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<span>Chemical</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemical-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chemical subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chemical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solid_fuel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solid_fuel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Solid fuel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solid_fuel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liquid_fuels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liquid_fuels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Liquid fuels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liquid_fuels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuel_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fuel gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biofuels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biofuels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Biofuels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biofuels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_fuels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_fuels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Fossil fuels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_fuels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nuclear</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nuclear-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nuclear subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nuclear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liquid_fuels_for_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liquid_fuels_for_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Liquid fuels for transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liquid_fuels_for_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Footnotes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 103 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-103" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">103 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandstof" title="Brandstof – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Brandstof" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF" title="وقود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وقود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%95%DC%90" title="ܝܩܕܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܩܕܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustible" title="Combustible – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Combustible" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanacaq" title="Yanacaq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yanacaq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%82" title="یاناجاق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یاناجاق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="জ্বালানি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জ্বালানি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Яғыулыҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Яғыулыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Паліва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паліва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Паліва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паліва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Гориво – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гориво" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorivo" title="Gorivo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gorivo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%8D" title="Түлишэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Түлишэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustible" title="Combustible – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Combustible" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BA%C4%83%C3%A7" title="Хуткăç – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хуткăç" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palivo" title="Palivo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Palivo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanwydd" title="Tanwydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tanwydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A6ndstof" title="Brændstof – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brændstof" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84" title="فيول – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فيول" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennstoff" title="Brennstoff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brennstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCtus" title="Kütus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kütus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF" title="Καύσιμο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καύσιμο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustible" title="Combustible – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Combustible" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brula%C4%B5o" title="Brulaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brulaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erregai" title="Erregai – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erregai" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="سوخت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوخت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustible" title="Combustible – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Combustible" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breosla" title="Breosla – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Breosla" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustible" title="Combustible – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Combustible" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Доагам – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Доагам" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%A3_(%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%A3)" title="ઈંધણ (બળતણ) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈંધણ (બળતણ)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EB%A3%8C" title="연료 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연료" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_fetur" title="Man fetur – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Man fetur" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%84" title="Վառելիք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վառելիք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8" title="ईन्धन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईन्धन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goriva" title="Goriva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Goriva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelo" title="Fuelo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fuelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan_bakar" title="Bahan bakar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahan bakar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustibile" title="Combustibile – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Combustibile" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldsneyti" title="Eldsneyti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eldsneyti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustibile" title="Combustibile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Combustibile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%A7" title="דלק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דלק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%A8" title="ಇಂಧನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂಧನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AC%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="საწვავი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საწვავი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Отын – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Отын" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fueli" title="Fueli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fueli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konbistib" title="Konbistib – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Konbistib" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Отун – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Отун" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B7%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%9F" title="ເຊື້ອໄຟ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຊື້ອໄຟ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagu%C4%BCs" title="Daguļs – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Daguļs" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurin%C4%81mais" title="Kurināmais – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kurināmais" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuras" title="Kuras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kuras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandjsjtof" title="Brandjsjtof – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Brandjsjtof" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCzel%C5%91anyag" title="Tüzelőanyag – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tüzelőanyag" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Гориво – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гориво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandrehitra" title="Fandrehitra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fandrehitra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ഇന്ധനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്ധനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8" title="इंधन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंधन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan_api" title="Bahan api – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahan api" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak_baka" title="Minyak baka – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Minyak baka" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC" title="လောင်စာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လောင်စာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiwai_(igu)" title="Waiwai (igu) – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Waiwai (igu)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandstof" title="Brandstof – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brandstof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8" title="इन्धन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इन्धन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="燃料 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="燃料" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brensel" title="Brensel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brensel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustible" title="Combustible – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Combustible" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoqilg%CA%BBi" title="Yoqilgʻi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yoqilgʻi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A3" title="ਬਾਲਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਲਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DD%A8" title="بالݨ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بالݨ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paliwo" title="Paliwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paliwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combust%C3%ADvel" title="Combustível – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Combustível" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustibil" title="Combustibil – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Combustibil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawrana" title="Rawrana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rawrana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Топливо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Топливо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Оттук – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Оттук" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fuel" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABnda_djeg%C3%ABse" title="Lënda djegëse – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lënda djegëse" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%B1" title="ඉන්ධන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉන්ධන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fuel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BB%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%BB" title="ٻارڻ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٻارڻ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palivo" title="Palivo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Palivo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorivo" title="Gorivo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gorivo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سووتەمەنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سووتەمەنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Гориво – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гориво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goriva" title="Goriva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Goriva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suluh" title="Suluh – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Suluh" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polttoaine" title="Polttoaine – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Polttoaine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A4nsle" title="Bränsle – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bränsle" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="எரிமம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எரிமம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iner%C9%A3i" title="Inerɣi – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Inerɣi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="ఇంధనం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇంధనం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="เชื้อเพลิง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เชื้อเพลิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolo" title="Lolo – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Lolo" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yak%C4%B1t" title="Yakıt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fuel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fuel (disambiguation)">Fuel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_Zille_Herbst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Heinrich_Zille_Herbst.jpg/300px-Heinrich_Zille_Herbst.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Heinrich_Zille_Herbst.jpg/450px-Heinrich_Zille_Herbst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Heinrich_Zille_Herbst.jpg/600px-Heinrich_Zille_Herbst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">Firewood</a> was one of the first fuels used by humans.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>fuel</b> is any material that can be made to react with other substances so that it releases energy as <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy">thermal energy</a> or to be used for <a href="/wiki/Work_(physics)" title="Work (physics)">work</a>. The concept was originally applied solely to those materials capable of releasing <a href="/wiki/Chemical_energy" title="Chemical energy">chemical energy</a> but has since also been applied to other sources of heat energy, such as <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear energy</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a>). </p><p>The heat energy released by reactions of fuels can be converted into <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_energy" title="Mechanical energy">mechanical energy</a> via a <a href="/wiki/Heat_engine" title="Heat engine">heat engine</a>. Other times, the heat itself is valued for warmth, <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a>, or industrial processes, as well as the illumination that accompanies <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>. Fuels are also used in the <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> of <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">cellular respiration</a>, where organic <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> are oxidized to release usable energy. <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">Hydrocarbons</a> and related organic molecules are by far the most common source of fuel used by humans, but other substances, including radioactive metals, are also utilized. </p><p>Fuels are contrasted with other substances or devices <a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">storing potential energy</a>, such as those that directly release <a href="/wiki/Electrical_energy" title="Electrical energy">electrical energy</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">batteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitors</a>) or mechanical energy (such as <a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">flywheels</a>, springs, compressed air, or water in a reservoir). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fire,_Fireplace,_Rostov-on-Don,_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fire%2C_Fireplace%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg/220px-Fire%2C_Fireplace%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fire%2C_Fireplace%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg/330px-Fire%2C_Fireplace%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fire%2C_Fireplace%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg/440px-Fire%2C_Fireplace%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Wood as fuel for combustion</figcaption></figure> <p>The first known use of fuel was the <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">firewood</a> by <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> nearly two million years ago.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Throughout most of human history only fuels derived from plants or animal fat were used by humans. <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a>, a wood derivative, has been used since at least 6,000 BCE for melting metals. It was only supplanted by <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a>, derived from coal, as European forests started to become depleted around the 18th century. Charcoal briquettes are now commonly used as a fuel for <a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">barbecue</a> cooking.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">Crude oil</a> was <a href="/wiki/Distilled" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled">distilled</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam">Persian chemists</a>, with clear descriptions given in Arabic handbooks such as those of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakar%C4%ABya_R%C4%81zi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi">Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described the process of distilling crude oil/petroleum into <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>, as well as other hydrocarbon compounds, in his <i>Kitab al-Asrar</i> (<i>Book of Secrets</i>). Kerosene was also produced during the same period from <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a> by heating the rock to extract the oil, which was then distilled. Rāzi also gave the first description of a <a href="/wiki/Kerosene_lamp" title="Kerosene lamp">kerosene lamp</a> using crude mineral oil, referring to it as the "naffatah".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The streets of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> were paved with <a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">tar</a>, derived from petroleum that became accessible from natural fields in the region. In the 9th century, <a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oil fields</a> were exploited in the area around modern <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>. These fields were described by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic geography">Arab geographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_%27Al%C4%AB_al-Mas%27%C5%ABd%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdī">Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdī</a> in the 10th century, and by <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> in the 13th century, who described the output of those wells as hundreds of shiploads.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the development of the <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a> in the United Kingdom in 1769, coal came into more common use, the combustion of which releases <a href="/wiki/Chemical_energy" title="Chemical energy">chemical energy</a> that can be used to turn water into steam.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coal was later used to drive ships and <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotives</a>. By the 19th century, gas extracted from coal was being used for street lighting in London. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the primary use of coal is to generate <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, providing 40% of the world's electrical power supply in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fossil fuels were rapidly adopted during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, because they were more concentrated and flexible than traditional energy sources, such as water power. They have become a pivotal part of our contemporary society, with most countries in the world burning fossil fuels in order to produce power, but are <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">falling out of favor</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> and related effects that are caused by burning them.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently the trend has been towards renewable fuels, such as <a href="/wiki/Biofuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Biofuels">biofuels</a> like alcohols. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical">Chemical</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chemical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chemical fuels are substances that release energy by reacting with substances around them, most notably by the process of <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>. </p><p>Chemical fuels are divided in two ways. First, by their physical properties, as a solid, liquid or gas. Secondly, on the basis of their occurrence: <i>primary (natural fuel)</i> and <i>secondary (artificial fuel)</i>. Thus, a general classification of chemical fuels is: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto;"> <caption>General types of chemical fuels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"> </th> <th scope="col">Primary (natural) </th> <th scope="col">Secondary (artificial) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Solid_fuel" title="Solid fuel">Solid fuels</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">dung</a>, etc.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_fuel" title="Liquid fuel">Liquid fuels</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">LPG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">coal tar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gaseous_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaseous fuel">Gaseous fuels</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">coal gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_gas" title="Water gas">water gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnace</a> gas, <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> oven gas, <a href="/wiki/CNG" class="mw-redirect" title="CNG">CNG</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solid_fuel">Solid fuel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Solid fuel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solid_fuel" title="Solid fuel">Solid fuel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CNJ_113%2Bcoal-pile%2Bbelt-Minersville.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/CNJ_113%2Bcoal-pile%2Bbelt-Minersville.jpg/220px-CNJ_113%2Bcoal-pile%2Bbelt-Minersville.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/CNJ_113%2Bcoal-pile%2Bbelt-Minersville.jpg/330px-CNJ_113%2Bcoal-pile%2Bbelt-Minersville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/CNJ_113%2Bcoal-pile%2Bbelt-Minersville.jpg/440px-CNJ_113%2Bcoal-pile%2Bbelt-Minersville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a> is a solid fuel</figcaption></figure> <p>Solid fuel refers to various types of <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> material that are used as fuel to produce <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> and provide <a href="/wiki/Heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Heating">heating</a>, usually released through combustion. Solid fuels include <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexamine_fuel_tablet" title="Hexamine fuel tablet">hexamine fuel tablets</a>, and pellets made from wood (see <a href="/wiki/Wood_pellets" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pellets">wood pellets</a>), <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">grains</a>. <a href="/wiki/Solid-fuel_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-fuel rocket">Solid-fuel rocket</a> technology also uses solid fuel (see <a href="/wiki/Rocket_fuel#Solid_propellants" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket fuel">solid propellants</a>). Solid fuels have been used by humanity for many years to <a href="/wiki/Making_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Making fire">create fire</a>. Coal was the fuel source which enabled the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, from firing <a href="/wiki/Industrial_furnace" title="Industrial furnace">furnaces</a>, to running <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engines</a>. Wood was also extensively used to run <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a>. Both peat and coal are still used in <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a> today. The use of some solid fuels (e.g. coal) is restricted or prohibited in some urban areas, due to unsafe levels of toxic emissions. The use of other solid fuels as wood is decreasing as heating technology and the availability of good quality fuel improves. In some areas, <a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">smokeless coal</a> is often the only solid fuel used. In Ireland, peat <a href="/wiki/Briquette" title="Briquette">briquettes</a> are used as smokeless fuel. They are also used to start a coal fire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liquid_fuels">Liquid fuels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Liquid fuels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liquid_fuel" title="Liquid fuel">Liquid fuel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandakan_Sabah_Shell-Station-Labuk_Road-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sandakan_Sabah_Shell-Station-Labuk_Road-01.jpg/220px-Sandakan_Sabah_Shell-Station-Labuk_Road-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sandakan_Sabah_Shell-Station-Labuk_Road-01.jpg/330px-Sandakan_Sabah_Shell-Station-Labuk_Road-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sandakan_Sabah_Shell-Station-Labuk_Road-01.jpg/440px-Sandakan_Sabah_Shell-Station-Labuk_Road-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5544" data-file-height="2678" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Filling_station" title="Filling station">filling station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Liquid fuels are combustible or energy-generating molecules that can be harnessed to create <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_energy" title="Mechanical energy">mechanical energy</a>, usually producing <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a>. They must also take the shape of their container; the fumes of liquid fuels are flammable, not the fluids. </p><p>Most liquid fuels in widespread use are derived from the <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossilized remains</a> of dead plants and animals by exposure to heat and pressure inside the Earth's crust. However, there are several types, such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen fuel">hydrogen fuel</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Automotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive">automotive</a> uses), <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">jet fuel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bio-diesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio-diesel">bio-diesel</a>, which are all categorized as liquid fuels. <a href="/wiki/Emulsified_fuel" title="Emulsified fuel">Emulsified fuels</a> of oil in water, such as <a href="/wiki/Orimulsion" title="Orimulsion">orimulsion</a>, have been developed as a way to make heavy oil fractions usable as liquid fuels. Many liquid fuels play a primary role in transportation and the economy. </p><p>Some common properties of liquid fuels are that they are easy to transport and can be handled easily. They are also relatively easy to use for all engineering applications and in home use. Fuels like <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> are rationed in some countries, for example in government-subsidized shops in India for home use. </p><p>Conventional <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a> is similar to <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> in that it is a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Aliphatic_hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliphatic hydrocarbon">aliphatic hydrocarbons</a> extracted from <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>. Kerosene is used in <a href="/wiki/Kerosene_lamp" title="Kerosene lamp">kerosene lamps</a> and as a fuel for cooking, heating, and small engines. <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a>, composed chiefly of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, can only exist as a liquid at very low temperatures (regardless of pressure), which limits its direct use as a liquid fuel in most applications. <a href="/wiki/LP_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="LP gas">LP gas</a> is a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">butane</a>, both of which are easily compressible gases under standard atmospheric conditions. It offers many of the advantages of <a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">compressed natural gas</a> (CNG) but is denser than air, does not burn as cleanly, and is much more easily compressed. Commonly used for cooking and space heating, LP gas and compressed propane are seeing increased use in motorized vehicles. Propane is the third most commonly used motor fuel globally. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diesel_in_mason_jar.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Locomotive diesel"><img alt="Locomotive diesel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Diesel_in_mason_jar.JPG/135px-Diesel_in_mason_jar.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Diesel_in_mason_jar.JPG/202px-Diesel_in_mason_jar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Diesel_in_mason_jar.JPG/270px-Diesel_in_mason_jar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Locomotive diesel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gasoline_in_mason_jar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gasoline"><img alt="Gasoline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gasoline_in_mason_jar.jpg/135px-Gasoline_in_mason_jar.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gasoline_in_mason_jar.jpg/202px-Gasoline_in_mason_jar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gasoline_in_mason_jar.jpg/270px-Gasoline_in_mason_jar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gasoline</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerosene_in_mason_jar.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kerosene"><img alt="Kerosene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kerosene_in_mason_jar.JPG/135px-Kerosene_in_mason_jar.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kerosene_in_mason_jar.JPG/202px-Kerosene_in_mason_jar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kerosene_in_mason_jar.JPG/270px-Kerosene_in_mason_jar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kerosene</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petro_motor_oil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Petroleum based motor oil"><img alt="Petroleum based motor oil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Petro_motor_oil.jpg/135px-Petro_motor_oil.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Petro_motor_oil.jpg/202px-Petro_motor_oil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Petro_motor_oil.jpg/270px-Petro_motor_oil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Petroleum based motor oil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Residual_fuel_oil.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Residual fuel oil or Bunker C oil"><img alt="Residual fuel oil or Bunker C oil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Residual_fuel_oil.JPG/121px-Residual_fuel_oil.JPG" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Residual_fuel_oil.JPG/181px-Residual_fuel_oil.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Residual_fuel_oil.JPG/242px-Residual_fuel_oil.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1865" data-file-height="2773" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Residual fuel oil or <a href="/wiki/Bunker_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunker oil">Bunker C oil</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuel_gas">Fuel gas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fuel gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Propane_tank_20lb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Propane_tank_20lb.jpg/170px-Propane_tank_20lb.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Propane_tank_20lb.jpg/255px-Propane_tank_20lb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Propane_tank_20lb.jpg/340px-Propane_tank_20lb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1973" data-file-height="2575" /></a><figcaption>A 20-pound (<span class="nowrap">9.1 kg</span>) propane cylinder</figcaption></figure> <p>Fuel gas is any one of a number of fuels that are <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gaseous</a> under ordinary conditions. Many fuel gases are composed of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbons">hydrocarbons</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> or <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, or mixtures thereof. Such gases are sources of potential <a href="/wiki/Heat_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat energy">heat energy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Light_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Light energy">light energy</a> that can be readily transmitted and distributed through pipes from the point of origin directly to the place of consumption. Fuel gas is contrasted with liquid fuels and from solid fuels, though some fuel gases are <a href="/wiki/Liquefaction_of_gases" title="Liquefaction of gases">liquefied</a> for storage or transport. While their gaseous nature can be advantageous, avoiding the difficulty of transporting solid fuel and the dangers of spillage inherent in liquid fuels, it can also be dangerous. It is possible for a fuel gas to be undetected and collect in certain areas, leading to the risk of a <a href="/wiki/Gas_explosion" title="Gas explosion">gas explosion</a>. For this reason, <a href="/wiki/Odorizer" title="Odorizer">odorizers</a> are added to most fuel gases so that they may be detected by a distinct smell. The most common type of fuel gas in current use is <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biofuels">Biofuels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Biofuels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(energy)" title="Biomass (energy)">Biomass (energy)</a></div> <p>Biofuel can be broadly defined as solid, liquid, or gas fuel consisting of, or derived from <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(energy)" title="Biomass (energy)">biomass</a>. Biomass can also be used directly for heating or power—known as <i>biomass fuel</i>. Biofuel can be produced from any carbon source that can be replenished rapidly e.g. plants. Many different plants and plant-derived materials are used for biofuel manufacture. </p><p>Perhaps the earliest fuel employed by humans is wood. Evidence shows controlled fire was used up to 1.5 million years ago at <a href="/wiki/Swartkrans" title="Swartkrans">Swartkrans</a>, South Africa. It is unknown which hominid species first used fire, as both <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i> and an early species of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo (genus)">Homo</a></i> were present at the sites.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a fuel, wood has remained in use up until the present day, although it has been superseded for many purposes by other sources. Wood has an <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a> of 10–20 <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">MJ</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently biofuelss have been developed for use in automotive transport (for example <a href="/wiki/Bioethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioethanol">bioethanol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>), but there is widespread public debate about how <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutral</a> these fuels are.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_fuels">Fossil fuels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fossil fuels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Extraction_of_oil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Extraction_of_oil.jpg/220px-Extraction_of_oil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Extraction_of_oil.jpg/330px-Extraction_of_oil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Extraction_of_oil.jpg/440px-Extraction_of_oil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Extraction of petroleum</figcaption></figure> <p>Fossil fuels are <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liquid_petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid petroleum">liquid petroleum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>), formed from the <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossilized remains</a> of ancient plants and animals<sup id="cite_ref-elements1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elements1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by exposure to high heat and pressure in the absence of oxygen in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> over hundreds of millions of years.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commonly, the term fossil fuel also includes hydrocarbon-containing <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> that are not derived entirely from biological sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Tar_sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar sands">tar sands</a>. These latter sources are properly known as <i>mineral fuels</i>. </p><p>Fossil fuels contain high percentages of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> and include coal, petroleum, and natural gas.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They range from <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatile</a> materials with low carbon:<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> ratios like <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, to liquid petroleum to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like <a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">anthracite</a> coal. Methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields, alone, associated with oil, or in the form of <a href="/wiki/Methane_clathrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane clathrates">methane clathrates</a>. Fossil fuels formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants<sup id="cite_ref-elements1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elements1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over millions of years.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Petroleum#Biogenic_theory" title="Petroleum">biogenic theory</a> was first introduced by German scholar <a href="/wiki/Georg_Agricola" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Agricola">Georg Agricola</a> in 1556 and later by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Mikhail Lomonosov</a> in the 18th century. </p><p>It was estimated by the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a> that in 2007 primary sources of energy consisted of petroleum 36.0%, coal 27.4%, natural gas 23.0%, amounting to an 86.4% share for fossil fuels in primary <a href="/wiki/Energy_consumption" title="Energy consumption">energy consumption</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-fossil sources in 2006 included <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> 6.3%, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear</a> 8.5%, and others (<a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">tidal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">waste</a>) amounting to 0.9%.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/World_energy_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="World energy consumption">World energy consumption</a> was growing about 2.3% per year. </p><p>Fossil fuels are <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-renewable resources">non-renewable resources</a> because they take millions of years to form, and reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made. So we must conserve these fuels and use them judiciously. The production and use of fossil fuels raise environmental concerns. A global movement toward the generation of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> is therefore under way to help meet increased energy needs. The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion <a href="/wiki/Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">tonnes</a> (21.3 <a href="/wiki/Gigatonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigatonne">gigatonnes</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) per year, but it is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year (one tonne of atmospheric carbon is equivalent to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">44</span>⁄<span class="den">12</span></span> (this is the ratio of the molecular/atomic weights) or 3.7 tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carbon dioxide is one of the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> that enhances <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a> and contributes to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, causing the <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">average surface temperature</a> of the Earth to rise in response, which <a href="/wiki/Scientific_opinion_on_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific opinion on climate change">the vast majority of climate scientists</a> agree will cause major <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming">adverse effects</a>. Fuels are a source of energy. </p><p>The International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts that fossil fuel prices will decline, with oil stabilizing around $75 to $80 per barrel as electric vehicle adoption surges and renewable energy expands. Additionally, the IEA anticipates a notable increase in liquefied natural gas capacity, enhancing Europe’s energy diversification.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The amount of energy from different types of fuel depends on the <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometric_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoichiometric ratio">stoichiometric ratio</a>, the chemically correct air and fuel ratio to ensure complete combustion of fuel, and its <a href="/wiki/Specific_energy" title="Specific energy">specific energy</a>, the energy per unit mass. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Energy_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy capacity">Energy capacities</a> of common types of fuel </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Fuel type </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Specific energy<br />(MJ/kg) </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Air%E2%80%93fuel_ratio" title="Air–fuel ratio">Air–fuel ratio</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometric</a>) </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Energy @ <i>λ</i>=1<br />(MJ/kg<sub>(Air)</sub>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">Diesel</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">48 </td> <td style="text-align:right">14.5 : 1 </td> <td style="text-align:right">3.310 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">26.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right">9 : 1 </td> <td style="text-align:right">2.933 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">46.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right">14.7 : 1 </td> <td style="text-align:right">3.156 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">142 </td> <td style="text-align:right">34.3 : 1 </td> <td style="text-align:right">4.140 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">Kerosene</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">46 </td> <td style="text-align:right">15.6 : 1 </td> <td style="text-align:right">2.949 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">LPG</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">46.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right">17.2 : 1 </td> <td style="text-align:right">2.698 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">19.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right">6.47 : 1 </td> <td style="text-align:right">3.045 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">55.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right">17.2 : 1 </td> <td style="text-align:right">3.219 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitromethane" title="Nitromethane">Nitromethane</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">11.63 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1.7 : 1 </td> <td style="text-align:right">6.841 </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <p>1 <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">MJ</a> ≈ 0.28 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt hour">kWh</a> ≈ 0.37 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower-hour" title="Horsepower-hour">HPh</a>. </p><p>(The fuel-air ratio (FAR) is the reciprocal of the air-fuel ratio (AFR).) </p><p><i>λ</i> is the air-fuel equivalence ratio, and <i>λ</i>=1 means that it is assumed that the fuel and the oxidising agent (oxygen in air) are present in exactly the correct proportions so that they are both fully consumed in the reaction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nuclear">Nuclear</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nuclear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">Nuclear fuel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CANDU_fuel_bundles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CANDU_fuel_bundles.jpg/300px-CANDU_fuel_bundles.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CANDU_fuel_bundles.jpg/450px-CANDU_fuel_bundles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CANDU_fuel_bundles.jpg/600px-CANDU_fuel_bundles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/CANDU" class="mw-redirect" title="CANDU">CANDU</a> ("CANada Deuterium Uranium") fuel bundles, each about 50<span class="nowrap"> </span>cm long and 10<span class="nowrap"> </span>cm in diameter</figcaption></figure> <p>Nuclear fuel is any material that is consumed to derive <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear energy</a>. In theory, a wide variety of substances could be a nuclear fuel, as they can be made to release nuclear energy under the right conditions. However, the materials commonly referred to as nuclear fuels are those that will produce energy without being placed under extreme duress. Nuclear fuel can be "burned" by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> (splitting nuclei apart) or <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fusion</a> (combining nuclei together) to derive nuclear energy. "Nuclear fuel" can refer to the fuel itself, or to physical objects (for example bundles composed of <b>fuel rods</b>) composed of the fuel material, mixed with structural, <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">neutron moderating</a>, or neutron-reflecting materials. </p><p>Nuclear fuel has the highest <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a> of all practical fuel sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fission">Fission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuclear_fuel_pellets.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Nuclear_fuel_pellets.jpeg/220px-Nuclear_fuel_pellets.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Nuclear_fuel_pellets.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="231" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">Nuclear fuel</a> pellets are used to release nuclear energy.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most common type of nuclear fuel used by humans is heavy <a href="/wiki/Fissile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fissile">fissile</a> elements that can be made to undergo <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> chain reactions in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear fission reactor</a>; <i>nuclear fuel</i> can refer to the material or to physical objects (for example fuel bundles composed of <a href="/wiki/Fuel_rod" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel rod">fuel rods</a>) composed of the fuel material, perhaps mixed with structural, <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">neutron moderating</a>, or neutron reflecting materials. </p><p>When some of these fuels are struck by neutrons, they are in turn capable of emitting neutrons when they break apart. This makes possible a self-sustaining <a href="/wiki/Chain_reaction" title="Chain reaction">chain reaction</a> that releases energy at a controlled rate in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>, or at a very rapid uncontrolled rate in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapon</a>. </p><p>The most common fissile nuclear fuels are <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a> (<sup>235</sup>U) and <a href="/wiki/Pu-239" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-239">plutonium-239</a> (<sup>239</sup>Pu). The actions of mining, refining, purifying, using, and ultimately disposing of nuclear fuel together make up the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel_cycle" title="Nuclear fuel cycle">nuclear fuel cycle</a>. Not all types of nuclear fuels create energy from nuclear fission. <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-238" title="Plutonium-238">Plutonium-238</a> and some other elements are used to produce small amounts of nuclear energy by <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">radioisotope thermoelectric generators</a> and other types of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_battery" title="Atomic battery">atomic batteries</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fusion">Fusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to fission, some light <a href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">nuclides</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> (<sup>3</sup>H) can be used as fuel for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a>. This involves two or more nuclei combining into larger nuclei. Fuels that produce energy by this method are currently not utilized by humans, but they are the main source of fuel for <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>. Fusion fuels are light elements such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> whose nucleii will combine easily. Energy is required to start fusion by raising the temperature so high that nuclei can collide together with enough energy that they stick together before repelling due to electric charge. This process is called fusion and it can give out energy. </p><p>In stars that undergo nuclear fusion, fuel consists of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic nuclei">atomic nuclei</a> that can release energy by the absorption of a <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a>. In most stars the fuel is provided by hydrogen, which can combine to form <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Proton-proton_chain_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton-proton chain reaction">proton-proton chain reaction</a> or by the <a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a>. When the hydrogen fuel is exhausted, nuclear fusion can continue with progressively heavier elements, although the net energy released is lower because of the smaller difference in nuclear binding energy. Once <a href="/wiki/Iron-56" title="Iron-56">iron-56</a> or <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nickel" title="Isotopes of nickel">nickel-56</a> nuclei are produced, no further energy can be obtained by nuclear fusion as these have the highest nuclear binding energies.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any nucleii heavier than <sup>56</sup>Fe and <sup>56</sup>Ni would thus absorb energy instead of giving it off when fused. Therefore, fusion stops and the star dies. In attempts by humans, fusion is only carried out with hydrogen (<sup>2</sup>H (deuterium) or <sup>3</sup>H (tritium)) to form helium-4 as this reaction gives out the most net energy. Electric confinement (<a href="/wiki/ITER" title="ITER">ITER</a>), <a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial confinement">inertial confinement</a> (heating by laser) and heating by strong electric currents are the popular methods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liquid_fuels_for_transportation">Liquid fuels for transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Liquid fuels for transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fuel" title="Special:EditPage/Fuel">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most transportation fuels are liquids, because vehicles usually require high <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a>. This occurs naturally in liquids and solids. High energy density can also be provided by an <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a>. These engines require clean-burning fuels. The fuels that are easiest to burn cleanly are typically liquids and gases. Thus, liquids meet the requirements of being both energy-dense and clean-burning. In addition, liquids (and gases) can be pumped, which means handling is easily mechanized, and thus less laborious. As there is a general movement towards a low carbon economy, the use of liquid fuels such as hydrocarbons is coming under scrutiny. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_container" title="Fuel container">Fuel container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_management_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel management systems">Fuel management systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">Fuel oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel poverty">Fuel poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_economy" title="Hydrogen economy">Hydrogen economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrotreated_vegetable_oil" title="Hydrotreated vegetable oil">Hydrotreated vegetable oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergolic_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypergolic fuel">Hypergolic fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_energy_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of energy topics">List of energy topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_fuel_management" title="Marine fuel management">Marine fuel management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">Propellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycled_fuel" title="Recycled fuel">Recycled fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuse-derived_fuel" title="Refuse-derived fuel">Refuse-derived fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_resources_and_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="World energy resources and consumption">World energy resources and consumption</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchobert2013" class="citation book cs1">Schobert, Harold (17 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sgphv2ydAHwC&q=wood+one+of+the+first+fuels+used+by+humans&pg=PA69"><i>Chemistry of Fossil Fuels and Biofuels</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521114004" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521114004"><bdi>978-0521114004</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1113751780">1113751780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+Fossil+Fuels+and+Biofuels&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013-01-17&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1113751780&rft.isbn=978-0521114004&rft.aulast=Schobert&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSgphv2ydAHwC%26q%3Dwood%2Bone%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bfirst%2Bfuels%2Bused%2Bby%2Bhumans%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForbes1958" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Robert James (1958). <i>Studies in Early Petroleum History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Early+Petroleum+History&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Robert+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBilkadi" class="citation journal cs1">Bilkadi, Zayn. "The Oil Weapons". <i><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Aramco World">Saudi Aramco World</a></i>. <b>46</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">20–</span>27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=The+Oil+Weapons&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.aulast=Bilkadi&rft.aufirst=Zayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalim_Al-Hassani2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Salim_Al-Hassani" title="Salim Al-Hassani">Salim Al-Hassani</a> (2008). "1000 Years of Missing Industrial History". 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"The atomic nuclide with the highest mean binding energy". <i>American Journal of Physics</i>. <b>63</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">653–</span>658. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995AmJPh..63..653F">1995AmJPh..63..653F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.17828">10.1119/1.17828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=The+atomic+nuclide+with+the+highest+mean+binding+energy&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E653-%3C%2Fspan%3E658&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.17828&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995AmJPh..63..653F&rft.aulast=Fewell&rft.aufirst=M.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIPCC_AR5_WG12013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/IPCC" class="mw-redirect" title="IPCC">IPCC</a> (2013). Stocker, T. F.; Qin, D.; Plattner, G.-K.; Tignor, M.; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_ALL_FINAL.pdf"><i>Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Contribution of Working Group I to the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fifth Assessment Report">Fifth Assessment Report</a> of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK & New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05799-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05799-9"><bdi>978-1-107-05799-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2013%3A+The+Physical+Science+Basis&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK+%26+New+York&rft.series=Contribution+of+Working+Group+I+to+the+Fifth+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-05799-9&rft.au=IPCC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climatechange2013.org%2Fimages%2Freport%2FWG1AR5_ALL_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel" class="Z3988"></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/">AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis — IPCC</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIPCC_AR5_WG1_Summary_for_Policymakers2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/IPCC" class="mw-redirect" title="IPCC">IPCC</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf">"Summary for Policymakers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="#CITEREFIPCC_AR5_WG12013">IPCC AR5 WG1 2013</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Summary+for+Policymakers&rft.btitle=IPCC+AR5+WG1+2013&rft.date=2013&rft.au=IPCC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipcc.ch%2Fpdf%2Fassessment-report%2Far5%2Fwg1%2FWG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIPCC_SR152018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/IPCC" class="mw-redirect" title="IPCC">IPCC</a> (2018). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pörtner, H.-O.; Roberts, D.; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf"><i>Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Warming+of+1.5%C2%B0C.+An+IPCC+Special+Report+on+the+impacts+of+global+warming+of+1.5%C2%B0C+above+pre-industrial+levels+and+related+global+greenhouse+gas+emission+pathways%2C+in+the+context+of+strengthening+the+global+response+to+the+threat+of+climate+change%2C+sustainable+development%2C+and+efforts+to+eradicate+poverty&rft.pub=Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.date=2018&rft.au=IPCC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Fsite%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F2%2F2019%2F06%2FSR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/">Global Warming of 1.5 °C —</a>. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIPCC_SR15_Ch12018" class="citation book cs1">Allen, M. R.; Dube, O. P.; Solecki, W.; Aragón-Durand, F.; et al. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_Chapter1_High_Res.pdf">"Chapter 1: Framing and Context"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="#CITEREFIPCC_SR152018">IPCC SR15 2018</a></i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">49–</span>91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Framing+and+Context&rft.btitle=IPCC+SR15+2018&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rft.au=Dube%2C+O.+P.&rft.au=Solecki%2C+W.&rft.au=Arag%C3%B3n-Durand%2C+F.&rft.au=Cramer%2C+W.&rft.au=Humphreys%2C+S.&rft.au=Kainuma%2C+M.&rft.au=Kala%2C+J.&rft.au=Mahowald%2C+N.&rft.au=Mulugetta%2C+Y.&rft.au=Perez%2C+R.&rft.au=Wairiu%2C+M.&rft.au=Zickfeld%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Fsite%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F2%2F2019%2F05%2FSR15_Chapter1_High_Res.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRatcliff,_Brian2000" class="citation book cs1">Ratcliff, Brian; et al. (2000). <i>Chemistry 1</i>. Cambridge University press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78778-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78778-9"><bdi>978-0-521-78778-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78778-9&rft.au=Ratcliff%2C+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fuels" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fuels">Fuels</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/co2/9994/en.pdf">"Directive 1999/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 13 December 1999, relating to the availability of consumer information on fuel economy and CO2 emissions in respect of the marketing of new passenger cars"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 9 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Directive+1999%2F94%2FEC+of+the+European+Parliament+and+of+the+council+of+13+December+1999%2C+relating+to+the+availability+of+consumer+information+on+fuel+economy+and+CO2+emissions+in+respect+of+the+marketing+of+new+passenger+cars&rft.date=2024-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenvironment%2Fco2%2F9994%2Fen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(140 KB)</span>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31980L1268:EN:NOT">Council Directive 80/1268/EEC Fuel consumption of motor vehicles</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Gasoline">Gasoline/petrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">Diesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline#Lead_replacement_petrol_(gasoline)" title="Gasoline">Lead Replacement Petrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">Kerosene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">Compressed natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Butanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraethyllead" title="Tetraethyllead">Racing fuel (Tetraethyllead)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_gasoline_additives" title="List of gasoline additives">Fuel additives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butyl_rubber" title="Butyl rubber">Butyl rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butylated_hydroxytoluene" title="Butylated hydroxytoluene">Butylated hydroxytoluene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,2-Dibromoethane" title="1,2-Dibromoethane">1,2-Dibromoethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,2-Dichloroethane" title="1,2-Dichloroethane">1,2-Dichloroethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_methylphosphonate" title="Dimethyl methylphosphonate">Dimethyl methylphosphonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol" title="2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol">2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic_acid" title="Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid">Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol" title="2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol">2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecalene" title="Ecalene">Ecalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylenediamine" title="Ethylenediamine">Ethylenediamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_deactivator" title="Metal deactivator">Metal deactivator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_tert-butyl_ether" title="Methyl tert-butyl ether">Methyl tert-butyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitromethane" title="Nitromethane">Nitromethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraethyllead" title="Tetraethyllead">Tetraethyllead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetranitromethane" title="Tetranitromethane">Tetranitromethane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fluids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motor_oil" title="Motor oil">Motor oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_transmission_fluid" title="Automatic transmission fluid">Automatic transmission fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_fluid" title="Brake fluid">Brake fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gear_oil" title="Gear oil">Gear oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windshield_washer_fluid" title="Windshield washer fluid">Windshield washer fluid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filling_station" title="Filling station">Retail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_card" title="Fuel card">Fuel card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTBE_controversy" title="MTBE controversy">MTBE controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_at_the_pump" title="Pay at the pump">Pay at the pump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Firelighting201" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Firelighting" title="Template:Firelighting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Firelighting" title="Template talk:Firelighting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Firelighting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Firelighting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Firelighting201" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fire_making" title="Fire making">Firelighting</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campfire" title="Campfire">Campfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">Bonfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firelighting" title="Glossary of firelighting">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ember" title="Ember">Ember</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_triangle" title="Fire triangle">Fire triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">Firewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_(fire)" title="Spark (fire)">Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinder" title="Tinder">Tinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_ash" title="Wood ash">Wood ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood fuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firelighting" title="Glossary of firelighting">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoignition_temperature" title="Autoignition temperature">Autoignition temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firelighting#Friction" class="mw-redirect" title="Firelighting">Friction fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_ignition_energy" title="Minimum ignition energy">Minimum ignition energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smouldering" title="Smouldering">Smouldering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early starters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_glass" title="Burning glass">Burning glass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Spark_Lighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar Spark Lighter">Solar Spark Lighter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_drill_(tool)" title="Fire drill (tool)">Fire drill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_drill" title="Hand drill">Hand drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_drill" title="Pump drill">Pump drill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_piston" title="Fire piston">Fire piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_striker" title="Fire striker">Fire striker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern starters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowtorch" title="Blowtorch">Blowtorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrocerium" title="Ferrocerium">Ferrocerium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_holder" title="Flame holder">Flame holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighter" title="Lighter">Lighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match" title="Match">Match</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_match" title="Black match">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_match" title="Electric match">Electric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piezo_ignition" title="Piezo ignition">Piezo ignition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Char_cloth" title="Char cloth">Char cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuckmuck" title="Chuckmuck">Chuckmuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_stick" title="Feather stick">Feather stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_pan" title="Fire pan">Fire pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_pit" title="Fire pit">Fire pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire ring">Fire ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matchbook" title="Matchbook">Matchbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matchbox" title="Matchbox">Matchbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_(fireworks)" title="Punk (fireworks)">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinderbox" title="Tinderbox">Tinderbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch" title="Torch">Torch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Control of fire by early humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firem%27n_Chit" title="Firem'n Chit">Firem'n Chit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_use_of_fire_in_ecosystems" title="Native American use of fire in ecosystems">Native American use of fire in ecosystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_cooking" title="Outdoor cooking">Outdoor cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">Pyrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_skills" title="Survival skills">Survival skills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy707" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_footer" title="Template:Energy footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Energy_footer" title="Template talk:Energy footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy707" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_energy" title="History of energy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_energy_articles" title="Index of energy articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_energy" title="Outline of energy">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_energy" title="Conservation of energy">Conservation of energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Energetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Units_of_energy" title="Units of energy">Units</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_condition" title="Energy condition">Energy condition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_level" title="Energy level">Energy level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_system" title="Energy system">Energy system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transformation" title="Energy transformation">Energy transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_mass" title="Negative mass">Negative mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">Mass–energy equivalence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entropic_force" title="Entropic force">Entropic force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">Entropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exergy" title="Exergy">Exergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_entropy" title="Free entropy">Free entropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacity" title="Heat capacity">Heat capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreversible_process" title="Irreversible process">Irreversible process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_system" title="Isolated system">Isolated system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics" title="Laws of thermodynamics">Laws of thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negentropy" title="Negentropy">Negentropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_thermodynamics" title="Quantum thermodynamics">Quantum thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_equilibrium" title="Thermal equilibrium">Thermal equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_reservoir" title="Thermal reservoir">Thermal reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium" title="Thermodynamic equilibrium">Thermodynamic equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_free_energy" title="Thermodynamic free energy">Thermodynamic free energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_potential" title="Thermodynamic potential">Thermodynamic potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_state" title="Thermodynamic state">Thermodynamic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_system" title="Thermodynamic system">Thermodynamic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_temperature" title="Thermodynamic temperature">Thermodynamic temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_(thermodynamics)" title="Volume (thermodynamics)">Volume (thermodynamics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_(physics)" title="Work (physics)">Work</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_energy" title="Binding energy">Binding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_binding_energy" title="Nuclear binding energy">Nuclear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_energy" title="Chemical energy">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_energy" title="Elastic energy">Elastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_potential_energy" title="Electric potential energy">Electric potential energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_energy" title="Electrical energy">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_energy" title="Gravitational energy">Gravitational</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_binding_energy" title="Gravitational binding energy">Binding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interatomic_potential" title="Interatomic potential">Interatomic potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_energy" title="Internal energy">Internal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">Kinetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_energy" title="Magnetic energy">Magnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_energy" title="Mechanical energy">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_energy" title="Negative energy">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_energy" title="Phantom energy">Phantom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">Potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics_binding_energy" title="Quantum chromodynamics binding energy">Quantum chromodynamics binding energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_fluctuation" title="Quantum fluctuation">Quantum fluctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_potential" title="Quantum potential">Quantum potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintessence_(physics)" title="Quintessence (physics)">Quintessence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_energy" title="Radiant energy">Radiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rest energy">Rest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_energy" title="Sound energy">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_energy" title="Surface energy">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_energy" title="Vacuum energy">Vacuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-point_energy" title="Zero-point energy">Zero-point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_carrier" title="Energy carrier">Energy carriers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">Oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">Heat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen fuel">Hydrogen fuel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_wave" title="Mechanical wave">Mechanical wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound wave">Sound wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_(physics)" title="Work (physics)">Work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">Primary energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bioenergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_energy" title="Gravitational energy">Gravitational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">Nuclear fuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_uranium" title="Natural uranium">Natural uranium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_energy" title="Radiant energy">Radiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_system" title="Energy system">Energy system</a><br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">Electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_delivery" title="Electricity delivery">Electricity delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_engineering" title="Energy engineering">Energy engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station" title="Fossil fuel power station">Fossil fuel power station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_gasification_combined_cycle" title="Integrated gasification combined cycle">Integrated gasification combined cycle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave farm">Wave farm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">Nuclear power plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">Radioisotope thermoelectric generator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">Oil refinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concentrated_solar_power" title="Concentrated solar power">Concentrated solar power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_system" title="Photovoltaic system">Photovoltaic system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy" title="Solar thermal energy">Solar thermal energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_furnace" title="Solar furnace">Solar furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_tower" title="Solar power tower">Solar power tower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_wind_energy" title="Airborne wind energy">Airborne wind energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">Wind farm</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Use and<br /><a href="/wiki/Energy_supply" title="Energy supply">supply</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_agriculture" title="Energy efficiency in agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_usage_effectiveness" title="Power usage effectiveness">Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_transport" title="Energy efficiency in transport">Transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_consumption" title="Energy consumption">Energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">Energy policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">Energy development</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">Energy security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">Energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Africa" title="Energy in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Australia" title="Energy in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Europe" title="Energy in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Mexico" title="Energy in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_America" title="Energy in South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_democracy" title="Energy democracy">Energy democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">Energy recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jevons_paradox" title="Jevons paradox">Jevons paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy_plant" title="Waste-to-energy plant">Waste-to-energy plant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy" title="Category:Energy">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Energy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Energy">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Energy" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Energy">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fire447" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire" title="Template:Fire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fire" title="Template talk:Fire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fire447" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">Fire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_fires" title="Category:Lists of fires">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Control of fire by early humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fires" title="List of fires">Historic fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_use_of_fire_in_ecosystems" title="Native American use of fire in ecosystems">Native American use of fire in ecosystems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chain_reaction" title="Chain reaction">Chain reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_explosion" title="Dust explosion">Dust explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_piston" title="Fire piston">Fire piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection" title="Fire protection">Fire protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">Pyrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_combustion" title="Spontaneous combustion">Spontaneous combustion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">Heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame" title="Flame">Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">Smoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual fires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fires_by_type" title="Category:Fires by type">By type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fires_by_country" title="Category:Fires by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fires_by_year" title="Category:Fires by year">By year</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">Death by burning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromanias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_pyromaniac" title="Child pyromaniac">Child</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">Firefighter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_preta" title="Terra preta">Terra preta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Flame_Research_Foundation" title="International Flame Research Foundation">International Flame Research Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Combustion_Institute" title="The Combustion Institute">The Combustion Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildfires" title="List of wildfires">List of wildfires</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backdraft" title="Backdraft">Backdraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">Firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_whirl" title="Fire whirl">Fire whirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_lava" title="Blue lava">Blue lava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash" title="Ash">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_making" title="Fire making">Fire making</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fire" title="Category:Fire">Category</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fire" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fire">Commons</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Fire" class="extiw" title="wikt:Fire">Wiktionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="grain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/19px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/29px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/38px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/21px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/42px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/20px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/30px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/40px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F458.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/19px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/29px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/38px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Clothing" title="Portal:Clothing">Clothing</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42501#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1942" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42501#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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