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href="#Copyright_on_renderings_of_emblems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Copyright on renderings of emblems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_on_renderings_of_emblems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright_on_emblem_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_on_emblem_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Copyright on emblem definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_on_emblem_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_restrictions_on_national_emblems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_restrictions_on_national_emblems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Usage restrictions on national emblems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_restrictions_on_national_emblems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_to_tag_images_of_emblems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_to_tag_images_of_emblems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>How to tag images of emblems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_to_tag_images_of_emblems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Essay on editing Wikipedia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Essay.svg/30px-Essay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Essay.svg/45px-Essay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Essay.svg/60px-Essay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="35" data-file-height="42"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This is an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essays" title="Wikipedia:Essays">essay</a>.</b><br/><div style="font-size: 90%;">It contains the advice or opinions of one or more Wikipedia contributors. This page is not an encyclopedia article, nor is it one of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</a>, as it has not been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus#Levels_of_consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">thoroughly vetted by the community</a>. Some essays represent widespread norms; others only represent minority viewpoints.</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This page discusses the status of <a href="/wiki/Flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags">flags</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coats of arms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seal_(device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (device)">seals</a>, and similar official symbols, as well as drawings of such emblems, under United States copyright law. Other nations' laws may differ; however, for the English Wikipedia, only United States law is generally considered, since that's where the Foundation and its servers are based. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="How_are_emblems_defined?" data-mw-thread-id="h-How_are_emblems_defined?"><span id="How_are_emblems_defined.3F"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-How_are_emblems_defined?"></span>How are emblems defined?<span data-mw-comment-end="h-How_are_emblems_defined?"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Copyright_on_emblems&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: How are emblems defined?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emblems have historically been defined by a textual description called a <a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">blazon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">vexillology</a>. Blazons use a more or less standardized vocabulary and grammar to describe the design of an emblem. The blazon for the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">Scottish saltire</a> for instance is <i>Azure, a saltire Argent</i>, which means a white or silver diagonal cross on a blue background. The blazon for the flag of <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> is <i>Gules, a horse forcene Argent</i>, meaning a white or silver rearing horse on a red background.<sup id="cite_ref-kent_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kent-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vocabulary of blazons defines backgrounds, colors, patterns, and many other items that traditionally may appear on an emblem such as animals (including their postures) or plants.<sup id="cite_ref-blazon_vocabulary_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blazon_vocabulary-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blazons leave considerable leeway in creating an actual visual rendering of it, called an <i>emblazon</i> in heraldry. Colors are not defined precisely: <i>azure</i> specifies just "blue", but does not define the precise shade of blue to be used. Shapes are also loosely defined: how exactly a horse is drawn on the emblem is left unspecified, only its general posture and the fact that it must be a horse are defined. Identical blazons have been rendered quite differently throughout history, e.g. with animals shown in a more "classical" or a more "modern" style.<sup id="cite_ref-kent_horse_style_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kent_horse_style-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times, emblems are sometimes defined more precisely using geometric specifications and color specifications using e.g. <a href="/wiki/RAL_(color_space_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="RAL (color space system)">RAL</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a> colors. An example of a geometrical flag specification is the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Switzerland" title="Flag of Switzerland">Flag of Switzerland</a> at sea; the colors, however, are defined only loosely as "a white cross in a red field" in article 3 of the Swiss Federal Act on Maritime Navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-SR74730_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SR74730-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/EU_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="EU flag">EU flag</a> is completely defined by a blazon, a geometric specification, and Pantone and RGB color specifications, and even reference images.<sup id="cite_ref-eu_flag_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu_flag-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Copyright_on_renderings_of_emblems" data-mw-thread-id="h-Copyright_on_renderings_of_emblems"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Copyright_on_renderings_of_emblems"></span>Copyright on renderings of emblems<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Copyright_on_renderings_of_emblems"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Copyright_on_emblems&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Copyright on renderings of emblems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only <i>creative</i> works can be copyrighted. A work must be sufficiently <a href="/wiki/Originality" title="Originality">original</a> to be eligible to copyright; mere reproductions are not copyrightable (see <i><a href="/wiki/Bridgeman_v._Corel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgeman v. Corel">Bridgeman v. Corel</a></i> for the U.S.), and the effort required to produce a reproduction has been rejected explicitly as a base for copyrightability of a work in the U.S. by <i><a href="/wiki/Feist_v._Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Feist v. Rural">Feist v. Rural</a></i>. This excludes both mechanical reproductions such as photocopies and also reproductions made by a human from copyright. Only works passing the <a href="/wiki/Threshold_of_originality" title="Threshold of originality">threshold of originality</a> are eligible to copyright. Inherent in the legal definition of originality is that the work be a human creation.<sup id="cite_ref-C50303a_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C50303a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The precise requirements a work has to fulfill to be considered sufficiently original to pass the threshold of originality are interpreted differently in different countries. In general, though, the requirements are rather low. For the U.S., the <i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_of_U.S._Copyright_Office_Practices" title="Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices">Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Copyright_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Copyright Office">U.S. Copyright Office</a> (Compendium (Third)) gives some guidelines: </p> <ul><li>Common geometric forms such as rectangles, ellipses, five-pointed stars, as well as most works composed solely of uncopyrightable elements are not copyrightable.<sup id="cite_ref-CompendiumThird906-1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CompendiumThird906-1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, works that include uncopyrightable elements, but are otherwise original, <i>are</i> copyrightable.<sup id="cite_ref-CompendiumThird906-1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CompendiumThird906-1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mere choice of colors (or by extension, of shades of colors) does not give rise to copyrightability.<sup id="cite_ref-CompendiumThird906-3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CompendiumThird906-3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Non-geometric drawings are copyrightable.<sup id="cite_ref-CompendiumThird905_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CompendiumThird905-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">Typography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> are in themselves not copyrightable.<sup id="cite_ref-CompendiumThird313D_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CompendiumThird313D-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Applied to emblems, this means that: </p> <ul><li>An emblazon drawn to faithfully depict a geometric specification of an emblem (a description) is <i>not copyrightable</i>. This applies even if the colors used in the emblem are imprecisely or not at all defined, and even if the emblem contains writing. For example, a faithful reproduction of the <a href="/wiki/EU_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="EU flag">EU flag</a> is not copyrightable in itself. Likewise, a representation of the Swiss flag at sea is not copyrightable, even if the choice of the precise shade of red is left to the author of the emblazon.</li> <li>Any drawing containing only geometric shapes or standard patterns is <i>not copyrightable</i>. For example, a representation of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">Flag of Scotland</a> is not copyrightable. Again, the precise coloring is immaterial and does not give rise to copyright.</li> <li>An emblazon drawn to represent a <b>description</b> containing non-geometric shapes <i>is</i> copyrightable. An example would be the flag of the county <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>; the precise drawing of the horse is original enough to warrant copyrightability.<sup id="cite_ref-kent_horse_style_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kent_horse_style-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again, coloring is immaterial, for example taking <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flagspot.net/flags/gb-kent.html">the emblazon</a> shown at <a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_sovereign_state_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallery of sovereign state flags">Flags of the World</a> and changing the color to a slightly different shade of red (or to some other color) does not make the new image copyrightable in itself; it remains a <a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">derivative work</a> and as such is subject to the copyright of the original.</li> <li>An emblazon drawn to imitate another <b>emblazon</b> containing non-geometric shapes is <i>not</i> copyrightable separately from the original work. If the goal of the author is to replicate a single preexisting work as precisely as possible, the result has no copyright beyond that of the original work, and is thus a derivative of the original.</li></ul> <p>A blazon does not define a coat of arms in the very last detail. The shape of the shield, for instance, is left completely undefined. Non-geometric elements are only broadly described ("a rearing horse, facing left", but how exactly that horse is drawn is left undefined). Coats of arms including non-geometric elements leave the author of an emblazon considerable freedom to express his creativity to produce an original work. Examples of such non-geometric elements include animals and plants, but also crowns, banners, pinnacles, and so on. An emblazon of a coat of arms that contains such non-geometric elements is thus always copyrightable in itself as an original work. By extension, any drawing of a flag that shows a coat of arms is basically copyrightable. </p><p>Drawings of emblems that are designed to be representative and faithful reproductions of some reference image are themselves not copyrightable precisely because they are mere reproductions. If the reference image is copyrighted, such reproductive drawings may even be a copyright violation. If the underlying reference image itself is in the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Public_domain" title="Wikipedia:Public domain">public domain</a>, then so is the reproductive drawing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Copyright_on_emblem_definitions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Copyright_on_emblem_definitions"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Copyright_on_emblem_definitions"></span>Copyright on emblem definitions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Copyright_on_emblem_definitions"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Copyright_on_emblems&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Copyright on emblem definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A blazon itself is not copyrightable as it contains only the bare facts about a flag and at best only hints at a procedure for producing an emblem. In the U.S., such items are non-copyrightable under 17 USC 102(b);<sup id="cite_ref-17USC102b_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17USC102b-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C51003_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C51003-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> internationally, this is regulated by article 2 of the <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_Treaty" title="WIPO Copyright Treaty">WIPO Copyright Treaty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wct_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wct-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Likewise, technical drawings specifying the geometry of an emblem are in general only copyrightable if they themselves contain original elements. (If a technical drawing only describes an original design, but is otherwise a standard technical drawing, the technical drawing is not copyrightable, although the design described may be.)<sup id="cite_ref-C51001_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C51001-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reference images may be copyrighted if they show sufficient originality, as discussed above. </p><p>National emblems typically are defined in official governmental publications. The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Stars and Stripes</a>, for instance, is defined in 4 USC 1<sup id="cite_ref-4USC1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4USC1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Executive Order 10798.<sup id="cite_ref-EO10798_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EO10798-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emblem definition is thus in the public domain as a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Public_domain#Governmental_works" title="Wikipedia:Public domain">work of the federal government of the U.S.</a> The same applies to many other national emblems such as the aforementioned Swiss flag at sea, which is defined geometrically in Swiss law number 747.30.<sup id="cite_ref-SR74730_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SR74730-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another interesting example is the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag of Germany</a>. The standard flag itself is not very peculiar, it's three horizontal stripes of equal widths in the colors black, red, and gold (or yellow). As a purely geometric design it's in the public domain no matter what. However, the <i>service flag</i> of Germany, the <i>Bundesdienstflagge</i>, superimposes on that basic design a coat of arms showing the <i><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Bundesadler</a></i>, the federal eagle. Are drawings of the German service flag eligible to copyright? As a matter of fact, the answer is "no". Both the regular flag and the service flag of Germany are defined and have been published in 1950 in the <i>Anordnung über die deutschen Flaggen</i> ("Edict on the German flags"), which was revised in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-german_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-german-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This edict even includes reference images of the flags, which are thus in the public domain, both under U.S. copyright law and also by the corresponding provision in article 5(1) of the German <i>Urheberrechtsgesetz</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-UrhG_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UrhG-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any faithful drawing of the German service flag, even if it uses other color shades, is thus also in the public domain, not being eligible itself to copyright as a mere reproduction. <i>Creative</i> drawings of the service flag, obtained for instance by a different rendering of the coat of arms, might be copyrightable; however, such a drawing would not show the German service flag anymore. </p><p>If an emblem is specified only by a blazon or similar imprecise description in a governmental publication, a particular emblazon of it may still be copyrightable. To avoid this, some countries explicitly exempt their national emblems from copyright. This can be seen for instance in the copyright laws of many eastern European countries, e.g. in the successor countries of the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-CIS_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIS-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emblems of sub-national entities (states of a union, cantons, districts, counties, townships, etc.) may or may not be defined in an official law, code, or regulation. If they are, they are considered to be in the public domain as statutes, laws, and similar official publications are in general not copyrighted. The U.S. Copyright Office applies this even to edicts of sub-national governments or foreign governments.<sup id="cite_ref-C20601_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C20601-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emblems of official bodies or sub-national entities <i>not</i> defined in such official publications may be copyrighted. In Germany, for instance, they do <i>not</i> fall under the provisions in article 5(2) of the German <i>Urheberrechtsgesetz</i> for "other governmental publications".<sup id="cite_ref-dreier5_2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dreier5_2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Germany, note however that e.g. official coats of arms of public law institutions such as states and municipalities must be approved and are published in an <i>Amtsblatt</i> (an official publication), and thereby become free of copyright under § 5(1). This forms the legal base for the template {{<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-Coa-Germany" class="extiw" title="c:Template:PD-Coa-Germany">PD-Coa-Germany</a>}}. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Usage_restrictions_on_national_emblems" data-mw-thread-id="h-Usage_restrictions_on_national_emblems"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Usage_restrictions_on_national_emblems"></span>Usage restrictions on national emblems<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Usage_restrictions_on_national_emblems"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Copyright_on_emblems&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Usage restrictions on national emblems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to copyright restrictions, use of national emblems is typically subject to certain other restrictions designed to prevent disparaging or confusing uses and to avoid misrepresentations. According to the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Convention">Paris Convention</a>, the purpose of article 6ter "is to protect armorial bearings, flags and other State emblems of the States party to the Paris Convention as well as official signs and hallmarks indicating control and warranty adopted by them" and this protection extends "to armorial bearings, flags, [and] other emblems".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using a national emblem in a context where the display of the emblem might be construed to falsely imply an official endorsement is also generally forbidden. In the U.S., for instance, official seals typically are only to be used by official agencies,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the use of many emblems is restricted in the criminal code (18 USC 33).<sup id="cite_ref-18USC33_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18USC33-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Curiously, the U.S. Code not only restricts the use of U.S. emblems, but also explicitly the use of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> flag and, until 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Switzerland" title="Flag of Switzerland">Flag of Switzerland</a> (18 USC 706;708).) In Germany, the <i>Bundesdienstflagge</i> may not be flown by private persons but only by the holders of the official positions defined in the law.<sup id="cite_ref-german_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-german-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Canada, by law "No person shall adopt in connection with a business, as a trademark or otherwise, any mark consisting of, or so nearly resembling as to be likely to be mistaken for, (a) the Royal Arms, Crest or Standard...[or] the arms, crest or flag adopted and used at any time by Canada or by any province or municipal corporation".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Any such usage restrictions are in addition to restrictions under copyright law however. They are designed to prevent fraudulent abuses of emblems, in particular to prevent using them to imply an affiliation with or an endorsement by an official body when there is no such affiliation or endorsement, and to protect the integrity of the emblem or mark. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="How_to_tag_images_of_emblems" data-mw-thread-id="h-How_to_tag_images_of_emblems"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-How_to_tag_images_of_emblems"></span>How to tag images of emblems<span data-mw-comment-end="h-How_to_tag_images_of_emblems"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Copyright_on_emblems&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: How to tag images of emblems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is the tag <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Insignia" title="Template:Insignia">insignia</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, which can be placed <i>in addition to a license tag</i> on the image description page of images showing emblems. It informs the reader that there may be some usage restrictions on the image, even if the image is freely licensed and thus free as far as copyrights are concerned. This tag also exists at the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:Insignia" class="extiw" title="commons:Template:Insignia">Commons</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="References" data-mw-thread-id="h-References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Copyright_on_emblems&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kent-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kent_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Civic Heraldry UK: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civicheraldry.co.uk/kent.html#kent%20cc">Kent County Council Coat of Arms</a>. URL last accessed <a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a>, <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blazon_vocabulary-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blazon_vocabulary_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gold, S.; Shead, T.: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sca.org/heraldry/primer/index.html">A Heraldic Primer</a></i>. URL last accessed <a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kent_horse_style-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kent_horse_style_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kent_horse_style_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare e.g. the different styles of the horse in some versions of the flag of <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.civicheraldry.co.uk/kent.html#kent%20cc">[1]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.kent.gov.uk/">[2]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.vdiest.nl/images/gbenke.gif">[3]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://flagspot.net/flags/gb-kent.html">[4]</a>. They all comply with the blazon <i>Gules, a horse forcene Argent</i>, yet are all very different. URLs last accessed <a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SR74730-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SR74730_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SR74730_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/7/747.30.de.pdf">SR no. 747.30: Bundesgesetz über die Seeschiffahrt unter der Schweizer Flagge (Seeschiffahrtsgesetz)</a> (Swiss Federal Act on Maritime Navigation); URL last accessed <a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eu_flag-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eu_flag_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/T/E/Com/About_Coe/flag_guide.asp#TopOfPage">Graphical specifications for the European flag</a>. URL last accessed <a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C50303a-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C50303a_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Copyright Office: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipmall.info/hosted_resources/CopyrightCompendium/chapter_0500.asp">Compendium of Office Practices II</a>, section 503.03(a). URL last accessed <a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copyright.gov/comp3/"><i>Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, Third Edition</i></a> (official version, December 22, 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CompendiumThird906-1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CompendiumThird906-1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CompendiumThird906-1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Compendium (Third), § 906.1. "The Copyright Act does not protect common geometric shapes, either in two-dimensional or three-dimensional form. There are numerous common geometric shapes, including, without limitation, straight or curved lines, circles, ovals, spheres, triangles, cones, squares, squares, cubes, rectangles, diamonds, trapezoids, parallelograms, pentagons, hexagons, heptagons, octagons, and decagons. Generally, the U.S. Copyright Office will not register a work that merely consists of common geometric shapes unless the author’s use of those shapes results in a work that, as a whole, is sufficiently creative."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CompendiumThird906-3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CompendiumThird906-3_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compendium (Third), § 906.3. "Mere coloration or mere variations in coloring alone are not eligible for copyright protection."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CompendiumThird905-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CompendiumThird905_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compendium (Third), § 905. "In the case of two-dimensional works, original authorship may be expressed in a variety of ways, such as the linear contours of a drawing, the design and brush strokes of a painting, the diverse fragments forming a collage, the pieces of colored stone arranged in a mosaic portrait, among other forms of pictorial or graphic expression."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CompendiumThird313D-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CompendiumThird313D_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compendium (Third), § 906.3. "The copyright law does not protect typeface or mere variations of typographic ornamentation or lettering."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17USC102b-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17USC102b_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Code: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#102">17 USC 102(b)</a>. URL last accessed <a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C51003-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C51003_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Copyright Office: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipmall.info/hosted_resources/CopyrightCompendium/chapter_0500.asp">Compendium of Office Practices II</a>, section 510.03. URL last accessed <a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wct-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wct_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/trtdocs_wo033.html#P51_3806">WIPO Copyright Treaty</a>, article 2: <i>Scope of Copyright Protection</i>: "Copyright protection extends to expressions and not to ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such." URL last accessed <a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C51001-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C51001_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Copyright Office: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipmall.info/hosted_resources/CopyrightCompendium/chapter_0500.asp">Compendium of Office Practices II</a>, section 510.01. URL last accessed <a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4USC1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4USC1_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Code: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=browse_usc&docid=Cite:+4USC1">4 USC 1: <i>The flag and seal, seat of government and the states;</i> chapter 1: <i>The flag</i></a>. URL last accessed <a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EO10798-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EO10798_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Government: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode04/usc_sec_04_00000001----000-notes.html">Executive Order 10798: <i>Proportions and Sizes of Flags and Position of Stars</i></a>. URL last accessed <a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-german-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-german_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-german_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentarchiv.de/brd/1950/deutsche-flaggen_ao.html">Anordnung über die deutschen Flaggen</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/June_7" title="June 7">June 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/1950" title="1950">1950</a>, including a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentarchiv.de/brd/1950/deutsche-flaggen_ao.pdf">graphical reference</a> (BGB 1950, p. 205). Revised in 1996, again in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentarchiv.de/brd/1996/deutsche-flaggen_ao.html">text form</a> and with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentarchiv.de/brd/1996/deutsche-flaggen_anl1.pdf">reference graphics</a> (BGB 1996 I, pp. 1729–1732). URLs last accessed <a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UrhG-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UrhG_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bundesrecht.juris.de/urhg/__5.html">German <i>Urheberrechtsgesetz</i>, § 5(1)</a> exempts laws, edicts, and similar official publications from copyright. URL last accessed <a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIS-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIS_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cipr.org/legal_reference/countries/russia/Russia_Copyright_ENG.pdf">copyright law of Russia (2004)</a>, article 8; or the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cipr.org/legal_reference/countries/litva/Lithuania_Copyright_ENG_2003.pdf">copyright law of Lithuania (2003)</a>, article 5. URLs last accessed <a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C20601-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C20601_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Copyright Office: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipmall.info/hosted_resources/CopyrightCompendium/chapter_0200.asp">Compendium of Office Practices II</a>, section 206.01. URL last accessed <a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dreier5_2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dreier5_2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dreier/Schulze: <i>Urheberrechtsgesetz</i>; Beck Verlag, Munich 2003; p. 132. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-51260-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-51260-7">3-406-51260-7</a>. The leading commentary on the UrhG. In German.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/article6ter/en/general_info.html">"General Information on Article 6ter"</a>. <i>www.wipo.int</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft.atitle=General+Information+on+Article+6ter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Farticle6ter%2Fen%2Fgeneral_info.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACopyright+on+emblems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As an example, consider the logo of the <a href="/wiki/USFWS" class="mw-redirect" title="USFWS">USFWS</a> and its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/help/policies.html#useoflogo">usage restrictions</a>. URL last accessed <a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18USC33-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18USC33_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Code: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sup_01_18_10_I_20_33.html">18 USC 33: <i>Emblems, Insignia, and Names</i></a>. URL last accessed <a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranch2020" class="citation web cs1">Branch, Legislative Services (2020-03-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/T-13/section-9.html">"Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Trademarks Act"</a>. <i>laws-lois.justice.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Consolidated+federal+laws+of+Canada%2C+Trademarks+Act&rft.date=2020-03-13&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=Legislative+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Facts%2FT-13%2Fsection-9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACopyright+on+emblems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Copyright_on_emblems&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Institute_of_Heraldry" title="United States Army Institute of Heraldry">United States Army Institute of Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_branding" title="Wikipedia:Avoid branding">WP:Avoid branding</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="External_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-External_links"></span>External links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-External_links"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Copyright_on_emblems&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Coats_of_arms" class="extiw" title="c:Commons:Coats of arms">c:Commons:Coats of arms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldica.org/topics/usa/usheroff.htm">Official U.S. Heraldry</a> has some more information on particular U.S. emblems.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Copyright_on_emblems&oldid=1187099238">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Copyright_on_emblems&oldid=1187099238</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_essays" title="Category:Wikipedia essays">Wikipedia essays</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_copyright" title="Category:Wikipedia copyright">Wikipedia copyright</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2023, at 13:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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