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<span>Career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Journalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Journalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_novel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_novel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>First novel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_novel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Käte_Rubensohn_and_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Käte_Rubensohn_and_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Käte Rubensohn and Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Käte_Rubensohn_and_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travels_in_post-war_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travels_in_post-war_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Travels in post-war Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travels_in_post-war_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Success_as_a_novelist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Success_as_a_novelist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Success as a novelist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Success_as_a_novelist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_dramatist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_dramatist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>As a dramatist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_dramatist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_marriage_and_living_in_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_marriage_and_living_in_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Second marriage and living in other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_marriage_and_living_in_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Later life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_output" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_output"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literary output</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literary_output-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literary output subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_output-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Genres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_diary_as_a_literary_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_diary_as_a_literary_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>The diary as a literary form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_diary_as_a_literary_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narrative_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narrative_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Narrative form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narrative_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dramas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dramas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Dramas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dramas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style_and_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style_and_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Style and language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style_and_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes_and_motifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes_and_motifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Themes and motifs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes_and_motifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Image_vs._identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_vs._identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Image vs. identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_vs._identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_between_the_sexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_between_the_sexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Relationships between the sexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_between_the_sexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transience_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transience_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Transience and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transience_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Political aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Recognition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recognition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Success_as_a_writer_and_as_a_dramatist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Success_as_a_writer_and_as_a_dramatist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Success as a writer and as a dramatist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Success_as_a_writer_and_as_a_dramatist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reputation_in_Switzerland_and_internationally" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation_in_Switzerland_and_internationally"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Reputation in Switzerland and internationally</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputation_in_Switzerland_and_internationally-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_and_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_and_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Influence and significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_and_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Major works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Plays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Max Frisch</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="ماكس فريش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماكس فريش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="ماکس فریش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماکس فریش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Макс Фрыш – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Макс Фрыш" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Макс Фрыш – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Макс Фрыш" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Макс Фриш – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Макс Фриш" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BE_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Μαξ Φρις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαξ Φρις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="ماکس فریش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماکس فریش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%89%EC%8A%A4_%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%88" title="막스 프리슈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="막스 프리슈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD_%D5%96%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B7" title="Մաքս Ֆրիշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաքս Ֆրիշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A9" title="מקס פריש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקס פריש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="მაქს ფრიში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაქს ფრიში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilianus_Frisch" title="Maximilianus Frisch – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Maximilianus Frisch" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makss_Fri%C5%A1s" title="Makss Frišs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Makss Frišs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="მაქს ფრიში – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაქს ფრიში" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="ماكس فريش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماكس فريش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5" title="マックス・フリッシュ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マックス・フリッシュ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Фриш, Макс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фриш, Макс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maks_Frish" title="Maks Frish – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Maks Frish" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Макс Фриш – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Макс Фриш" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%88" title="Макс Фріш – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Макс Фріш" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Max Frisch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Max Frisch</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ETH-BIB-Max_Frisch-Com_C20-015-023-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frisch c. 1974"><img alt="Frisch c. 1974" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ETH-BIB-Max_Frisch-Com_C20-015-023-001.jpg/220px-ETH-BIB-Max_Frisch-Com_C20-015-023-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ETH-BIB-Max_Frisch-Com_C20-015-023-001.jpg/330px-ETH-BIB-Max_Frisch-Com_C20-015-023-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ETH-BIB-Max_Frisch-Com_C20-015-023-001.jpg/440px-ETH-BIB-Max_Frisch-Com_C20-015-023-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2982" data-file-height="3976" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Frisch c. 1974</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Max Rudolf Frisch<br />15 May 1911<br /><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, Switzerland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">4 April 1991 (aged 79)<br /><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, Switzerland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Architect, novelist, playwright, philosopher</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">Swiss</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Frisch-von_Meyenburg" title="Gertrud Frisch-von Meyenburg">Gertrud Frisch-von Meyenburg</a> (married 1942, separated 1954, divorced 1959)<br /> Marianne Oellers (married 1968, divorced 1979)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Partner</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Bachmann" title="Ingeborg Bachmann">Ingeborg Bachmann</a> (1958–1963)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Max Rudolf Frisch</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[maks<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈfʁɪʃ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/ae\/De-Max_Frisch.ogg\/De-Max_Frisch.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Max Frisch.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/De-Max_Frisch.ogg/De-Max_Frisch.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Max_Frisch.ogg" title="File:De-Max Frisch.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 15 May 1911 – 4 April 1991) was a Swiss playwright and novelist. Frisch's works focused on problems of <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Individuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Individuality">individuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moral_responsibility" title="Moral responsibility">responsibility</a>, morality, and political commitment.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a> is a significant feature of his post-war output. Frisch was one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Gruppe_Olten" title="Gruppe Olten">Gruppe Olten</a>. He was awarded the 1965 <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Prize" title="Jerusalem Prize">Jerusalem Prize</a>, the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Schiller_Prize" title="Schiller Prize">Grand Schiller Prize</a>, and the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Neustadt_International_Prize_for_Literature" title="Neustadt International Prize for Literature">Neustadt International Prize for Literature</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years_and_education">Early years and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Max Rudolf Frisch was born on 15 May 1911 in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, Switzerland, the second son of Franz Bruno Frisch, an architect, and Karolina Bettina Frisch (née Wildermuth).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaleczek2001_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaleczek2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a sister, Emma (1899–1972), his father's daughter by a previous marriage, and a brother, Franz, eight years his senior (1903–1978). The family lived modestly, their financial situation deteriorating after the father lost his job during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. Frisch had an emotionally distant relationship with his father, but was close to his mother. While at secondary school Frisch started to write drama, but failed to get his work performed and he subsequently destroyed his first literary works. While he was at school he met <a href="/wiki/Werner_Coninx" title="Werner Coninx">Werner Coninx</a> (1911–1980), who later became a successful artist and collector. The two men formed a lifelong friendship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 1930/31 academic year Frisch enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zurich" title="University of Zurich">University of Zurich</a> to study <a href="/wiki/German_studies" title="German studies">German literature and linguistics</a>. There he met professors who gave him contact with the worlds of publishing and journalism, and was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Faesi" title="Robert Faesi">Robert Faesi</a> (1883–1972) and <a href="/wiki/Theophil_Spoerri" title="Theophil Spoerri">Theophil Spoerri</a> (1890–1974), both writers and professors at the university. Frisch had hoped the university would provide him with the practical underpinnings for a career as a writer, but became convinced that university studies would not provide this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaleczek200121_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaleczek200121-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932, when financial pressures on the family intensified, Frisch abandoned his studies. In 1936 Max Frisch studied architecture at the <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a> and graduated in 1940. In 1942 he set up his own architecture business. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journalism">Journalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Journalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frisch made his first contribution to the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung" title="Neue Zürcher Zeitung">Neue Zürcher Zeitung</a></i> (NZZ) in May 1931, but the death of his father in March 1932 persuaded him to make a full-time career of journalism in order to generate an income to support his mother. He developed a lifelong ambivalent relationship with the NZZ; his later radicalism was in stark contrast to the conservative views of the newspaper. The move to the NZZ is the subject of his April 1932 essay, titled "Was bin ich?" ("What am I?"), his first serious piece of freelance work. Until 1934 Frisch combined journalistic work with coursework at the university.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaleczek200123_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaleczek200123-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 100 of his pieces survive from this period; they are autobiographical, rather than political, dealing with his own self-exploration and personal experiences, such as the break-up of his love affair with the 18-year-old actress Else Schebesta. Few of these early works made it into the published compilations of Frisch's writings that appeared after he had become better known. Frisch seems to have found many of them excessively introspective even at the time, and tried to distract himself by taking labouring jobs involving physical exertion, including a period in 1932 when he worked on road construction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_novel">First novel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First novel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between February and October 1933 he travelled extensively through eastern and southeastern Europe, financing his expeditions with reports written for newspapers and magazines. One of his first contributions was a report on the <a href="/wiki/1933_World_Ice_Hockey_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="1933 World Ice Hockey Championships">Prague World Ice Hockey Championship</a> (1933) for the <i>Neue Zürcher Zeitung</i>. Other destinations were <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Another product of this extensive tour was Frisch's first novel, <i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrg_Reinhart" title="Jürg Reinhart">Jürg Reinhart</a></i>, which appeared in 1934. In it Reinhart represents the author, undertaking a trip through the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> as a way to find purpose in life. In the end the eponymous hero concludes that he can only become fully adult by performing a "manly act". He does so by helping his landlady's daughter, who is terminally ill, end her life painlessly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Käte_Rubensohn_and_Germany"><span id="K.C3.A4te_Rubensohn_and_Germany"></span>Käte Rubensohn and Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Käte Rubensohn and Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the summer of 1934, Frisch met Käte Rubensohn,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was three years his junior. The next year the two developed a romantic liaison. Rubensohn, who was <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a>, had emigrated from <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> to continue her studies, which had been interrupted by government-led <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_legislation_in_prewar_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany">antisemitism and race-based legislation</a> in Germany. In 1935 Frisch visited <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> for the first time. He kept a diary, later published as <i>Kleines Tagebuch einer deutschen Reise</i> (<i>Short Diary of a German Trip</i>), in which he described and criticised the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> he encountered. At the same time, Frisch recorded his admiration for the <i>Wunder des Lebens</i> (<i>Wonder of Life</i>) exhibition staged by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bayer" title="Herbert Bayer">Herbert Bayer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaleczek200139_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaleczek200139-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an admirer of the <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> government's philosophy and policies. (Bayer was later forced to flee the country after annoying Hitler). Frisch failed to anticipate how Germany's <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">National Socialism</a> would evolve, and his early apolitical novels were published by the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Verlags-Anstalt" class="extiw" title="de:Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt">Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt</a> (DVA) without encountering any difficulties from the German censors. During the 1940s Frisch developed a more critical political consciousness. His failure to become more critical sooner has been attributed in part to the conservative spirit at the University of Zurich, where several professors were openly sympathetic with Hitler and <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frisch was never tempted to embrace such sympathies, as he explained much later, because of his relationship with Käte Rubensohn,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though the romance itself ended in 1939 after she refused to marry him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frisch's second novel, <i><a href="/wiki/An_Answer_from_the_Silence" title="An Answer from the Silence">An Answer from the Silence</a></i> (<i>Antwort aus der Stille</i>), appeared in 1937. The book returned to the theme of a "manly act", but now placed it in the context of a middle class lifestyle. The author quickly became critical of the book, burning the original manuscript in 1937 and refusing to let it be included in a compilation of his works published in the 1970s. Frisch had the word "author" deleted from the "profession/occupation" field in his passport. Supported by a stipend from his friend Werner Coninx, he had in 1936 enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule</i></span>) to study architecture, his father's profession. His resolve to disown his second published novel was undermined when it won him the <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Ferdinand_Meyer_Prize" title="Conrad Ferdinand Meyer Prize">1938 Conrad Ferdinand Meyer Prize</a>, which included an award of 3,000 Swiss francs. At this time Frisch was living on an annual stipend from his friend of 4,000 francs. </p><p>With the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">war</a> in 1939, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Switzerland">Swiss army</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Cannoneer" title="Cannoneer">gunner</a>. Although Swiss neutrality meant that army membership was not a full-time occupation, the country mobilised to be ready to resist a German invasion, and by 1945 Frisch had clocked up 650 days of active service. He also returned to writing. 1939 saw the publication of <i>From a Soldier's Diary</i> (<i>Aus dem Tagebuch eines Soldaten</i>), which initially appeared in the monthly journal, <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_(Zeitschrift)" class="extiw" title="de:Atlantis (Zeitschrift)">Atlantis</a></i>. In 1940 the same writings were compiled into the book <i>Pages from the Bread-bag</i> (<i>Blätter aus dem Brotsack</i>). The book was broadly uncritical of Swiss military life, and of Switzerland's position in war-time Europe, attitudes that Frisch revisited and revised in his 1974 <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienstb%C3%BCchlein_(Max_Frisch)" class="extiw" title="de:Dienstbüchlein (Max Frisch)">Little Service Book</a></i> (<i>Dienstbuechlein</i>); by 1974 he felt strongly that his country had been too ready to accommodate the interests of Nazi Germany during the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during World War II">war years</a>. </p><p>At the ETH, Frisch studied architecture with <a href="/wiki/William_Dunkel" title="William Dunkel">William Dunkel</a>, whose pupils also included <a href="/wiki/Justus_Dahinden" title="Justus Dahinden">Justus Dahinden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Camenzind" title="Alberto Camenzind">Alberto Camenzind</a>, later stars of Swiss architecture. After receiving his diploma in the summer of 1940, Frisch accepted an offer of a permanent position in Dunkel's architecture studio, and for the first time in his life was able to afford a home of his own. </p><p>While working for Dunkel he met another architect, <a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Frisch-von_Meyenburg" title="Gertrud Frisch-von Meyenburg">Gertrud Frisch-von Meyenburg</a>, and on 30 July 1942 the two were married. The marriage produced three children: Ursula (1943), Hans Peter (1944), and Charlotte (1949). Much later, in a book of her own, <i>Sturz durch alle Spiegel</i> (Fall through all the mirrors), which appeared in 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his daughter Ursula reflected on her difficult relationship with her father. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freibad_Letzigraben_Sprungturm_1947_Max_Frisch_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Freibad_Letzigraben_Sprungturm_1947_Max_Frisch_02.JPG/220px-Freibad_Letzigraben_Sprungturm_1947_Max_Frisch_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Freibad_Letzigraben_Sprungturm_1947_Max_Frisch_02.JPG/330px-Freibad_Letzigraben_Sprungturm_1947_Max_Frisch_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Freibad_Letzigraben_Sprungturm_1947_Max_Frisch_02.JPG/440px-Freibad_Letzigraben_Sprungturm_1947_Max_Frisch_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Frisch's 10 meter high diving board at <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max-Frisch-Bad" class="extiw" title="de:Max-Frisch-Bad">Max-Frisch-Bad</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1943 Frisch was selected from among 65 applicants to design the new <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max-Frisch-Bad" class="extiw" title="de:Max-Frisch-Bad">Letzigraben</a> (subsequently renamed <i>Max-Frisch-Bad</i>) swimming pool in the <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Albisrieden" title="Albisrieden">Albisrieden</a>. Because of this substantial commission he was able to open his own architecture studio, with a couple of employees. Wartime materials shortages meant that construction had to be deferred until 1947, but the public swimming pool was opened in 1949. It is now protected under historic monument legislation. From 2006 to 2007, it underwent an extensive renovation which returned it to its original condition. </p><p>Overall Frisch designed more than a dozen buildings, although only two were actually built. One was a house for his brother Franz and the other was a country house for the shampoo magnate, K. F. Ferster. Ferster's house triggered a major court action when it was alleged that Frisch had altered the dimensions of the main staircase without reference to his client. Frisch later retaliated by using Ferster as the model for the protagonist in his play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fire_Raisers_(play)" title="The Fire Raisers (play)">The Fire Raisers</a></i> (<i>Biedermann und die Brandstifter</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Frisch was managing his own architecture studio, he was generally found in his office only during the mornings. Much of his time and energy was devoted to writing.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Z%C3%BCrich_Schauspielhaus_Pfauen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Z%C3%BCrich_Schauspielhaus_Pfauen.jpg/220px-Z%C3%BCrich_Schauspielhaus_Pfauen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Z%C3%BCrich_Schauspielhaus_Pfauen.jpg/330px-Z%C3%BCrich_Schauspielhaus_Pfauen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Z%C3%BCrich_Schauspielhaus_Pfauen.jpg/440px-Z%C3%BCrich_Schauspielhaus_Pfauen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3016" data-file-height="2380" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Schauspielhaus_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Schauspielhaus Zürich">Zürich Playhouse (<i>Schauspielhaus Zürich</i>)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Frisch was already a regular visitor at the <a href="/wiki/Schauspielhaus_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Schauspielhaus Zürich">Zürich Playhouse (<i>Schauspielhaus</i>)</a> while still a student. Drama in Zürich was experiencing a golden age at this time, thanks to the flood of theatrical talent in exile from Germany and Austria. From 1944 the Playhouse director <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Hirschfeld" title="Kurt Hirschfeld">Kurt Hirschfeld</a> encouraged Frisch to work for the theatre, and backed him when he did so. In <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_(Drama)" class="extiw" title="de:Santa Cruz (Drama)">Santa Cruz</a></i>, his first play, written in 1944 and first performed in 1946, Frisch, who had himself been married since 1942, addressed the question of how the dreams and yearnings of the individual could be reconciled with married life. In his 1944 novel <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Schwierigen_oder_J%27adore_ce_qui_me_br%C3%BBle" class="extiw" title="de:Die Schwierigen oder J'adore ce qui me brûle">J'adore ce qui me brûle</a></i> (<i>I adore that which burns me</i>) he had already placed emphasis on the incompatibility between the artistic life and respectable middle class existence. The novel reintroduces as its protagonist the artist Jürg Reinhart, familiar to readers of Frisch's first novel, and in many respects a representation of the author himself. It deals with a love affair that ends badly. This same tension is at the centre of a subsequent narrative by Frisch published, initially, by <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_Verlag_(H%C3%BCrlimann)" class="extiw" title="de:Atlantis Verlag (Hürlimann)">Atlantis</a> in 1945 and titled <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin_oder_Die_Reise_nach_Peking" class="extiw" title="de:Bin oder Die Reise nach Peking">Bin oder Die Reise nach Peking</a></i> (<i>Bin or the Journey to Beijing</i>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0409-300,_Bertolt_Brecht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0409-300%2C_Bertolt_Brecht.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0409-300%2C_Bertolt_Brecht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0409-300%2C_Bertolt_Brecht.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0409-300%2C_Bertolt_Brecht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0409-300%2C_Bertolt_Brecht.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0409-300%2C_Bertolt_Brecht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> in 1934. Brecht exerted considerable influence on Frisch's early work.</figcaption></figure> <p>Both of his next two works for the theatre reflect the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun_singen_sie_wieder" class="extiw" title="de:Nun singen sie wieder">Now they sing again</a></i> (<i>Nun singen sie wieder</i>), though written in 1945, was actually performed ahead of his first play <i>Santa Cruz</i>. It addresses the question of the personal guilt of soldiers who obey inhuman orders, and treats the matter in terms of the subjective perspectives of those involved. The piece, which avoids simplistic judgements, played to audiences not just in <a href="/wiki/Schauspielhaus_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Schauspielhaus Zürich">Zürich</a> but also in German theatres during the 1946/47 season. The <a href="/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung" title="Neue Zürcher Zeitung">NZZ</a>, then as now his native city's powerfully influential newspaper, pilloried the piece on its front page, claiming that it "embroidered" the horrors of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">National Socialism</a>, and they refused to print Frisch's rebuttal. <i>The Chinese Wall</i> (<i>Die Chinesische Mauer</i>) which appeared in 1946, explores the possibility that humanity might itself be eradicated by the (then recently invented) <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a>. The piece unleashed public discussion of the issues involved, and can today be compared with <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Physicists" title="The Physicists">The Physicists</a></i> (1962) and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinar_Kipphardt" class="extiw" title="de:Heinar Kipphardt">Heinar Kipphardt's</a> <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_der_Sache_J._Robert_Oppenheimer" class="extiw" title="de:In der Sache J. Robert Oppenheimer">On the J Robert Oppenheimer Affair</a></i> (<i>In der Sache J. Robert Oppenheimer</i>), though these pieces are all now for the most part forgotten. </p><p>Working with the theatre director <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Hirschfeld" title="Kurt Hirschfeld">Hirschfeld</a> enabled Frisch to meet some leading fellow playwrights who would influence his later work. He met the exiled German writer, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zuckmayer" title="Carl Zuckmayer">Carl Zuckmayer</a>, in 1946, and the young <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a> in 1947. Despite artistic differences on self-awareness issues, Dürrenmatt and Frisch became lifelong friends. 1947 was also the year in which Frisch met <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>, already established as a doyen of German theatre and of the political left. An admirer of Brecht's work, Frisch now embarked on regular exchanges with the older dramatist on matters of shared artistic interest. Brecht encouraged Frisch to write more plays, while placing emphasis on social responsibility in artistic work. Although Brecht's influence is evident in some of Frisch's theoretical views and can be seen in one or two of his more practical works, the Swiss writer could never have been numbered among Brecht's followers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He kept his independent position, by now increasingly marked by scepticism in respect of the polarized political grandstanding which in Europe was a feature of the early <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> years. This is particularly apparent in his 1948 play <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Als_der_Krieg_zu_Ende_war_(Frisch)" class="extiw" title="de:Als der Krieg zu Ende war (Frisch)">As the war ended</a></i> (<i>Als der Krieg zu Ende war</i>), based on eye-witness accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> as an occupying force. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travels_in_post-war_Europe">Travels in post-war Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Travels in post-war Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 1946 Frisch and <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Hirschfeld" title="Kurt Hirschfeld">Hirschfeld</a> visited post-war Germany together. </p><p>In August 1948 Frisch visited <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau/Wrocław</a> to attend an <a href="/wiki/World_Congress_of_Intellectuals_in_Defense_of_Peace" title="World Congress of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace">International Peace Congress</a> organized by <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Borejsza" title="Jerzy Borejsza">Jerzy Borejsza</a>. <a href="/wiki/Breslau" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslau">Breslau</a> itself, which had been more than 90% German speaking as recently as 1945, was an instructive microcosm of the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">post-war settlement</a> in central Europe. Poland's <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">western frontier</a> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_changes_of_Poland_immediately_after_World_War_II" title="Territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II">had moved</a>, and the ethnically German majority in Breslau had <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%9350)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)">escaped or</a> <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">been expelled</a> from the city which now adopted its Polish name as Wrocław. The absented ethnic Germans were being replaced by <a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish population transfers (1944–46)">relocated Polish speakers</a> whose own formerly Polish homes were <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_border_agreement_of_August_1945" title="Polish–Soviet border agreement of August 1945">now included</a> within the newly enlarged <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. A large number of European intellectuals were invited to the <a href="/wiki/World_Congress_of_Intellectuals_in_Defense_of_Peace" title="World Congress of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace">Peace Congress</a> which was presented as part of a wider political reconciliation exercise between east and west. Frisch was not alone in quickly deciding that the congress hosts were simply using the event as an elaborate propaganda exercise, and there was hardly any opportunity for the "international participants" to discuss anything. Frisch left before the event ended and headed for <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, notebook in hand, to collect and record his own impressions of what was happening. Nevertheless, when he returned home the resolutely conservative <a href="/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung" title="Neue Zürcher Zeitung">NZZ</a> concluded that by visiting Poland Frisch had simply confirmed his status as a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_traveller" title="Fellow traveller">Communist sympathizer</a>, and not for the first time refused to print his rebuttal of their simplistic conclusions. Frisch now served notice on his old newspaper that their collaboration was at an end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Success_as_a_novelist">Success as a novelist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Success as a novelist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Frisch,_Homo_faber_1957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Max_Frisch%2C_Homo_faber_1957.jpg/220px-Max_Frisch%2C_Homo_faber_1957.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Max_Frisch%2C_Homo_faber_1957.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Translated into 25 languages, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_Faber_(novel)" title="Homo Faber (novel)">Homo Faber</a></i> (1957) was Frisch's top selling novel, with four million copies produced in German alone by 1998.</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1947 Frisch had accumulated roughly 130 filled notebooks, and these were published in a compilation titled <i>Tagebuch mit Marion</i> (<i>Diary with Marion</i>). In reality what appeared was not so much a diary as cross between a series of essays and literary autobiography. He was encouraged by the publisher <a href="/wiki/Peter_Suhrkamp" title="Peter Suhrkamp">Peter Suhrkamp</a> to develop the format, and Suhrkamp provided his own feedback and specific suggestions for improvements. In 1950 Suhrkamp's own <a href="/wiki/Suhrkamp_Verlag" title="Suhrkamp Verlag">newly established publishing house</a> produced a second volume of Frisch's <i>Tagebuch</i> covering the period 1946–1949, comprising a mosaic of travelogues, autobiographical musings, essays on political and literary theory and literary sketches, adumbrating many of the themes and sub-currents of his later fictional works. Critical reaction to the new impetus that Frisch's <i>Tagebücher</i> was giving to the genre of the "literary diary" was positive: there was a mention of Frisch having found a new way to connect with wider trends in European literature ("Anschluss ans europäische Niveau").<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sales of these works would nevertheless remain modest until the appearance of a new volume in 1958, by which time Frisch had become better known among the general book-buying public on account of his novels. </p><p>The <i>Tagebuch 1946–1949</i> was followed, in 1951, by <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf_%C3%96derland" class="extiw" title="de:Graf Öderland">Count Oederland</a></i> (<i>Graf Öderland</i>), a play that picked up on a narrative that had already been sketched out in the "diaries". The story concerns a state prosecutor named Martin who grows bored with his middle-class existence, and drawing inspiration from the legend of Count Oederland, sets out in search of total freedom, using an axe to kill anyone who stands in his way. He ends up as the leader of a revolutionary freedom movement, and finds that the power and responsibility that his new position imposes on him leaves him with no more freedom than he had before. This play flopped, both with the critics and with audiences, and was widely misinterpreted as the criticism of an ideology or as being essentially nihilistic, and strongly critical of the direction that Switzerland's political consensus was by now following. Frisch nevertheless regarded <i>Count Oederland</i> as one of his most significant creations: he managed to get it returned to the stage in 1956 and again in 1961, but it failed, on both occasions, to win many new friends. </p><p>In 1951, Frisch was awarded a travel grant by the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a> and between April 1951 and May 1952 he visited the United States and Mexico. During this time, under the working title "What do you do with love?" (<i>"Was macht ihr mit der Liebe?"</i>) on what later became his novel, <i><a href="/wiki/I%27m_Not_Stiller" title="I'm Not Stiller">I'm Not Stiller</a></i> (<i>Stiller</i>). Similar themes also underpinned the play <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Juan_oder_Die_Liebe_zur_Geometrie" class="extiw" title="de:Don Juan oder Die Liebe zur Geometrie">Don Juan or the Love of Geometry</a></i> (<i>Don Juan oder Die Liebe zur Geometrie</i>) which in May 1953 would open simultaneously at theatres in Zürich and Berlin. In this play Frisch returned to his theme of the conflict between conjugal obligations and intellectual interests. The leading character is a <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> <a href="/wiki/Don_Juan" title="Don Juan">Don Juan</a>, whose priorities involve studying <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a> and playing <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>, while women are let into his life only periodically. After his unfeeling conduct has led to numerous deaths the anti-hero finds himself falling in love with a former prostitute. The play proved popular and has been performed more than a thousand times, making it Frisch's third most popular drama after <i>The Fire Raisers</i> (1953) and <i><a href="/wiki/Andorra_(play)" title="Andorra (play)">Andorra</a></i> (1961). </p><p>The novel <i>I'm Not Stiller</i> appeared in 1954. The protagonist, Anatol Ludwig Stiller starts out by pretending to be someone else, but in the course of a court hearing he is forced to acknowledge his original identity as a Swiss sculptor. For the rest of his life he returns to live with the wife whom, in his earlier life, he had abandoned. The novel combines elements of crime fiction with an authentic and direct diary-like narrative style. It was a commercial success, and won for Frisch widespread recognition as a novelist. Critics praised its carefully crafted structure and perspectives, as well as the way it managed to combine philosophical insight with autobiographical elements. The theme of the incompatibility between art and family responsibilities is again on display. Following the appearance of this book Frisch, whose own family life had been marked by a succession of extra-marital affairs,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> left his family, moving to <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nnedorf" title="Männedorf">Männedorf</a>, where he had his own small apartment in a farmhouse. By this time writing had become his principal source of income, and in January 1955 he closed his architectural practice, becoming officially a full-time freelance writer. </p><p>At the end of 1955 Frisch started work on his novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_Faber_(novel)" title="Homo Faber (novel)">Homo Faber</a></i> which would be published in 1957. It concerns an engineer who views life through a "technical" ultra-rational prism. <i>Homo Faber</i> was chosen as a study text for the schools and became the most read of Frisch's books. The book involves a journey which mirrors a trip that Frisch himself undertook to Italy in 1956, and subsequently to America (his second visit, this time also taking in Mexico and <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>). The following year Frisch visited Greece, which is where the latter part of <i>Homo Faber</i> unfolds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_dramatist">As a dramatist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: As a dramatist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biedermann_und_die_Brandstifter_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Biedermann_und_die_Brandstifter_1958.jpg/220px-Biedermann_und_die_Brandstifter_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Biedermann_und_die_Brandstifter_1958.jpg/330px-Biedermann_und_die_Brandstifter_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Biedermann_und_die_Brandstifter_1958.jpg/440px-Biedermann_und_die_Brandstifter_1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1585" /></a><figcaption><i>Biedermann und die Brandstifter</i> was Frisch's most successful German play to date, with 250 productions up till 1996</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_Muschg,_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Adolf_Muschg%2C_2008.jpg/220px-Adolf_Muschg%2C_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Adolf_Muschg%2C_2008.jpg/330px-Adolf_Muschg%2C_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Adolf_Muschg%2C_2008.jpg/440px-Adolf_Muschg%2C_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The writer and literary scholar <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Muschg" title="Adolf Muschg">Adolf Muschg</a> was on the Board of Trustees of the Max-Frisch-Archive between 1979 and 2010.</figcaption></figure> <p>The success of <i>The Fire Raisers</i> established Frisch as a world-class dramatist. It deals with a lower-middle-class man who is in the habit of giving shelter to vagrants who, despite clear warning signs to which he fails to react, burn down his house. Early sketches for the piece had been produced, in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">communist take-over in Czechoslovakia</a>, back in 1948, and had been published in his <i>Tagebuch 1946–1949</i>. A radio play based on the text had been transmitted in 1953 on <a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk" title="Bayerischer Rundfunk">Bavarian Radio (BR)</a>. Frisch's intention with the play was to shake the self-confidence of the audience that, faced with equivalent dangers, they would necessarily react with the necessary prudence. Swiss audiences simply understood the play as a warning against <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>, and the author felt correspondingly misunderstood. For the subsequent premier in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> he added a little sequel which was intended as a warning against <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, though this was later removed. </p><p>A sketch for Frisch's next play, <i>Andorra</i> had also already appeared in the <i>Tagebuch 1946–1949</i>. <i>Andorra</i> deals with the power of preconceptions concerning fellow human beings. The principal character, Andri, is a youth who is assumed to be <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a>, rescued from the neighboring "Blackshirts" by his Andorran father, the Teacher. The boy therefore has to deal with antisemitic prejudice, and while growing up he has acquired traits which those around him regard as "typically Jewish". There is also exploration of various associated individual hypocrisies that arise in the small fictional country where the action takes place. It later transpires that Andri is his father's real son and therefore not himself Jewish, although the townsfolk are too focused on their preconceptions to accept this. The themes of the play seem to have been particularly close to the author's heart: in the space of three years Frisch had written no fewer than five versions before, towards the end of 1961, it received its first performance. The play was a success both with the critics and commercially. It nevertheless attracted controversy, especially after it opened in the United States, from those who thought that it treated with unnecessary frivolity issues which were still extremely painful so soon after the Nazi <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a> had been publicised in the west. Another criticism was that by presenting its theme as one of generalised human failings, the play somehow diminished the level of specifically German guilt for recent real-life atrocities. </p><p>During July 1958 Frisch got to know the <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthian</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Bachmann" title="Ingeborg Bachmann">Ingeborg Bachmann</a>, and the two became lovers. He had left his wife and children in 1954 and now, in 1959, he was divorced. Although Bachmann rejected the idea of a formal marriage, Frisch nevertheless followed her to Rome where by now she lived, and the city became the centre of both their lives until (in Frisch's case) 1965. The relationship between Frisch and Bachmann was intense. Frisch remained true to his habit of sexual infidelity, but reacted with intense jealousy when his partner demanded the right to behave in much the same way.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His 1964 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Gantenbein" title="Gantenbein">Gantenbein</a> / A Wilderness of Mirrors</i> (<i>Mein Name sei Gantenbein</i>) – and indeed Bachmann's later novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Malina_(novel)" title="Malina (novel)">Malina</a></i> – both reflect the writers' reactions to this relationship which broke down during the bitterly cold winter of 1962/63 when the lovers were staying in <a href="/wiki/Uetikon_am_See" title="Uetikon am See">Uetikon</a>. <i>Gantenbein</i> works through the ending of a marriage with a complicated succession of "what if?" scenarios: the identities and biographical background of the parties get switched along with details of their shared married life. This theme is echoed in <i>Malina</i>, where Bachmann's narrator confesses that she is "double" to her lover (she is herself, but she is also her husband, Malina), leading to an ambiguous "murder" when the husband and wife part. Frisch tests alternative narratives "like clothes", and comes to the conclusion that none of the tested scenarios leads to an entirely "fair" outcome. Frisch himself wrote of <i>Gantenbein</i> that his purpose was "to show the reality of an individual by having him appear as a blank patch outlined by the sum of fictional entities congruent with his personality. ... The story is not told as if an individual could be identified by his factual behaviour; let him betray himself in his fictions."<sup id="cite_ref-butler_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butler-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His next play <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biografie:_Ein_Spiel" class="extiw" title="de:Biografie: Ein Spiel">Biography: A game</a></i> (<i>Biografie: Ein Spiel</i>), followed on naturally. Frisch was disappointed that his commercially very successful plays <i>Biedermann und die Brandstifter</i> and <i>Andorra</i> had both been, in his view, widely misunderstood. His answer was to move away from the play as a form of <a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">parable</a>, in favour of a new form of expression which he termed "<a href="/wiki/Dramaturgy" title="Dramaturgy">Dramaturgy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Permutation" title="Permutation">Permutation</a>" (<i>"Dramaturgie der Permutation"</i>), a form which he had introduced with <i>Gantenbein</i> and which he now progressed with <i>Biographie</i>, written in its original version in 1967. At the centre of the play is a <a href="/wiki/Behavioural_sciences" title="Behavioural sciences">behavioural scientist</a> who is given the chance to live his life again, and finds himself unable to take any key decisions differently the second time round. The Swiss premier of the play was to have been directed by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Noelte" title="Rudolf Noelte">Rudolf Noelte</a>, but Frisch and Noelte fell out in the autumn of 1967, a week before the scheduled first performance, which led to the Zürich opening being postponed for several months. In the end the play opened in the <a href="/wiki/Schauspielhaus_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Schauspielhaus Zürich">Zürich Playhouse</a> in February 1968, the performances being directed by <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Lindtberg" title="Leopold Lindtberg">Leopold Lindtberg</a>. Lindtberg was a long established and well regarded theatre director, but his production of <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biografie:_Ein_Spiel" class="extiw" title="de:Biografie: Ein Spiel">Biografie: Ein Spiel</a></i> neither impressed the critics nor delighted theatre audiences. Frisch ended up deciding that he had been expecting more from the audience than he should have expected them to bring to the theatrical experience. After this latest disappointment it would be another eleven years before Frisch returned to theatrical writing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_marriage_and_living_in_other_countries">Second marriage and living in other countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Second marriage and living in other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In summer 1962 Frisch met Marianne Oellers, a student of <a href="/wiki/German_studies" title="German studies">Germanistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romance_studies" title="Romance studies">Romance</a> studies. He was 51 and she was 28 years younger. In 1964 they moved into an apartment together in Rome, and in autumn 1965 they relocated to Switzerland, setting up home together in an extensively modernised cottage in <a href="/wiki/Berzona" title="Berzona">Berzona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZeitonBerzona_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZeitonBerzona-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the next decade much of their time was spent living in rented apartments abroad, and Frisch could be scathing about his Swiss homeland, but they retained their Berzona property and frequently returned to it, the author driving his Jaguar from the airport: as he himself was quoted at the time on his Ticino retreat, "Seven times a year we drive this stretch of road and it happens every time: lust for existence at the wheel. This is fantastic countryside."<sup id="cite_ref-ZeitonBerzona_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZeitonBerzona-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a "social experiment" they also, in 1966, temporarily occupied a second home in an <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochh%C3%A4user_in_Z%C3%BCrich#Wohnsiedlung_Lochergut" class="extiw" title="de:Hochhäuser in Zürich">apartment block</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aussersihl" title="Aussersihl">Aussersihl</a>, a residential quarter of down-town <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> known, then as now, for its high levels of recorded crime and delinquency, but they quickly swapped this for an apartment in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCsnacht" title="Küsnacht">Küsnacht</a>, close to the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Zurich" title="Lake Zurich">lake</a> shore. Frisch and Oellers were married at the end of 1968. </p><p>Oellers accompanied her future husband on numerous foreign trips. In 1963 they visited the United States for the American premieres of <i>The Fire Raisers</i> and <i>Andorra</i>, and in 1965 they visited <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> where Frisch was presented with the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Prize" title="Jerusalem Prize">Jerusalem Prize</a> for the Freedom of the Individual in Society. In order to try to form an independent assessment of "life behind the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>" they then, in 1966, toured the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. They returned two years later to attend a Writers' Congress at which they met <a href="/wiki/Christa_Wolf" title="Christa Wolf">Christa</a> and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Wolf_(Schriftsteller)" class="extiw" title="de:Gerhard Wolf (Schriftsteller)">Gerhard Wolf</a>, leading authors in what was then <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, with whom they established lasting friendships. After they married, Frisch and his young wife continued to travel extensively, visiting Japan in 1969 and undertaking extended stays in the United States. Many impressions of these visits are published in Frisch's <i>Tagebuch</i> covering the period 1966–1971. </p><p>In 1972, after returning from the US, the couple took a second apartment in the <a href="/wiki/Friedenau" title="Friedenau">Friedenau</a> quarter of <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>, and this soon became the place where they spent most of their time. During the period 1973–79 Frisch was able to participate increasingly in the intellectual life of the place. Living away from his homeland intensified his negative attitude to Switzerland, which had already been apparent in "William Tell for Schools" (<i>Wilhelm Tell für die Schule</i>) (1970) and which reappears in his <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienstb%C3%BCchlein_(Max_Frisch)" class="extiw" title="de:Dienstbüchlein (Max Frisch)">Little service book</a></i> (<i>Dienstbüchlein</i>) (1974), in which he reflects on his time in the Swiss army some 30 years earlier. More negativity about Switzerland was on show in January 1974 when he delivered a speech titled "Switzerland as a homeland?" (<i>Die Schweiz als Heimat?</i>), when accepting the 1973 <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosser_Schillerpreis" class="extiw" title="de:Grosser Schillerpreis">Grand Schiller Prize</a> from the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizerische_Schillerstiftung" class="extiw" title="de:Schweizerische Schillerstiftung">Swiss Schiller Foundation</a>. Although he nurtured no political ambitions on his own account, Frisch became increasingly attracted to the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic politics</a>. He also became friendly with <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a> who had recently succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin–born</a> <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a> and was already becoming something of a respected elder statesman for the country's moderate left (and, as a former <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Defence_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of Defence (Germany)">Defence Minister</a>, a target of opprobrium for some on the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Lafontaine" title="Oskar Lafontaine"><i>im</i>moderate left</a>). In October 1975, slightly improbably, the Swiss dramatist Frisch accompanied Chancellor Schmidt on what for them both was their first visit to China,<sup id="cite_ref-SpiegelonChinaSchmidtTrip_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpiegelonChinaSchmidtTrip-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of an official West German delegation. Two years later, in 1977, Frisch found himself accepting an invitation to give a speech at an <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> Party Conference. </p><p>In April 1974, while on a book tour in the US, Frisch launched into an affair with an American called Alice Locke-Carey who was 32 years his junior. This happened in the village of <a href="/wiki/Montauk,_New_York" title="Montauk, New York">Montauk</a> on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montauk_(novel)" title="Montauk (novel)">Montauk</a> was the title the author gave to an autobiographical novel that appeared in 1975. The book centred on his love life, including both his own marriage with Marianne Oellers-Frisch and an affair that she had been having with the American writer <a href="/wiki/Donald_Barthelme" title="Donald Barthelme">Donald Barthelme</a>. There followed a very public dispute between Frisch and his wife over where to draw the line between private and public life, and the two became increasingly estranged, divorcing in 1979. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1978, Frisch survived serious health problems, and the next year was actively involved in setting up the Max Frisch Foundation (<i>Max-Frisch-Stiftung</i>), established in October 1979, and to which he entrusted the administration of his estate. The foundation's archive is kept at the <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a>, and has been publicly accessible since 1983. </p><p>Old age and the transience of life now came increasingly to the fore in Frisch's work. In 1976 he began work on the play <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptychon_(Frisch)" class="extiw" title="de:Triptychon (Frisch)">Triptychon</a></i>, although it was not ready to be performed for another three years. The word <a href="/wiki/Triptych" title="Triptych">triptych</a> is more usually applied to paintings, and the play is set in three triptych-like sections in which many of the key characters are notionally dead. The piece was first unveiled as a radio play in April 1979, receiving its stage premier in <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a> six months later. The play was rejected for performance in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a> where it was deemed too apolitical. The Austrian premier in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Burgtheater" title="Burgtheater">Burgtheater</a> was seen by Frisch as a success, although the audience reaction to the complexity of the work's unconventional structure was still a little cautious. </p><p>In 1980, Frisch resumed contact with Alice Locke-Carey and the two of them lived together, alternately in New York City and in Frisch's cottage in <a href="/wiki/Berzona" title="Berzona">Berzona</a>, till 1984. By now Frisch had become a respected and from time to time honoured writer in the United States. He received an honorary doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Bard_College" title="Bard College">Bard College</a> in 1980 and another from New York's <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University</a> in 1982. An English translation of the novella <i><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Holocene" title="Man in the Holocene">Man in the Holocene</a></i> (<i>Der Mensch erscheint im Holozän</i>) was published by <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> in May 1980, and was picked out by critics in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review" title="The New York Times Book Review">The New York Times Book Review</a> as the most important and most interesting published Narrative work of 1980. The story concerns a retired industrialist suffering from the decline in his mental faculties and the loss of the camaraderie which he used to enjoy with colleagues. Frisch was able, from his own experience of approaching old age, to bring a compelling authenticity to the piece, although he rejected attempts to play up its autobiographical aspects. After <i>Man in the Holocene</i> appeared in 1979 (in the German language edition) the author developed writer's block, which ended only with the appearance, in the Autumn/Fall of 1981 of his final substantial literary piece, the prose text/novella <i><a href="/wiki/Bluebeard_(Frisch_novel)" title="Bluebeard (Frisch novel)">Bluebeard</a></i> (<i>Blaubart</i>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiche_Max_Frisch_-_CH-BAR_-_5294964.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Fiche_Max_Frisch_-_CH-BAR_-_5294964.pdf/page1-220px-Fiche_Max_Frisch_-_CH-BAR_-_5294964.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Fiche_Max_Frisch_-_CH-BAR_-_5294964.pdf/page1-330px-Fiche_Max_Frisch_-_CH-BAR_-_5294964.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Fiche_Max_Frisch_-_CH-BAR_-_5294964.pdf/page1-440px-Fiche_Max_Frisch_-_CH-BAR_-_5294964.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>First page of the file about Max Frisch (in German)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berzona_Frisch.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Berzona_Frisch.JPG/220px-Berzona_Frisch.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Berzona_Frisch.JPG/330px-Berzona_Frisch.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Berzona_Frisch.JPG/440px-Berzona_Frisch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A tablet on the wall of the cemetery at <a href="/wiki/Berzona" title="Berzona">Berzona</a> commemorates Max Frisch.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1984 Frisch returned to Zürich, where he would live for the rest of his life. In 1983 he began a relationship with his final life partner, Karen Pilliod.<sup id="cite_ref-SpiegelKarPilliodBespr_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpiegelKarPilliodBespr-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was 25 years younger than he was.<sup id="cite_ref-SpiegelKarPilliodBespr_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpiegelKarPilliodBespr-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987 they visited Moscow and together took part in the "Forum for a world liberated from atomic weapons". After Frisch's death Pilliod let it be known that between 1952 and 1958 Frisch had also had an affair with her mother, Madeleine Seigner-Besson.<sup id="cite_ref-SpiegelKarPilliodBespr_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpiegelKarPilliodBespr-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1989 he was diagnosed with incurable <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a>. In the same year, in the context of the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Secret_files_scandal" title="Secret files scandal">Secret files scandal</a>, it was discovered that the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Justice_and_Police" title="Federal Department of Justice and Police">national security services</a> had been illegally spying on Frisch (as on many other Swiss citizens) ever since he had attended the <a href="/wiki/World_Congress_of_Intellectuals_in_Defense_of_Peace" title="World Congress of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace">International Peace Congress</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wroclaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Wroclaw">Wrocław/Breslau</a> in 1948. </p><p>Frisch now arranged his funeral, but he also took time to engage in discussion about the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss army">army</a>, and published a piece in the form of a dialogue on the subject titled <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweiz_ohne_Armee%3F_Ein_Palaver" class="extiw" title="de:Schweiz ohne Armee? Ein Palaver">Switzerland without an Army? A Palaver</a></i> (<i>Schweiz ohne Armee? Ein Palaver</i>) There was also a stage version titled "Jonas and his veteran" (<i>Jonas und sein Veteran</i>). Frisch died on 4 April 1991 while in the middle of preparing for his 80th birthday. The funeral, which Frisch had planned with some care,<sup id="cite_ref-NZZFeb200701_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZZFeb200701-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took place on 9 April 1991 at <a href="/wiki/St._Peter,_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Peter, Zürich">St Peter's Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Altstadt_(Z%C3%BCrich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altstadt (Zürich)">Zürich</a>. His friends <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bichsel" title="Peter Bichsel">Peter Bichsel</a> and Michel Seigner spoke at the ceremony. Karin Pilliod also read a short address, but there was no speech from any church minister. Frisch was an agnostic who found religious beliefs superfluous.<sup id="cite_ref-NZZFeb200701_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZZFeb200701-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His ashes were later scattered on a fire by his friends at a memorial celebration back in <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a> at a celebration of his friends. A tablet on the wall of the cemetery at <a href="/wiki/Berzona" title="Berzona">Berzona</a> commemorates him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_output">Literary output</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Literary output"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genres">Genres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_diary_as_a_literary_form">The diary as a literary form</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The diary as a literary form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Frisch,_Tagebuecher_1979.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Max_Frisch%2C_Tagebuecher_1979.jpg/220px-Max_Frisch%2C_Tagebuecher_1979.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Max_Frisch%2C_Tagebuecher_1979.jpg/330px-Max_Frisch%2C_Tagebuecher_1979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Max_Frisch%2C_Tagebuecher_1979.jpg/440px-Max_Frisch%2C_Tagebuecher_1979.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption><i>Diary 1946–1949</i>. Apart from a few early works, most of Frisch's books and plays have been translated into around ten languages.</figcaption></figure> <p>The diary became a very characteristic prose form for Frisch. In this context, <i>diary</i> does not indicate a private record, made public to provide readers with voyeuristic gratification, nor an intimate journal of the kind associated with <a href="/wiki/Henri-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Amiel" title="Henri-Frédéric Amiel">Henri-Frédéric Amiel</a>. The diaries published by Frisch were closer to the literary "structured consciousness" narratives associated with <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Döblin</a>, providing an acceptable alternative but effective method for Frisch to communicate real-world truths.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After he had intended to abandon writing, pressured by what he saw as an existential threat from his having entered military service, Frisch started to write a diary which would be published in 1940 with the title "Pages from the Bread-bag" (<i>"Blätter aus dem Brotsack"</i>). Unlike his earlier works, output in diary form could more directly reflect the author's own positions. In this respect the work influenced Frisch's own future prose works. He published two further literary diaries covering the periods 1946–1949 and 1966–1971. The typescript for a further diary, started in 1982, was discovered only in 2009 among the papers of Frisch's secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-TageAnzeTagebuch3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TageAnzeTagebuch3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before that it had been generally assumed that Frisch had destroyed this work because he felt that the decline of his creativity and short-term memory meant that he could no longer do justice to the diary genre.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newly discovered typescript was published in March 2010 by <a href="/wiki/Suhrkamp_Verlag" title="Suhrkamp Verlag">Suhrkamp Verlag</a>. Because of its rather fragmentary nature Frisch's <i>Diary 3</i> (<i>Tagebuch 3</i>) was described by the publisher as a draft work by Frisch: it was edited and provided with an extensive commentary by <a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Matt" title="Peter von Matt">Peter von Matt</a>, chairman of the Max Frisch Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-TageAnzeTagebuch3_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TageAnzeTagebuch3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of Frisch's most important plays, such as <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf_%C3%96derland" class="extiw" title="de:Graf Öderland">Count Oederland</a></i> (<i>Graf Öderland</i>) (1951), <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Juan_oder_Die_Liebe_zur_Geometrie" class="extiw" title="de:Don Juan oder Die Liebe zur Geometrie">Don Juan or the Love of Geometry</a></i> (<i>Don Juan oder Die Liebe zur Geometrie</i>) (1953), <i>The Fire Raisers</i> (1953) and <i>Andorra</i> (1961), were initially sketched out in the <i>Diary 1946–1949</i> (<i>Tagebuch 1946–1949</i>) some years before they appeared as stage plays. At the same time several of his novels such as <i>I'm Not Stiller</i> (1954), <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_Faber_(novel)" title="Homo Faber (novel)">Homo Faber</a></i> (1957) as well as the narrative work <i><a href="/wiki/Montauk_(novel)" title="Montauk (novel)">Montauk</a></i> (1975) take the form of diaries created by their respective protagonists. Sybille Heidenreich points out that even the more open narrative form employed in <i><a href="/wiki/Gantenbein" title="Gantenbein">Gantenbein</a> / A Wilderness of Mirrors</i> (1964) closely follows the diary format.<sup id="cite_ref-Heidenreich_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidenreich-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rolf Keiser points out that when Frisch was involved in the publication of his collected works in 1976, the author was keen to ensure that they were sequenced chronologically and not grouped according to genre: in this way the sequencing of the collected works faithfully reflects the chronological nature of a diary.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieser_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieser-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frisch himself took the view that the diary offered the prose format that corresponded with his natural approach to prose writing, something that he could "no more change than the shape of his nose".<sup id="cite_ref-Heidenreich_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidenreich-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts were nevertheless made by others to justify Frisch's choice of prose format. Frisch's friend and fellow-writer, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a>, explained that in <i>I'm Not Stiller</i> the "diary-narrative" approach enabled the author to participate as a character in his own novel without embarrassment.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The play focuses on the question of identity, which is a recurring theme in the work of Frisch.) More specifically, in the character of James Larkin White, the American who in reality is indistinguishable from Stiller himself, but who nevertheless vigorously denies being the same man, embodies the author, who in his work cannot fail to identify the character as himself, but is nevertheless required by the literary requirements of the narrative to conceal the fact. Rolf Keiser points out that the diary format enables Frisch most forcefully to demonstrate his familiar theme that thoughts are always based on one specific standpoint and its context; and that it can never be possible to present a comprehensive view of the world, nor even to define a single life, using language alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieser_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieser-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Narrative_form">Narrative form</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Narrative form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Frisch,_Montauk_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Max_Frisch%2C_Montauk_1975.jpg/220px-Max_Frisch%2C_Montauk_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Max_Frisch%2C_Montauk_1975.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Montauk_(novel)" title="Montauk (novel)">Montauk</a> (1975)</figcaption></figure> <p>Frisch's first public success was as a writer for theatre, and later in his life he himself often stressed that he was in the first place a creature of the theatre. Nevertheless, the diaries, and even more than these, the novels and the longer narrative works are among his most important literary creations. In his final decades Frisch tended to move away from drama and concentrate on prose narratives. He himself is on record with the opinion that the subjective requirements of story telling suited him better than the greater level of objectivity required by theatre work.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of the timeline, Frisch's prose works divide roughly into three periods. </p><p>His first literary works, up till 1943, all employed prose formats. There were numerous short sketches and essays along with three novels or longer narratives, <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrg_Reinhart" class="extiw" title="de:Jürg Reinhart">Jürg Reinhart</a></i> (1934), its belated sequel <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Schwierigen_oder_J%27adore_ce_qui_me_br%C3%BBle" class="extiw" title="de:Die Schwierigen oder J'adore ce qui me brûle">J'adore ce qui me brûle</a></i> (<i>I adore that which burns me</i>) (1944) and the narrative <i><a href="/wiki/An_Answer_from_the_Silence" title="An Answer from the Silence">An Answer from the Silence</a></i> (<i>Antwort aus der Stille</i>) (1937). All three of the substantive works are autobiographical and all three centre round the dilemma of a young author torn between bourgeois respectability and "artistic" life style, exhibiting on behalf of the protagonists differing outcomes to what Frisch saw as his own dilemma. </p><p>The high period of Frisch's career as an author of prose works is represented by the three novels <i>I'm Not Stiller</i> (1954), <i>Homo Faber</i> (1957) and <i>Gantenbein</i> / <i>A Wilderness of Mirrors</i> (1964), of which <i>Stiller</i> is generally regarded as his most important and most complex book, according to the US based <a href="/wiki/German_studies" title="German studies">German</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stephan" title="Alexander Stephan">Alexander Stephan</a>, in terms both of its structure and its content.<sup id="cite_ref-AlexStephMF_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlexStephMF-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What all three of these novels share is their focus on the identity of the individual and on the relationship between the sexes. In this respect <i>Homo Faber</i> and <i>Stiller</i> offer complementary situations. If Stiller had rejected the stipulations set out by others, he would have arrived at the position of Walter Faber, the ultra-rationalist protagonist of <i>Homo Faber</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-KlaMueMF_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KlaMueMF-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Gantenbein" title="Gantenbein">Gantenbein</a> / A Wilderness of Mirrors</i> (<i>Mein Name sei Gantenbein</i>) offers a third variation on the same theme, apparent already in its (German language) title. Instead of boldly asserting "I am not (Stiller)" the full title of <i>Gantenbein</i> uses the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood#Konjunktiv_II" title="Subjunctive mood">German "Konjunktiv II" (subjunctive mood)</a> to give a title along the lines "My name represents (Gantenbein)". The protagonist's aspiration has moved on from the search for a fixed identity to a less binary approach, trying to find a midpoint identity, testing out biographical and historic scenarios.<sup id="cite_ref-AlexStephMF_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlexStephMF-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Again, the three later prose works <i>Montauk</i> (1975), <i><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Holocene" title="Man in the Holocene">Man in the Holocene</a></i> (<i>Der Mensch erscheint im Holozän</i>) (1979), and <i><a href="/wiki/Bluebeard_(Frisch_novel)" title="Bluebeard (Frisch novel)">Bluebeard</a></i> (<i>Blaubart</i>) (1981), are frequently grouped together by scholars. All three are characterized by a turning towards death and a weighing up of life. Structurally they display a savage pruning of narrative complexity. The <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> born critic <a href="/wiki/Volker_Hage" title="Volker Hage">Volker Hage</a> identified in the three works "an underlying unity, not in the sense of a conventional trilogy ... but in the sense that they together form a single literary <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chord</a>. The three books complement one another while each retains its individual wholeness ... All three books have a flavour of the <a href="/wiki/Balance_sheet" title="Balance sheet">balance sheet</a> in a set of year-end financial accounts, disclosing only that which is necessary: summarized and zipped up".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frisch himself produced a more succinct "author's judgement": "The last three narratives have just one thing in common: they allow me to experiment with presentational approaches that go further than the earlier works."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dramas">Dramas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dramas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Frisch,_Don_Juan_1979.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Max_Frisch%2C_Don_Juan_1979.jpg/220px-Max_Frisch%2C_Don_Juan_1979.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Max_Frisch%2C_Don_Juan_1979.jpg/330px-Max_Frisch%2C_Don_Juan_1979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Max_Frisch%2C_Don_Juan_1979.jpg/440px-Max_Frisch%2C_Don_Juan_1979.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Juan_oder_Die_Liebe_zur_Geometrie" class="extiw" title="de:Don Juan oder Die Liebe zur Geometrie">Don Juan</a></i> (1979: Bulgarian language version)</figcaption></figure> <p>Frisch's dramas up until the early 1960s are divided by the literary commentator <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Jurgensen" class="extiw" title="de:Manfred Jurgensen">Manfred Jurgensen</a> into three groups: (1) the early wartime pieces, (2) the poetic plays such as <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Juan_oder_Die_Liebe_zur_Geometrie" class="extiw" title="de:Don Juan oder Die Liebe zur Geometrie">Don Juan or the Love of Geometry</a></i> (<i>Don Juan oder Die Liebe zur Geometrie</i>) and (3) the dialectical pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is above all with this third group, notably the <a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">parable</a> <i>The Fire Raisers</i> (1953), identified by Frisch as a "lesson without teaching", and with <i>Andorra</i> (1961) that Frisch enjoyed the most success. Indeed, these two are among the most successful German language plays.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writer nevertheless remained dissatisfied because he believed they had been widely misunderstood. In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Ludwig_Arnold" title="Heinz Ludwig Arnold">Heinz Ludwig Arnold</a> Frisch vigorously rejected their allegorical approach: "I have established only that when I apply the parable format, I am obliged to deliver a message that I actually do not have".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 1960s Frisch moved away from the theatre. His late biographical plays <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biografie:_Ein_Spiel" class="extiw" title="de:Biografie: Ein Spiel">Biography: A game</a></i> (<i>Biografie: Ein Spiel</i>) and <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptychon_(Frisch)" class="extiw" title="de:Triptychon (Frisch)">Triptychon</a></i> were apolitical but they failed to match the public success of his earlier dramas. It was only shortly before his death that Frisch returned to the stage with a more political message, with <i>Jonas and his Veteran</i>, a stage version of his arresting dialogue <i>Switzerland without an army? A Palaver</i>. </p><p>For Klaus Müller-Salget, the defining feature which most of Frisch's stage works share is their failure to present realistic situations. Instead they are mind games that toy with time and space. For instance, <i>The Chinese Wall</i> (<i>Die Chinesische Mauer</i>) (1946) mixes literary and historical characters, while in the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptychon_(Frisch)" class="extiw" title="de:Triptychon (Frisch)">Triptychon</a> we are invited to listen to the conversations of various dead people. In <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biografie:_Ein_Spiel" class="extiw" title="de:Biografie: Ein Spiel">Biography: A game</a></i> (<i>Biografie: Ein Spiel</i>) a life-story is retrospectively "corrected", while <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_(Drama)" class="extiw" title="de:Santa Cruz (Drama)">Santa Cruz</a></i> and <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf_%C3%96derland" class="extiw" title="de:Graf Öderland">Count Oederland</a></i> (<i>Graf Öderland</i>) combine aspects of a dream sequence with the features of a morality tale. Characteristic of Frisch's stage plays are minimalist stage-sets and the application of devices such as splitting the stage in two parts, use of a "<a href="/wiki/Greek_chorus" title="Greek chorus">Greek chorus</a>" and characters addressing the audience directly. In a manner reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a>'s epic theatre, audience members are not expected to identify with the characters on stage, but rather to have their own thoughts and assumptions stimulated and provoked. Unlike Brecht however, Frisch offered few insights or answers, preferring to leave the audience the freedom to provide their own interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frisch himself acknowledged that the part of writing a new play that most fascinated him was the first draft, when the piece was undefined, and the possibilities for its development were still wide open. The critic <a href="/wiki/Hellmuth_Karasek" title="Hellmuth Karasek">Hellmuth Karasek</a> identified in Frisch's plays a mistrust of dramatic structure, apparent from the way in which <i>Don Juan or the Love of Geometry</i> applies theatrical method. Frisch prioritized the unbelievable aspects of theatre and valued transparency. Unlike his friend, the dramatist <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a>, Frisch had little appetite for theatrical effects, which might distract from doubts and sceptical insights included in a script. For Frisch, effects came from a character being lost for words, from a moment of silence, or from a misunderstanding. And where a Dürrenmatt drama might lead, with ghastly inevitability, to a worst possible outcome, the dénouement in a Frisch play typically involved a return to the starting position: the destiny that awaited his protagonist might be to have no destiny.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style_and_language">Style and language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Style and language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frisch's style changed across the various phases of his work. </p><p>His early work is strongly influenced by the poetical imagery of <a href="/wiki/Albin_Zollinger" title="Albin Zollinger">Albin Zollinger</a>, and not without a certain imitative lyricism, something from which in later life he would distance himself, dismissing it as "phoney poeticising" <i>("falsche Poetisierung")</i>. His later works employed a tighter, consciously unpretentious style, which Frisch himself described as "generally very colloquial" ("im Allgemeinen sehr gesprochen."). <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Schenker" class="extiw" title="de:Walter Schenker">Walter Schenker</a> saw Frisch's first language as <a href="/wiki/Zurich_German" title="Zurich German">Zurich German</a>, the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a> with which he grew up. The <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> to which he was introduced as a written and literary language is naturally preferred for his written work, but not without regular appearances by <a href="/wiki/German_dialects" title="German dialects">dialect variations</a>, introduced as stylistic devices.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A defining element in Frisch was an underlying scepticism as to the adequacy of language. In <i>I'm Not Stiller</i> his protagonist cries out, "I have no language for my reality!" (<i>"... ich habe keine Sprache für meine Wirklichkeit!"</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author went further in his <i>Diary 1946–49</i> (<i>Tagebuch 1946–49</i>): </p> <blockquote><p>What is important: the unsayable, the white space between the words, while these words themselves we always insert as side-issues, which as such are not the central part of what we mean. Our core concern remains unwritten, and that means, quite literally, that you write around it. You adjust the settings. You provide statements that can never contain actual experience: experience itself remains beyond the reach of language.... and that unsayable reality appears, at best, as a tension between the statements.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Werner Stauffacher saw in Frisch's language "a language of searching for humanity's unspeakable reality, the language of visualisation and exploration", but one that never actually uncovers the underlying secret of reality.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frisch adapted the principles of <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Epic_theatre" title="Epic theatre">Epic theatre</a> both to his dramas and to his prose works. As early as 1948 he concluded a contemplative piece on the <a href="/wiki/Distancing_effect" title="Distancing effect">alienation effect</a> with the observation, "One might be tempted to ascribe all these thoughts to the narrative author: the linguistic application of the <a href="/wiki/Distancing_effect" title="Distancing effect">alienation effect</a>, the wilfully mischievous aspect of the prose, the uninhibited artistry which most German language readers will reject because they find it 'too arty' and because it inhibits empathy and connection, sabotaging the conventional illusion that the story in the narrative really happened".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, in the 1964 novel <a href="/wiki/Gantenbein" title="Gantenbein">"Gantenbein" <i>("A Wilderness of Mirrors")</i></a>, Frisch rejected the conventional narrative continuum, presenting instead, within a single novel, a small palette of variations and possibilities. The play <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biografie:_Ein_Spiel" class="extiw" title="de:Biografie: Ein Spiel">"Biography: A game" (<i>"Biografie: Ein Spiel"</i>)</a> (1967) extended similar techniques to theatre audiences. Already in <a href="/wiki/I%27m_Not_Stiller" title="I'm Not Stiller">"Stiller"</a> (1954) Frisch embedded, in a novel, little sub-narratives in the form of <a href="/wiki/Literary_fragment" title="Literary fragment">fragmentary</a> episodic sections from his "diaries".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his later works Frisch went further with a form of <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montage_(Literatur)" class="extiw" title="de:Montage (Literatur)">montage technique</a> that produced a <a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">literary collage</a> of texts, notes and visual imagery in <a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Holocene" title="Man in the Holocene">"The Holozän"</a> (1979).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Themes_and_motifs">Themes and motifs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Themes and motifs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frisch's literary work centres around certain core themes and motifs many of which, in various forms, recur through the entire range of the author's output. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Image_vs._identity">Image vs. identity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Image vs. identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <i>Diary 1946–1949</i> Frisch spells out a central idea that runs through his subsequent work: "You shall not make for yourself any graven image, God instructs us. That should also apply in this sense: God lives in every person, though we may not notice. That oversight is a sin that we commit and it is a sin that is almost ceaselessly committed against us – except if we love".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biblical instruction is here taken to be applied to the relationship between people. It is only through love that people may manifest the mutability and versatility necessary to accept one another's intrinsic inner potential. Without love people reduce one another and the entire world down to a series of simple preformed images. Such a cliché based image constitutes a sin against the self and against the other. </p><p>Hans Jürg Lüthi divides Frisch's work, into two categories according to how this image is treated. In the first category, the destiny of the protagonist is to live the simplistic image. Examples include the play <i>Andorra</i> (1961) in which Andri, identified (wrongly) by the other characters as a Jew is obliged to work through the fate assigned to him by others. Something analogous arises with the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_Faber_(novel)" title="Homo Faber (novel)">Homo Faber</a></i> (1957) where the protagonist is effectively imprisoned by the technician's "ultra-rational" prism through which he is fated to conduct his existence. The second category of works identified by Lüthi centres on the theme of libration from the lovelessly predetermined image. In this second category he places the novels <i>I'm Not Stiller</i> (1954) and <i>Gantenbein</i> (1964), in which the leading protagonists create new identities precisely in order to cast aside their preformed cliché-selves.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Real personal <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identity</a> stands in stark contrast to this simplistic image. For Frisch, each person possesses a unique <a href="/wiki/Individual" title="Individual">individuality</a>, justified from the inner being, and which needs to be expressed and realized. To be effective it can operate only through the individual's life, or else the individual self will be incomplete.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of <a href="/wiki/Self-acceptance" title="Self-acceptance">self acceptance</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Self-actualization" title="Self-actualization">self-actualization</a> constitute a liberating act of choice: "The differentiating human worth of a person, it seems to me, is choice".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "selection of self" involves not a one-off action, but a continuing truth that the "real myself" must repeatedly recognize and activate, behind the simplistic images. The fear that the individual "myself" may be overlooked and the life thereby missed, was already a central theme in Frisch's early works. A failure in the "selection of self" was likely to result in <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">alienation</a> of the self both from itself and from the human world more generally. Only within the limited span of an individual human life can personal existence find a fulfilment that can exclude the individual from the endless immutability of death. In <i>I'm Not Stiller</i> Frisch set out a criterion for a fulfilled life as being "that an individual be identical with himself. Otherwise he has never really existed".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relationships_between_the_sexes">Relationships between the sexes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Relationships between the sexes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Claus Reschke says that the male protagonists in Frisch's work are all similar modern Intellectual types: <a href="/wiki/Egocentrism" title="Egocentrism">egocentric</a>, indecisive, uncertain in respect of their own self-image, they often misjudge their actual situation. Their interpersonal relationships are superficial to the point of agnosticism, which condemns them to live as isolated <a href="/wiki/Loner" title="Loner">loners</a>. If they do develop some deeper relationship involving women, they lose emotional balance, becoming unreliable partners, possessive and jealous. They repeatedly assume outdated <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender roles</a>, masking sexual insecurity behind <a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">chauvinism</a>. All this time their relationships involving women are overshadowed by <a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">feelings of guilt</a>. In a relationship with a woman they look for "real life", from which they can obtain completeness and self-fulfilment, untrammelled by conflict and paralyzing repetition, and which will never lose elements of novelty and spontaneity.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Female protagonists in Frisch's work also lead back to a recurring gender-based <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotype</a>, according to Mona Knapp. Frisch's compositions tend to be centred on male protagonists, around which his leading female characters, virtually interchangeable, fulfil a structural and focused function. Often they are idolised as "great" and "wonderful", superficially <a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">emancipated</a> and stronger than the men. However, they actually tend to be driven by petty motivations: disloyalty, greed and unfeelingness. In the author's later works the female characters become increasingly one-dimensional, without evidencing any inner ambivalence. Often the women are reduced to the role of a simple threat to the man's identity, or the object of some infidelity, thereby catalysing the successes or failings of the male's existence, so providing the male protagonist with an object for his own introspection. For the most part, the action in the male-female relationship in a work by Frisch comes from the woman, while the man remains passive, waiting and reflective. Superficially the woman is loved by the man, but in truth she is feared and despised.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From her thoughtfully feminist perspective, <a href="/wiki/Karin_Struck" title="Karin Struck">Karin Struck</a> saw Frisch's male protagonists manifesting a high level of dependency on the female characters, but the women remain strangers to them. The men are, from the outset, focused on the ending of the relationship: they cannot love because they are preoccupied with escaping from their own failings and anxieties. Often they conflate images of womanliness with images of death, as in <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Juan_oder_Die_Liebe_zur_Geometrie" class="extiw" title="de:Don Juan oder Die Liebe zur Geometrie">Frisch's take</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Don_Juan" title="Don Juan">Don Juan</a> legend: "The woman reminds me of death, the more she seems to blossom and thrive".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each new relationship with a woman, and the subsequent separation was, for a Frisch male protagonist, analogous to a bodily death: his fear of women corresponded with fear of death, which meant that his reaction to the relationship was one of flight and shame.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transience_and_death">Transience and death</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Transience and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swiss-Commemorative-Coin-2011a-CHF-20-obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Swiss-Commemorative-Coin-2011a-CHF-20-obverse.png/220px-Swiss-Commemorative-Coin-2011a-CHF-20-obverse.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Swiss-Commemorative-Coin-2011a-CHF-20-obverse.png/330px-Swiss-Commemorative-Coin-2011a-CHF-20-obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Swiss-Commemorative-Coin-2011a-CHF-20-obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>Max Frisch on a Swiss Commemorative 20 Franc Coin issued in 2011 to mark the centenary of his birth</figcaption></figure> <p>Death is an ongoing theme in Frisch's work, but during his early and heyday periods it remains in the background, overshadowed by identity issues and relationships problems. Only with his later works does death become a core question. Frisch's second published <i>Diary</i> (<i>Tagebuch</i>) launches the theme. A key sentence from the <i>Diary 1966–1971</i> (published 1972), repeated several times, is a quotation from <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a>: "So I dissolve; and I lose myself."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The section focuses on the private and social problems of aging. Although political demands are incorporated, social aspects remain secondary to the central concentration on the self. The <i>Diary</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> fragmentary and hastily structured informality sustains a melancholy underlying mood. "According to Swiss writer and literary critic <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Loetscher" title="Hugo Loetscher">Hugo Loetscher</a>, the questionnaires are the intellectual and formal highlight of this diary: “Brilliant, precise and informative, our own person and therefore ourselves are circled using question marks".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In eleven questionnaires Frisch asks seemingly innocuous questions on the topics of altruism, marriage, property, women, friendship, money, home, hope, humor, children and death. The answers reveal the complexity of the topics covered and confront the reader with contradictions. Frisch's aim is to show, through irony, how one should think correctly.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The narrative <a href="/wiki/Montauk_(novel)" title="Montauk (novel)">Montauk</a> (1975) also deals with old age. The autobiographically drawn protanonist's lack of much future throws the emphasis back onto working through the past and an urge to live for the present. In the drama-piece, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptychon_(Frisch)" class="extiw" title="de:Triptychon (Frisch)">Triptychon</a>, death is presented not necessarily directly, but as a way of referencing life <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphorically</a>. Death reflects the ossification of human community, and in this way becomes a device for shaping lives. The narrative <i><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Holocene" title="Man in the Holocene">Man in the Holocene</a></i> presents the dying process of an old man as a return to nature. According to Cornelia Steffahn there is no single coherent image of death presented in Frisch's late works. Instead they describe the process of his own evolving engagement with the issue, and show the way his own attitudes developed as he himself grew older. Along the way he works through a range of philosophical influences including <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lars_Gustafsson" title="Lars Gustafsson">Lars Gustafsson</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_aspects">Political aspects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Political aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frisch described himself as a <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> but never joined the political party.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His early works were almost entirely apolitical. In the <i>Blätter aus dem Brotsack</i> (Diaries of military life), published in 1940, he comes across as a conventional Swiss <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual defence">patriot</a>, reflecting the unifying impact on Swiss society of the perceived invasion risk then emanating from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">Victory in Europe Day</a> the threat to Swiss values and to the independence of the Swiss state diminished. Frisch now underwent a rapid transformation, evincing a committed political consciousness. In particular, he became highly critical of attempts to divide cultural values from politics, noting in his <i>Diary 1946–1949</i>: "He who does not engage with politics is already a partisan of the political outcome that he wishes to avoid, because he is serving the ruling party."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sonja Rüegg, writing in 1998, says that Frisch's <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> is driven by a fundamentally anti-ideological and critical animus, formed from a recognition of the writer's status as an outsider within society. That generates opposition to the ruling order, the privileging of individual partisanship over activity on behalf of a social class, and an emphasis on asking questions.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frisch's social criticism was particularly sharp in respect of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">his Swiss homeland</a>. In a much quoted speech that he gave when accepting the 1973 <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosser_Schillerpreis" class="extiw" title="de:Grosser Schillerpreis">Schiller Prize</a> he declared: "I am Swiss, not simply because I hold a Swiss passport, was born on Swiss soil etc.: But I am Swiss by quasi-religious <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confession</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There followed a qualification: "Your homeland is not merely defined as a comfort or a convenience. 'Homeland' means more than that".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The criticism of Switzerland is already present in the aforementioned <i>Blättern aus dem Brotsack</i> and in <i>Stiller</i>, but it becomes paramount in the essays <i>Überfremdung 1 and 2</i>. In particular in <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberfremdung" title="Überfremdung">Überfremdung</a> 1</i> Frisch expresses all his annoyance at the narrow-mindedness of a good part of the people and institutions of Switzerland in the face of the growing phenomenon of immigration in the fifties and sixties: "A small master nation sees itself in danger: workers have been called and human beings are coming. They do not eat up prosperity, on the contrary, they are essential for prosperity".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frisch's very public verbal assaults on the land of his birth, on the country's public image of itself and on the unique international role of Switzerland emerged in his polemical, "Achtung: Die Schweiz", and extended to a work titled, <i>Wilhelm Tell für die Schule</i> (<i>William Tell for Schools</i>) which sought to deconstruct the <a href="/wiki/William_Tell" title="William Tell">defining epic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Swiss_people#Cultural_history_and_national_identity" title="Swiss people">the nation</a>, reducing <a href="/wiki/Myth_of_origins" class="mw-redirect" title="Myth of origins">the William Tell legend</a> to a succession of coincidences, miscalculations, dead-ends and opportunistic gambits. With his <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienstb%C3%BCchlein_(Max_Frisch)" class="extiw" title="de:Dienstbüchlein (Max Frisch)">Little service book</a></i> (<i>Dienstbüchlein</i>) (1974) Frisch revisited and re-evaluated his own period of service in the nation's <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Switzerland">citizen army</a>, and shortly before he died he went so far as to question outright the need for the army in <i>Switzerland without an Army? A Palaver</i>. </p><p>A characteristic pattern in Frisch's life was the way that periods of intense political engagement alternated with periods of retreat back to private concerns. Bettina Jaques-Bosch saw this as a succession of slow oscillations by the author between public outspokenness and inner melancholy.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hans Ulrich Probst positioned the mood of the later works somewhere "between resignation and the radicalism of an old republican".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last sentences published by Frisch are included in a letter addressed to the high-profile entrepreneur <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Solari" class="extiw" title="de:Marco Solari">Marco Solari</a> and published in the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left of centre</a> newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/WOZ_Die_Wochenzeitung" title="WOZ Die Wochenzeitung">Wochenzeitung</a></i>, and here he returned one last time to attacking the Swiss state: "1848 was a great creation of <a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">free-thinking</a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freisinn" class="extiw" title="de:Freisinn">Liberalism</a> which today, after a century of domination by a <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerblock" class="extiw" title="de:Bürgerblock">middle-class coalition</a>, has become a squandered state – and I am still bound to this state by one thing: a passport (which I shall not be needing again)".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Success_as_a_writer_and_as_a_dramatist">Success as a writer and as a dramatist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Success as a writer and as a dramatist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interviewed in 1975, Frisch acknowledged that his literary career had not been marked by some "sudden breakthrough" (<i>"...frappanten Durchbruch"</i>) but that success had arrived, as he asserted, only very slowly.<sup id="cite_ref-arnold33_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arnold33-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, even his earlier publications were not entirely without a certain success. In his 20s he was already having pieces published in various newspapers and journals. As a young writer he also had work accepted by an established publishing house, the <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> based <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Verlags-Anstalt" class="extiw" title="de:Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt">Deutschen Verlags-Anstalt</a>, which already included a number of distinguished German-language authors on its lists. When he decided he no longer wished to have his work published in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> he changed publishers, joining up with <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_Verlag_(H%C3%BCrlimann)" class="extiw" title="de:Atlantis Verlag (Hürlimann)">Atlantis Verlag</a> which had relocated their head office from <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> in response to the political changes in Germany. In 1950 Frisch switched publishers again, this time to the arguably more mainstream <a href="/wiki/Suhrkamp_Verlag" title="Suhrkamp Verlag">publishing house</a> then being established in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt</a> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Suhrkamp" title="Peter Suhrkamp">Peter Suhrkamp</a>. </p><p>Frisch was still only in his early 30s when he turned to drama, and his stage work found ready acceptance at the <a href="/wiki/Schauspielhaus_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Schauspielhaus Zürich">Zürich Playhouse</a>, at that time one of Europe's leading theatres, the quality and variety of its work much enhanced by an influx of artistic talent since the mid-1930s from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>. Frisch's early plays, performed at Zürich, were positively reviewed and won prizes. It was only in 1951, with <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf_%C3%96derland" class="extiw" title="de:Graf Öderland">Count Oederland</a></i>, that Frisch experienced his "first stage-flop".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The experience encouraged him to pay more attention to audiences outside his native Switzerland, notably in the new and rapidly developing <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a>, where the novel <i>I'm Not Stiller</i> succeeded commercially on a scale that till then had eluded Frisch, enabling him now to become a full-time professional writer.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>I'm Not Stiller</i> started with a print-run that provided for sales of 3,000 in its first year,<sup id="cite_ref-arnold33_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arnold33-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but thanks to strong and growing reader demand it later became the first book published by <a href="/wiki/Suhrkamp_Verlag" title="Suhrkamp Verlag">Suhrkamp</a> to top one million copies.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_Faber_(novel)" title="Homo Faber (novel)">Homo Faber</a></i>, was another best seller, with four million copies of the German language version produced by 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Fire Raisers</i> and <i>Andorra</i> are the most successful German language plays of all time, with respectively 250 and 230 productions up till 1996, according to an estimate made by the literary critic <a href="/wiki/Volker_Hage" title="Volker Hage">Volker Hage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two plays, along with <i>Homo Faber</i> became curriculum favourites with schools in the German-speaking middle European countries. Apart from a few early works, most of Frisch's books and plays have been translated into around ten languages, while the most translated of all, <i>Homo Faber</i>, has been translated into twenty-five languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reputation_in_Switzerland_and_internationally">Reputation in Switzerland and internationally</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Reputation in Switzerland and internationally"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Frisch's name is often mentioned along with that of another great writer of his generation, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a>. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_duerrenmatt_19890427.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Friedrich_duerrenmatt_19890427.jpg/220px-Friedrich_duerrenmatt_19890427.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Friedrich_duerrenmatt_19890427.jpg/330px-Friedrich_duerrenmatt_19890427.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Friedrich_duerrenmatt_19890427.jpg/440px-Friedrich_duerrenmatt_19890427.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a> (1989) in Bonn. As young, and in some respects like-minded, writers Frisch and Dürrenmatt formed a close friendship, but one that later cooled.</figcaption></figure><p> The scholar <a href="/wiki/Hans_Mayer" title="Hans Mayer">Hans Mayer</a> likened them to the mythical half-twins, <a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a>, as two dialectically linked "antagonists".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The close friendship of their early careers was later overshadowed by personal differences. In 1986 Dürrenmatt took the opportunity of Frisch's 75th birthday to try and effect a reconciliation with a letter, but the letter went unanswered.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HeLuArWasbinich_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeLuArWasbinich-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their approaches the two were very different. The literary journalist <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Ludwig_Arnold" title="Heinz Ludwig Arnold">Heinz Ludwig Arnold</a> quipped that Dürrenmatt, despite all his narrative work, was born to be a dramatist, while Frisch, his theatre successes notwithstanding, was born to be a writer of narratives. </p><p>In 1968, a 30-minute episode of the multinationally produced television series <a href="/wiki/Creative_Persons" title="Creative Persons">Creative Persons</a> was devoted to Frisch. </p><p>In the 1960s, by publicly challenging some contradictions and settled assumptions, both Frisch und Dürrenmatt contributed to a major revision in Switzerland's view of itself and its <a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">history</a>. In 1974 Frisch published his <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienstb%C3%BCchlein_(Max_Frisch)" class="extiw" title="de:Dienstbüchlein (Max Frisch)">Little service book</a></i> (<i>Dienstbüchlein</i>), and from this time – possibly from earlier – Frisch became a powerfully divisive figure in <a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Switzerland</a>, where in some quarters his criticisms were vigorously rejected. For aspiring writers seeking a role model, most young authors preferred Frisch over Dürrenmatt as a source of instruction and enlightenment, according to Janos Szábo. In the 1960s Frisch inspired a generation of younger writers including <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bichsel" title="Peter Bichsel">Peter Bichsel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B6rg_Steiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jörg Steiner (page does not exist)">Jörg Steiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_F._Walter" title="Otto F. Walter">Otto F. Walter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Muschg" title="Adolf Muschg">Adolf Muschg</a>. More than a generation after that, in 1998, when it was the turn of <a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature" title="Swiss literature">Swiss literature</a> to be the special focus<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Book_Fair" title="Frankfurt Book Fair">Frankfurt Book Fair</a>, the literary commentator <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Isenschmid" class="extiw" title="de:Andreas Isenschmid">Andreas Isenschmid</a> identified some leading Swiss writers from his own (<a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">baby-boomer</a>) generation such as <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Schweikert" class="extiw" title="de:Ruth Schweikert">Ruth Schweikert</a>, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_de_Roulet" class="extiw" title="de:Daniel de Roulet">Daniel de Roulet</a> and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Huonder" class="extiw" title="de:Silvio Huonder">Silvio Huonder</a> in whose works he had found "a curiously familiar old tone, resonating from all directions, and often almost page by page, uncanny echoes from Max Frisch's <i>Stiller</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Frisch,_Stiller_1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Max_Frisch%2C_Stiller_1954.jpg/220px-Max_Frisch%2C_Stiller_1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Max_Frisch%2C_Stiller_1954.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Vormweg" class="extiw" title="de:Heinrich Vormweg">Heinrich Vormweg</a> described <i>I'm Not Stiller</i> as one "of the most significant and influential <a href="/wiki/German-language" class="mw-redirect" title="German-language">German-language</a> novels of the 1950s".</figcaption></figure> <p>The works of Frisch were also important in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>. The West German essayist and critic <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Vormweg" class="extiw" title="de:Heinrich Vormweg">Heinrich Vormweg</a> described <i>I'm Not Stiller</i> and <i>Homo Faber</i> as "two of the most significant and influential <a href="/wiki/German-language" class="mw-redirect" title="German-language">German-language</a> novels of the 1950s".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> during the 1980s Frisch's prose works and plays also ran through many editions, although here they were not the focus of so much intensive literary commentary. Translations of Frisch's works into the languages of other formally socialist countries in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> were also widely available, leading the author himself to offer the comment that in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> his works were officially seen as presenting the "symptoms of a sick capitalist society, symptoms that would never be found where the means of production have been nationalized".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite some ideologically driven official criticism of his "individualism", "negativity" and "modernism", Frisch's works were actively translated into Russian, and were featured in some 150 reviews in the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frisch also found success in his second "homeland of choice", the United States where he lived, off and on, for some time during his later years. He was generally well regarded by the New York literary establishment: one commentator found him commendably free of "European arrogance".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_and_significance">Influence and significance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Influence and significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jürgen H. Petersen reckons that Frisch's stage work had little influence on other dramatists. And his own preferred form of the "literary diary" failed to create a new trend in literary genres. By contrast, the novels <i>I'm Not Stiller</i> and <i>Gantenbein</i> have been widely taken up as literary models, because of the way they home in on questions of individual identity and on account of their literary structures. Issues of personal identity are presented not simply through description or interior insights, but through narrative contrivances. This stylistic influence can be found frequently in the works of others, such as <a href="/wiki/Christa_Wolf" title="Christa Wolf">Christa Wolf</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Quest_for_Christa_T." title="The Quest for Christa T.">The Quest for Christa T.</a></i> and in <a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Bachmann" title="Ingeborg Bachmann">Ingeborg Bachmann</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Malina_(novel)" title="Malina (novel)">Malina</a></i>. Other similarly influenced authors are <a href="/wiki/Peter_H%C3%A4rtling" title="Peter Härtling">Peter Härtling</a> and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_K%C3%BChn_(Schriftsteller)" class="extiw" title="de:Dieter Kühn (Schriftsteller)">Dieter Kühn</a>. Frisch also found himself featuring as a "character" in the literature of others. That was the case in 1983 with <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Hildesheimer" title="Wolfgang Hildesheimer">Wolfgang Hildesheimer</a>'s "Message to Max [Frisch] about the state of things and other matters" (<i>Mitteilungen an Max über den Stand der Dinge und anderes</i>). By then <a href="/wiki/Uwe_Johnson" title="Uwe Johnson">Uwe Johnson</a> had already, in 1975, produced a compilation of quotations which he called "The collected sayings of Max Frisch" (<i>Max Frisch Stich-Worte zusammen</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, in 2007, the Zürich–born artist <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Honegger" title="Gottfried Honegger">Gottfried Honegger</a> published eleven portrait-sketches and fourteen texts in memory of his friend.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Muschg" title="Adolf Muschg">Adolf Muschg</a>, purporting to address Frisch directly on the occasion of his seventieth birthday, contemplates the older man's contribution: "Your position in the history of literature, how can it be described? You have not been, in conventional terms, an innovator… I believe you have defined an era through something both unobtrusive and fundamental: a new experimental ethos (and pathos). Your books form deep literary investigation from an act of the imagination."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Reich-Ranicki" title="Marcel Reich-Ranicki">Marcel Reich-Ranicki</a> saw similarities with at least some of the other leading German-language writers of his time: "Unlike Dürrenmatt or <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Böll</a>, but in common with <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Grass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uwe_Johnson" title="Uwe Johnson">Uwe Johnson</a>, Frisch wrote about the complexes and conflicts of intellectuals, returning again and again <i>to us</i>, creative intellectuals from the ranks of the educated middle-classes: no one else so clearly identified and saw into our mentality".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedrich Dürrenmatt marvelled at his colleague: "the boldness with which he immediately launches out with utter subjectivity. He is himself always at the heart of the matter. His matter is the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Dürrenmatt's last letter to Frisch he coined the formulation that Frisch in his work had made "his case to the world" ("seinen Fall zur Welt").<sup id="cite_ref-arnold64_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arnold64-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swiss-Commemorative-Coin-2011a-CHF-20-obverse_tr.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Swiss-Commemorative-Coin-2011a-CHF-20-obverse_tr.png/225px-Swiss-Commemorative-Coin-2011a-CHF-20-obverse_tr.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Swiss-Commemorative-Coin-2011a-CHF-20-obverse_tr.png/338px-Swiss-Commemorative-Coin-2011a-CHF-20-obverse_tr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Swiss-Commemorative-Coin-2011a-CHF-20-obverse_tr.png 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>Swiss <a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Swiss_franc" title="Coins of the Swiss franc">20 franc</a> coin commemorating the 100th anniversary of Frisch's birth.</figcaption></figure> <p>The film director <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_J._Seiler" class="extiw" title="de:Alexander J. Seiler">Alexander J. Seiler</a> believes that Frisch had for the most part an "unfortunate relationship" with film, even though his literary style is often reminiscent of cinematic technique. Seiler explains that Frisch's work was often, in the author's own words, looking for ways to highlight the "white space" between the words, which is something that can usually only be achieved using a film-set. Already, in the <i>Diary 1946–1949</i> there is an early sketch for a film-script, titled <i>Harlequin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first practical experience of the genre came in 1959, but with a project that was nevertheless abandoned, when Frisch resigned from the production of a film titled <i>SOS Gletscherpilot</i> (<i>SOS Glacier Pilot</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1960 his draft script for <i>William Tell</i> (<i>Castle in Flames</i>) was turned down, after which the film was created anyway, totally contrary to Frisch's intentions. In 1965 there were plans, under the Title <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_%E2%80%93_Transit" class="extiw" title="de:Zürich – Transit">Zürich – Transit</a></i>, to film an episode from the novel <i>Gantenbein</i>, but the project was halted, initially by differences between Frisch and the film director <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Leiser" title="Erwin Leiser">Erwin Leiser</a> and then, it was reported, by the illness of <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Wicki" title="Bernhard Wicki">Bernhard Wicki</a> who was brought in to replace Leiser. The <i>Zürich – Transit</i> project went ahead in the end, directed by Hilde Bechart, but only in 1992 a quarter century later, and a year after Frisch had died. </p><p>For the novels <i>I'm Not Stiller</i> and <i>Homo Faber</i> there were several film proposals, one of which involved casting the actor <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Quinn" title="Anthony Quinn">Anthony Quinn</a> in <i>Homo Faber</i>, but none of these proposals was ever realised. It is nevertheless interesting that several of Frisch's dramas were filmed for television adaptations. It was in this way that the first filmic adaptation of a Frisch prose work appeared in 1975, thanks to Georg Radanowicz, and titled <i>The Misfortune</i> (<i>Das Unglück</i>). This was based on a sketch from one of Frisch's <i>Diaries</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was followed in 1981 by a <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dindo" title="Richard Dindo">Richard Dindo</a> television production based on the narrative <i><a href="/wiki/Montauk_(novel)" title="Montauk (novel)">Montauk</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one by <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Zanussi" title="Krzysztof Zanussi">Krzysztof Zanussi</a> based on <i><a href="/wiki/Bluebeard_(Frisch_novel)" title="Bluebeard (Frisch novel)">Bluebeard</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It finally became possible, some months after Frisch's death, for a full-scale cinema version of <i>Homo Faber</i> to be produced. While Frisch was still alive he had collaborated with the filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Volker_Schl%C3%B6ndorff" title="Volker Schlöndorff">Volker Schlöndorff</a> on this production, but the critics were nevertheless underwhelmed by the result.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, however, <i>Holozän</i>, a film adaptation by Heinz Bütler and <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eicher" title="Manfred Eicher">Manfred Eicher</a> of <i>Man in the Holocene</i>, received a "special award" at the <a href="/wiki/Locarno_International_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Locarno International Film Festival">Locarno International Film Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width: 50.5em; text-align: centre; font-size: 0.86em; font-family: lucida grande, sans-serif; line-height: normal;"> <div style="border: 1px solid #999999; background: #ffffff; text-align: center; padding: 1em 1em; text-align: center;"><b> Max Frisch awards and prizes</b> <div style="border: 1px solid #999999; background: #ffffff; text-align: left; padding: 1em 1em; text-align: centre;"> <ul><li>1935: Prize for a single work for <i>Jürg Reinhart</i> from the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizerische_Schillerstiftung" class="extiw" title="de:Schweizerische Schillerstiftung">Swiss Schiller Foundation</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Ferdinand_Meyer_Prize" title="Conrad Ferdinand Meyer Prize">Conrad Ferdinand Meyer Prize</a> (Zürich)</li> <li>1940: Prize for a single work for "Pages from the Bread-bag" (<i>"Blätter aus dem Brotsack"</i>) from the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizerische_Schillerstiftung" class="extiw" title="de:Schweizerische Schillerstiftung">Swiss Schiller Foundation</a></li> <li>1942: First (out of 65 entrants) in an architecture contest (Zürich: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freibad_Letzigraben" class="extiw" title="de:Freibad Letzigraben">Freibad Letzigraben</a>)</li> <li>1945: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welti-Preis" class="extiw" title="de:Welti-Preis">Welti Foundation Drama prize</a> for <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_(Drama)" class="extiw" title="de:Santa Cruz (Drama)">Santa Cruz</a></i></li> <li>1954: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm-Raabe-Preis" class="extiw" title="de:Wilhelm-Raabe-Preis">Wilhelm Raabe prize</a> (<a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a>) for <i><a href="/wiki/I%27m_Not_Stiller" title="I'm Not Stiller">Stiller</a></i></li> <li>1955: Prize for all works to date from the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizerische_Schillerstiftung" class="extiw" title="de:Schweizerische Schillerstiftung">Swiss Schiller Foundation</a></li> <li>1955: Schleußner Schueller prize from <a href="/wiki/Hessischer_Rundfunk" title="Hessischer Rundfunk">Hessischer Rundfunk (<i>Hessian Broadcasting Corporation)</i></a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner_Prize" title="Georg Büchner Prize">Georg Büchner Prize</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Charles_Veillon" class="extiw" title="fr:Prix Charles Veillon">Charles Veillon Prize</a> (Lausanne) for <i><a href="/wiki/I%27m_Not_Stiller" title="I'm Not Stiller">Stiller</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_Faber_(novel)" title="Homo Faber (novel)">Homo Faber</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1958: Literature Prize of the City of Zürich</li> <li>1962: Honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">Philipp University of Marburg</a></li> <li>1962: Major art prize of the City of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Prize" title="Jerusalem Prize">Jerusalem Prize</a> for the Freedom of the Individual in Society</li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Schiller_Memorial_Prize" title="Schiller Memorial Prize">Schiller Memorial Prize</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>)</li> <li>1973: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosser_Schillerpreis" class="extiw" title="de:Grosser Schillerpreis">Major Schiller Prize</a> from the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizerische_Schillerstiftung" class="extiw" title="de:Schweizerische Schillerstiftung">Swiss Schiller Foundation</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Friedenspreis_des_Deutschen_Buchhandels" title="Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels">Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels</a><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1979: Gift of honour from the "Literaturkredit" of the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Zürich">Canton of Zürich</a> (rejected!)</li> <li>1980: Honorary doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Bard_College" title="Bard College">Bard College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutchess_County,_New_York" title="Dutchess County, New York">New York state</a>)</li> <li>1982: Honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a></li> <li>1984: Honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a></li> <li>1984: Nominated a Commander, <a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres" title="Ordre des Arts et des Lettres">Ordre des Arts et des Lettres</a> (France)</li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Neustadt_International_Prize_for_Literature" title="Neustadt International Prize for Literature">Neustadt International Prize for Literature</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma" title="University of Oklahoma">University of Oklahoma</a></li> <li>1987: Honorary doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin" title="Technische Universität Berlin">Technische Universität Berlin</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine_Prize" title="Heinrich Heine Prize">Heinrich Heine Prize</a> (<a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></div> <p>Frisch was awarded honorary degrees by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a>, Germany, in 1962, <a href="/wiki/Bard_College" title="Bard College">Bard College</a> (1980), the City University of New York City (1982), the University of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> (1984), and the <a href="/wiki/TU_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="TU Berlin">TU Berlin</a> (1987). </p><p>He also won many important German literature prizes: the <a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner_Prize" title="Georg Büchner Prize">Georg Büchner Prize</a> in 1958,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Prize_of_the_German_Book_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Prize of the German Book Trade">Peace Prize of the German Book Trade</a> (<i>Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels</i>) in 1976, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine_Prize#Heinrich_Heine_prize_of_the_city_of_Düsseldorf" title="Heinrich Heine Prize">Heinrich-Heine-Preis</a></i> in 1989. </p><p>In 1965 he won the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Prize" title="Jerusalem Prize">Jerusalem Prize</a> for the Freedom of the Individual in Society. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">City of Zürich</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Max_Frisch_Prize" title="Max Frisch Prize">Max Frisch Prize</a> in 1998 to celebrate the author's memory. The prize is awarded every four years and comes with a CHF 50,000 payment to the winner. </p><p>The 100th anniversary of Frisch's birth took place in 2011 and was marked by an exhibition in his home city of Zürich. The occasion was also celebrated by an exhibition at the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaturhaus_M%C3%BCnchen" class="extiw" title="de:Literaturhaus München">Munich Literature Centre</a> which carried the suitably enigmatic tagline, <i>"Max Frisch. Heimweh nach der Fremde"</i> and another exhibition at the Museo Onsernonese in <a href="/wiki/Loco,_Switzerland" title="Loco, Switzerland">Loco</a>, close to the <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticinese</a> cottage to which Frisch regularly retreated over several decades. </p><p>In 2015 a new city-square in Zürich was named <i>Max-Frisch-Platz</i>. This is part of a larger urban redevelopment scheme which is being coordinated with a major building project underway to expand <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Oerlikon_railway_station" title="Zürich Oerlikon railway station">Zürich Oerlikon railway station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_works">Major works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Major works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Max_Frisch_bibliography" title="Max Frisch bibliography">Max Frisch bibliography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antwort_aus_der_Stille" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwort aus der Stille">Antwort aus der Stille</a></i> (1937, <i>An Answer from the Silence</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I%27m_Not_Stiller" title="I'm Not Stiller">Stiller</a></i> (1954, <i>I'm Not Stiller</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_Faber_(novel)" title="Homo Faber (novel)">Homo Faber</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gantenbein" title="Gantenbein">Mein Name sei Gantenbein</a></i> (1964, <i>A Wilderness of Mirrors</i>, reprinted later under <i>Gantenbein</i>)</li> <li><i>Dienstbüchlein</i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Montauk_(novel)" title="Montauk (novel)">Montauk</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Mensch_erscheint_im_Holoz%C3%A4n" class="mw-redirect" title="Der Mensch erscheint im Holozän">Der Mensch erscheint im Holozän</a></i> (1979, <i>Man in the Holocene</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bluebeard_(Frisch_novel)" title="Bluebeard (Frisch novel)">Blaubart</a></i> (1982, <i>Bluebeard</i>)</li> <li><i>Wilhelm Tell für die Schule</i> (1971, <i>Wilhelm Tell: A School Text</i>, published in <i><a href="/wiki/Fiction_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction Magazine">Fiction Magazine</a></i> 1978)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Blätter aus dem Brotsack</i> (1939)</li> <li><i>Tagebuch 1946–1949</i> (1950)</li> <li><i>Tagebuch 1966–1971</i> (1972)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plays">Plays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Nun singen sie wieder</i> (1945)</li> <li><i>Santa Cruz</i> (1947)</li> <li><i>Die Chinesische Mauer</i> (1947, <i>The Chinese Wall</i>)</li> <li><i>Als der Krieg zu Ende war</i> (1949, <i>When the War Was Over</i>)</li> <li><i>Graf Öderland</i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fire_Raisers_(play)" title="The Fire Raisers (play)">Biedermann und die Brandstifter</a></i> (1953, translated as <i>The Firebugs</i>, <i>The Fire Raisers</i> or <i>The Arsonists</i>)</li> <li><i>Don Juan oder Die Liebe zur Geometrie</i> (1953)</li> <li><i>Die Grosse Wut des Philipp Hotz</i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andorra_(play)" title="Andorra (play)">Andorra</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i>Biografie</i> (1967)</li> <li>‘‘<a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Chinesische_Mauer_(Version_f%C3%BCr_Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Chinesische Mauer (Version für Paris) (page does not exist)">Die Chinesische Mauer (Version für Paris)</a>‘‘ (1972)</li> <li><i>Triptychon. Drei szenische Bilder</i> (1978, <i>Triptych</i>)</li> <li><i>Jonas und sein Veteran</i> (1989)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Frisch_Archive" title="Max Frisch Archive">Max Frisch Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Frish, Max (1911–1991)</i>. In Suzanne M. Bourgoin and Paula K. Byers, <i>Encyclopedia of World Biography</i>. Detroit: Gale Research, 1998. Retrieved 18 April 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaleczek2001-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaleczek2001_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaleczek2001">Waleczek 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaleczek200121-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaleczek200121_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaleczek2001">Waleczek 2001</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaleczek200123-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaleczek200123_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaleczek2001">Waleczek 2001</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lioba Waleczek. <i>Max Frisch</i>. Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 2001, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaleczek200139-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaleczek200139_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaleczek2001">Waleczek 2001</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waleczek, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In an interview in 1978 Frisch explained: <br />"Falling in love with a Jewish girl in Berlin before the war saved me, or made it impossible for me, to embrace Hitler or any form of fascism."<br />("Dass ich mich in Berlin vor dem Krieg in ein jüdisches Mädchen verliebt hatte, hat mich davor bewahrt, oder es mir unmöglich gemacht, Hitler oder jegliche Art des Faschismus zu begrüßen.")<br /> – as quoted in: Alexander Stephan. <i>Max Frisch</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Ludwig_Arnold" title="Heinz Ludwig Arnold">Heinz Ludwig Arnold</a> (ed.): <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritisches_Lexikon_zur_deutschsprachigen_Gegenwartsliteratur" class="extiw" title="de:Kritisches Lexikon zur deutschsprachigen Gegenwartsliteratur">Kritisches Lexikon zur deutschsprachigen Gegenwartsliteratur</a></i> 11th ed., München: Ed. Text + Kritik, 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ursula Priess. <i>Sturz durch alle Spiegel: Eine Bestandsaufnahme</i>. Zürich: Ammann, 2009, 178 pages, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-250-60131-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-250-60131-9">978-3-250-60131-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Urs Bircher: <i>Vom langsamen Wachsen eines Zorns: Max Frisch 1911–1955</i> (On the slow growth of anger: Max Frisch 1911–1955). Zürich: Limmat, 1997, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bircher, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lioba Waleczek: <i>Max Frisch.</i> p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lioba Waleczek: <i>Max Frisch.</i> p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Urs Bircher: Vom langsamen Wachsen eines Zorns: Max Frisch 1911–1955. p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lioba Waleczek: <i>Max Frisch.</i> p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-butler-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-butler_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2004" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Michael (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fDjqXlf2f1kC&pg=PA240">"Identity and authenticity in postwar Swiss and Austrian novels"</a>. In Bartram, Graham (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Modern German Novel</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 240–241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48253-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48253-0"><bdi>978-0-521-48253-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Identity+and+authenticity+in+postwar+Swiss+and+Austrian+novels&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Modern+German+Novel&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=240-241&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-48253-0&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfDjqXlf2f1kC%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Frisch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZeitonBerzona-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZeitonBerzona_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZeitonBerzona_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConrad2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Conrad, Bernadette (12 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/2011/20/Max-Frisch-Berzona">"Sein letztes Refugium"</a> [His last refuge]. <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Sein+letztes+Refugium&rft.date=2011-05-12&rft.aulast=Conrad&rft.aufirst=Bernadette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F2011%2F20%2FMax-Frisch-Berzona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Frisch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Siebenmal im Jahr fahren wir diese Strecke, und es tritt jedes Mal ein: Daseinslust am Steuer. Das ist eine große Landschaft".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpiegelonChinaSchmidtTrip-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SpiegelonChinaSchmidtTrip_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-41279330.html">"Nein, Mao habe ich nicht gesehen: Max Frisch mit Kanzler Helmut Schmidt in China"</a> [No, I didn't see Mao: Max Frisch with Chancellor Helmut Schmidt in China]. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> (in German). No. 7/1976. 9 February 1976<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Nein%2C+Mao+habe+ich+nicht+gesehen%3A+Max+Frisch+mit+Kanzler+Helmut+Schmidt+in+China&rft.issue=7%2F1976&rft.date=1976-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fspiegel%2Fprint%2Fd-41279330.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Frisch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpiegelKarPilliodBespr-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SpiegelKarPilliodBespr_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SpiegelKarPilliodBespr_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SpiegelKarPilliodBespr_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHage2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Volker_Hage" title="Volker Hage">Hage, Volker</a> (5 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-77299785.html">"Feige War er nie"</a> [He was never a coward]. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> (in German). No. 10/2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Feige+War+er+nie&rft.issue=10%2F2011&rft.date=2011-03-05&rft.aulast=Hage&rft.aufirst=Volker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fspiegel%2Fprint%2Fd-77299785.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Frisch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NZZFeb200701-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NZZFeb200701_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NZZFeb200701_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabermas2007" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas, Jürgen</a> (10 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/startseite/articleevb7x-1.110807">"Ein Bewusstsein von dem, was fehlt"</a> [An awareness of what is missing]. <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung" title="Neue Zürcher Zeitung">Neue Zürcher Zeitung</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neue+Z%C3%BCrcher+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Ein+Bewusstsein+von+dem%2C+was+fehlt&rft.date=2007-02-10&rft.aulast=Habermas&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzz.ch%2Faktuell%2Fstartseite%2Farticleevb7x-1.110807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Frisch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rolf Kieser: <i>Das Tagebuch als Idee und Struktur im Werke Max Frischs.</i> In: Walter Schmitz (Hrsg.): <i>Max Frisch. Materialien.</i> Suhrkamp, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-518-38559-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-518-38559-3">978-3-518-38559-3</a>. Seite 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TageAnzeTagebuch3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TageAnzeTagebuch3_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TageAnzeTagebuch3_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/kultur/buecher/Sekretaerin-findet-unbekanntes-MaxFrischTagebuch/story/24667195">"Sekretärin findet unbekanntes Max-Frisch-Tagebuch:<br />Der Suhrkamp Verlag will im März 2010 ein bisher unbekanntes Werk von Max Frisch veröffentlichen. Gefunden wurde dieses in den Unterlagen von Frischs Sekretärin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tages-Anzeiger" title="Tages-Anzeiger">Der Tages-Anzeiger</a></i>. 18 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Tages-Anzeiger&rft.atitle=Sekret%C3%A4rin+findet+unbekanntes+Max-Frisch-Tagebuch%3A%3Cbr+%2F%3EDer+Suhrkamp+Verlag+will+im+M%C3%A4rz+2010+ein+bisher+unbekanntes+Werk+von+Max+Frisch+ver%C3%B6ffentlichen.+Gefunden+wurde+dieses+in+den+Unterlagen+von+Frischs+Sekret%C3%A4rin.&rft.date=2010-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesanzeiger.ch%2Fkultur%2Fbuecher%2FSekretaerin-findet-unbekanntes-MaxFrischTagebuch%2Fstory%2F24667195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Frisch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Stephan: <i>Max Frisch.</i> In Heinz Ludwig Arnold (Hrsg.): <i>Kritisches Lexikon zur deutschsprachigen Gegenwartsliteratur</i> 11. Nachlieferung, Edition text+kritik, Stand 1992. Seite 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heidenreich-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heidenreich_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heidenreich_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sybille Heidenreich: <i>Max Frisch. Mein Name sei Gantenbein. Montauk. Stiller. Untersuchungen und Anmerkungen.</i> Joachim Beyer Verlag, 2. Auflage 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-921202-19-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-921202-19-7">978-3-921202-19-7</a>. p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kieser-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kieser_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kieser_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rolf Kieser: <i>Das Tagebuch als Idee und Struktur im Werke Max Frischs.</i> In: Walter Schmitz (Hrsg.): <i>Max Frisch. Materialien.</i> Suhrkamp, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-518-38559-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-518-38559-3">978-3-518-38559-3</a>. p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedrich Dürrenmatt: <i>"Stiller", Roman von Max Frisch. Fragment einer Kritik</i>. In: Thomas Beckermann (Hrsg.): <i>Über Max Frisch.</i> Suhrkamp, 1971. Seite 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinz Ludwig Arnold: <i>Was bin ich? Über Max Frisch</i>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlexStephMF-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AlexStephMF_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlexStephMF_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Stephan: Max Frisch. C. H. Beck, München 1983, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-09587-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-09587-0">978-3-406-09587-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KlaMueMF-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KlaMueMF_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaus Müller-Salget: Max Frisch. Literaturwissen. Reclam, Stuttgart 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-15-015210-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-15-015210-2">978-3-15-015210-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"… eine untergründige Einheit, nicht im Sinn einer Trilogie, [...] wohl aber im Sinn eines harmonischen Akkords. Die drei Bücher ergänzen sich und sind doch selbständige Einheiten. [...] Alle drei Bücher haben den Tenor der Bilanz, des Abschlusses – bis hinein in die Form, die nur noch das nötigste zuläßt: verknappt, zugeknöpft." <a href="/wiki/Volker_Hage" title="Volker Hage">Volker Hage</a>: <i>Max Frisch</i>. Rowohlt (rm 616), Reinbek 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-499-50616-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-499-50616-1">978-3-499-50616-1</a>, pp. 119–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Volker_Hage" title="Volker Hage">Volker Hage</a>: <i>Max Frisch</i> 2006, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Jurgensen: <i>Max Frisch. Die Dramen</i>. Francke, Bern 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7720-1160-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7720-1160-3">978-3-7720-1160-3</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Volker Hage: <i>Max Frisch</i> 2006, S. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ich habe einfach festgestellt, daß ich durch die Form der Parabel mich nötigen lasse, eine Botschaft zu verabreichen, die ich eigentlich nicht habe." Heinz Ludwig Arnold: <i>Gespräche mit Schriftstellern</i>. Beck, München 1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-04934-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-04934-7">978-3-406-04934-7</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaus Müller-Salget: <i>Max Frisch. Literaturwissen</i>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hellmuth Karasek: <i>Max Frisch</i>, pp. 13–15, 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Schenker" class="extiw" title="de:Walter Schenker">Walter Schenker</a>: <i>Die Sprache Max Frischs in der Spannung zwischen Mundart und Schriftsprache</i>. De Gruyter, Berlin 1969, pp. 10–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Frisch: <i>Stiller</i>. In: <i>Gesammelte Werke in zeitlicher Folge. Dritter Band</i>. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1998, p. 436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Was wichtig ist: das Unsagbare, das Weiße zwischen den Worten, und immer reden diese Worte von Nebensachen, die wir eigentlich nicht meinen. Unser Anliegen, das eigentliche, läßt sich bestenfalls umschreiben, und das heißt ganz wörtlich: man schreibt darum herum. Man umstellt es. Man gibt Aussagen, die nie unser eigentliches Erlebnis enthalten, das unsagbar bleibt...und das eigentliche, das Unsagbare erscheint bestenfalls als Spannung zwischen diesen Aussagen".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Eine Sprache des Suchens der unaussprechlichen menschlichen Wirklichkeit, die Sprache eines Sehens und Erforschens". Werner Stauffacher: <i>Sprache und Geheimnis</i>. In: Walter Schmitz (Hrsg.): <i>Materialien zu Max Frisch "Stiller". Erster Band</i>. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1978, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-518-06919-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-518-06919-6">978-3-518-06919-6</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Es wäre verlockend, all diese Gedanken auch auf den erzählenden Schriftsteller anzuwenden: Verfremdungseffekt mit sprachlichen Mitteln, das Spielbewußtsein in der Erzählung, das Offen-Artistische, das von den meisten Deutschlesenden als 'befremdend' empfunden und rundweg abgelehnt wird, weil es 'zu artistisch' ist, weil es die Einfühlung verhindert, das Hingerissene nicht herstellt, die Illusion zerstört, nämlich die Illusion, daß die erzählte Geschichte ‚wirklich' passiert ist." Max Frisch: Tagebuch 1946–1949. In: Gesammelte Werke in zeitlicher Folge. Second volume. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1998, p. 601.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tildy Hanhart: Max Frisch: Zufall, Rolle und literarische Form. Scriptor, Kronberg 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-589-20408-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-589-20408-3">978-3-589-20408-3</a>, pp. 4–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaus Müller-Salget: <i>Max Frisch</i>. Reclam, Stuttgart 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-15-015210-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-15-015210-2">978-3-15-015210-2</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Du sollst dir kein Bildnis machen, heißt es, von Gott. Es dürfte auch in diesem Sinne gelten: Gott als das Lebendige in jedem Menschen, das, was nicht erfaßbar ist. Es ist eine Versündigung, die wir, so wie sie an uns begangen wird, fast ohne Unterlass wieder begehen – Ausgenommen wenn wir lieben." Max Frisch: Tagebuch 1946–1949. In: Gesammelte Werke in zeitlicher Folge. Second volume. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-518-06533-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-518-06533-4">978-3-518-06533-4</a>, p. 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vgl. Hans Jürg Lüthi: Max Frisch. "Du sollst dir kein Bildnis machen." Francke, München 1981, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7720-1700-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7720-1700-1">978-3-7720-1700-1</a>, pp. 7–10, 16–50 and 51–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Es] "vollzieht sich das menschliche Leben oder verfehlt sich am einzelnen Ich, nirgends sonst." Max Frisch: <a href="/wiki/Gantenbein" title="Gantenbein">Mein Name sei Gantenbein</a>. In: Collected works chronologically sequenced (<i>Gesammelte Werke in zeitlicher Folge</i>). Fifth volume. <a href="/wiki/Suhrkamp_Verlag" title="Suhrkamp Verlag">Suhrkamp</a>, Frankfurt am Main 1998, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Die Würde des Menschen, scheint mir, besteht in der Wahl." Max Frisch: Tagebuch 1946–1949. In: <i>Gesammelte Werke in zeitlicher Folge</i>. Second volume, p. 488.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"... daß einer mit sich selbst identisch wird. Andernfalls ist er nie gewesen!"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claus Reschke: Life as a Man. Contemporary Male-Female Relationships in the Novels of Max Frisch. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang</a>, New York 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-1163-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-1163-7">978-0-8204-1163-7</a>, pp. 341, 350 and 361–364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mona Knapp: "Die Frau ist ein Mensch, bevor man sie liebt, manchmal auch nachher..." (A woman is a human being before you love her, sometimes also afterwards…). Critical comments on the formation of women in Frisch's works. In: Gerhard P. Knapp (Hrsg.): Max Frisch. Aspekte des Bühnenwerks. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang</a>, Bern 1979, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-261-03071-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-261-03071-9">978-3-261-03071-9</a>, pp. 73–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Das Weib erinnert mich an Tod, je blühender es erscheint." Max Frisch: <i>Don Juan oder Die Liebe zur Geometrie</i>. In: <i>Gesammelte Werke zeitlicher Folge</i> (Collected edition, chronologically sequenced). Third volume, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karin Struck: <i>Der Schriftsteller und die Frauen</i> (The writer and the women). In: Walter Schmitz (Hrsg.): <i>Max Frisch</i>, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-518-38559-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-518-38559-3">978-3-518-38559-3</a>, pp. 11–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"So löse ich mich auf und komme mir abhanden." Max Frisch: <i>Tagebuch</i> (Diary) 1966–1971 In: <i>Gesammelte Werke in zeitlicher Folge</i> (Collected edition in chronological sequence). Sixth volume. <a href="/wiki/Suhrkamp_Verlag" title="Suhrkamp Verlag">Suhrkamp</a>, Frankfurt am Main 1998, pp. 64, 107 & 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Brillant, zielsicher und interhältig werden die eigne Person und damit wir selber durch Fragezeichnen eingekreist". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrisch1974" class="citation book cs1">Frisch, Max (1974). <i>Tagebuch 1966–1971</i>. Zürich: Suhrkamp & Buchclub Ex Libris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tagebuch+1966%E2%80%931971&rft.place=Z%C3%BCrich&rft.pub=Suhrkamp+%26+Buchclub+Ex+Libris&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Frisch&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Frisch" class="Z3988"></span> Foreword.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Frisch <i>Tagebuch 1966-1971</i>. Suhrkamp 1972.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornelia Steffahn: <i>Altern, Sterben und Tod im Spätwerk von Max Frisch</i> (Aging, dying and death in the late work of Max Frisch). Dr Kovač, Hamburg 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8300-0249-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8300-0249-9">978-3-8300-0249-9</a>, pp. 1–6, 70–71 & 226–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlint1991" class="citation news cs1">Flint, Peter B. (5 April 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/05/obituaries/max-frisch-79-writer-is-dead-in-switzerland.html">"Max Frisch, 79, Writer, Is Dead in Switzerland"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Max+Frisch%2C+79%2C+Writer%2C+Is+Dead+in+Switzerland&rft.date=1991-04-05&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F04%2F05%2Fobituaries%2Fmax-frisch-79-writer-is-dead-in-switzerland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Frisch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Wer sich nicht mit Politik befaßt, hat die politische Parteinahme, die er sich sparen möchte, bereits vollzogen: er dient der herrschenden Partei." Max Frisch: <i>Tagebuch</i> (Diary) 1946–1949. In: <i>Gesammelte Werke in zeitlicher Folge</i> (Complete works chronologically sequenced). Zweiter Band (Second volume), p. 632.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sonja Rüegg: "Ich hasse nicht die Schweiz, sondern die Verlogenheit (It's not Switzerland that I hate, but the mendacity") . Das Schweiz-Bild in Max Frischs Werken "Graf Öderland", "Stiller" und "achtung: die Schweiz" und ihre zeitgenössische Kritik. ("The image of Switzerland in Max Frisch's works... [as listed] ... and their contemporary critics") Chronos, Zürich 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-905312-72-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-905312-72-0">978-3-905312-72-0</a>, pp. 109–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"ICH BIN SCHWEIZER (nicht bloß Inhaber eines schweizerischen Reisepasses, geboren auf schweizerischem Territorium usw., sondern Schweizer aus Bekenntnis)".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Heimat ist nicht durch Behaglichkeit definiert. Wer HEIMAT sagt, nimmt mehr auf sich." Max Frisch: <i>Die Schweiz als Heimat?</i>. In: <i>Gesammelte Werke in zeitlicher Folge</i> (Collected works chronologically sequenced). Sixth Volume. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1998, p. 517.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrisch1967" class="citation book cs1">Frisch, Max (1967). <i>Öffentlichkeit als Partner</i> [<i>Public as a Partner</i>]. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag. p. 100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%96ffentlichkeit+als+Partner&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Suhrkamp+Verlag&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Frisch&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Frisch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vgl. Bettina Jaques-Bosch: <i>Kritik und Melancholie im Werk Max Frischs. Zur Entwicklung einer für die Schweizer Literatur typischen Dichotomie</i> (Criticism and melancholy in Max Frisch's work. On the development of a dichotomy typical of Swiss literature). Peter Lang, Bern 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-261-03436-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-261-03436-6">978-3-261-03436-6</a>, pp. 136–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"zwischen Resignation und republikanischer Alters-Radikalität"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"1848 eine große Gründung des Freisinns, heute unter der jahrhundertelangen Dominanz des Bürgerblocks ein verluderter Staat – und was mich mit diesem Staat noch verbindet: ein Reisepaß (den ich nicht mehr brauchen werde)". Hans Ulrich Probst: <i>Zwischen Resignation und republikanischer Alters-Radikalität. Spuren des Citoyen Max Frisch im Spätwerk</i> (Between resignation and republican age radicalism. Traces of the citizen Max Frisch in his late work). In: Daniel de Vin: <i>Leben gefällt mir – Begegnung mit Max Frisch</i> (I like life - meeting Max Frisch). LTB Brüssel 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6828-003-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6828-003-6">978-90-6828-003-6</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arnold33-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arnold33_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arnold33_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinz Ludwig Arnold: <i>Gespräche mit Schriftstellern</i>. Beck, München 1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-04934-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-04934-7">978-3-406-04934-7</a>, S. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Öderland was acknowledged by Frisch himself as his "…erster Mißerfolg auf der Bühne" in Max Frisch: <i>Zu "Graf Öderland"</i>. In: <i>Gesammelte Werke in zeitlicher Folge</i>. Third volume. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1998, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jürgen H. Petersen: <i>Max Frisch. Realien zur Literatur</i>. Metzler (Sammlung Metzler Band 173), Stuttgart 1978; 3. akt. A. 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-476-13173-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-476-13173-7">978-3-476-13173-7</a>, pp. 183–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Volker Hage: Max Frisch 2006, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Schmitz: Kommentar. In: Max Frisch: Homo faber. Suhrkamp BasisBibliothek 3. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-518-18803-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-518-18803-3">978-3-518-18803-3</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Volker Hage: Max Frisch 2006, pp. 78 & 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Mayer: Frisch und Dürrenmatt, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The letter included the untranslatable (?!) observation: "wir haben uns wacker auseinander befreundet"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeLuArWasbinich-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HeLuArWasbinich_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinz Ludwig Arnold: Was bin ich? Über Max Frisch, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The phrase used by the organisers is "Gastland"/"Guest of honour"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"…. einen merkwürdig vertrauten alten Ton, aus allen Richtungen klingen und oft fast Seite für Seite seltsame Echos auf den Stiller von Max Frisch." Andreas Isenschmid: <i>Stillers Kinder</i>. In: <i>Die Zeit</i> vom 8. Oktober 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">About the section: Walter Schmitz: <i>Max Frisch im Werkdialog. Zeitgenössische Schriftsteller aus drei deutschen Literaturen über einen Schweizer Autor</i> (Max Frisch in dialogue on his work. Contemporary writers from three German literatures about a Swiss author). In: Bart Philipsen, Clemens Ruthner, Daniel de Vin (Hrsg.): <i>Was bleibt? Ex-Territorialisierung in der deutschsprachigen Prosa seit 1945</i> (What remains?: Internationalisation of German prose since 1945). Francke, Tübingen 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7720-2748-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7720-2748-2">978-3-7720-2748-2</a>, pp. 106–115, 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"[z]wei der für die deutschsprachige Literatur der fünfziger Jahre bezeichnendsten, sie beispielhaft repräsentierenden Romane". Dieter Lattmann (Hrsg.): <i>Kindlers Literaturgeschichte der Gegenwart: Die Literatur der Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i> (Kindler's literary history of the present: The literature of the Federal Republic of Germany). Kindler, München 1973, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-463-22001-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-463-22001-7">978-3-463-22001-7</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Krankheitserscheinungen einer kapitalistischen Gesellschaft ... [die] in einer Gesellschaft mit verstaatlichten Produktionsmitteln nicht vorhanden [seien]". Jürgen H. Petersen: Max Frisch, pp. 185–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Göbler (Hrsg.): <i>Max Frisch in der Sowjetunion. Materialien zur Rezeption</i>. Liber, Mainz 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88308-057-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88308-057-4">978-3-88308-057-4</a>, pp. XIII–XV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sigrid Bauschinger: <i>The American Reception of Contemporary German Literature</i>. In: Detlef Junker (Hrsg.): <i>The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War (1945–1990). A Handbook</i>. Volume 2, 1968–1990. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83420-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83420-9">978-0-521-83420-9</a>, p. 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jürgen H. Petersen: Max Frisch, pp. 186–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gottfried Honegger <i>Max Frisch. Elf Porträtskizzen. Vierzehn Texte zur Erinnerung</i>. Hotz, Steinhausen 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9522964-9-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9522964-9-3">978-3-9522964-9-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Deine Stelle in der Literaturgeschichte: wie beschreibt man sie? Ein formaler Neuerer bist Du nicht gewesen; Du hast auch nicht – Identitätsproblem in Ehren – von Dir reden gemacht durch eine nie dagewesene Thematik. Ich glaube, Du hast Epoche gemacht durch etwas zugleich Unauffälliges und Fundamentales: ein neues Ethos (und Pathos) des Versuchs. Deine Bücher machen die literarische Probe auf ein Exempel der Phantasie." Adolf Muschg: Hunger nach Format. In: Siegfried Unseld (Hrsg.): Begegnungen. Eine Festschrift für Max Frisch zum siebzigsten Geburtstag, pp. 166–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Anders als Dürrenmatt oder Böll, als Grass oder Uwe Johnson schrieb Frisch über die Komplexe und die Konflikte der Intellektuellen, und er wandte sich immer wieder an uns, die Intellektuellen aus der bürgerlichen Bildungsschicht. Er hat wie kein anderer unsere Mentalität durchschaut und erkannt". Marcel Reich-Ranicki: Max Frisch, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinz Ludwig Arnold: Was bin ich? Über Max Frisch, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arnold64-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arnold64_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinz Ludwig Arnold: <i>Gespräche mit Schriftstellern</i>. Beck, München 1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-04934-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-04934-7">978-3-406-04934-7</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Frisch: Tagebuch 1946–1949. In: Gesammelte Werke in zeitlicher Folge. Zweiter Band. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1998, pp. 648–693.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0140527/">SOS Glacier Pilot</a>. IMDb</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0282230/">Das Unglück</a>. IMDb</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0082725/">Max Frisch, Journal I-III (1981)</a>. IMDb</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086976/">Blaubart (1984)</a>. IMDb</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vgl. zum Abschnitt: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_J._Seiler" class="extiw" title="de:Alexander J. Seiler">Alexander J. Seiler</a>: <i>Zu filmisch für den Film?</i> In: Luis Bolliger (Hrsg.): <i>jetzt: max Frisch</i>, pp. 127–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0128255/">"Holozän"</a>. IMDb. 1 August 1992<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holoz%C3%A4n&rft.pub=IMDb&rft.date=1992-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0128255%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Frisch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184127/http://www.mfa.ethz.ch/en/max-frisch/awards/1958_charles_veillon.html">"Prix de Charles Veillon, 1958"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.ethz.ch/en/max-Frisch/awards/1958_charles_veillon.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prix+de+Charles+Veillon%2C+1958&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.ethz.ch%2Fen%2Fmax-Frisch%2Fawards%2F1958_charles_veillon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Frisch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whereas the Swiss Schiller Foundation's "Prize for all works to date" and "Prize for a single work" were each worth 10,000 Swiss Francs to the winner, the Major Schiller Prize (Grosser Schillerpreis ) was worth 30,000 Swiss Francs.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friedenspreis-des-deutschen-buchhandels.de/sixcms/media.php/1290/1976_Frisch.pdf">Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels 1976 Max Frisch</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160705134035/http://www.friedenspreis-des-deutschen-buchhandels.de/sixcms/media.php/1290/1976_frisch.pdf">Archived</a> 5 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6rsenverein_des_Deutschen_Buchhandels" title="Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels">Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutscheakademie.de/en/awards/georg-buechner-preis/max-frisch">"Max Frisch"</a>. <i>Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Akademie+f%C3%BCr+Sprache+und+Dichtung&rft.atitle=Max+Frisch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutscheakademie.de%2Fen%2Fawards%2Fgeorg-buechner-preis%2Fmax-frisch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Frisch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adi Kälin: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzz.ch/nachrichten/zuerich/zuercher_staedtebau_dossier/aktuelle_berichte/eingangstor_zu_neu-oerlikon_1.4138870.html">Eingangstor zu Neu-Oerlikon</a></i>. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung" title="Neue Zürcher Zeitung">Neue Zürcher Zeitung</a></i> of 9 December 2009.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaleczek2001" class="citation book cs1">Waleczek, Lioba (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maxfrisch0000wale"><i>Max Frisch</i></a></span>. Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag (dtv portrait 31045). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-423-31045-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-423-31045-1"><bdi>978-3-423-31045-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+Frisch&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Deutscher+Taschenbuchverlag+%28dtv+portrait+31045%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-423-31045-1&rft.aulast=Waleczek&rft.aufirst=Lioba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaxfrisch0000wale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Frisch" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Buclin, Hadrien. "Surmonter le passé? Les intellectuels de gauche et le débat des années soixante sur la deuxième guerre mondiale", in <i>Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte</i>, 2013/2, S. 233–249.</li> <li>Butler, Michael (1976) <i>The Novels of Max Frisch</i> (London)</li> <li>Butler, Michael (1985) <i>The Plays of Max Frisch</i> (London)</li> <li>Butler, Michael (1994) <i>Andorra</i>, Grant and Cutler Study Guide, 2nd edition, London</li> <li>Kieser, Rolf, ed. (1989) <i>Max Frisch: Novels, Plays, Essays</i>, The German Library Series, Continuum, New York.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="{{{ref}}}" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Marschall, Brigitte (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tls.theaterwissenschaft.ch/wiki/Max_Frisch">"Max Frisch"</a>. In Andreas Kotte (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Theaterlexikon_der_Schweiz" title="Theaterlexikon der Schweiz"><i>Theaterlexikon der Schweiz / Dictionnaire du théâtre en Suisse / Dizionario Teatrale Svizzero / Lexicon da teater svizzer</i></a> [<i>Theater Dictionary of Switzerland</i>]. Vol. 1. Zürich: Chronos. pp. 646–647. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0340-0715-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-0340-0715-3"><bdi>978-3-0340-0715-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2007423414">2007423414</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62309181">62309181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Max+Frisch&rft.btitle=Theaterlexikon+der+Schweiz+%2F+Dictionnaire+du+th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre+en+Suisse+%2F+Dizionario+Teatrale+Svizzero+%2F+Lexicon+da+teater+svizzer&rft.place=Z%C3%BCrich&rft.pages=646-647&rft.pub=Chronos&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62309181&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2007423414&rft.isbn=978-3-0340-0715-3&rft.au=Marschall%2C+Brigitte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftls.theaterwissenschaft.ch%2Fwiki%2FMax_Frisch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Frisch" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Max_Frisch" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Max Frisch">Max Frisch</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nb-helveticat.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?query=any,contains,%22Max+Frisch%22&tab=LibraryCatalog&search_scope=MyInstitution&vid=41SNL_51_INST:helveticat&lang=de&offset=0">Publications by and about Max Frisch</a> in the catalogue Helveticat of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Library" title="Swiss National Library">Swiss National Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=1641">Literary encyclopedia article on Frisch</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/2367/the-art-of-fiction-no-113-max-Frisch">Max Frisch interview</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Paris_Review" title="The Paris Review">The Paris Review</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Georg_B%C3%BCchner_Prize" title="Template:Georg Büchner Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Georg_B%C3%BCchner_Prize" title="Template talk:Georg Büchner Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georg_B%C3%BCchner_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Georg Büchner Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Georg_Büchner_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner_Prize" title="Georg Büchner Prize">Georg Büchner Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1923–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1923</span> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Karrillon" title="Adam Karrillon">Adam Karrillon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Mendelssohn" title="Arnold Mendelssohn">Arnold Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1924</span> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bock" title="Alfred Bock">Alfred Bock</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Thesing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Thesing (page does not exist)">Paul Thesing</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1925</span> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Michel" title="Wilhelm Michel">Wilhelm Michel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Koch" title="Rudolf Koch">Rudolf Koch</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1926</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Heinrich_Kleukens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Heinrich Kleukens (page does not exist)">Christian Heinrich Kleukens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Petersen_(composer)" title="Wilhelm Petersen (composer)">Wilhelm Petersen</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1927</span> <a href="/wiki/Kasimir_Edschmid" title="Kasimir Edschmid">Kasimir Edschmid</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Bischoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Bischoff (page does not exist)">Johannes Bischoff</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1928</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hoelscher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Hoelscher (page does not exist)">Richard Hoelscher</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Well_Habicht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Well Habicht (page does not exist)">Well Habicht</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1929</span> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zuckmayer" title="Carl Zuckmayer">Carl Zuckmayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Antes" title="Adam Antes">Adam Antes</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1930</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolaus_Schwarzkopf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolaus Schwarzkopf (page does not exist)">Nikolaus Schwarzkopf</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Lippmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Lippmann (page does not exist)">Johannes Lippmann</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1931</span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Posch" title="Alexander Posch">Alexander Posch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Simon" title="Hans Simon">Hans Simon</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1932</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_H._Rausch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert H. Rausch (page does not exist)">Albert H. Rausch</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Bode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Bode (page does not exist)">Adolf Bode</a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:85%;">1933–1944</span> not given</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1945</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Schiebelhuth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Schiebelhuth (page does not exist)">Hans Schiebelhuth</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1946</span> <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Usinger" title="Fritz Usinger">Fritz Usinger</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1947</span> <a href="/wiki/Anna_Seghers" title="Anna Seghers">Anna Seghers</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1948</span> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heiss" title="Hermann Heiss">Hermann Heiss</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1949</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gunschmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Gunschmann (page does not exist)">Carl Gunschmann</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1950</span> <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Langg%C3%A4sser" title="Elisabeth Langgässer">Elisabeth Langgässer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Since 1951</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1951</span> <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Benn" title="Gottfried Benn">Gottfried Benn</a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size:85%;">1952</span> not given</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1953</span> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kreuder" title="Ernst Kreuder">Ernst Kreuder</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1954</span> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kessel" title="Martin Kessel">Martin Kessel</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1955</span> <a href="/wiki/Marie_Luise_Kaschnitz" title="Marie Luise Kaschnitz">Marie Luise Kaschnitz</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1956</span> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Krolow" title="Karl Krolow">Karl Krolow</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1957</span> <a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%A4stner" title="Erich Kästner">Erich Kästner</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1958</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Max Frisch</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1959</span> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Eich" title="Günter Eich">Günter Eich</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1960</span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan">Paul Celan</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1961</span> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Erich_Nossack" title="Hans Erich Nossack">Hans Erich Nossack</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1962</span> <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Koeppen" title="Wolfgang Koeppen">Wolfgang Koeppen</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1963</span> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Magnus_Enzensberger" title="Hans Magnus Enzensberger">Hans Magnus Enzensberger</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1964</span> <a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Bachmann" title="Ingeborg Bachmann">Ingeborg Bachmann</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1965</span> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1966</span> <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Hildesheimer" title="Wolfgang Hildesheimer">Wolfgang Hildesheimer</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1967</span> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1968</span> <a href="/wiki/Golo_Mann" title="Golo Mann">Golo Mann</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1969</span> <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Hei%C3%9Fenb%C3%BCttel" title="Helmut Heißenbüttel">Helmut Heißenbüttel</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1970</span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bernhard" title="Thomas Bernhard">Thomas Bernhard</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1971</span> <a href="/wiki/Uwe_Johnson" title="Uwe Johnson">Uwe Johnson</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1972</span> <a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1973</span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1974</span> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kesten" title="Hermann Kesten">Hermann Kesten</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1975</span> <a href="/wiki/Man%C3%A8s_Sperber" title="Manès Sperber">Manès Sperber</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1976</span> <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Piontek" title="Heinz Piontek">Heinz Piontek</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1977</span> <a href="/wiki/Reiner_Kunze" title="Reiner Kunze">Reiner Kunze</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1978</span> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lenz" title="Hermann Lenz">Hermann Lenz</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1979</span> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Meister" title="Ernst Meister">Ernst Meister</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1980</span> <a href="/wiki/Christa_Wolf" title="Christa Wolf">Christa Wolf</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1981</span> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Walser" title="Martin Walser">Martin Walser</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1982</span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Weiss" title="Peter Weiss">Peter Weiss</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1983</span> <a href="/wiki/Wolfdietrich_Schnurre" title="Wolfdietrich Schnurre">Wolfdietrich Schnurre</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1984</span> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Jandl" title="Ernst Jandl">Ernst Jandl</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1985</span> <a href="/wiki/Heiner_M%C3%BCller" title="Heiner Müller">Heiner Müller</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1986</span> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1987</span> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fried" title="Erich Fried">Erich Fried</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1988</span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Drach" title="Albert Drach">Albert Drach</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1989</span> <a href="/wiki/Botho_Strau%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Botho Strauß">Botho Strauß</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1990</span> <a href="/wiki/Tankred_Dorst" title="Tankred Dorst">Tankred Dorst</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1991</span> <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Biermann" title="Wolf Biermann">Wolf Biermann</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1992</span> <a href="/wiki/George_Tabori" title="George Tabori">George Tabori</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1993</span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_R%C3%BChmkorf" title="Peter Rühmkorf">Peter Rühmkorf</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1994</span> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Muschg" title="Adolf Muschg">Adolf Muschg</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1995</span> <a href="/wiki/Durs_Gr%C3%BCnbein" title="Durs Grünbein">Durs Grünbein</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1996</span> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Kirsch" title="Sarah Kirsch">Sarah Kirsch</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1997</span> <a href="/wiki/H._C._Artmann" title="H. C. Artmann">H. C. Artmann</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1998</span> <a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1999</span> <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Stadler" title="Arnold Stadler">Arnold Stadler</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2000</span> <a href="/wiki/Volker_Braun" title="Volker Braun">Volker Braun</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2001</span> <a href="/wiki/Friederike_Mayr%C3%B6cker" title="Friederike Mayröcker">Friederike Mayröcker</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2002</span> <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Hilbig" title="Wolfgang Hilbig">Wolfgang Hilbig</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2003</span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kluge" title="Alexander Kluge">Alexander Kluge</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2004</span> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Genazino" title="Wilhelm Genazino">Wilhelm Genazino</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2005</span> <a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Kronauer" title="Brigitte Kronauer">Brigitte Kronauer</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2006</span> <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Pastior" title="Oskar Pastior">Oskar Pastior</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2007</span> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Mosebach" title="Martin Mosebach">Martin Mosebach</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2008</span> <a href="/wiki/Josef_Winkler_(writer)" title="Josef Winkler (writer)">Josef Winkler</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2009</span> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kappacher" title="Walter Kappacher">Walter Kappacher</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2010</span> <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Jirgl" title="Reinhard Jirgl">Reinhard Jirgl</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2011</span> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Christian_Delius" title="Friedrich Christian Delius">Friedrich Christian Delius</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2012</span> <a href="/wiki/Felicitas_Hoppe" title="Felicitas Hoppe">Felicitas Hoppe</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2013</span> <a href="/wiki/Sibylle_Lewitscharoff" title="Sibylle Lewitscharoff">Sibylle Lewitscharoff</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2014</span> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Becker_(poet)" title="Jürgen Becker (poet)">Jürgen Becker</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2015</span> <a href="/wiki/Rainald_Goetz" title="Rainald Goetz">Rainald Goetz</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2016</span> <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Beyer" title="Marcel Beyer">Marcel Beyer</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2017</span> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Wagner_(poet)" title="Jan Wagner (poet)">Jan Wagner</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2018</span> <a href="/wiki/Ter%C3%A9zia_Mora" title="Terézia Mora">Terézia Mora</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2019</span> <a href="/wiki/Lukas_B%C3%A4rfuss" title="Lukas Bärfuss">Lukas Bärfuss</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2020</span> <a href="/wiki/Elke_Erb" title="Elke Erb">Elke Erb</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2021</span> <a href="/wiki/Clemens_J._Setz" title="Clemens J. Setz">Clemens J. Setz</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2022</span> <a href="/wiki/Emine_Sevgi_%C3%96zdamar" title="Emine Sevgi Özdamar">Emine Sevgi Özdamar</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2023</span> <a href="/wiki/Lutz_Seiler" title="Lutz Seiler">Lutz Seiler</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2024</span> <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Egger" title="Oswald Egger">Oswald Egger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neustadt_International_Prize_for_Literature_Laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neustadt_International_Prize_for_Literature" title="Template:Neustadt International Prize for Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neustadt_International_Prize_for_Literature" title="Template talk:Neustadt International Prize for Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neustadt_International_Prize_for_Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neustadt International Prize for Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neustadt_International_Prize_for_Literature_Laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neustadt_International_Prize_for_Literature" title="Neustadt International Prize for Literature">Neustadt International Prize for Literature</a> Laureates</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ungaretti" title="Giuseppe Ungaretti">Giuseppe Ungaretti</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ponge" title="Francis Ponge">Francis Ponge</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bishop" title="Elizabeth Bishop">Elizabeth Bishop</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_%C5%A0kvoreck%C3%BD" title="Josef Škvorecký">Josef Škvorecký</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paavo_Haavikko" title="Paavo Haavikko">Paavo Haavikko</a> (1984)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Max Frisch</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Rao" title="Raja Rao">Raja Rao</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomas_Transtr%C3%B6mer" title="Tomas Tranströmer">Tomas Tranströmer</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Cabral_de_Melo_Neto" title="João Cabral de Melo Neto">João Cabral de Melo Neto</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamau_Brathwaite" title="Kamau Brathwaite">Kamau Brathwaite</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assia_Djebar" title="Assia Djebar">Assia Djebar</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuruddin_Farah" title="Nuruddin Farah">Nuruddin Farah</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Malouf" title="David Malouf">David Malouf</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Mutis" title="Álvaro Mutis">Álvaro Mutis</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Zagajewski" title="Adam Zagajewski">Adam Zagajewski</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claribel_Alegr%C3%ADa" title="Claribel Alegría">Claribel Alegría</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Grace" title="Patricia Grace">Patricia Grace</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duo_Duo" title="Duo Duo">Duo Duo</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohinton_Mistry" title="Rohinton Mistry">Rohinton Mistry</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Couto" title="Mia Couto">Mia Couto</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubravka_Ugre%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Dubravka Ugrešić">Dubravka Ugrešić</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwidge_Danticat" title="Edwidge Danticat">Edwidge Danticat</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Kadare" title="Ismail Kadare">Ismail Kadare</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boubacar_Boris_Diop" title="Boubacar Boris Diop">Boubacar Boris Diop</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="German-language_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:German_literature" title="Template:German literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:German_literature" title="Template talk:German literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:German_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:German literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="German-language_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German-language literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">History of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">History of Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_literature" title="Old High German literature">Old High German literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German_literature" title="Middle High German literature">Middle High German literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German_literature" title="Early New High German literature">Early New High German literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">Literary realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_culture" title="Weimar culture">Weimar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exilliteratur" title="Exilliteratur">Exilliteratur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_literature" title="Austrian literature">Austrian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature" title="Swiss literature">Swiss literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_studies" title="German studies">German studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_writers" title="Category:Austrian writers">Austrian writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_writers" title="Category:German writers">German writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liechtenstein_writers" title="Category:Liechtenstein writers">Liechtenstein writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swiss_writers_in_German" title="Category:Swiss writers in German">Swiss writers in German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translators_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Category:Translators of William Shakespeare">Category:Translators of William Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Reformation era literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_courtly_romance" title="German courtly romance">Courtly romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_von_K%C3%BCrenberg" title="Der von Kürenberg">Der von Kürenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietmar_von_Aist" title="Dietmar von Aist">Dietmar von Aist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinmar_von_Hagenau" title="Reinmar von Hagenau">Reinmar von Hagenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmann_von_Aue" title="Hartmann von Aue">Hartmann von Aue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Walther von der Vogelweide">Walther von der Vogelweide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Johansdorf" title="Albrecht von Johansdorf">Albrecht von Johansdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Morungen" title="Heinrich von Morungen">Heinrich von Morungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_von_Strassburg" title="Gottfried von Strassburg">Gottfried von Strassburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Bern" title="Dietrich von Bern">Dietrich von Bern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Dach" title="Simon Dach">Simon Dach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fleming_(poet)" title="Paul Fleming (poet)">Paul Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Folz" title="Hans Folz">Hans Folz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jakob_Christoffel_von_Grimmelshausen" title="Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen">Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Gryphius" title="Andreas Gryphius">Andreas Gryphius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Hoffmann_von_Hoffmannswaldau" title="Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau">Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Moscherosch" title="Johann Michael Moscherosch">Johann Michael Moscherosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Opitz" title="Martin Opitz">Martin Opitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sachs" title="Hans Sachs">Hans Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelus_Silesius" title="Angelus Silesius">Angelus Silesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ulrich,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick">Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wickram" title="Georg Wickram">Georg Wickram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes" title="Barthold Heinrich Brockes">Barthold Heinrich Brockes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_F%C3%BCrchtegott_Gellert" title="Christian Fürchtegott Gellert">Christian Gellert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Gottsched" title="Johann Christoph Gottsched">Johann Christoph Gottsched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_G%C3%BCnther" title="Johann Christian Günther">Johann Christian Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlieb_Klopstock" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock">Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Michael_Reinhold_Lenz" title="Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz">Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a> (Friedrich von Hardenberg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Schnabel" title="Johann Gottfried Schnabel">Johann Gottfried Schnabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Christoph Martin Wieland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">Bettina von Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">Achim von Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Clemens Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_von_Chamisso" title="Adelbert von Chamisso">Adelbert von Chamisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_von_Droste-H%C3%BClshoff" title="Annette von Droste-Hülshoff">Annette von Droste-Hülshoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_von_Ebner-Eschenbach" title="Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach">Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Joseph von Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane">Theodor Fontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Freytag" title="Gustav Freytag">Gustav Freytag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremias_Gotthelf" title="Jeremias Gotthelf">Jeremias Gotthelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Grillparzer" title="Franz Grillparzer">Franz Grillparzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm" title="Wilhelm Grimm">Wilhelm Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Hebbel" title="Christian Friedrich Hebbel">Christian Friedrich Hebbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_Hebel" title="Johann Peter Hebel">Johann Peter Hebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Herwegh" title="Georg Herwegh">Georg Herwegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">E. T. A. Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Keller" title="Gottfried Keller">Gottfried Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Heinrich von Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Nikolaus Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_May" title="Karl May">Karl May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Ferdinand_Meyer" title="Conrad Ferdinand Meyer">Conrad Ferdinand Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Eduard Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nestroy" title="Johann Nestroy">Johann Nestroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Raabe" title="Wilhelm Raabe">Wilhelm Raabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalbert_Stifter" title="Adalbert Stifter">Adalbert Stifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Storm" title="Theodor Storm">Theodor Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Ludwig Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Ludwig Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_Ayim" title="May Ayim">May Ayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Bachmann" title="Ingeborg Bachmann">Ingeborg Bachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bahr" title="Hermann Bahr">Hermann Bahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicki_Baum" title="Vicki Baum">Vicki Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_R._Becher" title="Johannes R. Becher">Johannes R. Becher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Benn" title="Gottfried Benn">Gottfried Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bernhard" title="Thomas Bernhard">Thomas Bernhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brasch" title="Thomas Brasch">Thomas Brasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volker_Braun" title="Volker Braun">Volker Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dieter_Brinkmann" title="Rolf Dieter Brinkmann">Rolf Dieter Brinkmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Hermann Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnolt_Bronnen" title="Arnolt Bronnen">Arnolt Bronnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Burger" title="Hermann Burger">Hermann Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan">Paul Celan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Alfred Döblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimito_von_Doderer" title="Heimito von Doderer">Heimito von Doderer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Feuchtwanger" title="Lion Feuchtwanger">Lion Feuchtwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marieluise_Flei%C3%9Fer" title="Marieluise Fleißer">Marieluise Fleißer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fried" title="Erich Fried">Erich Fried</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Max Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">Stefan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlen_Haushofer" title="Marlen Haushofer">Marlen Haushofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Heym" title="Georg Heym">Georg Heym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Hilbig" title="Wolfgang Hilbig">Wolfgang Hilbig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">Hugo von Hofmannsthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96d%C3%B6n_von_Horv%C3%A1th" title="Ödön von Horváth">Ödön von Horváth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricarda_Huch" title="Ricarda Huch">Ricarda Huch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Huchel" title="Peter Huchel">Peter Huchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Jandl" title="Ernst Jandl">Ernst Jandl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Johnson" title="Uwe Johnson">Uwe Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Ernst Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%A4stner" title="Erich Kästner">Erich Kästner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kesten" title="Hermann Kesten">Hermann Kesten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irmgard_Keun" title="Irmgard Keun">Irmgard Keun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Kirsch" title="Sarah Kirsch">Sarah Kirsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Kisch" title="Egon Kisch">Egon Erwin Kisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Kracauer" title="Siegfried Kracauer">Siegfried Kracauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kraus_(writer)" title="Karl Kraus (writer)">Karl Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Else_Lasker-Sch%C3%BCler" title="Else Lasker-Schüler">Else Lasker-Schüler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_Lasswitz" title="Kurd Lasswitz">Kurd Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gert_Ledig" title="Gert Ledig">Gert Ledig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Lenz" title="Siegfried Lenz">Siegfried Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mann" title="Heinrich Mann">Heinrich Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Mann" title="Klaus Mann">Klaus Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friederike_Mayr%C3%B6cker" title="Friederike Mayröcker">Friederike Mayröcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Morgenstern" title="Christian Morgenstern">Christian Morgenstern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_M%C3%BChsam" title="Erich Mühsam">Erich Mühsam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiner_M%C3%BCller" title="Heiner Müller">Heiner Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Muschg" title="Adolf Muschg">Adolf Muschg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Robert Musil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Maria_Remarque" title="Erich Maria Remarque">Erich Maria Remarque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Roth" title="Joseph Roth">Joseph Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Salomon" title="Ernst von Salomon">Ernst von Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Scheerbart" title="Paul Scheerbart">Paul Scheerbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schnitzler" title="Arthur Schnitzler">Arthur Schnitzler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helga_Schubert" title="Helga Schubert">Helga Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schwitters" title="Kurt Schwitters">Kurt Schwitters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._G._Sebald" title="W. G. Sebald">W. G. Sebald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seghers" title="Anna Seghers">Anna Seghers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berta_von_Suttner" class="mw-redirect" title="Berta von Suttner">Berta von Suttner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Trakl" title="Georg Trakl">Georg Trakl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Tucholsky" title="Kurt Tucholsky">Kurt Tucholsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walser" title="Robert Walser">Robert Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Weinheber" title="Josef Weinheber">Josef Weinheber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Weiss" title="Peter Weiss">Peter Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christa_Wolf" title="Christa Wolf">Christa Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Angst" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz Angst">Fritz Zorn (Fritz Angst)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Stefan Zweig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zsuzsa_B%C3%A1nk" title="Zsuzsa Bánk">Zsuzsa Bánk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brussig" title="Thomas Brussig">Thomas Brussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Erpenbeck" title="Jenny Erpenbeck">Jenny Erpenbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainald_Goetz" title="Rainald Goetz">Rainald Goetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durs_Gr%C3%BCnbein" title="Durs Grünbein">Durs Grünbein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Hermann" title="Judith Hermann">Judith Hermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Jirgl" title="Reinhard Jirgl">Reinhard Jirgl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Kaminer" title="Wladimir Kaminer">Wladimir Kaminer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kehlmann" title="Daniel Kehlmann">Daniel Kehlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Kinsky" title="Esther Kinsky">Esther Kinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kluge" title="Alexander Kluge">Alexander Kluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_K%C3%B6hler" title="Barbara Köhler">Barbara Köhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Kracht" title="Christian Kracht">Christian Kracht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monika_Maron" title="Monika Maron">Monika Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Meyer" title="Clemens Meyer">Clemens Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter%C3%A9zia_Mora" title="Terézia Mora">Terézia Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Dodua_Otoo" title="Sharon Dodua Otoo">Sharon Dodua Otoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emine_Sevgi_%C3%96zdamar" title="Emine Sevgi Özdamar">Emine Sevgi Özdamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Pr%C3%A4auer" title="Teresa Präauer">Teresa Präauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julya_Rabinowich" title="Julya Rabinowich">Julya Rabinowich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafik_Schami" title="Rafik Schami">Rafik Schami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingo_Schulze" title="Ingo Schulze">Ingo Schulze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Seiler" title="Lutz Seiler">Lutz Seiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_J._Setz" title="Clemens J. Setz">Clemens J. Setz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botho_Strauss" title="Botho Strauss">Botho Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoko_Tawada" title="Yoko Tawada">Yoko Tawada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Timm" title="Uwe Timm">Uwe Timm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilija_Trojanow" title="Ilija Trojanow">Ilija Trojanow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Wagner_(poet)" title="Jan Wagner (poet)">Jan Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Walser" title="Martin Walser">Martin Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wawerzinek" title="Peter Wawerzinek">Peter Wawerzinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Wondratschek" title="Wolf Wondratschek">Wolf Wondratschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feridun_Zaimo%C4%9Flu" title="Feridun Zaimoğlu">Feridun Zaimoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juli_Zeh" title="Juli Zeh">Juli Zeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German-language<br />Nobel laureates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken">Rudolf Christoph Eucken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitteler" title="Carl Spitteler">Carl Spitteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German-language<br />literary awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_German-Language_Literature" title="Festival of German-Language Literature">Ingeborg Bachmann Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner_Prize" title="Georg Büchner Prize">Georg Büchner Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud_Prize" title="Sigmund Freud Prize">Sigmund Freud Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_von_Chamisso_Prize" title="Adelbert von Chamisso Prize">Adelbert von Chamisso Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Fallada_Prize" title="Hans Fallada Prize">Hans Fallada Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethe_Prize" title="Goethe Prize">Goethe Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine_Prize" title="Heinrich Heine Prize">Heinrich Heine Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleist_Prize" title="Kleist Prize">Kleist Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Book_Fair_Prize" title="Leipzig Book Fair Prize">Leipzig Book Fair Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs_Prize" title="Nelly Sachs Prize">Nelly Sachs Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_Conrad_Ferdinand_Meyer_Prize_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conrad_Ferdinand_Meyer_Prize_winners" title="Template:Conrad Ferdinand Meyer Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conrad_Ferdinand_Meyer_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:Conrad Ferdinand Meyer Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conrad_Ferdinand_Meyer_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conrad Ferdinand Meyer Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_Conrad_Ferdinand_Meyer_Prize_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">List of <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Ferdinand_Meyer_Prize" title="Conrad Ferdinand Meyer Prize">Conrad Ferdinand Meyer Prize</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1938-1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Hiltbrunner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Hiltbrunner (page does not exist)">Hermann Hiltbrunner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: Emil Gerber</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Max Frisch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1940: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Ehrismann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Ehrismann (page does not exist)">Albert Ehrismann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1941: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Kappeler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Kappeler (page does not exist)">Ernst Kappeler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1942: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Adolf_Brenner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Adolf Brenner (page does not exist)">Paul Adolf Brenner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: Hans Schumacher</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Guggenheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Guggenheim (page does not exist)">Kurt Guggenheim</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Drittenbass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Drittenbass (page does not exist)">Maria Drittenbass</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Erhardt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Erhardt (page does not exist)">Hans Erhardt</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sven_Moeschlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sven Moeschlin (page does not exist)">Sven Moeschlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_B%C3%B6ni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Böni (page does not exist)">Franz Böni</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gottlieb_Heinrich_Heer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gottlieb Heinrich Heer (page does not exist)">Gottlieb Heinrich Heer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hug" title="Charles Hug">Charles Hug</a> / Heinrich Müller</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Aeschbacher" title="Hans Aeschbacher">Hans Aeschbacher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hess_(composer)" title="Ernst Hess (composer)">Ernst Hess</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Mattes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugen Mattes (page does not exist)">Eugen Mattes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Gero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcel Gero (page does not exist)">Marcel Gero</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Hegetschweiler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Hegetschweiler (page does not exist)">Max Hegetschweiler</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadja_Jollos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nadja Jollos (page does not exist)">Nadja Jollos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Fischer_(art_historician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcel Fischer (art historician) (page does not exist)">Marcel Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Liebermann" title="Rolf Liebermann">Rolf Liebermann</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_A._Sigg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann A. Sigg (page does not exist)">Hermann A. Sigg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Leuthard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Leuthard (page does not exist)">Kurt Leuthard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Armin_Schibler" title="Armin Schibler">Armin Schibler</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emilio_Stanzani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emilio Stanzani (page does not exist)">Emilio Stanzani</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951-1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Kuprecht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Kuprecht (page does not exist)">Karl Kuprecht</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Meiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruno Meiner (page does not exist)">Bruno Meiner</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Tischh%C3%A4user&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Tischhäuser (page does not exist)">Franz Tischhäuser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: Paul Brenner / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erhart_Ermatinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erhart Ermatinger (page does not exist)">Erhart Ermatinger</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaspar_Ilg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaspar Ilg (page does not exist)">Kaspar Ilg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_H%C3%A4ny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Häny (page does not exist)">Arthur Häny</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_J._Meyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans J. Meyer (page does not exist)">Hans J. Meyer</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Naef&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Naef (page does not exist)">Hans Naef</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Boesch_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Boesch (writer) (page does not exist)">Hans Boesch</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hildi_Hess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hildi Hess (page does not exist)">Hildi Hess</a> /<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Aerni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viktor Aerni (page does not exist)">Viktor Aerni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Fassbind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Fassbind (page does not exist)">Franz Fassbind</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_Stocker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlotte Stocker (page does not exist)">Charlotte Stocker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emanuel_Jakob&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emanuel Jakob (page does not exist)">Emanuel Jakob</a> / Werner Weber</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Gort_Bischof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Gort Bischof (page does not exist)">Walter Gort Bischof</a> / Bruno Boesch / <a href="/wiki/Armin_Schibler" title="Armin Schibler">Armin Schibler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Jaeckle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Jaeckle (page does not exist)">Erwin Jaeckle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Huber" title="Klaus Huber">Klaus Huber</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Buser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Buser (page does not exist)">Harry Buser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Jakob_Wegmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Jakob Wegmann (page does not exist)">Karl Jakob Wegmann</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Giegling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Giegling (page does not exist)">Franz Giegling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raffael_Ganz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raffael Ganz (page does not exist)">Raffael Ganz</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silvio_Mattioli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silvio Mattioli (page does not exist)">Silvio Mattioli</a> / Ernst Züllig</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Erika_Burkart" title="Erika Burkart">Erika Burkart</a> /Josef Wyss</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: Roland Gross / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Reutimann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Reutimann (page does not exist)">Hans Reutimann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: Peter Meister</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Meier" title="Herbert Meier">Herbert Meier</a> / Gottfried Müller</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfriede_Huber-Abrahamowicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elfriede Huber-Abrahamowicz (page does not exist)">Elfriede Huber-Abrahamowicz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Loetscher" title="Hugo Loetscher">Hugo Loetscher</a> / Walter Siegfried</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: Andreas Christen / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Gross_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Gross (writer) (page does not exist)">Walter Gross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Muschg" title="Adolf Muschg">Adolf Muschg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Franz_Hohler" title="Franz Hohler">Franz Hohler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irma_Bamert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irma Bamert (page does not exist)">Irma Bamert</a> / <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrg_Federspiel" title="Jürg Federspiel">Jürg Federspiel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Gerold_Sp%C3%A4th" title="Gerold Späth">Gerold Späth</a> / Fritz Gafner / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urs_Raussm%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urs Raussmüller (page does not exist)">Urs Raussmüller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrg_Acklin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jürg Acklin (page does not exist)">Jürg Acklin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nizon" title="Paul Nizon">Paul Nizon</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_R%C3%BCfenacht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Rüfenacht (page does not exist)">Walter Rüfenacht</a> / Peter Vogt</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Ulrich_Lehmann" title="Hans Ulrich Lehmann">Hans Ulrich Lehmann</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Florin_Granwehr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florin Granwehr (page does not exist)">Florin Granwehr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Blatter" title="Silvio Blatter">Silvio Blatter</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Bolliger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Bolliger (page does not exist)">Max Bolliger</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marianne_Gloor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marianne Gloor (page does not exist)">Marianne Gloor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beat_Brechb%C3%BChl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beat Brechbühl (page does not exist)">Beat Brechbühl</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Elsener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulrich Elsener (page does not exist)">Ulrich Elsener</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976-2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolf_H%C3%B6rler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolf Hörler (page does not exist)">Rolf Hörler</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roland_Hotz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roland Hotz (page does not exist)">Roland Hotz</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Kauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walther Kauer (page does not exist)">Walther Kauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marguerite_Hersberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marguerite Hersberger (page does not exist)">Marguerite Hersberger</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Meier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Meier (page does not exist)">Peter Meier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alice_Vollenweider&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alice Vollenweider (page does not exist)">Alice Vollenweider</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Haselbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Haselbach (page does not exist)">Josef Haselbach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Burger" title="Hermann Burger">Hermann Burger</a> / Jürg Altherr</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_B%C3%B6ni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Böni (page does not exist)">Franz Böni</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federico_Hindermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federico Hindermann (page does not exist)">Federico Hindermann</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_M%C3%BCllenbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Müllenbach (page does not exist)">Thomas Müllenbach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: Roland Moser / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudia_Storz-B%C3%BCrli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claudia Storz-Bürli (page does not exist)">Claudia Storz-Bürli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrg_Amann" title="Jürg Amann">Jürg Amann</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosina_Kuhn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosina Kuhn (page does not exist)">Rosina Kuhn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hansj%C3%B6rg_Schertenleib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hansjörg Schertenleib (page does not exist)">Hansjörg Schertenleib</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Born&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Born (page does not exist)">Klaus Born</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Zopfi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emil Zopfi (page does not exist)">Emil Zopfi</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berndt_H%C3%B6ppner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berndt Höppner (page does not exist)">Berndt Höppner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Grab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Grab (page does not exist)">André Grab</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Zimmerlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Zimmerlin (page does not exist)">Alfred Zimmerlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Hanna_Johansen" title="Hanna Johansen">Hanna Johansen</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Hamburger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Hamburger (page does not exist)">Martin Hamburger</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Br%C3%A4uniger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Bräuniger (page does not exist)">Peter Bräuniger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_Stephan_Huber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix Stephan Huber (page does not exist)">Felix Stephan Huber</a> / Martin Wehrli</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Iso_Camartin" title="Iso Camartin">Iso Camartin</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrg_Burkhart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jürg Burkhart (page does not exist)">Jürg Burkhart</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Christoph_R%C3%BCtimann" title="Christoph Rütimann">Christoph Rütimann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H%C3%BCrlimann" title="Thomas Hürlimann">Thomas Hürlimann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rita_Ernst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rita Ernst (page does not exist)">Rita Ernst</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Schnyder" title="Daniel Schnyder">Daniel Schnyder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Danuser" title="Hans Danuser">Hans Danuser</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dante_Andrea_Franzetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dante Andrea Franzetti (page does not exist)">Dante Andrea Franzetti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_David_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas David Müller (page does not exist)">Thomas David Müller</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Sieber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Sieber (page does not exist)">Peter Sieber</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hannes_Brunner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hannes Brunner (page does not exist)">Hannes Brunner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tim_Krohn" title="Tim Krohn">Tim Krohn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Ulrich_B%C3%A4chtold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Ulrich Bächtold (page does not exist)">Hans Ulrich Bächtold</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainer_Henrich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainer Henrich (page does not exist)">Rainer Henrich</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Jakob_R%C3%BCetschi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Jakob Rüetschi (page does not exist)">Kurt Jakob Rüetschi</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Stalder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Stalder (page does not exist)">Thomas Stalder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urs_Frei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urs Frei (page does not exist)">Urs Frei</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Klotz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konrad Klotz (page does not exist)">Konrad Klotz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mischa_K%C3%A4ser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mischa Käser (page does not exist)">Mischa Käser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christoph_M%C3%B6rgeli" title="Christoph Mörgeli">Christoph Mörgeli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perikles_Monioudis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perikles Monioudis (page does not exist)">Perikles Monioudis</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beatrice_Maritz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beatrice Maritz (page does not exist)">Beatrice Maritz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silvia_Gertsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silvia Gertsch (page does not exist)">Silvia Gertsch</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Gassmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Gassmann (page does not exist)">Max Gassmann</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001-2025</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veronika_Job&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veronika Job (page does not exist)">Veronika Job</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urs_Mannhart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urs Mannhart (page does not exist)">Urs Mannhart</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Rauch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruno Rauch (page does not exist)">Bruno Rauch</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Opera_Company_Z%C3%BCrich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free Opera Company Zürich (page does not exist)">Free Opera Company Zürich</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Dorothee_Elmiger" title="Dorothee Elmiger">Dorothee Elmiger</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simone_E._Pfenninger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simone E. Pfenninger (page does not exist)">Simone E. Pfenninger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tom_Emerson_(architect)" title="Tom Emerson (architect)">Tom Emerson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktoria_Dimitrova_Popova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viktoria Dimitrova Popova (page does not exist)">Viktoria Dimitrova Popova</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillaume_Bru%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guillaume Bruère (page does not exist)">Guillaume Bruère</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrian_Gerber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrian Gerber (page does not exist)">Adrian Gerber</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_Schiller_Prize_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Schiller_Prize_winners" title="Template:Schiller Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Schiller_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:Schiller Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Schiller_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Schiller Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_Schiller_Prize_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">List of <a href="/wiki/Schiller_Prize" title="Schiller Prize">Schiller Prize</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grand Prix</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitteler" title="Carl Spitteler">Carl Spitteler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakob_Bosshart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakob Bosshart (page does not exist)">Jakob Bosshart</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippe_Godet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippe Godet (page does not exist)">Philippe Godet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Chiesa" title="Francesco Chiesa">Francesco Chiesa</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Schaffner" title="Jakob Schaffner">Jakob Schaffner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ferdinand_Ramuz" title="Charles Ferdinand Ramuz">Charles Ferdinand Ramuz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Peider_Lansel" title="Peider Lansel">Peider Lansel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meinrad_Inglin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meinrad Inglin (page does not exist)">Meinrad Inglin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Gonzague_de_Reynold" title="Gonzague de Reynold">Gonzague de Reynold</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Max Frisch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Denis_de_Rougemont" title="Denis de Rougemont">Denis de Rougemont</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Orelli" title="Giorgio Orelli">Giorgio Orelli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Loetscher" title="Hugo Loetscher">Hugo Loetscher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Chappaz" title="Maurice Chappaz">Maurice Chappaz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grytzko_Mascioni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grytzko Mascioni (page does not exist)">Grytzko Mascioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Erika_Burkart" title="Erika Burkart">Erika Burkart</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Jaccottet" title="Philippe Jaccottet">Philippe Jaccottet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Orelli" title="Giovanni Orelli">Giovanni Orelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bichsel" title="Peter Bichsel">Peter Bichsel</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schiller Prize</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Zermatten" title="Maurice Zermatten">Maurice Zermatten</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Landry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles-François Landry (page does not exist)">Charles-François Landry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Landry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles-François Landry (page does not exist)">Charles-François Landry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1942: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pericle_Patocchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pericle Patocchi (page does not exist)">Pericle Patocchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alice_Rivaz" title="Alice Rivaz">Alice Rivaz</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Georges_Lossier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Georges Lossier (page does not exist)">Jean-Georges Lossier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Landry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles-François Landry (page does not exist)">Charles-François Landry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Landry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles-François Landry (page does not exist)">Charles-François Landry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_M%C3%A9autis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Méautis (page does not exist)">Georges Méautis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Lauber" title="Maria Lauber">Maria Lauber</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Zermatten" title="Maurice Zermatten">Maurice Zermatten</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Landry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles-François Landry (page does not exist)">Charles-François Landry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Savary" title="Léon Savary">Léon Savary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Starobinski" title="Jean Starobinski">Jean Starobinski</a> and<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Monnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Pierre Monnier (page does not exist)">Jean-Pierre Monnier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chessex" title="Jacques Chessex">Jacques Chessex</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Pierrette_Micheloud" title="Pierrette Micheloud">Pierrette Micheloud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Pache" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Pache">Jean Pache</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Voisard" title="Alexandre Voisard">Alexandre Voisard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Haldas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Haldas (page does not exist)">Georges Haldas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/S._Corinna_Bille" title="S. Corinna Bille">S. Corinna Bille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Fontanet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Claude Fontanet (page does not exist)">Jean-Claude Fontanet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Haldas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Haldas (page does not exist)">Georges Haldas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monique_Laederach" title="Monique Laederach">Monique Laederach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mireille_Kuttel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mireille Kuttel (page does not exist)">Mireille Kuttel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Pache" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Pache">Jean Pache</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Anne_Cuneo" title="Anne Cuneo">Anne Cuneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Pierrette_Micheloud" title="Pierrette Micheloud">Pierrette Micheloud</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Monnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Pierre Monnier (page does not exist)">Jean-Pierre Monnier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Bouvier" title="Nicolas Bouvier">Nicolas Bouvier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monique_Laederach" title="Monique Laederach">Monique Laederach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Safonoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catherine Safonoff (page does not exist)">Catherine Safonoff</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Loetscher" title="Hugo Loetscher">Hugo Loetscher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bichsel" title="Peter Bichsel">Peter Bichsel</a> and Laurence Verrey</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Plume" title="Amélie Plume">Amélie Plume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_B%C3%B6ni" class="extiw" title="de:Franz Böni">Franz Böni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gis%C3%A8le_Ansorge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gisèle Ansorge (page does not exist)">Gisèle Ansorge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Bernard_Vuill%C3%A8me&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Bernard Vuillème (page does not exist)">Jean-Bernard Vuillème</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Yvette_Z%27Graggen" title="Yvette Z'Graggen">Yvette Z'Graggen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Benoziglio" title="Jean-Luc Benoziglio">Jean-Luc Benoziglio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Deblu%C3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Debluë (page does not exist)">François Debluë</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Fabio_Pusterla" title="Fabio Pusterla">Fabio Pusterla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monique_Laederach" title="Monique Laederach">Monique Laederach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Duval&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-François Duval (page does not exist)">Jean-François Duval</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABlle_Revaz" title="Noëlle Revaz">Noëlle Revaz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beno%C3%AEt_Damon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benoît Damon (page does not exist)">Benoît Damon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Deblu%C3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Debluë (page does not exist)">François Debluë</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/%C3%81gota_Krist%C3%B3f" title="Ágota Kristóf">Ágota Kristóf</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Probst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Probst (page does not exist)">Jacques Probst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9-Flore_Tappy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José-Flore Tappy (page does not exist)">José-Flore Tappy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Haas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-François Haas (page does not exist)">Jean-François Haas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Pascale_Kramer" title="Pascale Kramer">Pascale Kramer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sandoz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Sandoz (page does not exist)">Thomas Sandoz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Verdan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Verdan (page does not exist)">Nicolas Verdan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Découverte prize</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Lovey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catherine Lovey (page does not exist)">Catherine Lovey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominique_de_Rivaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominique de Rivaz (page does not exist)">Dominique de Rivaz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Douna_Loup" title="Douna Loup">Douna Loup</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_Schiller_Memorial_Prize_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Schiller_Memorial_Prize_winners" title="Template:Schiller Memorial Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Schiller_Memorial_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:Schiller Memorial Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Schiller_Memorial_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Schiller Memorial Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_Schiller_Memorial_Prize_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">List of <a href="/wiki/Schiller_Memorial_Prize" title="Schiller Memorial Prize">Schiller Memorial Prize</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kassner" title="Rudolf Kassner">Rudolf Kassner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Pannwitz" title="Rudolf Pannwitz">Rudolf Pannwitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Lehmann" title="Wilhelm Lehmann">Wilhelm Lehmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Bergengruen" title="Werner Bergengruen">Werner Bergengruen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Heinar_Kipphardt" title="Heinar Kipphardt">Heinar Kipphardt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Max Frisch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Eich" title="Günter Eich">Günter Eich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Storz" title="Gerhard Storz">Gerhard Storz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Ernst Jünger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Golo_Mann" title="Golo Mann">Golo Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Walser" title="Martin Walser">Martin Walser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Christa_Wolf" title="Christa Wolf">Christa Wolf</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4te_Hamburger" title="Käte Hamburger">Käte Hamburger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Volker_Braun" title="Volker Braun">Volker Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Joachim_Sch%C3%A4dlich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Joachim Schädlich (page does not exist)">Hans Joachim Schädlich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kluge" title="Alexander Kluge">Alexander Kluge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Hein" title="Christoph Hein">Christoph Hein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Botho_Strau%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Botho Strauß">Botho Strauß</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Tankred_Dorst" title="Tankred Dorst">Tankred Dorst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Rainald_Goetz" title="Rainald Goetz">Rainald Goetz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Ror_Wolf" title="Ror Wolf">Ror Wolf</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Nino_Haratischwili" title="Nino Haratischwili">Nino Haratischwili</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115483#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115483#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115483#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121192206">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7390328">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/48441/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyWXtkMbt9JYtQMCc4jG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118536109">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80002513">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11903643h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11903643h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00466775">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Frisch, Max"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV036408">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35105107">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990002453&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX884052">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/39988">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068622732">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90067672">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000000809&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000010699&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=83183">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000034323">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199609405">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/1zcfdm9k1n1fskc">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810609509605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/116617">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261328705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058518538206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14166153">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01966730?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500227829">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/f6f08315-0590-4588-acec-9c105a8eeb5a">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/?we_objectID=50501">ADK</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/827990">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118536109.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118536109">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026875659">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011804">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tls.theaterwissenschaft.ch/wiki/Max_Frisch">Theaterlexikon</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qr4xsx">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&oldid=1258585919">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Frisch&oldid=1258585919</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1911_births" title="Category:1911 births">1911 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_deaths" title="Category:1991 deaths">1991 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Zurich" title="Category:Writers from Zurich">Writers from Zurich</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architects_from_Zurich" title="Category:Architects from Zurich">Architects from Zurich</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ETH_Zurich_alumni" title="Category:ETH Zurich alumni">ETH Zurich alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swiss_male_novelists" title="Category:Swiss male novelists">Swiss male novelists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swiss_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:Swiss dramatists and playwrights">Swiss dramatists and playwrights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swiss_male_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:Swiss male dramatists and playwrights">Swiss male dramatists and playwrights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schiller_Memorial_Prize_winners" title="Category:Schiller Memorial Prize winners">Schiller Memorial Prize winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Georg_B%C3%BCchner_Prize_winners" title="Category:Georg Büchner Prize winners">Georg Büchner Prize winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jerusalem_Prize_recipients" title="Category:Jerusalem Prize recipients">Jerusalem Prize recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Swiss_novelists" title="Category:20th-century Swiss novelists">20th-century Swiss novelists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:20th-century dramatists and playwrights">20th-century dramatists and playwrights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Swiss_architects" title="Category:20th-century Swiss architects">20th-century Swiss architects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swiss_poets_in_German" title="Category:Swiss poets in German">Swiss poets in German</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swiss_male_poets" title="Category:Swiss male poets">Swiss male poets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Swiss_poets" title="Category:20th-century Swiss poets">20th-century Swiss poets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Swiss_male_writers" title="Category:20th-century Swiss male writers">20th-century Swiss male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Max_Frisch" title="Category:Max Frisch">Max Frisch</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a 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