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phyla</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: phyla"> <meta name="keywords" content="phyla"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="phyla"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 33</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: phyla</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">33</span> Macrobenthic Fauna in the Intertidal Zone of Carmen, Agusan Del Norte</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maricris%20I.%20Abuan">Maricris I. Abuan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This assessment of macrobenthic fauna found in the intertidal zone of Brgy. Poblacion, Carmen Agusan del Norte was conducted during the lowest tides of the month of June 2008. Transect-quadrat method was employed during the sampling. Twenty-transect lines were established in the area with lengths depending on the topography of the intertidal zone and were laid perpendicular to the shore, at intervals of fifty meters. Twenty-six (26) macrobenthic species with a total of seventy (70) individuals were identified in the study area. These species belong to the four Phyla -Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata and Annelida. The three most abundant macrobenthos were hermit crabs (Phylum Arthropoda) , Archaster typicus (Phylum Echinodermata), and Nassarius pullus (Phylum Mollusca). The diversity index value was 2.36. Most species exhibited random distribution And only few species had regular and clumped distribution. The pH, salinity, and sea water temperature readings were within the normal range. Results showed a very scarce macrobenthic species present in the study area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diversity%20index" title="diversity index">diversity index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=macrobenthic%20fauna" title=" macrobenthic fauna"> macrobenthic fauna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=macrobenthos" title=" macrobenthos"> macrobenthos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phyla" title=" phyla"> phyla</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31006/macrobenthic-fauna-in-the-intertidal-zone-of-carmen-agusan-del-norte" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31006.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">326</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">32</span> Metagenomics Profile during the Bioremediation of Fischer-Tropsch Derived Short-Chain Alcohols and Volatile Fatty Acids Using a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mabtho%20Moreroa-Monyelo">Mabtho Moreroa-Monyelo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Grace%20Ijoma"> Grace Ijoma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rosina%20Nkuna"> Rosina Nkuna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tonderayi%20Matambo"> Tonderayi Matambo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was used for the bioremediation of high strength chemical oxygen demand (COD) Fisher-Tropsch (FT) wastewater. The aerobic MBBR system was operated over 60 days. For metagenomics profile assessment of the targeted 16S sequence of bacteria involved in the bioremediation of the chemical compounds, sludge samples were collected every second day of operation. Parameters such as pH and COD were measured daily to compare the system efficiency as the changedin microbial diversity progressed. The study revealed that pH was a contributing factor to microbial diversity, which further affected the efficiency of the MBBR system. The highest COD removal rate of 86.4% was achieved at pH 8.3. It was observed that when there was more, A higher bacterial diversity led to an improvement in the reduction of COD. Furthermore, an OTUof 4530 was obtained, which were divided into 12 phyla, 27 classes, 44 orders, 74 families, and 138 genera across all sludge samples from the MBBR. A determination of the relative abundance of microorganisms at phyla level indicates that the most abundant phylum on day it was Firmicutes (50%); thereafter, the most abundant phylum changed toProteobacteria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodegradation" title="biodegradation">biodegradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fischer-tropsch%20wastewater" title=" fischer-tropsch wastewater"> fischer-tropsch wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metagenomics" title=" metagenomics"> metagenomics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moving%20bed%20biofilm%20reactor" title=" moving bed biofilm reactor"> moving bed biofilm reactor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150542/metagenomics-profile-during-the-bioremediation-of-fischer-tropsch-derived-short-chain-alcohols-and-volatile-fatty-acids-using-a-moving-bed-biofilm-reactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150542.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">159</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">31</span> Blood Microbiome in Different Metabolic Types of Obesity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irina%20M.%20Kolesnikova">Irina M. Kolesnikova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrey%20M.%20Gaponov"> Andrey M. Gaponov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergey%20A.%20Roumiantsev"> Sergey A. Roumiantsev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tatiana%20V.%20Grigoryeva"> Tatiana V. Grigoryeva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dilyara%20R.%20Khusnutdinova"> Dilyara R. Khusnutdinova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dilyara%20R.%20Kamaldinova"> Dilyara R. Kamaldinova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexander%20V.%20Shestopalov"> Alexander V. Shestopalov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background. Obese patients have unequal risks of metabolic disorders. It is accepted to distinguish between metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUHO). MUHO patients have a high risk of metabolic disorders, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus. Among the other things, the gut microbiota also contributes to the development of metabolic disorders in obesity. Obesity is accompanied by significant changes in the gut microbial community. In turn, bacterial translocation from the intestine is the basis for the blood microbiome formation. The aim was to study the features of the blood microbiome in patients with various metabolic types of obesity. Patients, materials, methods. The study included 116 healthy donors and 101 obese patients. Depending on the metabolic type of obesity, the obese patients were divided into subgroups with MHO (n=36) and MUHO (n=53). Quantitative and qualitative assessment of the blood microbiome was based on metagenomic analysis. Blood samples were used to isolate DNA and perform sequencing of the variable v3-v4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Alpha diversity indices (Simpson index, Shannon index, Chao1 index, phylogenetic diversity, the number of observed operational taxonomic units) were calculated. Moreover, we compared taxa (phyla, classes, orders, and families) in terms of isolation frequency and the taxon share in the total bacterial DNA pool between different patient groups. Results. In patients with MHO, the characteristics of the alpha-diversity of the blood microbiome were like those of healthy donors. However, MUHO was associated with an increase in all diversity indices. The main phyla of the blood microbiome were Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. Cyanobacteria, TM7, Thermi, Verrucomicrobia, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, Gemmatimonadetes, and Tenericutes were found to be less significant phyla of the blood microbiome. Phyla Acidobacteria, TM7, and Verrucomicrobia were more often isolated in blood samples of patients with MUHO compared with healthy donors. Obese patients had a decrease in some taxonomic ranks (Bacilli, Caulobacteraceae, Barnesiellaceae, Rikenellaceae, Williamsiaceae). These changes appear to be related to the increased diversity of the blood microbiome observed in obesity. An increase of Lachnospiraceae, Succinivibrionaceae, Prevotellaceae, and S24-7 was noted for MUHO patients, which, apparently, is explained by a magnification in intestinal permeability. Conclusion. Blood microbiome differs in obese patients and healthy donors at class, order, and family levels. Moreover, the nature of the changes is determined by the metabolic type of obesity. MUHO linked to increased diversity of the blood microbiome. This appears to be due to increased microbial translocation from the intestine and non-intestinal sources. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blood%20microbiome" title="blood microbiome">blood microbiome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blood%20bacterial%20DNA" title=" blood bacterial DNA"> blood bacterial DNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=obesity" title=" obesity"> obesity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metabolically%20healthy%20obesity" title=" metabolically healthy obesity"> metabolically healthy obesity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metabolically%20unhealthy%20obesity" title=" metabolically unhealthy obesity"> metabolically unhealthy obesity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145332/blood-microbiome-in-different-metabolic-types-of-obesity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145332.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">30</span> The Effects of Green Manure Returning on Properties and Fungal Communities in Vanadium/Titanium Magnet Tailings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hai-Hong%20Gu">Hai-Hong Gu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yan-Jun%20Ai"> Yan-Jun Ai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zheng%20Zhou"> Zheng Zhou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Vanadium and titanium are rare metals with superior properties and are important resources in aerospace, aviation, and military. The vanadium/titanium magnetite are mostly ultra-lean ores, and a large number of tailings has been produced in the exploitation process. The tailings are characterized by loose structure, poor nutrient, complex composition and high trace metal contents. Returning green manure has been shown to not only increase plant biomass and soil nutrients but also change the bioavailability of trace metals and the microbial community structure. Fungi play an important role in decomposing organic matter and increasing soil fertility, and the application of organic matter also affects the community structure of fungi. The effects of green manure plants, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), returned to the tailings in situ on community structure of fungi, nutrients and bioavailability of trace metals in vanadium/titanium magnetite tailings were investigated in a pot experiment. The results showed that the fungal community diversity and richness were increase after alfalfa green manure returned in situ. The dominant phyla of the fungal community were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Ciliophora, especially, the phyla Ciliophora was rare in ordinary soil, but had been found to be the dominant phyla in tailings. Meanwhile, the nutrient properties and various trace metals may shape the microbial communities by affecting the abundance of fungi. It was found that the plant growth was stimulated and the available N and organic C were significantly improved in the vanadium/titanium magnetite tailing with the long-term returning of alfalfa green manure. Moreover, the DTPA-TEA extractable Cd and Zn concentrations in the vanadium/titanium magnetite tailing were reduced by 7.72%~23.8% and 8.02%~24.4%, respectively, compared with those in the non-returning treatment. The above results suggest that the returning of alfalfa green manure could be a potential approach to improve fungal community structure and restore mine tailing ecosystem. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fungal%20community" title="fungal community">fungal community</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20manure%20returning" title=" green manure returning"> green manure returning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vanadium%2Ftitanium%20magnet%20tailings" title=" vanadium/titanium magnet tailings"> vanadium/titanium magnet tailings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trace%20metals" title=" trace metals"> trace metals</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175570/the-effects-of-green-manure-returning-on-properties-and-fungal-communities-in-vanadiumtitanium-magnet-tailings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175570.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">70</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">29</span> Microbiota Associated With the Larval Culture of Red Cusk Eel Genipterus Chilensis in Chile</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luz%20Hurtado">Luz Hurtado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rodrigo%20Rojas"> Rodrigo Rojas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaime%20Romero"> Jaime Romero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20Concha"> Christopher Concha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The culture of the marine fish red cusk eel Genypterus chilensis is currently considered a priority for Chilean aquaculture which is a Chilean native species of high gastronomic demand and market value. The microbiota was analyzed in terms of diversity and structure using massive Illumina sequencing. The analysis of alpha diversity was performed in samples of G. chilensis larvae of 6, 18 and 32 dph (days post-hatching) and it was observed that there were significant differences (P = 0.05) between the days of culture for the Chao1 index, being the larvae of 18 dph the one with the highest index followed by the larvae of 6 dph, The lowest value for this index was presented in larvae of 32 dph. There were no significant differences in larvae between the days of culture for the Shannon (P=0.0857) and Simpson (P=0.0714) indices. In general, the larvae of G. chilensis have high rates of diversity. When analyzing the beta diversity, a differentiation between the bacterial communities is observed depending on the day of the culture of the larvae. Considering the PCoA elaborated from the unweighted UniFrac statistic, the explained variance was 46.2% (PC1 29.2% and PC2 17.0%) and in the case of the PCoA elaborated with the weighted UniFrac statistic; the explained variance was 65.5% (PC1 41.8% and PC2 23.7%) these differences were significant based on the Permanova statistical analysis (P= 0.002 and 0.037 respectively). When analyzing the taxonomic composition of the microbiota of the larvae in the different days of culture it was observed that at the phyla level the most abundant in the larvae of 6 dph were Proteobacteria (57%) Verrucomicrobia (24%) and Firmicutes (14%), for the larvae of 18 dph the predominant phyla were Proteobacteria (90%), Dependientiae (5%), Actinobacteria (2%) and Plactomyces (2%), for the larvae of 32 dph the phyla that presented the highest relative abundance were Proteobacteria (57%), Firmicutes (29%), Verrucomicrobia (5%) and Actinobacteria (5%), when comparing the larvae between the days it was observed that the phylum Proteobacteria was the most abundant in the samples of larvae of 6, 18 and 32 dph being the larvae of 18 dph those that present the highest relative abundance, the larvae of 6 dph were those that presented the highest relative abundance for the phylum Verrucomicrobia and in the larvae of 32 dph was observed greater abundance of the phylum Firmicutes compared to the other days of larval culture. At the level of genera, those with the highest relative abundance in larvae of 6 dph were Rubritalea (30%), Psychrobacter (28%), staphylococcus (17%) and Ralstonia (10%), for the larvae of 18 dph the genera with the highest abundance were Psychrobacter (47%), Litoreibacter (13%), Nautella (9%) and Cohesibacter (8%), for the larvae of 32 dph the most abundant genera were Alloiococcus (25%), Dialister (14%), Neptunomonas (13%) and Piscirickettsia (11%). When observing the taxonomic composition of the larvae between the days of larval culture, it is observed that there are differences between them. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbiota" title="microbiota">microbiota</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diversity" title=" diversity"> diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Chilensis" title=" G. Chilensis"> G. Chilensis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=larvae" title=" larvae"> larvae</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167894/microbiota-associated-with-the-larval-culture-of-red-cusk-eel-genipterus-chilensis-in-chile" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167894.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">73</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28</span> Metagenomics Analysis on Microbial Communities of Sewage Sludge from Nyeri-Kangemi Wastewater Treatment Plant, Nyeri County-Kenya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Allan%20Kiptanui%20Kimisto">Allan Kiptanui Kimisto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geoffrey%20Odhiambo%20Ongondo"> Geoffrey Odhiambo Ongondo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anastasia%20Wairimu%20Muia"> Anastasia Wairimu Muia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cyrus%20Ndungu%20Kimani"> Cyrus Ndungu Kimani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The major challenge to proper sewage sludge treatment processes is the poor understanding of sludge microbiome diversities. This study applied the whole-genome. shotgun metagenomics technique to profile the microbial composition of sewage sludge in two active digestion lagoons at the Nyeri-Kangemi Wastewater Treatment Plant in Nyeri County, Kenya. Total microbial community DNA was extracted from samples using the available ZymoBIOMICS™ DNA Miniprep Kit and sequenced using Shotgun metagenomics. Samples were analyzed using MG-RAST software (Project ID: mgp100988), which allowed for comparing taxonomic diversity before β-diversities studies for Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryotes. The study identified 57 phyla, 145 classes, 301 orders, 506 families, 963 genera, and 1980 species. Bacteria dominated the microbes and comprised 28 species, 51 classes, 110 orders, 243 families, 597 genera, and 1518 species. The Bacteroides(6.77%) were dominant, followed by Acinetobacter(1.44%) belonging to the Gammaproteobacteria and Acidororax (1.36%), Bacillus (1.24%) and Clostridium (1.02%) belonging to Betaproteobacteria. Archaea recorded 5 phyla, 13 classes, 19 orders, 29 families, 60 genera,and87 species, with the dominant genera being Methanospirillum (16.01%), methanosarcina (15.70%), and Methanoregula(14.80%) and Methanosaeta (8.74%), Methanosphaerula(5.48%) and Methanobrevibacter(5.03%) being the subdominant group. The eukaryotes were the least in abundance and comprised 24 phyla, 81 classes, 301 orders, 506 families, 963 genera, and 980 species. Arabidopsis (4.91%) and Caenorhabditis (4.81%) dominated the eukaryotes, while Dityostelium (3.63%) and Drosophila(2.08%) were the subdominant genera. All these microbes play distinct roles in the anaerobic treatment process of sewage sludge. The local sludge microbial composition and abundance variations may be due to age difference differences between the two digestion lagoons in operation at the plant and the different degradation rales played by the taxa. The information presented in this study can help in the genetic manipulation or formulation of optimal microbial ratios to improve their effectiveness in sewage sludge treatment. This study recommends further research on how the different taxa respond to environmental changes over time and space. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shotgun%20metagenomics" title="shotgun metagenomics">shotgun metagenomics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sludge" title=" sludge"> sludge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteria" title=" bacteria"> bacteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=archaea" title=" archaea"> archaea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eukaryotes" title=" eukaryotes"> eukaryotes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157198/metagenomics-analysis-on-microbial-communities-of-sewage-sludge-from-nyeri-kangemi-wastewater-treatment-plant-nyeri-county-kenya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157198.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">100</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">27</span> Assessment on Rumen Microbial Diversity of Bali Cattle Using 16S rRNA Sequencing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asmuddin%20Natsir">Asmuddin Natsir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Mujnisa"> A. Mujnisa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syahriani%20Syahrir"> Syahriani Syahrir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marhamah%20Nadir"> Marhamah Nadir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nurul%20Purnomo"> Nurul Purnomo </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bacteria, protozoa, Archaea, and fungi are the dominant microorganisms found in the rumen ecosystem that has an important role in converting feed ingredients into components that can be digested and utilized by the livestock host. This study was conducted to assess the diversity of rumen bacteria of bali cattle raised under traditional farming condition. Three adult bali cattle were used in this experiment. The rumen fluid samples from the three experimental animals were obtained by the Stomach Tube method before the morning feeding. The results of study indicated that the Illumina sequencing was successful in identifying 301,589 sequences, averaging 100,533 sequences, from three rumen fluid samples of three cattle. Furthermore, based on the SILVA taxonomic database, there were 19 kinds of phyla that had been successfully identified. Of the 19 phyla, there were only two dominant groups across the three samples, namely Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, with an average percentage of 83.68% and 13.43%, respectively. Other groups such as Synergistetes, Spirochaetae, Planctomycetes can also be identified but in relatively small percentage. At the genus level, there were 157 sequences obtained from all three samples. Of this number, the most dominant group was Prevotella 1 with a percentage of 71.82% followed by 6.94% of Christencenellaceae R-7 group. Other groups such as Prevotellaceae UCG-001, Ruminococcaceae NK4A214 group, Sphaerochaeta, Ruminococcus 2, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, Quinella were also identified but with very low percentages. The sequencing results were able to detect the presence of 3.06% and 3.92% respectively for uncultured rumen bacterium and uncultured bacterium. In conclusion, the results of this experiment can provide an opportunity for a better understanding of the rumen bacterial diversity of the bali cattle raised under traditional farming condition and insight regarding the uncultured rumen bacterium and uncultured bacterium that need to be further explored. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=16S%20rRNA%20sequencing" title="16S rRNA sequencing">16S rRNA sequencing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bali%20cattle" title=" bali cattle"> bali cattle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rumen%20microbial%20diversity" title=" rumen microbial diversity"> rumen microbial diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uncultured%20rumen%20bacterium" title=" uncultured rumen bacterium"> uncultured rumen bacterium</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80303/assessment-on-rumen-microbial-diversity-of-bali-cattle-using-16s-rrna-sequencing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80303.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">336</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26</span> Effects of Ensiled Mulberry Leaves and Sun-Dried Mulberry Fruit Pomace on the Composition of Bacteria in Feces of Finishing Steers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yan%20Li">Yan Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qingxiang%20Meng"> Qingxiang Meng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bo%20Zhou"> Bo Zhou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhenming%20Zhou"> Zhenming Zhou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this study was to compare the effects of ensiled mulberry leaves (EML), and sun-dried mulberry fruit pomace (SMFP) on fecal bacterial communities in Simmental crossbred finishing steers fed the following 3 diets: a standard TMR diet, standard diet containing EML and standard diet containing SMFP, and the diets had similar protein and energy levels. Bacterial communities in the fecal content were analyzed using Illumina Miseq sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene amplification. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect the selected bacterial species in the feces. Most of the sequences were assigned to phyla Firmicutes (56.67%) and Bacteroidetes(35.90%), followed by Proteobacteria(1.86%), Verrucomicrobia(1.80%) and Tenericutes(1.37%). And the predominant genera included the 5-7N15 (5.91%), CF231 (2.49%), Oscillospira (2.33%), Paludibacter (1.23%) and Akkermansia(1.11%). As for the treatments, no significant differences were observed in Firmicutes (p = 0.28), Bacteroidetes (p = 0.63), Proteobacteria (p = 0.46), Verrucomicrobia (p = 0.17) and Tenericutes (p = 0.75). On the genus level, classified genera with high abundance (more than 0.1%) mainly came from two phyla: Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Also no differences were observed in most genera level, 5-7N15 (p = 0.21), CF231 (p = 0.62), Oscillospira (p = 0.9), Paludibacter (p = 0.33) and Akkermansia (p = 0.37), except that rc4-4 were lower in the CON and SMFP groups compared to the EML animals (p = 0.02). Additionally, there were no differences in richness estimate and diversity indices (p > 0.16), and treatments had no significant effect on most selected bacterial species in the fecal (p > 0.06), except that Ruminococcus albus were higher in the EML group (p < 0.01) and Streptococcus bovis were lower in the CON group (p < 0.01). In conclusion, diets supplemented with EML and SMFP have little influence on fecal bacterial community composition in finishing steers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fecal%20bacteria%20community%20composition" title="fecal bacteria community composition">fecal bacteria community composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sequencing" title=" sequencing"> sequencing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ensiled%20mulberry%20leaves%20%28EML%29" title=" ensiled mulberry leaves (EML)"> ensiled mulberry leaves (EML)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sun-dried%20mulberry%20fruit%20pomace%20%28SMFP%29" title=" sun-dried mulberry fruit pomace (SMFP)"> sun-dried mulberry fruit pomace (SMFP)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72392/effects-of-ensiled-mulberry-leaves-and-sun-dried-mulberry-fruit-pomace-on-the-composition-of-bacteria-in-feces-of-finishing-steers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72392.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">322</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">25</span> Dynamic of an Invasive Insect Gut Microbiome When Facing to Abiotic Stress</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Judith%20Mogouong">Judith Mogouong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Philippe%20Constant"> Philippe Constant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robert%20Lavallee"> Robert Lavallee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Claude%20Guertin"> Claude Guertin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The emerald ash borer (EAB) is an exotic wood borer insect native from China, which is associated with important environmental and economic damages in North America. Beetles are known to be vectors of microbial communities related to their adaptive capacities. It is now established that environmental stress factors may induce physiological events on the host trees, such as phytochemical changes. Consequently, that may affect the establishment comportment of herbivorous insect. Considering the number of insects collected on ash trees (insects’ density) as an abiotic factor related to stress damage, the aim of our study was to explore the dynamic of EAB gut microbial community genome (microbiome) when facing that factor and to monitor its diversity. Insects were trapped using specific green Lindgren© traps. A gradient of the captured insect population along the St. Lawrence River was used to create three levels of insects’ density (low, intermediate, and high). After dissection, total DNA extracted from insect guts of each level has been sent for amplicon sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal ITS2 region. The composition of microbial communities among sample appeared largely diversified with the Simpson index significantly different across the three levels of density for bacteria. Add to that; bacteria were represented by seven phyla and twelve classes, whereas fungi were represented by two phyla and seven known classes. Using principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on Bray Curtis distances of 16S rRNA sequences, we observed a significant variation between the structure of the bacterial communities depending on insects’ density. Moreover, the analysis showed significant correlations between some bacterial taxa and the three classes of insects’ density. This study is the first to present a complete overview of the bacterial and fungal communities associated with the gut of EAB base on culture-independent methods, and to correlate those communities with a potential stress factor of the host trees. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gut%20microbiome" title="gut microbiome">gut microbiome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA" title=" DNA"> DNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=16S%20rRNA%20sequences" title=" 16S rRNA sequences"> 16S rRNA sequences</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emerald%20ash%20borer" title=" emerald ash borer"> emerald ash borer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99038/dynamic-of-an-invasive-insect-gut-microbiome-when-facing-to-abiotic-stress" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99038.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">403</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">24</span> The Biosphere as a Supercomputer Directing and Controlling Evolutionary Processes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Igor%20A.%20Krichtafovitch">Igor A. Krichtafovitch</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The evolutionary processes are not linear. Long periods of quiet and slow development turn to rather rapid emergences of new species and even phyla. During Cambrian explosion, 22 new phyla were added to the previously existed 3 phyla. Contrary to the common credence the natural selection or a survival of the fittest cannot be accounted for the dominant evolution vector which is steady and accelerated advent of more complex and more intelligent living organisms. Neither Darwinism nor alternative concepts including panspermia and intelligent design propose a satisfactory solution for these phenomena. The proposed hypothesis offers a logical and plausible explanation of the evolutionary processes in general. It is based on two postulates: a) the Biosphere is a single living organism, all parts of which are interconnected, and b) the Biosphere acts as a giant biological supercomputer, storing and processing the information in digital and analog forms. Such supercomputer surpasses all human-made computers by many orders of magnitude. Living organisms are the product of intelligent creative action of the biosphere supercomputer. The biological evolution is driven by growing amount of information stored in the living organisms and increasing complexity of the biosphere as a single organism. Main evolutionary vector is not a survival of the fittest but an accelerated growth of the computational complexity of the living organisms. The following postulates may summarize the proposed hypothesis: biological evolution as a natural life origin and development is a reality. Evolution is a coordinated and controlled process. One of evolution’s main development vectors is a growing computational complexity of the living organisms and the biosphere’s intelligence. The intelligent matter which conducts and controls global evolution is a gigantic bio-computer combining all living organisms on Earth. The information is acting like a software stored in and controlled by the biosphere. Random mutations trigger this software, as is stipulated by Darwinian Evolution Theories, and it is further stimulated by the growing demand for the Biosphere’s global memory storage and computational complexity. Greater memory volume requires a greater number and more intellectually advanced organisms for storing and handling it. More intricate organisms require the greater computational complexity of biosphere in order to keep control over the living world. This is an endless recursive endeavor with accelerated evolutionary dynamic. New species emerge when two conditions are met: a) crucial environmental changes occur and/or global memory storage volume comes to its limit and b) biosphere computational complexity reaches critical mass capable of producing more advanced creatures. The hypothesis presented here is a naturalistic concept of life creation and evolution. The hypothesis logically resolves many puzzling problems with the current state evolution theory such as speciation, as a result of GM purposeful design, evolution development vector, as a need for growing global intelligence, punctuated equilibrium, happening when two above conditions a) and b) are met, the Cambrian explosion, mass extinctions, happening when more intelligent species should replace outdated creatures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supercomputer" title="supercomputer">supercomputer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biological%20evolution" title=" biological evolution"> biological evolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Darwinism" title=" Darwinism"> Darwinism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speciation" title=" speciation"> speciation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100018/the-biosphere-as-a-supercomputer-directing-and-controlling-evolutionary-processes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100018.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">23</span> Potential Hydrocarbon Degraders Present in Oil from WWII Wrecks in the Pacific</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Awei%20Bainivalu">Awei Bainivalu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joachim%20Larsen"> Joachim Larsen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Logesh%20Panneerselvan"> Logesh Panneerselvan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toby%20Mills"> Toby Mills</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brett%20Neilan"> Brett Neilan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Megharaj%20Mallavarapu"> Megharaj Mallavarapu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> World War II (WWII) shipwrecks harbour up to 20 million tonnes of oil. More than 3000 wrecks are in the Pacific Ocean; 300 are oil tankers. Compared to other oil removal methods, bioremediation is environmentally friendly and cost-effective. Oil's microbial community and hydrocarbon properties from the Pacific WWII wrecks were identified. Dominant phyla are Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes. Native marine bacteria oil-degraders were isolated for bioremediation. Petroleum degradation data from the bacterial consortium will be analyzed over the next three months. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20bioremediation" title="oil bioremediation">oil bioremediation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marine%20bacteria" title=" marine bacteria"> marine bacteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WWII%20shipwrecks" title=" WWII shipwrecks"> WWII shipwrecks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pacific" title=" pacific"> pacific</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147889/potential-hydrocarbon-degraders-present-in-oil-from-wwii-wrecks-in-the-pacific" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147889.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22</span> Study of Eatable Aquatic Invertebrates in the River Dhansiri, Dimapur, Nagaland, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dilip%20Nath">Dilip Nath</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A study has been conducted on the available aquatic invertebrates in the river Dhansiri at Dimapur site. The study confirmed that the river body composed of aquatic macroinvertebrate community under two phyla viz., Arthropods and Molluscs. Total 10 species have been identified from there as the source of alternative protein food for the common people. Not only the protein source, they are also the component of aquatic food chain and indicators of aquatic ecosystem. Proper management and strategies to promote the edible invertebrates can be considered as the alternative protein and alternative income source for the common people for sustainable livelihood improvement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dhansiri" title="Dhansiri">Dhansiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dimapur" title=" Dimapur"> Dimapur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=invertebrates" title=" invertebrates"> invertebrates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=livelihood%20improvement" title=" livelihood improvement"> livelihood improvement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protein" title=" protein"> protein</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138477/study-of-eatable-aquatic-invertebrates-in-the-river-dhansiri-dimapur-nagaland-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138477.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">152</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21</span> Profiling of Bacterial Communities Present in Feces, Milk, and Blood of Lactating Cows Using 16S rRNA Metagenomic Sequencing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khethiwe%20Mtshali">Khethiwe Mtshali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zamantungwa%20T.%20H.%20Khumalo"> Zamantungwa T. H. Khumalo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stanford%20Kwenda"> Stanford Kwenda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ismail%20Arshad"> Ismail Arshad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oriel%20M.%20M.%20Thekisoe"> Oriel M. M. Thekisoe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ecologically, the gut, mammary glands and bloodstream consist of distinct microbial communities of commensals, mutualists and pathogens, forming a complex ecosystem of niches. The by-products derived from these body sites i.e. faeces, milk and blood, respectively, have many uses in rural communities where they aid in the facilitation of day-to-day household activities and occasional rituals. Thus, although livestock rearing plays a vital role in the sustenance of the livelihoods of rural communities, it may serve as a potent reservoir of different pathogenic organisms that could have devastating health and economic implications. This study aimed to simultaneously explore the microbial profiles of corresponding faecal, milk and blood samples from lactating cows using 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing. Bacterial communities were inferred through the Divisive Amplicon Denoising Algorithm 2 (DADA2) pipeline coupled with SILVA database v138. All downstream analyses were performed in R v3.6.1. Alpha-diversity metrics showed significant differences between faeces and blood, faeces and milk, but did not vary significantly between blood and milk (Kruskal-Wallis, P < 0.05). Beta-diversity metrics on Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) and Non-Metric Dimensional Scaling (NMDS) clustered samples by type, suggesting that microbial communities of the studied niches are significantly different (PERMANOVA, P < 0.05). A number of taxa were significantly differentially abundant (DA) between groups based on the Wald test implemented in the DESeq2 package (Padj < 0.01). The majority of the DA taxa were significantly enriched in faeces than in milk and blood, except for the genus Anaplasma, which was significantly enriched in blood and was, in turn, the most abundant taxon overall. A total of 30 phyla, 74 classes, 156 orders, 243 families and 408 genera were obtained from the overall analysis. The most abundant phyla obtained between the three body sites were Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Proteobacteria. A total of 58 genus-level taxa were simultaneously detected between the sample groups, while bacterial signatures of at least 8 of these occurred concurrently in corresponding faeces, milk and blood samples from the same group of animals constituting a pool. The important taxa identified in this study could be categorized into four potentially pathogenic clusters: i) arthropod-borne; ii) food-borne and zoonotic; iii) mastitogenic and; iv) metritic and abortigenic. This study provides insight into the microbial composition of bovine faeces, milk, and blood and its extent of overlapping. It further highlights the potential risk of disease occurrence and transmission between the animals and the inhabitants of the sampled rural community, pertaining to their unsanitary practices associated with the use of cattle by-products. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbial%20profiling" title="microbial profiling">microbial profiling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=16S%20rRNA" title=" 16S rRNA"> 16S rRNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NGS" title=" NGS"> NGS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feces" title=" feces"> feces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=milk" title=" milk"> milk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blood" title=" blood"> blood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lactating%20cows" title=" lactating cows"> lactating cows</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=small-scale%20farmers" title=" small-scale farmers"> small-scale farmers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148833/profiling-of-bacterial-communities-present-in-feces-milk-and-blood-of-lactating-cows-using-16s-rrna-metagenomic-sequencing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148833.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">111</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> Effects of Epinephrine on Gene Expressions during the Metamorphosis of Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fei%20Xu">Fei Xu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guofan%20Zhang"> Guofan Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiao%20Liu"> Xiao Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Many major marine invertebrate phyla are characterized by indirect development. These animals transit from planktonic larvae to benthic adults via settlement and metamorphosis, which has many advantages for organisms to adapt marine environment. Studying the biological process of metamorphosis is thus a key to understand the origin and evolution of indirect development. Although the mechanism of metamorphosis has been largely studied on their relationships with the marine environment, microorganisms, as well as the neurohormones, little is known on the gene regulation network (GRN) during metamorphosis. We treated competent oyster pediveligers with epinephrine, which was known to be able to effectively induce oyster metamorphosis, and analyzed the dynamics of gene and proteins with transcriptomics and proteomics methods. The result indicated significant upregulation of protein synthesis system, as well as some transcription factors including Homeobox, basic helix-loop-helix, and nuclear receptors. The result suggested the GRN complexity of the transition stage during oyster metamorphosis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indirect%20development" title="indirect development">indirect development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gene%20regulation%20network" title=" gene regulation network"> gene regulation network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protein%20synthesis" title=" protein synthesis"> protein synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transcription%20factors" title=" transcription factors"> transcription factors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104901/effects-of-epinephrine-on-gene-expressions-during-the-metamorphosis-of-pacific-oyster-crassostrea-gigas" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104901.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">141</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> Phylogenetic Diversity and Antibiotic Resistance in Sediments of Aegean Sea </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilknur%20Tuncer">Ilknur Tuncer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nihayet%20Bizsel"> Nihayet Bizsel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The studies in bacterial diversity and antimicrobial resistance in coastal areas are important to understand the variability in the community structures and metabolic activities. In the present study, antimicrobial susceptibility and phylogenetic analysis of bacteria isolated from stations with different depths and influenced by terrestrial and marine fluxes in eastern Aegean Sea were illustrated. 51% of the isolates were found as resistant and 14% showed high MAR index indicating the high-risk sources of contamination in the environment. The resistance and the intermediate levels and high MAR index of the study area were 38–60%, 11–38% and 0–40%, respectively. According to 16S rRNA gene analysis, it was found that the isolates belonged to two phyla Firmicutes and Gammaproteobacteria with the genera Bacillus, Halomonas, Oceanobacillus, Photobacterium, Pseudoalteromonas, Psychrobacter, and Vibrio. 47% of Bacillus strains which were dominant among all isolates were resistant. In addition to phylogenetically diverse bacteria, the variability in resistance, intermediate and high MAR index levels of the study area indicated the effect of geographical differences. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacterial%20diversity" title="bacterial diversity">bacterial diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20antibiotic%20resistance" title=" multiple antibiotic resistance"> multiple antibiotic resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=16S%20rRNA%20genes" title=" 16S rRNA genes"> 16S rRNA genes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aegean%20Sea" title=" Aegean Sea"> Aegean Sea</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9844/phylogenetic-diversity-and-antibiotic-resistance-in-sediments-of-aegean-sea" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9844.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">412</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18</span> Genome-Wide Insights into Whole Gut Microbiota of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus Mykiss Associated with Changes in Dietary Composition and Temperature Regimens</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20N.%20Idenyi">John N. Idenyi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hadimundeen%20Abdallah"> Hadimundeen Abdallah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abigeal%20D.%20Adeyemi"> Abigeal D. Adeyemi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonathan%20C.%20Eya"> Jonathan C. Eya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gut microbiomes play a significant role in the growth, metabolism, and health of fish. However, we know very little about the interactive effects of variations in dietary composition and temperature on rainbow trout gut microbiota. Exactly 288 rainbow trout weighing 45.6g ± 0.05 (average ± SD) were fed four isocaloric, isolipidic, and isonitrogenous diets comprising 40% crude protein and 20% crude lipid and formulated as 100 % animal-based protein (AP) and a blend of 50 fish oil (FO)/50 camelina oil (CO), 100 % AP and100 % CO, 100 % plant-based protein (PP) and a blend of 50FO/50CO or 100 % PP and 100 % CO in 14 or 18°C for 150 days. Gut content was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene and shotgun sequencing. The most abundant phyla identified regardless of diet were Tenericutes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, while Aeromonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae were dominant families in 18°C. Moreover, gut microbes were dominated by genes relating to an amino acid, carbohydrate, fat, and energy metabolisms and influenced by temperature. The shared functional profiles for all the diets suggest that plant protein sources in combination with CO could be as good as the fish meal with 50/50 FO & CO in rainbow trout farming. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aquafeed" title="aquafeed">aquafeed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aquaculture" title=" aquaculture"> aquaculture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbiome" title=" microbiome"> microbiome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rainbow%20trout" title=" rainbow trout"> rainbow trout</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164802/genome-wide-insights-into-whole-gut-microbiota-of-rainbow-trout-oncorhynchus-mykiss-associated-with-changes-in-dietary-composition-and-temperature-regimens" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164802.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">92</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> Identification of Microbial Community in an Anaerobic Reactor Treating Brewery Wastewater</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abimbola%20M.%20Enitan">Abimbola M. Enitan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20O.%20Odiyo"> John O. Odiyo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Feroz%20M.%20Swalaha"> Feroz M. Swalaha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study of microbial ecology and their function in anaerobic digestion processes are essential to control the biological processes. This is to know the symbiotic relationship between the microorganisms that are involved in the conversion of complex organic matter in the industrial wastewater to simple molecules. In this study, diversity and quantity of bacterial community in the granular sludge taken from the different compartments of a full-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating brewery wastewater was investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The phylogenetic analysis showed three major eubacteria phyla that belong to <em>Proteobacteria, Firmicutes </em>and<em> Chloroflexi</em> in the full-scale UASB reactor, with different groups populating different compartment. The result of qPCR assay showed high amount of eubacteria with increase in concentration along the reactor’s compartment. This study extends our understanding on the diverse, topological distribution and shifts in concentration of microbial communities in the different compartments of a full-scale UASB reactor treating brewery wastewater. The colonization and the trophic interactions among these microbial populations in reducing and transforming complex organic matter within the UASB reactors were established. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteria" title="bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brewery%20wastewater" title=" brewery wastewater"> brewery wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real-time%20quantitative%20PCR" title=" real-time quantitative PCR"> real-time quantitative PCR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UASB%20reactor" title=" UASB reactor"> UASB reactor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79480/identification-of-microbial-community-in-an-anaerobic-reactor-treating-brewery-wastewater" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79480.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">260</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> Distribution of Current Emerging Contaminants in South Africa Surface and Groundwater </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jou-An%20Chen">Jou-An Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julio%20%20Castillo"> Julio Castillo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Errol%20Duncan%20Cason"> Errol Duncan Cason</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gabre%20Kemp"> Gabre Kemp</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leana%20Esterhuizen"> Leana Esterhuizen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Angel%20Valverde%20Portal"> Angel Valverde Portal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Esta%20Van%20Heerden"> Esta Van Heerden</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Emerging contaminants (EC) such as pharmaceutical and personal care products have been accumulating for years in water bodies all over the world. However, very little is known about the occurrences, levels, and effects of ECs in South African water resources. This study provides an initial assessment of the distribution of eight ECs (Acetaminophen, Atrazine, Terbuthlyazine, Carbamazepine, Phenyton, Sulfmethoxazole, Nevirapine and Fluconozole) in fifteen water sources from the Free State and Easter Cape provinces of South Africa. Overall, the physiochemical conditions were different in surface and groundwater samples, with concentrations of several elements such as B, Ca, Mg, Na, NO3, and TDS been statistically higher in groundwater. In contrast, ECs levels, quantified at ng/mL using the LC/MS/ESI, were much lower in groundwater samples. The ECs with higher contamination levels were Carbamazepine, Sulfmethoxazole, Nevirapine, and Terbuthlyazine, while the most widespread were Sulfmethoxazole and Fluconozole, detected in all surface and groundwater samples. Fecal and E. coli tests indicated that surface water was more contaminated than groundwater. Microbial communities, assessed using NGS, were dominated by the phyla Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, in both surface and groundwater. Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Cyanobacteria, were more dominant in surface water, while Verrucomicrobia were overrepresented in groundwater. In conclusion, ECs contamination is closely associated with human activities (human wastes). The microbial diversity identified can suggest possible biodegradation processes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emerging%20contaminants" title="emerging contaminants">emerging contaminants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EC" title=" EC"> EC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20care%20products" title=" personal care products"> personal care products</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pharmaceuticals" title=" pharmaceuticals"> pharmaceuticals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20attenuation%20process" title=" natural attenuation process"> natural attenuation process</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79504/distribution-of-current-emerging-contaminants-in-south-africa-surface-and-groundwater" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79504.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">219</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> Foodborne Pathogens in Different Types of Milk: From the Microbiome to Risk Assessment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pasquali%20Frederique">Pasquali Frederique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manfreda%20Chiara"> Manfreda Chiara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Crippa%20Cecilia"> Crippa Cecilia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indio%20Valentina"> Indio Valentina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ianieri%20Adriana"> Ianieri Adriana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=De%20Cesare%20Alessandra"> De Cesare Alessandra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Microbiological hazards can be transmitted to humans through milk. In this study, we compared the microbiome composition and presence of foodborne pathogens in organic milk (n=6), organic hay milk (n=6), standard milk (n=6) and high-quality milk (n=6). The milk samples were collected during six samplings between December 2022 to January 2023 and between April and May 2024 to take into account seasonal variations. The 24 milk samples were submitted to DNA extraction and library preparation before shotgun sequencing on the Illumina HiScan™ SQ System platform. The total sequencing output was 600 GB. In all the milk samples, the phyla with the highest relative abundances were Pseudomonadota, Bacillota, Ascomycota, Actinomycetota and Apicomplexa, while the most represented genera were Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Geotrichum, Acinetobacter and Babesia. The alpha and beta diversity indexes showed a clear separation between the microbiome of high-quality milk and those of the other milk types. Moreover, in the high-quality milk, the relative abundance of Staphylococcus (4.4%), Campylobacter (4.5%), Bacillus (2.5%), Enterococcus (2.4%), Klebsiella (1.3%) and Escherichia (0 .7%) was significantly higher in comparison to other types of milk. On the contrary, the relative abundance of Geotrichum (0.5%) was significantly lower. The microbiome results collected in this study showed significant differences in terms of the relative abundance of bacteria genera, including foodborne pathogen species. These results should be incorporated into risk assessment models tailored to different types of milk. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=raw%20milk" title="raw milk">raw milk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foodborne%20pathogens" title=" foodborne pathogens"> foodborne pathogens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbiome" title=" microbiome"> microbiome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20assessment" title=" risk assessment"> risk assessment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188934/foodborne-pathogens-in-different-types-of-milk-from-the-microbiome-to-risk-assessment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188934.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">25</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> The Taxonomic and Functional Diversity in Edaphic Microbial Communities from Antarctic Dry Valleys</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sean%20T.%20S.%20Wei">Sean T. S. Wei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joy%20D.%20Van%20Nostrand"> Joy D. Van Nostrand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Annapoorna%20Maitrayee%20Ganeshram"> Annapoorna Maitrayee Ganeshram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20B.%20Pointing"> Stephen B. Pointing</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> McMurdo Dry Valleys are a largely ice-free polar desert protected by international treaty as an Antarctic special managed area. The terrestrial landscape is dominated by oligotrophic mineral soil with extensive rocky outcrops. Several environmental stresses: low temperature, lack of liquid water, UV exposure and oligotrophic substrates, restrict the major biotic component to microorganisms. The bacterial diversity and the putative physiological capacity of microbial communities of quartz rocks (hypoliths) and soil of a maritime-influenced Dry Valleys were interrogated by two metagenomic approaches: 454 pyro-sequencing and Geochp DNA microarray. The most abundant phylum in hypoliths was Cyanobacteria (46%), whereas in solils Actinobacteria (31%) were most abundant. The Proteobacteria and Bacteriodetes were the only other phyla to comprise >10% of both communities. Carbon fixation was indicated by photoautotrophic and chemoautotrophic pathways for both hypolith and soil communities. The fungi accounted for polymer carbon transformations, particularly for aromatic compounds. The complete nitrogen cycling was observed in both communities. The fungi in particular displayed pathways related to ammonification. Environmental stress response pathways were common among bacteria, whereas the nutrient stress response pathways were more widely present in bacteria, archaea and fungi. The diversity of bacterialphage was also surveyed by Geochip. Data suggested that different substrates supported different viral families: Leviviridae, Myoviridae, Podoviridae and Siphoviridiae were ubiquitous. However, Corticoviridae and Microviridae only occurred in wetter soils. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hypolith" title=" hypolith"> hypolith</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil" title=" soil"> soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dry%20valleys" title=" dry valleys"> dry valleys</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geochip" title=" geochip"> geochip</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=functional%20diversity" title=" functional diversity"> functional diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress%20response" title=" stress response"> stress response</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15274/the-taxonomic-and-functional-diversity-in-edaphic-microbial-communities-from-antarctic-dry-valleys" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15274.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">449</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Shift in the Rhizosphere Soil Fungal Community Associated with Root Rot Infection of Plukenetia Volubilis Linneo Caused by Fusarium and Rhizopus Species</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Constantine%20Uwaremwe">Constantine Uwaremwe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wenjie%20Bao"> Wenjie Bao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bachir%20Goudia%20Daoura"> Bachir Goudia Daoura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandhya%20Mishra"> Sandhya Mishra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xianxian%20Zhang"> Xianxian Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lingjie%20Shen"> Lingjie Shen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shangwen%20Xia"> Shangwen Xia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaodong%20Yang"> Xiaodong Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Plukenetia volubilis Linneo is an oleaginous plant belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. Due to its seeds containing a high content of edible oil and rich in vitamins, P. volubilis is cultivated as an economical plant worldwide. However, the cultivation and growth of P. volubilis is challenged by phytopathogen invasion leading to production loss. Methods: In the current study, we tested the pathogenicity of fungal pathogens isolated from root rot infected P. volubilis plant tissues by inoculating them into healthy P. volubilis seedlings. Metagenomic sequencing was used to assess the shift in the fungal community of P. volubilis rhizosphere soil after root rot infection. Results: Four Fusarium isolates and two Rhizopus isolates were found to be root rot causative agents of P. volubilis as they induced typical root rot symptoms in healthy seedlings. The metagenomic sequencing data showed that root rot infection altered the rhizosphere fungal community. In root rot infected soil, the richness and diversity indices increased or decreased depending on pathogens. The four most abundant phyla across all samples were Ascomycota, Glomeromycota, Basidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota. In infected soil, the relative abundance of each phylum increased or decreased depending on the pathogen and functional taxonomic classification. Conclusions: Based on our results, we concluded that Fusarium and Rhizopus species cause root rot infection of P. volubilis. In root rot infected P. volubilis, the shift in the rhizosphere fungal community was pathogen-dependent. These findings may serve as a key point for a future study on the biocontrol of root rot of P. volubilis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fusarium%20spp." title="fusarium spp.">fusarium spp.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plukenetia%20volubilis%20l." title=" plukenetia volubilis l."> plukenetia volubilis l.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rhizopus%20spp." title=" rhizopus spp."> rhizopus spp.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rhizosphere%20fungal%20community" title=" rhizosphere fungal community"> rhizosphere fungal community</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=root%20rot" title=" root rot"> root rot</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187906/shift-in-the-rhizosphere-soil-fungal-community-associated-with-root-rot-infection-of-plukenetia-volubilis-linneo-caused-by-fusarium-and-rhizopus-species" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187906.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">43</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Bacterial Interactions of Upper Respiratory Tract Microbiota</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarah%20Almuhayya">Sarah Almuhayya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Mcbain"> Andrew Mcbain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gavin%20Humphreys"> Gavin Humphreys</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background. The microbiome of the upper respiratory tract (URT) has received less research attention than other body sites. This study aims to investigate the microbial ecology of the human URT with a focus on the antagonism between the corynebacteria and staphylococci. Methods. Mucosal swabs were collected from the anterior nares and nasal turbinates of 20 healthy adult subjects. Genomic DNA amplification targeting the (V4) of the 16Sr RNA gene was conducted and analyzed using QIIME. Nasal swab isolates were cultured and identified using near full-length sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Isolates identified as corynebacteria or staphylococci were typed using (rep-PCR). Antagonism was determined using an agar-based inhibition assay. Results. Four major bacterial phyla (Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria) were identified from all volunteers. The typing of cultured staphylococci and corynebacteria suggested that intra-individual strain diversity was limited. Analysis of generated nasal microbiota profiles suggested an inverse correlation in terms of relative abundance between staphylococci and corynebacteria. Despite the apparent antagonism between these genera, it was limited when investigated on agar. Of 1000 pairwise interactions, observable zones of inhibition were only reported between a single strain of C.pseudodiphtheriticum and S.aureus. Imaging under EM revealed this effect to be bactericidal with clear lytic effects on staphylococcal cell morphology. Conclusion. Nasal microbiota is complex, but culturable staphylococci and corynebacteria were limited in terms of clone type. Analysis of generated nasal microbiota profiles suggested an inverse correlation in terms of relative abundance between these genera suggesting an antagonism or competition between these taxonomic groups. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nasal" title="nasal">nasal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbiota" title=" microbiota"> microbiota</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.aureus" title=" S.aureus"> S.aureus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbioal%20interaction" title=" microbioal interaction"> microbioal interaction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164241/bacterial-interactions-of-upper-respiratory-tract-microbiota" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164241.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">115</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> The Comparison Study of Human Microbiome in Chronic Rhinosinusitis between Adults and Children</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Il%20Ho%20Park">Il Ho Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joong%20Seob%20Lee"> Joong Seob Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sung%20Hun%20Kang"> Sung Hun Kang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jae-Min%20Shin"> Jae-Min Shin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Il%20Seok%20Park"> Il Seok Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seok%20Min%20Hong"> Seok Min Hong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seok%20Jin%20Hong"> Seok Jin Hong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: The human microbiota is the aggregate of microorganisms, and the bacterial microbiome of the human digestive tract contributes to both health and disease. In health, bacteria are key components in the development of mucosal barrier function and in innate and adaptive immune responses, and they also work to suppress the establishment of pathogens. In human upper airway, the sinonasal microbiota might play an important role in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The purpose of this study is to investigate the human upper airway microbiome in CRS patients and to compare the sinonasal microbiome of adults with children. Materials and methods: A total of 19 samples from 19 patients (Group1; 9 CRS in children, aged 5 to 14 years versus Group 2; 10 CRS in adults aged 21 to 59 years) were examined. Swabs were collected from the middle meatus and/or anterior ethmoid region under general anesthesia during endoscopic sinus surgery or tonsillectomy. After DNA extraction from swab samples, we analysed bacterial microbiome consortia using 16s rRNA gene sequencing approach (the Illumina MiSeq platform). Results: In this study, relatively abundance of the six bacterial phyla and tremendous genus and species found in substantial amounts in the individual sinus swab samples, include Corynebacterium, Hemophilus, Moraxella, and Streptococcus species. Anaerobes like Fusobacterium and Bacteroides were abundantly present in the children group, Bacteroides and Propionibacterium were present in adults group. In genus, Haemophilus was the most common CRS microbiome in children and Corynebacterium was the most common CRS microbiome in adults. Conclusions: Our results show the diversity of human upper airway microbiome, and the findings will suggest that CRS is a polymicrobial infection. The Corynebacterium and Hemophilus may live as commensals on mucosal surfaces of sinus in the upper respiratory tract. The further study will be needed for analysis of microbiome-human interactions in upper airway and CRS. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbiome" title="microbiome">microbiome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=upper%20airway" title=" upper airway"> upper airway</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chronic%20rhinosinusitis" title=" chronic rhinosinusitis"> chronic rhinosinusitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adult%20and%20children" title=" adult and children"> adult and children</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101447/the-comparison-study-of-human-microbiome-in-chronic-rhinosinusitis-between-adults-and-children" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101447.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">126</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Changes in the fecal Microbiome of Periparturient Dairy Cattle and Associations with the Onset of Salmonella Shedding</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lohendy%20Munoz-Vargas">Lohendy Munoz-Vargas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20O.%20Opiyo"> Stephen O. Opiyo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rose%20Digianantonio"> Rose Digianantonio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michele%20L.%20Williams"> Michele L. Williams</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asela%20Wijeratne"> Asela Wijeratne</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gregory%20Habing"> Gregory Habing</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica is a zoonotic pathogen with critical importance in animal and public health. The persistence of Salmonella on farms affects animal productivity and health, and represents a risk for food safety. The intestinal microbiota plays a fundamental role in the colonization and invasion of this ubiquitous microorganism. To overcome the colonization resistance imparted by the gut microbiome, Salmonella uses invasion strategies and the host inflammatory response to survive, proliferate, and establish infections with diverse clinical manifestations. Cattle serve as reservoirs of Salmonella, and periparturient cows have high prevalence of Salmonella shedding; however, to author`s best knowledge, little is known about the association between the gut microbiome and the onset of Salmonella shedding during the periparturient period. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the association between changes in bacterial communities and the onset of Salmonella shedding in cattle approaching parturition. In a prospective cohort study, fecal samples from 98 dairy cows originating from four different farms were collected at four time points relative to calving (-3 wks, -1 wk, +1 wk, +3 wks). All 392 samples were cultured for Salmonella. Sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene using the Illumina platform was completed to evaluate the fecal microbiome in a selected sample subset. Analyses of microbial composition, diversity, and structure were performed according to time points, farm, and Salmonella onset status. Individual cow fecal microbiomes, predominated by Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Spirochaetes, and Proteobacteria phyla, significantly changed before and after parturition. Microbial communities from different farms were distinguishable based on multivariate analysis. Although there were significant differences in some bacterial taxa between Salmonella positive and negative samples, our results did not identify differences in the fecal microbial diversity or structure for cows with and without the onset of Salmonella shedding. These data suggest that determinants other than the significant changes in the fecal microbiome influence the periparturient onset of Salmonella shedding in dairy cattle. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20cattle" title="dairy cattle">dairy cattle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbiome" title=" microbiome"> microbiome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=periparturient" title=" periparturient"> periparturient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salmonella" title=" Salmonella"> Salmonella</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95942/changes-in-the-fecal-microbiome-of-periparturient-dairy-cattle-and-associations-with-the-onset-of-salmonella-shedding" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95942.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">173</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Microbial Dark Matter Analysis Using 16S rRNA Gene Metagenomics Sequences</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hana%20Barak">Hana Barak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alex%20Sivan"> Alex Sivan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ariel%20Kushmaro"> Ariel Kushmaro</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Microorganisms are the most diverse and abundant life forms on Earth and account for a large portion of the Earth’s biomass and biodiversity. To date though, our knowledge regarding microbial life is lacking, as it is based mainly on information from cultivated organisms. Indeed, microbiologists have borrowed from astrophysics and termed the ‘uncultured microbial majority’ as ‘microbial dark matter’. The realization of how diverse and unexplored microorganisms are, actually stems from recent advances in molecular biology, and in particular from novel methods for sequencing microbial small subunit ribosomal RNA genes directly from environmental samples termed next-generation sequencing (NGS). This has led us to use NGS that generates several gigabases of sequencing data in a single experimental run, to identify and classify environmental samples of microorganisms. In metagenomics sequencing analysis (both 16S and shotgun), sequences are compared to reference databases that contain only small part of the existing microorganisms and therefore their taxonomy assignment may reveal groups of unknown microorganisms or origins. These unknowns, or the ‘microbial sequences dark matter’, are usually ignored in spite of their great importance. The goal of this work was to develop an improved bioinformatics method that enables more complete analyses of the microbial communities in numerous environments. Therefore, NGS was used to identify previously unknown microorganisms from three different environments (industrials wastewater, Negev Desert’s rocks and water wells at the Arava valley). 16S rRNA gene metagenome analysis of the microorganisms from those three environments produce about ~4 million reads for 75 samples. Between 0.1-12% of the sequences in each sample were tagged as ‘Unassigned’. Employing relatively simple methodology for resequencing of original gDNA samples through Sanger or MiSeq Illumina with specific primers, this study demonstrates that the mysterious ‘Unassigned’ group apparently contains sequences of candidate phyla. Those unknown sequences can be located on a phylogenetic tree and thus provide a better understanding of the ‘sequences dark matter’ and its role in the research of microbial communities and diversity. Studying this ‘dark matter’ will extend the existing databases and could reveal the hidden potential of the ‘microbial dark matter’. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteria" title="bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioinformatics" title=" bioinformatics"> bioinformatics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20matter" title=" dark matter"> dark matter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Next%20Generation%20Sequencing" title=" Next Generation Sequencing"> Next Generation Sequencing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unknown" title=" unknown"> unknown</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97387/microbial-dark-matter-analysis-using-16s-rrna-gene-metagenomics-sequences" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97387.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">257</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Effects of Brewer's Yeast Peptide Extract on the Growth of Probiotics and Gut Microbiota</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manuela%20Amorim">Manuela Amorim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cl%C3%A1udia%20S.%20Marques"> Cláudia S. Marques</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Calhau"> Maria Conceição Calhau</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H%C3%A9lder%20J.%20Pinheiro"> Hélder J. Pinheiro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Manuela%20Pintado"> Maria Manuela Pintado</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently it has been recognized peptides from different food sources with biological activities. However, no relevant study has proven the potential of brewer yeast peptides in the modulation of gut microbiota. The importance of human intestinal microbiota in maintaining host health is well known. Probiotics, prebiotics and the combination of these two components, can contribute to support an adequate balance of the bacterial population in the human large intestine. The survival of many bacterial species inhabiting the large bowel depends essentially on the substrates made available to them, most of which come directly from the diet. Some of these substrates can be selectively considered as prebiotics, which are food ingredients that can stimulate beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacilli or Bifidobacteria growth in the colon. Moreover, conventional food can be used as vehicle to intake bioactive compounds that provide those health benefits and increase people well-being. In this way, the main objective of this work was to study the potential prebiotic activity of brewer yeast peptide extract (BYP) obtained via hydrolysis of yeast proteins by cardosins present in Cynara cardunculus extract for possible use as a functional ingredient. To evaluate the effect of BYP on the modulation of gut microbiota in diet-induced obesity model, Wistar rats were fed either with a standard or a high-fat diet. Quantified via 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) expression by quantitative PCR (qPCR), genera of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp.) and three main phyla (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria) were assessed. Results showed relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp. and Bacteroidetes was significantly increased (P < 0.05) by BYP. Consequently, the potential health-promoting effects of WPE through modulation of gut microbiota were demonstrated in vivo. Altogether, these findings highlight the possible intervention of BYP as gut microbiota enhancer, promoting healthy life style, and the incorporation in new food products, leads them bringing associated benefits endorsing a new trend in the improvement of new value-added food products. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=functional%20ingredients" title="functional ingredients">functional ingredients</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gut%20microbiota" title=" gut microbiota"> gut microbiota</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prebiotics" title=" prebiotics"> prebiotics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brewer%20yeast%20peptide%20extract" title=" brewer yeast peptide extract"> brewer yeast peptide extract</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31141/effects-of-brewers-yeast-peptide-extract-on-the-growth-of-probiotics-and-gut-microbiota" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31141.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">500</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> MARISTEM: A COST Action Focused on Stem Cells of Aquatic Invertebrates</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arzu%20Karahan">Arzu Karahan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Loriano%20Ballarin"> Loriano Ballarin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baruch%20Rinkevich"> Baruch Rinkevich</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Marine invertebrates, the highly diverse phyla of multicellular organisms, represent phenomena that are either not found or highly restricted in the vertebrates. These include phenomena like budding, fission, a fusion of ramets, and high regeneration power, such as the ability to create whole new organisms from either tiny parental fragment, many of which are controlled by totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent stem cells. Thus, there is very much that can be learned from these organisms on the practical and evolutionary levels, further resembling Darwin's words, “It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change”. The ‘stem cell’ notion highlights a cell that has the ability to continuously divide and differentiate into various progenitors and daughter cells. In vertebrates, adult stem cells are rare cells defined as lineage-restricted (multipotent at best) with tissue or organ-specific activities that are located in defined niches and further regulate the machinery of homeostasis, repair, and regeneration. They are usually categorized by their morphology, tissue of origin, plasticity, and potency. The above description not always holds when comparing the vertebrates with marine invertebrates’ stem cells that display wider ranges of plasticity and diversity at the taxonomic and the cellular levels. While marine/aquatic invertebrates stem cells (MISC) have recently raised more scientific interest, the know-how is still behind the attraction they deserve. MISC, not only are highly potent but, in many cases, are abundant (e.g., 1/3 of the entire animal cells), do not locate in permanent niches, participates in delayed-aging and whole-body regeneration phenomena, the knowledge of which can be clinically relevant. Moreover, they have massive hidden potential for the discovery of new bioactive molecules that can be used for human health (antitumor, antimicrobial) and biotechnology. The MARISTEM COST action (Stem Cells of Marine/Aquatic Invertebrates: From Basic Research to Innovative Applications) aims to connect the European fragmented MISC community. Under this scientific umbrella, the action conceptualizes the idea for adult stem cells that do not share many properties with the vertebrates’ stem cells, organizes meetings, summer schools, and workshops, stimulating young researchers, supplying technical and adviser support via short-term scientific studies, making new bridges between the MISC community and biomedical disciplines. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aquatic%2Fmarine%20invertebrates" title="aquatic/marine invertebrates">aquatic/marine invertebrates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adult%20stem%20cell" title=" adult stem cell"> adult stem cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regeneration" title=" regeneration"> regeneration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cell%20cultures" title=" cell cultures"> cell cultures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioactive%20molecules" title=" bioactive molecules"> bioactive molecules</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143573/maristem-a-cost-action-focused-on-stem-cells-of-aquatic-invertebrates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143573.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">169</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Ecological Engineering Through Organic Amendments: Enhancing Pest Regulation, Beneficial Insect Populations, and Rhizosphere Microbial Diversity in Cabbage Ecosystems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ravi%20Prakash%20Maurya">Ravi Prakash Maurya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Munaswamyreddygari%20Sreedhar"> Munaswamyreddygari Sreedhar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present studies on ecological engineering through soil amendments in cabbage crops for insect pests regulation were conducted at G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand, India. Ten treatments viz., Farm Yard Manure (FYM), Neem cake (NC), Vermicompost (VC), Poultry manure (PM), PM+FYM, NC+VC, NC+PM, VC+FYM, Urea+ SSP+MOP (Standard Check) and Untreated Check were evaluated to study the effect of these amendments on the population of insect pests, natural enemies and the microbial community of the rhizosphere in the cabbage crop ecosystem. The results revealed that most of the cabbage pests, viz., aphids, head borer, gram pod borer, and armyworm, were more prevalent in FYM, followed by PM and NC-treated plots. The best cost-benefit ratio was found in PM + FYM treatment, which was 1: 3.62, while the lowest, 1: 0.97, was found in the VC plot. The population of natural enemies like spiders, coccinellids, syrphids, and other hymenopterans and dipterans was also found to be prominent in organic plots, namely FYM, followed by VC and PM plots. Diversity studies on organic manure-treated plots were also carried out, which revealed a total of nine insect orders (Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Diptera, Orthoptera, Dermaptera, Thysanoptera, and one arthropodan class, Arachnida) in different treatments. The Simpson Diversity Index was also studied and found to be maximum in FYM plots. The metagenomic analysis of the rhizosphere microbial community revealed that the highest bacterial count was found in NC+PM plot as compared to standard check and untreated check. The diverse microbial population contributes to soil aggregation and stability. Healthier soil structures can improve water retention, aeration, and root penetration, which are all crucial for crop health. The further analysis also identified a total of 39 bacterial phyla, among which the most abundant were Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and the SAR324 clade. Actinobacteria and Firmicutes are known for their roles in decomposing organic matter and mineralizing nutrients. Their highest abundance suggests improved nutrient cycling and availability, which can directly enhance plant growth. Hence, organic amendments in cabbage farming can transform the rhizosphere microbiome, reduce pest pressure, and foster populations of beneficial insects, leading to healthier crops and a more sustainable agricultural ecosystem. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cabbage%20ecosystem" title="cabbage ecosystem">cabbage ecosystem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20amendments" title=" organic amendments"> organic amendments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rhizosphere%20microbiome" title=" rhizosphere microbiome"> rhizosphere microbiome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pest%20and%20natural%20enemy%20diversity" title=" pest and natural enemy diversity"> pest and natural enemy diversity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193385/ecological-engineering-through-organic-amendments-enhancing-pest-regulation-beneficial-insect-populations-and-rhizosphere-microbial-diversity-in-cabbage-ecosystems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193385.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">13</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Seed Associated Microbial Communities of Holoparasitic Cistanche Species from Armenia and Portugal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Petrosyan">K. Petrosyan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Piwowarczyk"> R. Piwowarczyk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Rura%C5%BC"> K. Ruraż</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Thijs"> S. Thijs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Vangronsveld"> J. Vangronsveld</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Kaca"> W. Kaca</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Holoparasitic plants are flowering heterotrophic angiosperms which with the help of an absorbing organ - haustorium, attach to another plant, the so-called the host. Due to the different hosts, unusual lifestyle, lack of roots, chlorophylls and photosynthesis, these plants are interesting and unique study objects for global biodiversity. The seeds germination of the parasitic plants also is unique: they germinate only in response to germination stimulants, namely strigolactones produced by the root of an appropriate host. Resistance of the seeds on different environmental conditions allow them to stay viable in the soil for more than 20 years. Among the wide range of plant protection mechanisms the endophytic communities have a specific role. In this way, they have the potential to mitigate the impacts of adverse conditions such as soil salinization. The major objective of our study was to compare the bacterial endo-microbiomes from seeds of two holoparasitic plants from Orobanchaceae family, Cistanche – C. armena (Armenia) and C. phelypaea (Portugal) – from saline habitats different in soil water status. The research aimed to perform how environmental conditions influence on the diversity of the bacterial communities of C. armena and C. phelypaea seeds. This was achieved by comparison of the endophytic microbiomes of two species and isolation of culturable bacteria. A combination of culture-dependent and molecular techniques was employed for the identification of the seed endomicrobiome (culturable and unculturable). Using the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene, four main taxa were identified: Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, but the relative proportion of the taxa was different in each type of seed. Generally, sixteen phyla, 323 genera and 710 bacterial species were identified, mainly Gram negative, halotolerant bacteria with an environmental origin. However, also some unclassified and unexplored taxonomic groups were found in the seeds of both plants. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis from both species identified the gram positive, endospore forming, halotolerant and alkaliphile Bacillus spp. which suggests that the endophytic bacteria of examined seeds possess traits that are correlated with the natural habitat of their hosts. The cultivable seed endophytes from C. armena and C. phelypaea were rather similar, notwithstanding the big distances between their growth habitats - Armenia and Portugal. Although the seed endophytic microbiomes of C. armena and C. phelypaea contain a high number of common bacterial taxa, also remarkable differences exist. We demonstrated that the environmental conditions or abiotic stresses influence on diversity of the bacterial communities of holoparasiotic seeds. To the best of our knowledge the research is the first report of endophytes from seeds of holoparasitic Cistanche armena and C. phelypaea plants. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbiome" title="microbiome">microbiome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parasitic%20plant" title=" parasitic plant"> parasitic plant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salinity" title=" salinity"> salinity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seeds" title=" seeds"> seeds</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144216/seed-associated-microbial-communities-of-holoparasitic-cistanche-species-from-armenia-and-portugal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144216.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">72</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Algal/Bacterial Membrane Bioreactor for Bioremediation of Chemical Industrial Wastewater Containing 1,4 Dioxane</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Tawfik">Ahmed Tawfik</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Oxidation of 1,4 dioxane produces metabolites by-products involving glycolaldehyde and acids that have geno- and cytotoxicity impact on microbial degradation. Thereby, the incorporation of algae with bacteria in the treatment system would eliminate and overcome the accumulation of metabolites that are utilized as a carbon source for the build-up of biomass. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to assess the potential of algae/bacteria-based membrane bioreactor (AB-MBR) for biodegradation of 1,4 dioxane-rich wastewater at a high imposed loading rate. Three identical reactors, i.e., AB-MBR1, AB-MBR2, and AB-MBR3, were operated in parallel at 1,4 dioxane loading rates of 641.7, 320.9, and 160.4 mg/L. d., and HRTs of 6.0, 12 and 24 h. respectively. The AB-MBR1 achieved 1,4 dioxane removal rate of 263.7 mg/L.d., where the residual value in the treated effluent amounted to 94.4±22.9 mg/L. Reducing the 1,4 dioxane loading rate (LR) to 320.9 mg/L.d in the AB-MBR2 maximized the removal rate efficiency of 265.9 mg/L.d., with a removal efficiency of 82.8±3.2%. The minimum value of 1,4 dioxane of 17.3±1.8 mg/L in the treated effluent of AB-MBR3 was obtained at an HRT of 24.0 h and loading rate of 160.4 mg/L.d. The mechanism of 1,4 dioxane degradation in AB-MBR was a combination of volatilization (8.03±0.6%), UV oxidation (14.1±0.9%), microbial biodegradation (49.1±3.9%) and absorption/uptake and assimilation by algae (28.8±2.%). Further, the Thioclava, Afipia, and Mycobacterium genera oxidized and produced the required enzymes for hydrolysis and cleavage of the dioxane ring into 2-hydroxy-1,4 dioxane. Moreover, the fungi, i.e., Basidiomycota and Cryptomycota, played a big role in the degradation of the 1,4 dioxane into 2-hydroxy-1,4 dioxane. Xanthobacter and Mesorhizobium were involved in the metabolism process by secreting alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), and glycolate oxidase. Bacteria and fungi produced dehydrogenase (DH) for the transformation of 2-hydroxy-1,4 dioxane into 2-hydroxy-ethoxyacetaldehyde. The latter is converted into Ethylene glycol by Aldehyde hydrogenase (ALDH). Ethylene glycol is oxidized into acids using Alcohol hydrogenase (ADH). The Diatomea, Chlorophyta, and Streptophyta utilize the metabolites for biomass assimilation and produce the required oxygen for further oxidation of the dioxane and its metabolites by-products of bacteria and fungi. The major portion of metabolites (ethylene glycol, glycolic acid, and oxalic acid were removed due to uptake and absorption by algae (43±4.3%), followed by adsorption (18.4±0.9%). The volatilization and UV oxidation contribution for the degradation of metabolites were 8.7±0.7% and 12.3±0.8%, respectively. The capabilities of genera Defluviimonas, Thioclava, Luteolibacter, and Afipia. The genera of Defluviimonas, Thioclava, Luteolibacter, and Mycobacterium were grown under a high 1,4 dioxane LR of 641.7 mg/L.d. The Chlorophyta (4.1-43.6%), Streptophyta (2.5-21.7%), and Diatomea (0.8-1.4%) phyla were dominant for degradation of 1,4 dioxane. The results of this study strongly demonstrated that the bioremediation and bioaugmentation process can safely remove 1,4 dioxane from industrial wastewater while minimizing environmental concerns and reducing economic costs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wastewater" title="wastewater">wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=membrane%20bioreactor" title=" membrane bioreactor"> membrane bioreactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacterial%20community" title=" bacterial community"> bacterial community</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algal%20community" title=" algal community"> algal community</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183162/algalbacterial-membrane-bioreactor-for-bioremediation-of-chemical-industrial-wastewater-containing-14-dioxane" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183162.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">43</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phyla&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phyla&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a 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