a> (25.71 km²;<sup id="cite_ref-Mangareva_land_area_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mangareva_land_area-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1,431 inh. at 2017 census<sup id="cite_ref-census_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <ul><li>islands in the central lagoon (only high islands are permanently inhabited): <ul><li>to the north, the high island of <a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a> (13.93 km², the largest island of the atoll; 1,384 inh. at 2017 census), and the islet of <a href="/wiki/Rumarei" title="Rumarei">Rumarei</a>;</li> <li>to the north-east, the high island of <a href="/wiki/Aukena" title="Aukena">Aukena</a> (1.41 km²; 25 inh. at 2017 census);</li> <li>to the south-east, the high island of <a href="/wiki/Akamaru_Island" title="Akamaru Island">Akamaru</a> (1.96 km²; 12 inh. at 2017 census), the two smaller islands <a href="/wiki/Makapu" title="Makapu">Makapu</a> (0.04 km²; uninhabited), <a href="/wiki/Mekiro" title="Mekiro">Mekiro</a> (0.07 km²; uninhabited), and the two islets of <a href="/wiki/Atumata" title="Atumata">Atumata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teohootepohatu" title="Teohootepohatu">Teohootepohatu</a>;</li> <li>to the south, the high island of <a href="/wiki/Kamaka_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamaka Island">Kamaka</a> (0.47 km²; 1 inh. at 2017 census), the two smaller islands of <a href="/wiki/Makaroa" title="Makaroa">Makaroa</a> (0.17 km²; uninhabited), <a href="/wiki/Manui" title="Manui">Manui</a> (0.08 km²; uninhabited), and the islet of <a href="/wiki/Motu_Teiku" title="Motu Teiku">Motu Teiku</a> (0.01 km²; uninhabited);</li> <li>to the west, the high islands of <a href="/wiki/Taravai" title="Taravai">Taravai</a> (4,96 km²; 8 inh. at 2017 census) and <a href="/wiki/Angakauitai" title="Angakauitai">Angakauitai</a> (0.76 km²; 1 inh. at 2017 census), and the islets of <a href="/wiki/Tepu_Nui" title="Tepu Nui">Tepu Nui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motu-O-Ari" title="Motu-O-Ari">Motu-O-Ari</a>;</li></ul></li> <li>low islands on the coral reef (none of them are inhabited): <ul><li>to the north-west, the islet of <a href="/wiki/Tenoko" title="Tenoko">Tenoko</a>;</li> <li>to the north, the islet of <a href="/wiki/Papuri_Island" title="Papuri Island">Papuri</a>; the three islands of <a href="/wiki/Teauaone" title="Teauaone">Teauaone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tepapuri" title="Tepapuri">Tepapuri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puaumu" title="Puaumu">Puaumu</a>;</li> <li>to the north-east, the four islets of <a href="/wiki/Vaiatekeue" title="Vaiatekeue">Vaiatekeue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teauotu" title="Teauotu">Teauotu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apou" title="Apou">Apou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuaeu" title="Tuaeu">Tuaeu</a>; the three islands of <a href="/wiki/Totegegie" class="mw-redirect" title="Totegegie">Totegegie</a> (location of the Totegegie Airport), <a href="/wiki/Tarauru_Roa" title="Tarauru Roa">Tarauru Roa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaioio" title="Gaioio">Gaioio</a>;</li> <li>to the east, the two islets of <a href="/wiki/Tauna" title="Tauna">Tauna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tekava" title="Tekava">Tekava</a>;</li> <li>to the south-east, the island of <a href="/wiki/Kouaku" title="Kouaku">Kouaku</a>;</li> <li>to the west, the reef of <a href="/wiki/Tokorua" title="Tokorua">Tokorua</a> (occasionally emerging).</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambier_Islands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akamaru_Island_2.1.2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Akamaru_Island_2.1.2014.jpg/300px-Akamaru_Island_2.1.2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Akamaru_Island_2.1.2014.jpg/450px-Akamaru_Island_2.1.2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Akamaru_Island_2.1.2014.jpg/600px-Akamaru_Island_2.1.2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Akamaru Island</figcaption></figure><p>The Gambier Islands have a typical maritime climate,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tropical in character but relatively cool. Rainfall is relatively constant throughout the year. Temperatures are similar to those of the Austral Islands, with a warm season from November to April and a cool season from May to October. The minimum and maximum temperatures recorded at Gambier (Rikitea meteorological station; station météorologique de Rikitea) are 13.2 °C (27 August 1992) and 31.2 °C (23 January 1989). </p><div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a>, Gambier Islands (1991–2020 averages, extremes 1980–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2<br />(88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br />(87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4<br />(88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9<br />(87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5<br />(81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9<br />(80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1<br />(82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7<br />(81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1<br />(84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1<br />(86.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.4<br />(88.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0<br />(82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3<br />(82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4<br />(83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br />(74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8<br />(78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.8<br />(78.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5<br />(77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8<br />(78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3<br />(70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3<br />(68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2<br />(70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.3<br />(70.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br />(65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #00E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">187.4<br />(7.38) </td> <td style="background: #00DF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">175.3<br />(6.90) </td> <td style="background: #05FF05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167.2<br />(6.58) </td> <td style="background: #01FF01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164.8<br />(6.49) </td> <td style="background: #00FA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">174.1<br />(6.85) </td> <td style="background: #0FFF0F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155.6<br />(6.13) </td> <td style="background: #40FF40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">127.9<br />(5.04) </td> <td style="background: #35FF35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">135.3<br />(5.33) </td> <td style="background: #46FF46; color:#000000;" class="notheme">119.9<br />(4.72) </td> <td style="background: #19FF19; color:#000000;" class="notheme">153.7<br />(6.05) </td> <td style="background: #00FE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">165.8<br />(6.53) </td> <td style="background: #00E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186.5<br />(7.34) </td> <td style="background: #0CFF0C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,913.5<br />(75.33) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.9 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.2 </td> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.1 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.5 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.6 </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">148.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">216.7 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">194.4 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">203.5 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155.3 </td> <td style="background: #C0C022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">142.5 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">123.4 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">135.7 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">154.8 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">150.7 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164.7 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">174.1 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">180.5 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,996.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o-France" title="Météo-France">Météo-France</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambier_Islands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> islands are covered with lush tropical vegetation. The windward side of Mount Duff is dry grassland. </p><p>The fringing reef coral islands are species-poor due to poor soil fertility. Here mainly coconut trees (<a href="/wiki/Cocos_nucifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos nucifera">Cocos nucifera</a>) thrive, which are used economically for a small copra production. </p><p>The fauna of the coral islands, poor in species, is limited to birds, insects and lizards. In contrast, the underwater <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> is species-rich. All kinds of coral fish make the lagoon a paradise for divers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambier_Islands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gambier Islands formed from a <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">hot spot</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Plate">Pacific Plate</a>, which is moving northwestward at a rate of 12.5 cm per year.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are part of an atoll that formed between 5.6 and 5.7 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central island has already partially subsided, so that ancient parts of the crater rim still protrude from the water as islands of igneous rocks. The long-sunken caldera can still be noted by the position of the islands in the lagoon. </p><p>The entire group sits on an underwater rise that sinks relatively rapidly in the south and east, so that the 65 km long fringing reef only rises above the water surface on three sides. From there, numerous low motus, composed of coral sand and rubble, rise just above the <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea surface</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambier_Islands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Today, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl farming">pearl farming</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is practiced in the numerous pearl farms in the Gambier lagoons,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose relatively cold waters allow the production of quality pearls. There are 129 farms, including fourteen companies. In recent years, although far from the large population centers of French Polynesia, the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> has seen its population increase thanks to pearl farming and the exploitation of mother-of-pearl.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Totegegie.2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Totegegie.2009.JPG/220px-Totegegie.2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Totegegie.2009.JPG/330px-Totegegie.2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Totegegie.2009.JPG/440px-Totegegie.2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Totegegie Airport, Gambier Islands</figcaption></figure><p>In terms of tourism, the Gambier archipelago is one of the least visited in French Polynesia. The <a href="/wiki/Remote_and_isolated_community" title="Remote and isolated community">remoteness</a> of Tahiti and the price of airfare to get there are largely responsible for this, but the islands have potential because of their <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, environment and unique historical past. A few sailboats call at Rikitea Bay and tourists wishing to visit the British <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> pass through <a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a> as a base. </p><p>Local production in the Gambier Islands is limited to a few productive sectors, such as <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence farming</a> and fishing, and most consumer goods are transported by a cargo service operated by two schooners, which rotate every three weeks. </p><p>The inhabitants are self-sufficient. They grow yams, taro and <a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">breadfruit</a>, as well as all kinds of tropical fruits and, to a lesser extent, coffee for export. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_government">Politics and government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambier_Islands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Politics and government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mairie.Rikitea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mairie.Rikitea.jpg/220px-Mairie.Rikitea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mairie.Rikitea.jpg/330px-Mairie.Rikitea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mairie.Rikitea.jpg/440px-Mairie.Rikitea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Rikitea Town Hall</figcaption></figure> <p>Politically, the Gambier Islands belong to French Polynesia.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They form one of 17 municipalities (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Commune des Gambier</i></span>) administered by a subdivision (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Subdivision administrative des Tuamotu-Gambier</i></span>) of the High Commissariat of French Polynesia (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Haut-commissariat de la République en Polynésie française</i></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Papeete" title="Papeete">Papeete</a>, Tahiti. In addition to the Gambier Islands in the geographical sense (i.e. including the atolls of Gambier and Temoe), the following atolls in the southeast of the Tuamotu archipelago belong to the municipality of Gambier: </p> <ul><li>Maturei Vavao Atoll</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenararo" title="Tenararo">Tenararo</a> Atoll</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenarunga" title="Tenarunga">Tenarunga</a> (or Tenania) Atoll</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahanga" title="Vahanga">Vahanga</a> Atoll</li> <li>Maria Atoll</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marutea_Sud" title="Marutea Sud">Marutea Sud</a> Atoll</li> <li>Morane Atoll</li></ul> <p>The municipality of Gambier had a total population of 1,421 inhabitants according to 2012 data,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a population density of 43 p.e./km<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official language is French. The currency is (still) the <a href="/wiki/CFP_franc" title="CFP franc">CFP franc</a>, which is pegged to the euro. The administrative budget of the Gambier Islands is largely subsidized with funds from France and the European Union. </p><p>The main island is <a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a>, on which, however, only the seat of the local administration is located.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambier_Islands&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gambier Islands had a population of 1,431 inhabitants at the 2017 census.<sup id="cite_ref-census_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population was spread over the following islands: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temoe" title="Temoe">Temoe</a> atoll: uninhabited</li> <li>Mangareva Islands: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a> Island proper: 1,384</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aukena" title="Aukena">Aukena</a> Island: 25</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akamaru_Island" title="Akamaru Island">Akamaru</a> Island: 12</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taravai" title="Taravai">Taravai</a> Island: 8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angakauitai" title="Angakauitai">Angakauitai</a> Island: 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamaka_(island)" title="Kamaka (island)">Kamaka</a> Island: 1</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_population">Historical population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambier_Islands&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Historical population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1983 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">553</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1988 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">612</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.09%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1996 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">873</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.54%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2002 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">907</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.62%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2007 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,098</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+4.08%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2012 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,310</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.59%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2017 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,431</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.79%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000)"><div class="center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Official population figures from the French Polynesian censuses.<sup id="cite_ref-historical_censuses_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historical_censuses-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambier_Islands&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of the islands' population follows Christianity, mostly the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">various Protestant groups</a>, a legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary activity</a> that began with the arrival of Europeans to the region. According to 1991 data, between 5 and 6% of the population belonged to a Protestant Christian group.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eglise.Saint-Gabriel.Taravai.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Eglise.Saint-Gabriel.Taravai.JPG/220px-Eglise.Saint-Gabriel.Taravai.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Eglise.Saint-Gabriel.Taravai.JPG/330px-Eglise.Saint-Gabriel.Taravai.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Eglise.Saint-Gabriel.Taravai.JPG/440px-Eglise.Saint-Gabriel.Taravai.JPG 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>St. Gabriel's Church in Taravai</figcaption></figure> <p>Recently restored after years of closure, the former cathedral of St. Michael of <a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a>, in the Gambier archipelago, bears witness to the time when the first Catholic missionaries settled there in the 19th century. It is a building protected as a <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">historical monument</a> of France.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure is considered one of the centers of Catholicism in Polynesia.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The activity of the Catholic Church was boosted by the Missionary work of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Sacred_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary">Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary</a> of Picpus. The Catholic missionaries quickly converted almost the entire <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">population</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They constructed many religious buildings and had the marae, the places of worship of the ancient local <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">gods</a>, destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today the Catholic Church administers 6 buildings in the region the Church of Saint Gabriel in Agonoko, Taravai (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Église de Saint-Gabriel</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Church of Our Lady of Peace in Akamaru (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Église de Notre-Dame-de-Paix</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Church of Saint Raphael in Aukena (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Église de Saint-Raphaël</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Church of Saint Joseph of Taku in Mangareva (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Église de Saint-Joseph-de-Taku</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Church of Saint Joseph in Marutea (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Église de Saint-Joseph</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the aforementioned Ancient Cathedral of Saint Michael in Rikitea (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Ancienne cathédrale Saint-Michel</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Eastern Oceania cathedral between 1833 and 1848)<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambier_Islands&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Effigie_de_divinit%C3%A9,_Ro%27go_(mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Effigie_de_divinit%C3%A9%2C_Ro%27go_%28mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly%29.jpg/220px-Effigie_de_divinit%C3%A9%2C_Ro%27go_%28mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Effigie_de_divinit%C3%A9%2C_Ro%27go_%28mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly%29.jpg/330px-Effigie_de_divinit%C3%A9%2C_Ro%27go_%28mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Effigie_de_divinit%C3%A9%2C_Ro%27go_%28mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly%29.jpg/440px-Effigie_de_divinit%C3%A9%2C_Ro%27go_%28mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Effigy of an ancient deity (Ro'go), Mangareva Island, Gambier Archipelago</figcaption></figure> <p>Little is known about the art and culture of the Gambier Islands before European influence. Ethnological studies on a scientific basis could not be carried out because the works of art were almost eliminated by the <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonizers</a> in a very short time. Father Laval claimed to have burned 40 wooden <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idols</a> in a single day. The scant information that has survived on the religion and worship of the Gambier Islands comes mainly from letters written by the missionaries to their religious superiors.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A thatched hut twenty feet long, ten feet wide, and seven feet high contained the idols. In front of the structure was a space twenty feet square paved with hewn coral blocks and bordered with curbs. Inside the hut was a boundary one meter high along its entire length, in the center of which stood a finely carved and polished one meter high idol. The eyebrows, but not the eyes themselves, were molded and, from the way the figure was carved, one could deduce that no consideration had been given to human anatomy. The idol was placed in an upright position with its limbs attached to the wall of the hut. The head and loins were tied with a piece of white cloth and the feet were placed in a gourd filled with water. Next to the idol were various oars, mats, coils of rope and garments, obviously gifts for the deity. On each side of the idol were carved three-armed stands on which were presented various objects, such as decorated coconut shells and pieces of bamboo, possibly intended to represent musical instruments.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Frederick William Beechey, <i>Narrative of a voyage to the Pacific and Beering’s strait</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Only eight artifacts from the pre-European period from the Gambier Islands remain in the world, including a carved deity of the type described by Beechey in the above text<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_des_Arts_d%27Afrique_et_d%27Oc%C3%A9anie" title="Musée national des Arts d'Afrique et d'Océanie">Musée national des Arts d'Afrique et d'Océanie</a></span></span> in Paris. The wooden figure, about a meter high and only remotely human, represents the god Rao, supposedly the "god of inequity" according to Father Caret's description, the third most important deity in the Mangareva pantheon. </p><p>A four-armed stand, like the one described in the text fragment above, is on display at the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Homme" title="Musée de l'Homme">Musée de l'Homme</a></span></span> in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another naturalistic statue, approximately one meter high, in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York</a>, is believed to represent the god Rogo, the sixth son of Tagaroa and Haumea, the mythical founders of Mangareva. Rogo was the ancient <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> of peace and hospitality and was revealed as a <a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbow</a>. His cult was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Cultivation_System" title="Cultivation System">cultivation</a> of turmeric. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambier_Islands&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the 2017 census, only 24.8% of the population age 15 and older in the Gambier Islands still reported that <a href="/wiki/Mangareva_language" title="Mangareva language">Mangarevan</a> was the language they spoke the most at home (down from 38.6% at the 2007 census), while 62.6% reported French as the main language spoken at home (up from 52.3% at the 2007 census), 4.9% reported <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a> (down from 6.4% in 2007), and 4.6% reported some Chinese dialects (predominantly <a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a>) (up from 3.5% in 2007).<sup id="cite_ref-languages_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-languages-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Gambier Islands, the number of people age 15 and older who reported that the language they spoke the most at home was Mangarevan declined from 300 at the 2007 census to 270 at the 2017 census.<sup id="cite_ref-languages_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-languages-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the entire French Polynesia, the number of people age 15 and older who reported that the language they spoke the most at home was Mangarevan declined from 424 at the 2007 census to 332 at the 2017 census.<sup id="cite_ref-languages_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-languages-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the people who spoke Mangarevan at home outside of the Gambier Islands at the 2017 census lived in <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a>. </p><p>Speakers have some bilingualism in Tahitian, in which there is a 60% lexical similarity,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and usually with French, as well. It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Marquesic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquesic languages">Marquesic</a> subgroup, and as such is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marquesan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i>Endangered Languages Project</i>, Mangarevan is considered <a href="/wiki/Endangered_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered languages">endangered</a> with fewer than 900 speakers out of an ethnic population of 1,491.<sup id="cite_ref-endangered_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endangered-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larger portion of the population in the Gambier Islands speak French.<sup id="cite_ref-endangered_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endangered-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambier_Islands&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/32px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/48px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/64px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="617" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceania" title="Portal:Oceania">Oceania portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_the_Gambier_Islands" title="List of non-marine molluscs of the Gambier Islands">List of non-marine molluscs of the Gambier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Mangareva" title="List of monarchs of Mangareva">List of monarchs of Mangareva</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambier_Islands&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mangareva_land_area-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mangareva_land_area_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mangareva_land_area_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mangareva_land_area_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mangareva_land_area_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.service-public.pf/diren/wp-content/uploads/sites/17/2019/01/Gambier-Light.pdf">"Gambier – Guide Floristique"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Government of French Polynesia, Directorate of the Environment<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gambier+%E2%80%93+Guide+Floristique&rft.pub=Government+of+French+Polynesia%2C+Directorate+of+the+Environment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.service-public.pf%2Fdiren%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F17%2F2019%2F01%2FGambier-Light.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGambier+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Temoe_land_area-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Temoe_land_area_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Temoe_land_area_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Temoe_land_area_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cetop.upf.pf/sites/default/files/2020-11/Annexe%203%20-%20Diagnostic%20Tourisme%20PF%20-%20Base%20Indicateurs%20.pdf">"Annexe 3 : Indicateurs par île et classement par archipel pour la PF"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Centre d'Etudes du Tourisme en Océanie-Pacifique (CETOP). p. 91<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annexe+3+%3A+Indicateurs+par+%C3%AEle+et+classement+par+archipel+pour+la+PF&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Centre+d%27Etudes+du+Tourisme+en+Oc%C3%A9anie-Pacifique+%28CETOP%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cetop.upf.pf%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2020-11%2FAnnexe%25203%2520-%2520Diagnostic%2520Tourisme%2520PF%2520-%2520Base%2520Indicateurs%2520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGambier+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190627160052/http://www.ispf.pf/bases/Recensements/2017/Donnees_detaillees.aspx">"Population"</a>. <i>Institut de la statistique de la Polynésie française</i> (in French). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GCatholic&rft.atitle=%C3%89glise+de+Saint-Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcatholic.org%2Fchurches%2Foceania%2F28550.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGambier+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/oceania/5692.htm">"Ancienne cathédrale Saint-Michel"</a>. <i>GCatholic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GCatholic&rft.atitle=Ancienne+cath%C3%A9drale+Saint-Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcatholic.org%2Fchurches%2Foceania%2F5692.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGambier+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick William Beechey (1831). <i>Narrative of a voyage to the Pacific and Beering's strait, to co-operate with the polar expeditions: performed in His Majesty’s ship Blossom, under the command of Captain F. W. Beechey ... in the years 1825, 26, 27, 28</i>. Philadelphia: Carry & Lea.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-languages-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-languages_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-languages_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-languages_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitut_Statistique_de_Polynésie_Française_(ISPF)" class="citation web cs1">Institut Statistique de Polynésie Française (ISPF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190407144500/http://ispf.pf/bases/Recensements/2017/Donnees_detaillees/Langues.aspx">"Recensement 2017 – Données détaillées Langues"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ispf.pf/bases/Recensements/2017/Donnees_detaillees/Langues.aspx">the original</a> on 7 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recensement+2017+%E2%80%93+Donn%C3%A9es+d%C3%A9taill%C3%A9es+Langues&rft.au=Institut+Statistique+de+Polyn%C3%A9sie+Fran%C3%A7aise+%28ISPF%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fispf.pf%2Fbases%2FRecensements%2F2017%2FDonnees_detaillees%2FLangues.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGambier+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuireva2014" class="citation web cs1">Manuireva, Ena (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apo.org.au/system/files/110416/apo-nid110416-440051.pdf">"Mangarevan – A Shifting Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mangarevan+%E2%80%93+A+Shifting+Language&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Manuireva&rft.aufirst=Ena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapo.org.au%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2F110416%2Fapo-nid110416-440051.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGambier+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mrv">"Mangareva"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Mangareva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fmrv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGambier+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-endangered-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-endangered_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-endangered_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3572">"Did you know Mangareva is endangered?"</a>. <i>Endangered Languages</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Endangered+Languages&rft.atitle=Did+you+know+Mangareva+is+endangered%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endangeredlanguages.com%2Flang%2F3572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGambier+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambier_Islands&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jared Diamond, <i>Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed</i> (2005), Ch. 3</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambier_Islands&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gambier_Islands" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gambier Islands">Gambier Islands</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Gambier_Islands#Q504043" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Gambier Islands">Gambier Islands</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070228115907/http://www.pacific-image.pf/pages/boutic/dboutic_cdrom_sp132.html">Atoll list (in French)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716232600/http://www.janeresture.com/tahiti_mangareva/">Death of a People.</a> A look at the decline of Mangareva and the missionary influence on the people of the Gambiers.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islandconservation.org/acteon-gambier-french-polynesia/">Island Conservation: The Acteon and Gambier Restoration Project</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tuamotus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tuamotus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tuamotu_Archipelago_and_Gambier_Islands_of_French_Polynesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tuamotus" title="Tuamotus">Tuamotu Archipelago</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gambier Islands</a> of <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tuamotu_Archipelago.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Tuamotu Islands"><img alt="Flag of the Tuamotu Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Tuamotu_Archipelago.svg/50px-Flag_of_Tuamotu_Archipelago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Tuamotu_Archipelago.svg/75px-Flag_of_Tuamotu_Archipelago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Tuamotu_Archipelago.svg/100px-Flag_of_Tuamotu_Archipelago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><br />Tuamotus<br /><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Gambier_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Gambier Islands"><img alt="Flag of the Gambier Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_the_Gambier_Islands.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Gambier_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_the_Gambier_Islands.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Gambier_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_the_Gambier_Islands.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Gambier_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><br />Gambiers</div></td><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands/Atolls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahe" title="Ahe">Ahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahunui" title="Ahunui">Ahunui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akamaru_Island" title="Akamaru Island">Akamaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akiaki" title="Akiaki">Akiaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanu" title="Amanu">Amanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaa" title="Anaa">Anaa</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angakauitai" title="Angakauitai">Angakauitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuanuraro" title="Anuanuraro">Anuanuraro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuanurunga" title="Anuanurunga">Anuanurunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apataki" title="Apataki">Apataki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aratika" title="Aratika">Aratika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutua" title="Arutua">Arutua</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aukena" title="Aukena">Aukena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faaite" title="Faaite">Faaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakahina" title="Fakahina">Fakahina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakarava" title="Fakarava">Fakarava</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fangatau" title="Fangatau">Fangatau</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fangataufa" title="Fangataufa">Fangataufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hao_(French_Polynesia)" title="Hao (French Polynesia)">Hao</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haraiki" title="Haraiki">Haraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereheretue" title="Hereheretue">Hereheretue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikueru" title="Hikueru">Hikueru</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiti" title="Hiti">Hiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamaka_(island)" title="Kamaka (island)">Kamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katiu" title="Katiu">Katiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauehi" title="Kauehi">Kauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaukura" title="Kaukura">Kaukura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouaku" title="Kouaku">Kouaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makapu" title="Makapu">Makapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaroa" title="Makaroa">Makaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makatea" title="Makatea">Makatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemo" title="Makemo">Makemo</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manihi" title="Manihi">Manihi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuhangi" title="Manuhangi">Manuhangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manui" title="Manui">Manui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Est" title="Maria Est">Maria Est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marokau" title="Marokau">Marokau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marutea_Nord" title="Marutea Nord">Marutea Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marutea_Sud" title="Marutea Sud">Marutea Sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataiva" title="Mataiva">Mataiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matureivavao" title="Matureivavao">Matureivavao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morane_(French_Polynesia)" title="Morane (French Polynesia)">Morane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moruroa" title="Moruroa">Moruroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motutunga" title="Motutunga">Motutunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napuka" title="Napuka">Napuka</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nengonengo" title="Nengonengo">Nengonengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niau" title="Niau">Niau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihiru" title="Nihiru">Nihiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukutavake" title="Nukutavake">Nukutavake</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukutepipi" title="Nukutepipi">Nukutepipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuri_Island" title="Papuri Island">Papuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraoa" title="Paraoa">Paraoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puaumu" title="Puaumu">Puaumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinaki_(French_Polynesia)" title="Pinaki (French Polynesia)">Pinaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puka-Puka" title="Puka-Puka">Puka Puka</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukarua" title="Pukarua">Pukarua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangiroa" title="Rangiroa">Rangiroa</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raraka" title="Raraka">Raraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raroia" title="Raroia">Raroia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravahere" title="Ravahere">Ravahere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reao" title="Reao">Reao</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reitoru" title="Reitoru">Reitoru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekareka" title="Rekareka">Rekareka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taenga" title="Taenga">Taenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahanea" title="Tahanea">Tahanea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiaro" title="Taiaro">Taiaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takapoto" title="Takapoto">Takapoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takaroa" title="Takaroa">Takaroa</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takume" title="Takume">Takume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taravai" title="Taravai">Taravai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatakoto" title="Tatakoto">Tatakoto</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauere" title="Tauere">Tauere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekokota" title="Tekokota">Tekokota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tematagi" title="Tematagi">Tematagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoe" title="Temoe">Temoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenararo" title="Tenararo">Tenararo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenarunga" title="Tenarunga">Tenarunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepoto_(North)" title="Tepoto (North)">Tepoto (North)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepoto_(South)" title="Tepoto (South)">Tepoto (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikehau" title="Tikehau">Tikehau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikei" title="Tikei">Tikei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toau" title="Toau">Toau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokorua" title="Tokorua">Tokorua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totegegie" class="mw-redirect" title="Totegegie">Totegegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuanake" title="Tuanake">Tuanake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tureia" title="Tureia">Tureia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahanga" title="Vahanga">Vahanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahitahi" title="Vahitahi">Vahitahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairaatea" title="Vairaatea">Vairaatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanavana" title="Vanavana">Vanavana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>* <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">commune</a> administration centre</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of French Polynesia"><img alt="Flag of French Polynesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg/50px-Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg/75px-Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg/100px-Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acteon_Group" title="Acteon Group">Acteon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappointment_Islands" title="Disappointment Islands">Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Gloucester_Islands" title="Duke of Gloucester Islands">Duke of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George_Islands" title="King George Islands">King George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Groups_Islands" title="Two Groups Islands">Two Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliser_Islands" title="Palliser Islands">Palliser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raeffsky_Islands" title="Raeffsky Islands">Raeffsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="4"><div> <ul><li><i>Archipelagos of French Polynesia:</i> <a href="/wiki/Austral_Islands" title="Austral Islands">Australs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gambiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuamotus" title="Tuamotus">Tuamotus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Polynesia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Polynesia_topics" title="Template:French Polynesia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Polynesia_topics" title="Template talk:French Polynesia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Polynesia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Polynesia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Polynesia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_French_Polynesia%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of French Polynesia–related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b>Archipelagos</b> : <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Austral_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Austral_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Austral_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Austral_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Austral_Islands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Austral_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austral_Islands" title="Austral Islands">Austral Islands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_the_Gambier_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Gambier_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_the_Gambier_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Gambier_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_the_Gambier_Islands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Gambier_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gambier Islands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_Marquesas_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_Marquesas_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_Marquesas_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_Marquesas_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_Marquesas_Islands.svg/45px-Flag_of_Marquesas_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Leeward_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Leeward_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Leeward_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Leeward_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Leeward_Islands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Leeward_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands_(Society_Islands)" title="Leeward Islands (Society Islands)">Leeward Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windward_Islands_(Society_Islands)" title="Windward Islands (Society Islands)">Windward Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Tuamotu_Archipelago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuamotu_Archipelago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Tuamotu_Archipelago.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuamotu_Archipelago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Tuamotu_Archipelago.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tuamotu_Archipelago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tuamotus" title="Tuamotus">Tuamotus Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia#History" title="French Polynesia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Marquesas" title="History of the Marquesas">Marquesas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia#History_of_the_Polynesian_people" title="Polynesia">Polynesian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Kingdom of Tahiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tahiti" title="List of monarchs of Tahiti">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%8Dmare_dynasty" title="Pōmare dynasty">Pōmare dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Kingdom of Bora Bora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Bora_Bora" title="List of monarchs of Bora Bora">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Huahine" title="List of monarchs of Huahine">Monarchs of Huahine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Teururai" title="House of Teururai">House of Teururai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Monarchs of Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Tahitian_War" title="Franco-Tahitian War">Franco-Tahitian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnac_Convention" title="Jarnac Convention">Jarnac Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_the_Leeward_Islands_by_France" title="Annexation of the Leeward Islands by France">Annexation of the Leeward Islands by France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Papeete" title="Bombardment of Papeete">Bombardment of Papeete</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_French_Polynesia" title="Flag of French Polynesia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg/100px-Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg/150px-Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg/200px-Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_French_Polynesia" title="Geography of French Polynesia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_French_Polynesia" title="Administrative divisions of French Polynesia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of French Polynesia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_French_Polynesia" title="List of cities in French Polynesia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_French_Polynesia" title="List of volcanoes in French Polynesia">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_French_Polynesia" title="Category:Fauna of French Polynesia">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_French_Polynesia" title="Politics of French Polynesia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_French_Polynesia" title="Elections in French Polynesia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_and_departmental_heads_of_French_Polynesia" title="List of colonial and departmental heads of French Polynesia">High Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_French_Polynesia" title="Assembly of French Polynesia">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_French_Polynesia" title="List of political parties in French Polynesia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_French_Polynesia" title="President of French Polynesia">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_French_Polynesia" title="Economy of French Polynesia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFP_franc" title="CFP franc">CFP franc <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_French_Polynesia" title="Telecommunications in French Polynesia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_French_Polynesia" title="Transport in French Polynesia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia#Culture" title="French Polynesia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ia_Ora_%27O_Tahiti_Nui" title="Ia Ora 'O Tahiti Nui">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_French_Polynesia" title="Category:Culture of French Polynesia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_French_Polynesia" title="Coat of arms of French Polynesia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dances_of_Tahiti" title="Category:Dances of Tahiti">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_French_Polynesia" title="Demographics of French Polynesia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in French Polynesia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_French_Polynesia" title="Flag of French Polynesia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_French_Polynesia" title="Category:Languages of French Polynesia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_French_Polynesia" title="Music of French Polynesia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Tahiti_Nui" title="Order of Tahiti Nui">Order of Tahiti Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_French_Polynesia" title="Category:Religion in French Polynesia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_French_Polynesia" title="Category:Sport in French Polynesia">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_French_Polynesia" title="Outline of French Polynesia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_French_Polynesia%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of French Polynesia–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Polynesia" title="Category:French Polynesia">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polynesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polynesia" title="Template:Polynesia"><abbr title="View this 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austral_Islands" title="Austral Islands">Austral Islands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gambier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuamotus" title="Tuamotus">Tuamotus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotuma" title="Rotuma">Rotuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_Salas_y_G%C3%B3mez" title="Isla Salas y Gómez">Salas y Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_outlier" title="Polynesian outlier">Polynesian outliers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniwa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniwa Island">Aniwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuta" title="Anuta">Anuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellona_Island" title="Bellona Island">Bellona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duff_Islands" title="Duff Islands">Duff Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emae" title="Emae">Emae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuna_Island,_Vanuatu" title="Futuna Island, Vanuatu">Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi" title="Kapingamarangi">Kapingamarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mele_(island)" title="Mele (island)">Mele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuguria" title="Nuguria">Nuguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukumanu_Islands" title="Nukumanu Islands">Nukumanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuoro" title="Nukuoro">Nukuoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java_Atoll" title="Ontong Java Atoll">Ontong Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouv%C3%A9a" title="Ouvéa">Ouvéa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileni" title="Pileni">Pileni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennell_Island" title="Rennell Island">Rennell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikaiana" title="Sikaiana">Sikaiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuu_Atoll" title="Takuu Atoll">Takuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikopia" title="Tikopia">Tikopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polynesian-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lau_Islands" title="Lau Islands">Lau Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504043#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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